Brief biography of the life of Abu Hanifa. Abu Bakr al-Siddiq - the first righteous caliph

The story of the life of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, the successor of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of the Almighty!) And the first righteous caliph - golden page of islamic history, telling about faith, selflessness and selfless devotion to high ideals.

Abu Bakr was born two years and a few months after the birth of the Prophet into a respected and pious family. His mother and father also converted to Islam and belonged to the companions of Allah, and his family tree in the seventh tribe meets the family tree of the Prophet. Abu Bakr belonged to the Quraish, was engaged in trade and was famous for his meek and honest morals. Even at a time when idol worship and adultery were common among Arab men, he led a pious and upright life.

Later, the Prophet said that all the men to whom the revelation of Allah was revealed were at first tormented by numerous doubts, but Abu Bakr immediately believed in His word. He became the first man to consciously convert to Islam. Then he was 38 years old, and at the age of 51, together with the Messenger of Allah, he made the Hijra and married his daughter Aisha to the Prophet Muhammad, becoming even closer to him. Abu Bakr's meek and gentle disposition attracted people to him and contributed to the fact that many of his outstanding companions converted to Islam.

The role of this person in spreading the word of Allah is truly great. He supported the Messenger during the difficult Medinan period and donated his fortune, which amounted to 40,000 dirhams, to support the faithful and free the slaves. For his devotion to Allah and his firm convictions, Abu Bakr received the nickname given to him by Allah himself - as-Siddiq, which means "truthful" in Arabic.

The fact that the Messenger highly appreciated and trusted Abu Bakr is said in many hadiths. It also says that this person was supposed to lead the Muslim world after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of the Almighty!), which happened in 632. Abu Bakr ruled for a little more than two years, and in a short time he was able to extinguish the turmoil that swept Arabia after the death of the Prophet. Then some Muslims renounced the name of Allah, following the false prophets, while others refused to pay zakat, a mandatory tax for believers in favor of the needy.

During this difficult time, Abu Bakr managed to show steadfastness and wisdom, thanks to which the Arabs united, and Islam was finally strengthened throughout Arabia. There is no disagreement among the mufassirs and ulema regarding the role of Abu Bakr in that this great person was truly the best among Muslims after the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of the Almighty!)

Abu Talib

political and public figure; cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Prophet Muhammad, fourth righteous caliph(656-661), the first of the twelve imams revered by the Shiites.

short biography

Abu-l-Hasan ‘Ali ibn Abu Talib al-Kurashi, better known as (arab. علي بن أبي طالب‎, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; March 17, 599 - January 24, 661) - political and public figure; cousin, son-in-law and associate of the Prophet Muhammad, the fourth righteous caliph (656-661), the first of the twelve imams revered by the Shiites.

According to authoritative Muslim sources, the only person who was born in the Kaaba; the first child and the first among males to convert to Islam; during his reign received the title amir al-muminin(head of the faithful).

Ali was an active participant in all important events early history Islam and all the battles that the Prophet had to fight against the opponents of his creed. Ali became Caliph after the assassination of Caliph Uthman by rebellious soldiers. Various events caused civil war with Muawiyah, and at the end with the death of the Caliph at the hands of a Kharijite killer.

Ali entered the history of Islam as a tragic figure. Sunnis consider him as the last of the four righteous caliphs. The Shiites revere Ali as the first imam and as a saint, associated with Muhammad with special bonds of intimacy, as a righteous man, a warrior and a leader. Numerous military exploits and miracles are attributed to him. The Central Asian legend claims that Ali has seven graves, because the people who buried him saw how instead of one camel with the body of Ali, there were seven and they all went in different directions.

Life story

early years

His full name: Abul-Hasan Ali ibn Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd al-Manaf al-Qurayshi. He was also called Abu Turab and Haidar. The Prophet Muhammad called him Murtada(“deserving contentment”, “chosen ones”) and Maula("favourite").

He was born on the 13th day of the month of Rajab 22 years before the Hijra (599-600 years) in Mecca in the family of the head of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe Abu Talib and Fatima bint Asad. Many sources report that Ali was the only person born in the sacred Kaaba. Ali's father, Abu Talib, was the brother of Abdullah, the father of the Prophet Muhammad. After the death of his parents, Muhammad was brought up in the family of his uncle for several years. In turn, when Abu Talib went bankrupt, and the affairs of Muhammad, on the contrary, went smoothly as a result of his marriage to Khadija, he took Ali for his upbringing.

When Ali was nine or ten years old, he converted to Islam and became the first child and male to convert to Islam. Throughout the Meccan period of his life, Ali did not leave the Prophet Muhammad. Before Muhammad's migration to Medina, the Meccans tried to kill him. When the conspirators entered his house, they found Ali there, who, risking his life, took the place of Muhammad and diverted their attention. The Prophet himself at that time was already on his way to Medina. After some time, Ali also went to Medina.

battles

The first battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh took place near the village of Badr; Ali was the standard-bearer in it. The battle began with a duel between Utba ibn Rabia, his brother Shayba and son Walid ibn Mughira from the Meccan side and Ali, the uncle of the prophet Hamza and Ubaida ibn al-Harith from the Muslim side. Ali fought with Walid ibn Mughira and killed him. After that, he and Hamza hurried to the aid of the wounded al-Harith and, having cut down his opponent Shayba, carried al-Harith from the battlefield. The Battle of Badr was the first Muslim victory. For his heroism, Ali earned the nickname " Lion of Allah". When dividing the trophies captured during the battle, Muhammad took the sword Zulfiqar, which had previously belonged to the Meccan Munabbih ibn Hajjaj. After the death of the Prophet, the sword passed to Ali.

In March 625, the forces of the Muslims and the Quraysh converged at Mount Uhud. The battle began with a duel between Ali and Talha ibn Abu Talha. The winner in this battle was Ali, which served as a signal for the attack of the Muslims. Ali received 16 wounds in this battle. The Battle of Uhud turned out to be the first and only defeat of the Muslims.

Ali and the First Caliphs

The Prophet Muhammad, returning from his last pilgrimage, stopped at the town of Gadir Khum, located between Mecca and Medina. Here he made a statement about Ali, which was interpreted in different ways. Muhammad declared that Ali is his heir and brother and those who accepted the Prophet as mawl should accept Ali as his mawl. Shiites are convinced that in this way Muhammad declared Ali his successor. The Sunnis, on the other hand, see it as an expression of the Prophet's closeness to his cousin, son-in-law, and as a wish that Ali should inherit him. family responsibilities after death.

The Prophet Muhammad died in 632 at his home in Medina. Immediately after his death, a group of Ansar gathered in the quarter of the Banu Sa'id to decide on a successor. They were soon joined by Umar, Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaida and several other Muhajirs. Ali and Muhammad's family were busy at this time preparing the funeral of the Prophet. Most of those present were inclined to elect the leader of the Medinan Khazraj tribe Sada ibn Ubadu, but the Aws hesitated in such a choice, and some of the Khazraj believed that Muhammad's relatives had greater rights to inherit his power. When a new head of the community was elected, only three companions (Abu Zarr al-Ghifari, al-Mikdad ibn al-Aswad and the Persian Salman al-Farisi) supported Ali's rights to power, but they were not listened to. The appearance of Abu Bakr and his companions immediately changed the situation. The assembly eventually swore allegiance to Abu Bakr and he, accepting the title of "Deputy Messenger of Allah" - khalifa rasuli-l-lahi, or simply caliph became the head of the Muslim community. Ali did not protest, but moved away from public life and devoted himself to the study and teaching of the Quran.

Upon his death, Abu Bakr named Umar his successor, and he, dying, named the names of the six most respected veterans of Islam (Ali, Usman, Saad ibn Abu Waqqas, al-Zubair, Talha and Abdurrahman ibn Auf) and ordered them to choose a new caliph from among them . Talha was absent from Medina at that time, and Abdurrahman ibn Auf renounced his claims to power and took the initiative in organizing negotiations. Thus, only four applicants remained: Ali, Usman, Saad and al-Zubair. The members of the council of "six" gathered in one of the houses near the mosque, after which three days of negotiations began.

• According to al-Miswar ibn Mahram, the nephew of Abdurrahman ibn Awf, the election proceeded as follows. Abdurrahman turned to each of the applicants with the question of whom they would choose if they did not elect themselves. Ali, al-Zubair and Sa'd pointed to Uthman, and Uthman pointed to Ali. Now it was necessary to come to a common opinion. Abdurrahman, having gathered all the applicants, said: “You did not agree on one of these two, Ali and Usman”. Taking Ali's hand, he asked him: “Do you swear to follow the book of Allah and the custom of the prophet and the deeds of Abu Bakr and Umar?”. Ali made a reservation: "Oh my God! No, I only swear to try to do it to the best of my ability.". When Abdurrahman turned to Usman with the same question, he answered in the affirmative without any reservations. Then Abdurrahman said: "Oh my God. Listen and testify. Oh my God, I put what was on my neck on Usman's neck!.
• According to information coming from Amr ibn Maimun al-Azdi, the negotiations were not as successful as al-Miswar described. The uncle of the Prophet Muhammad and Ali - Abbas at the very beginning told Ali that Saad ibn Abu Waqqas would not go against his cousin Abdurrahman ibn Auf, and the latter was Usman's brother-in-law. He predicted that either Uthman would choose Abdurrahman, or vice versa, that the electors themselves would submit to the authority of Abdurrahman ibn Auf.
• Otherwise, these events are described by Ibn Maimun, who retells from the words of a Kufi informant. According to this version, before Ali and Uthman, Abdurrahman ibn Auf called az-Zubair and Saad ibn Abu Waqqas and asked them which of the descendants of Abd-Manaf (that is, Ali or Usman) they choose. Az-Zubayr spoke out for Ali. Saad ibn Abu Waqqas said that he would be for Abdurrahman, but if a choice is made between those two, then he is for Ali. The next day, Abdurrahman ibn Auf, having gathered the Ansar, Muhajirs and military leaders, turned to them for their opinion. Ammar ibn Yasser, one of the most famous companions of the Prophet Muhammad, spoke out in support of Ali. After him, this point of view was taken up by al-Miqdad, Ibn Abu Sarh and Abdullah ibn Abu Rabia. After Abdurrahman ibn Auf declared Uthman caliph, Ali accused him of partiality. There was a dispute between al-Miqdad and Abdurrahman ibn Awf.

Despite all of the above, Usman ibn Affan, who belongs to the influential Umayyad family, eventually became the new caliph, who, after his assassination, would start a war against Ali.

Caliph

Three days after the assassination of Uthman, Ali was chosen as the new caliph. The day after the oath, he gave a speech in the mosque, saying:

When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was taken, the people made him the deputy (caliph) of Abu Bakr, then Abu Bakr made his deputy Umar, who followed his path. Then he appointed a council of six, and they decided this case in favor of Usman, who did what was hateful to you, and what you know [yourself]. Then he was besieged and killed. And then you voluntarily came to me and asked me. And I am the same as you: I am entitled to the same as you, and I have the same [duties] as you. Allah has opened the gate between you and the murder, and troubles have come, as the darkness of night comes. And no one can cope with these matters, except for those who are patient and perspicacious and understand the course of affairs. I will put you on the path of your Prophet and the fulfillment of what he commanded, if you obey me and Allah ... Verily, Allah sees from the height of his heavens and Throne that I did not want power over the community of Muhammad until your opinion was united, but when your opinion became one, then I could not leave you ...

Civil war in Caliphate

Taking the reins of government, Ali quickly established order in Medina. His authority was recognized in Egypt, Iraq and Yemen. However, the governor of Syria and a relative of Uthman, Muawiya, refused to swear allegiance to the new caliph as a person (as he believed) who had stained himself with connection with the killers of the caliph Usman. He exhibited Uthman's bloody shirt and the severed fingers of his wife Nailah in the Damascus mosque. The commander Saad ibn Abu Waqqas also refused to recognize Ali as caliph.

However, there were also many opponents of Ali in Arabia. Most of them moved from Medina to Mecca, where the wife of the prophet Aisha was, dissatisfied with that that Ali is in no hurry to punish the murderers of Caliph Usman.

camel fight

In August 656, when the break with Muawiya became final, Ali began to prepare for war with him. But the first to come out against him were the Meccans, led by Talha, cousin al-Zubair and the Prophet's wife Aisha. They angered the inhabitants of Basra, where soon, at their call, many participants in the murder of Uthman were captured and killed. However, neighboring Kufa sided with Ali.

Soon, the caliph, at the head of a 12,000-strong army (mostly from the inhabitants of Kufa), approached the recalcitrant Basra. In December, a battle took place that ended in Ali's victory. Many famous Ansar fought on his side, including Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Ammar ibn Yasser, Qays ibn Sa "d. Talha was wounded by an arrow in the leg and soon died from loss of blood. Probably, after the death of Talha, the Basrians faltered and began to retreat. Unable to stop them, al-Zubair fled alone from the battlefield, heading for Wadi al-Sibah, where he was killed by a Bedouin.The decisive battle ensued around the camel on which Aisha was sitting, which is why this battle was called the "battle of the camel." Finally, Ali's warriors managed to break through to the camel and cut its hamstrings, whereupon the animal, together with Aisha, collapsed to the ground.

Siffin battle. Kharijites

In January 657, Ali moved to Kufa, which has since become his residence. As the outlying provinces of the Caliphate swore allegiance to him, his strength grew. Ali soon had a 50,000-strong army at his disposal. In April, he set out on a campaign in Syria, crossed the Euphrates near Raqqa and met with Muawiya near the village of Siffin. When describing the Siffin battle, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari reports that the majority of Ali's supporters were Medinese and Ansar. According to al-Masudi, on the side of Ali, 87 people who fought in the past at Badr participated in the battle, among which were 17 Muhajirs and 70 Ansar.

The decisive battle began on the morning of July 19, 657, and lasted nine days, with breaks for the night and for prayer. Ali challenged Muawiyah to a duel, but he sent a mawla instead of himself, dressing him in his clothes. Unsuspecting Ali went to the duel and killed the mawla. By his act, Muawiya showed cowardice. On the second day of the battle, the right wing of the army of the caliph under the command of Malik al-Ashtar and the center under the command of Ali himself defeated and pressed the army of Muawiyah. The intensity of the battle grew with each passing day. In battles, along with the privates on both sides, noble people also died. The Syrians lost Ubaidullah ibn Umar (son of Caliph Umar), who fell in a duel with al-Ashtar, and the head of the Syrian Yemenites, Zul-Kala; the Iraqis lost Ammar ibn Yasser, and in one of last days when trying to break through to the tent of Muawiya, Abdullah ibn Budayl died. The outcome of the battle was unsuccessful for the rebels, the victory was inclined to Ali. The situation was saved by Amr ibn al-As, who offered to pin scrolls of the Koran on spears. The battle immediately stopped, Ali turned to the leaders of the troops for advice, but some were in favor of a truce, others - for the continuation of the battle. After a moment of thought, Ali said: “Yesterday I was commanding, and today I have become commanded, I was commanding, and I became disposed. You want to stay alive, and I cannot lead you to what disgusts you.. In the Battle of Siffin, Ali lost 25 thousand, and Muawiya 45 thousand people.

Muawiya retained his army, and a split began in the camp of Ali: some of the soldiers (12 thousand) were indignant at his indecision and left the camp - they began to be called Kharijites.

Doom

According to Shia historiography, long before his death, Ali knew that he would be killed, because the Prophet told him about it, and he himself foresaw it. A number of authors (Ibn Sad al-Baghdadi; al-Balazuri; al-Mubarrad; al-Masudi; al-Isfahani; Ibn Shahrashub), based on numerous traditions, argue that Muhammad (or Ali) believed that the beard of the latter would be stained with blood flowing from his head. The Kharijites, who escaped death at an-Nahrawan, decided to kill at one appointed time the "culprits" of the split of the Muslim community - Ali, Muawiya and Amr ibn al-As. One of the conspirators, Abdurrahman ibn Muljam, in addition to everything else, met members of the Taim ar-Ribab tribe, including the woman Katami bint ash-Shijna, who lost her father and brother at Nakhrawan at once. Ibn Muljam asked her hand and heart, and she agreed on the condition of receiving a wedding gift consisting of 3 thousand dirhams, a slave and the murder of Ali (the girl wanted revenge for the death of her relatives).

On the night of January 22, 661, three conspirators, including Ibn Muljam, remained in the cathedral mosque of Kufa among the many who remained there until the morning prayer. At dawn, Ali called the call to prayer and went inside the mosque. Ibn Muljam and one of the accomplices rushed to the Caliph, shouting: "Judgment belongs to Allah, not to you, Ali, and not to your people with swords!" The accomplice missed while Ibn Muljam hit Ali mortal wound poisoned dagger. The accomplices managed to escape, and Ibn Muljam was captured and brought to the caliph. Ali said: “A soul for a soul, if I die, then kill him, and if I stay, I will deal with him myself”. As for Muawiyah and al-As, they managed to escape death. Mu'awiya received a light wound in the leg, and instead of Amr, his close associate Harijah ibn Khuzaf was killed, whom the Kharijite killer mistook for him.

Ali called his sons Hasan and Hussein to him and gave them the last instruction: to be steadfast in piety and humility, and kind to your younger brother, the son of his wife, whose name is Hanafi. After that, he made a will and continued to repeat the shahada and the name of Allah until the last minute. AT last minutes life, having gathered his loved ones around him, Ali gave instructions and left a will for Muslims. On the evening of January 23, on the night of the 24th of Ramadan, Caliph Ali ibn Abu Talib died. Aisha, having learned about the death of Ali, responded with a poetic line:

The staff is thrown and the goal is reached
and the traveler is glad to return.

To the reproach of the daughter of Abu Salam, Zeinab: “How can you say such things about Ali with his superiority and dignity?” Aisha answered with a smile: "When I forget about it - remind me".

Ali was buried near Kufa. The place of his burial was kept secret, but in the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, his tomb was discovered a few miles from Kufa and a sanctuary was soon built around which the city of An-Najaf grew.

After death

Martyrdom of Ali ibn Abi Talib - Pairing: Yousef Abdinejad - (Yousef Abdinejad)

Enemies called Ali "Abu Turab" ("Father of dust", or more correctly "dusty", "sprinkled with dust"). The origin of this nickname is connected with one Muslim tradition, according to which Ali, very saddened by something, sat in the dust. This was seen by the prophet Muhammad, who was passing by. Loving to give his friends playful nicknames, he seemed to exclaim "Get up, O Abuturab!". Supporters of the Umayyads called the Shiites contemptuously abuturabi "followers of the dusted one". According to one version, the name was given by the prophet Muhammad and has positive interpretation. It is reported that before his death in 664, Amr ibn al-As admitted his sins and regretted that he had treated the caliph Ali unfairly. Muawiyah, who came to power, founded the Umayyad dynasty, which was in power in the caliphate for almost 90 years. During the following years after the assassination of Ali, Muawiyah's successors cursed the memory of Ali in mosques and at solemn meetings, and Ali's followers repaid the same first three caliphs as usurpers and Muawiyah. There is information that the Umayyad caliph Umar II, who ruled in 717-720, forbade cursing Ali during Friday worship in mosques, but Barthold notes that there is information about cursing Ali even after the death of Umar II, and concludes:

If, under the last Umayyads, the sovereigns had already abandoned these curses, which no longer corresponded to the general mood, then it is quite possible that in the outlying provinces the former custom continued to be observed. Such folk art, like a novel about Abu Muslim, proceed from the assumption that the memory of "Abu Turab" continued to be cursed in mosques until the fall of the Umayyad dynasty, although at that time not everyone already remembered that Abu Turab and Ali were one and the same person.

Ali as a person

Ali entered the history of Islam as a tragic figure. Apart from the Prophet Muhammad, there is no one in the history of Islam about whom so much has been written in Islamic languages ​​as about Ali. Sources agree that Ali was a deeply religious man, dedicated Islam and the idea of ​​the rule of justice in accordance with the Koran and Sunnah. They abound with reports of his asceticism, strict observance religious dogmas and detachment from worldly goods. Some authors note that he lacked political skill and flexibility.

Ali is revered by both Shiites and Sunnis. The founder of the Shiite Safavid dynasty, Shah Ismail I Khatai, took the title of segi-deri Ali (guardian, or, literally, "Ali's door dog"). On a silver coin minted during the reign of Shah Ismail I in Tabriz in 1510-1511, Ali was praised:

Call on Ali, the performer of miracles,

You will find him your support in sorrow.
All care and sorrow will disappear
With your patronage, oh Ali, oh Ali, oh Ali!

Family and descendants

Wives and children

• 1st wife, Fatima:
  • Hassan
  • Hussein
  • Umm Kulthum bint Ali
  • Zainab bint Ali
• 2nd wife, Howla, daughter of Qais al-Hanafi:
  • Muhammad
• 3rd wife, Umm al-Binayn, daughter of al-Mahla al-Kilabi:
  • Abbas al-Akbar
  • Abdullah
  • Usman al-Akbar
  • Ja'far al-Akbar
• 4th wife, as-Sahba umm Habib, daughter of Rabia at-Taghlibi:
  • Amr al-Akbar
• 5th wife, Laila, daughter of Masud at-Tamimi:
  • Abu Bakr
  • ubidallah
• 6th wife, Asma, daughter of Umays al-Khasamiyya:
• 7th wife, Umama, daughter of Abul-As ibn ar-Rabia:
  • Muhammad al-Asghar
• From other wives:
  • Ja'far al-Asghar
  • Muhammad al-Awsat
  • Abbas al-Asghar
  • Umar al-Asghar
  • Usman al-Asghar

Descendants

In 624, after the Battle of Badr, the Prophet Muhammad married his daughter Fatima to Ali. A lot of people got married to her. famous people which she refused. At the courtship of Ali, she silently agreed to marry him. According to legend, their marriage was concluded first in heaven, where Allah was the guardian ( wali), Jibril - khatib, angels - witnesses, and mahr were half of the earth, hell and paradise. In marriage, they had five children: sons Hassan, Hussein and Muhsin (died in infancy), as well as daughters Ummu-Kulsum and Zeinab.

Zeinab Ali married his daughter to his nephew Abdullah ibn Jafar.

Hasan and Hussein are revered in Shia Islam as the second and third Imams, respectively. Hussein died in battle against the army of Caliph Yazid I. The remaining nine Shiite imams are direct descendants of Ali from his son Hussein.

Ali's great-great-grandson from Hasan - Idris I founded the city in Fez (now Morocco), becoming the founder of the Idrisid dynasty, which ruled in the west North Africa until the 10th century.

The descendants of Muhammad from his daughter Fatima and Ali considered themselves the Fatimid dynasty, which ruled in Egypt.

The Safavid dynasty, established in Iran in the 16th century, began to attribute to itself a Seid origin. According to the transmitted genealogy, the founder of the dynasty, Sefi ad-Din, descended in 21 generations from the seventh Shiite imam, Musa al-Kazim, who was a descendant of Ali and Fatima in the fifth generation. In October 1979, during the visit of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein to An-Najaf, it was announced that he was a direct descendant of Ali, being a distant relative of Imam Hussein.

Memory

• City of Hyderabad - administrative center The 29th state of India, Telangana, bears the name of Caliph Ali, known by the nickname Haidar.
• In Iran, the Army Officers University, the eponymous metro station and highway are named after Ali
• There is a Museum of Imam Ali in Tehran.
• A 12-volume encyclopedia of Imam Ali was published in Iran.
• In the Baku village of Buzovna (Azerbaijan) and the city of Zahedan (Iran) there is the Mosque of Ali ibn Abu Talib.
• The Iranian Imam Ali Mosque is located in Hamburg (Germany).
• In Iran, the television series "Imam Ali" was filmed about Ali. Also filmed about Ali Feature Film"The Lion of Allah" (Al-Nebras).

Friday Mosque of Ali ibn Abu Talib, Buzovna (Azerbaijan)

Imam Ali Mosque, Hamburg (Germany)

Encyclopedia of Imam Ali

Photo: Ropi / Zuma / Globallookpress.com

The future caliph Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim al-Badri was born in the Iraqi city of Samarra, north of Baghdad, in 1971. Power in the country then belonged to the pan-Arab secularist left-wing Baath party.

Ibrahim's father, Avvad, actively participated in religious life community and taught at the local mosque. It was there that his son took his first steps as a theologian: he gathered the neighborhood boys and they read the Koran together.

The Baathists did not encourage the active spread of religion, but they did not fight it either. Some relatives of Ibrahim even joined the ranks of the ruling party. Two uncles of the future caliph worked in the secret services of President Saddam Hussein; one of his brothers was an officer in Saddam's army, and another brother died in the Iraqi-Iranian war. Ibrahim himself at the beginning of the conflict was too young to take part in it.

Since 1993, the Iraqi leader began a "campaign to return to the faith": nightclubs were closed in the country, public drinking of alcohol was prohibited, Sharia norms were introduced in a limited way (for example, hands were cut off for theft).

When it's time to decide higher education, Ibrahim al-Badri tried to enter the University of Baghdad on Faculty of Law, but his poor knowledge of English and poor grades let him down. As a result, he went to the theological faculty, and then entered the University of Islamic Sciences, where he received a master's degree in qiraat (schools of public recitation of the Qur'an).

While studying at the magistracy, at the insistence of his uncle, Ibrahim joined the ranks of the Muslim Brotherhood. This supranational Islamist organization advocated the creation of religious Islamic states, but in most countries its followers chose cautious tactics and did not support armed struggle with the authorities. Al-Badri, such ideas seemed too soft - he called their followers people of words, not deeds, and the future caliph quickly joined the most radical members of the organization.

After receiving his master's degree in 2000, al-Badri settled in a small apartment in a poor area of ​​Baghdad, next to a mosque. In four years, he managed to change two wives and become the father of six children.

In 2004, al-Badri was arrested by the Americans - he went to visit a friend who was wanted. The future caliph ended up in the Camp Bucca filtration camp, where the occupation administration kept suspicious Iraqis. They were not forbidden to perform religious rituals, and the future caliph skillfully used this: he gave lectures on religion, held Friday prayers and gave instructions to the captives in accordance with his interpretation of Islam.

Prisoners said that Camp Bucca had become a veritable jihadist academy. “Educate him, instil an ideology and point out further way so that at the moment of release he becomes a blazing flame,” one of the former prisoners described the strategy of Islamic theologians inside the filtration camp in relation to each newcomer.

After his release, al-Badri contacted al-Qaeda in Iraq, who advised him to move to Damascus. In the Syrian capital, he had the opportunity, in addition to working for terrorists, to complete his dissertation. Then a conflict began in the ranks of the jihadists, which led to the transformation of the Iraqi branch of Al-Qaeda into the brutal Islamic State of Iraq. Al-Badri was appointed head of the religious direction in the Iraqi "provinces" of the organization. The caliphate did not have territory at that time, therefore, Ibrahim was mainly engaged in the development of a propaganda strategy and made sure that the militants clearly followed religious instructions.

In March 2007, he returned to Baghdad, where he defended his thesis and became a doctor of Qur'anic studies. His scientific success attracted the attention of the then leader of the Islamic State of Iraq, Abu Ayyub al-Masri, who made al-Badri the head of the Sharia Committee - that is, responsible for all the religious work of the terrorist organization.

In 2013, the group began to participate in hostilities in Syria and changed its name to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), and after the blitzkrieg of the summer of 2014, it was reduced to the Islamic State. Then Awwad Ibrahim al-Badri declared himself caliph, finally turning into Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.

For the head of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the American authorities promise 10 million dollars: on the website RewardsForJustice, owned by the State Department, he is called by the pseudonym Abu Dua. Despite the fact that in monetary terms, the leader of al-Qaeda, Ayman al-Zawahiri, is valued almost twice as much, after the death of Osama bin Laden, it is the self-proclaimed caliph and leader of the ISIS, Abu Bakr, who is now considered “terrorist number one”.

The Imam of Imams, the lamp of the Ummah, the leader of the faqihs and mujtahids, hafiz-hadith, hazrat, imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, was a respected mujtahid, muhaddis and authoritative person. He really was ascetic, wise and pious.

A huge number of Muhaddiths, as well as scholars of the Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali madhhabs are unanimous in recognizing the merits and strengths and mother. Thousands of works were written by Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah. Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, is the only one of all the Imams who was awarded the title of "Imam-Azam" (Greatest of Imams). A significant number of scholars and muhaddiths remained adherents of Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, and more than half of the ummah of the Prophet Muhammad continues to adhere to his teachings to this day.

He was born in the era of the Sahaba. Temperance, piety, generosity, learning, virtue - all these qualities were inherent in Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah.

He was from Kufa, which at that time was the most powerful center of hadith. Thousands of companions of the Messenger of Allah lived in this city. More than a thousand faqihs were born in Kufa, of which one hundred and fifty were the companions of the Holy Prophet. Kufa was the city where the venerable Hazrat Abdullah ibn Masud and the venerable Hazrat Abu Hurayra once lived.

It is in this famous educational center and received the upbringing and education of an imam. He also learned a lot of knowledge and benefit from the scientists of Al-Haramain (Mecca and Medina).

Pedigree
Numan ibn Thabit ibn Zuta ibn Mah (or ibn Marzuban) (there is a difference of opinion only regarding the wording, not the name)

Year and place of birth
80 AH, Kufa (Iraq).

Notable references to him
Imam Azam / Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah

special fact
It is unanimously recognized that Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, was a tabi'in. AT different sources various data are given on the number of companions whom the imam saw. Sahib-Iqmal reports that there were twenty-six of them, while Hafiz Ibn Hajar speaks of eight. With a fundamentally different opinion, hafiz al-Mizzi speaks of seventy-two companions.

The acquisition of knowledge
Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, acquired basic Islamic knowledge in childhood, but the period of study did not last long due to the imminent death of his father. Subsequently, he continued the family business.

Source of income:
Silk trade

Continuing education
By the age of 22 most of his free time was spent in debates. During this period, Imam Sha'bi, rahimahullah, advised Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, to join some scholar.

Unable to answer the question about the correct procedure for divorce in accordance with the Sunnah, Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, began attending the meetings of Imam Hammad, rahimahullah, a student of Anas, thereby ending his participation in the debate. He spent the next ten years as a student of Imam Hammad, rahimahullah. Two years later, due to the death of one of his relatives, Imam Hammad, rahimahullah, suddenly left for Basra for two months, leaving Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, to continue his work in Kufa. Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, remained a student of Imam Hammad, rahimahullah, for another eight years.

The most significant teacher of fiqh
Imam Hammad, rahimahullah

Most Significant Hadith Teacher
Imam Amir Sha'bi, rahimahullah,

Number of transmitted hadiths
4,000 hadiths, of which 2,000 hadiths were received from Imam Hammad alone, rahimahullah.

Significant Principles for Determining the Admissibility of Hadith on which Imam Abu Hanifa relied, rahimahullah

Hadith must be memorized correct form from the very first day it was heard until the very moment it was transmitted.
The hadith should come from the Holy Prophet and be transmitted only through a chain of absolutely reliable people.

Any hadith that contradicts the Qur'an or other known hadiths will not be accepted.

Short List of Imam Abu Hanifa's Teachers, rahimahullah

Amir ibn Shurakhbil, Sha'abi Kufi, Alqama ibn Martad, Ziyad ibn Ilaqa, Adi ibn Sabit, Qatada Basri, Muhammad ibn Munkadir Madni, Simak ibn Harb, Qays ibn Muslim Kufi, Mansur ibn Umar and many others.

Short List of Imam Abu Hanifa's Disciples, rahimahullah

Qadi Abu Yusuf, Muhammad ibn Hassan, Zufar ibn Khuzail, Hammad ibn Abu Hanifa, Abu Ismat Mughira ibn Miksam, Yunus ibn Ishaq, Abu Bakr ibn Ayyash, Abdullah ibn Mubarak, Ali ibn Asim, Jafar ibn Aun, Ubaidullah ibn Musa and many others .

Works of Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah

"Kitab-ul-Asar" - a work created on the basis of 70 thousand hadiths, "Alim-wal-muta'allim", "Al-Fiqh al-Akbar", "Jami'ul Masanid", "Kitabul Rad alal Qadiriya" and a lot others.

Qualities of Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah:

Impartiality
Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, never accepted patronage gifts from anyone and therefore was not indebted to anyone.

Humanity and generosity
One day, when he saw Imam Abu Hanifa passing by, rahimahullah, a passer-by turned onto another road. When Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, asked him about the reason for such an act, he replied that he was ashamed, because he owed Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, 10 thousand dirhams. The modesty of the man struck Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, and he forgave the debtor of his debt.

Responsiveness
Once, while in the mosque, the imam heard the news that a man had fallen from the roof. The Imam immediately left the meeting and, without putting on his shoes, rushed barefoot to the scene. Until the health of the fallen person returned to normal, the imam visited him daily, caring for him.

Manners
The Imam never began to speak unless it was necessary. A man once said to Sufyan as-Thawri, rahimahullah, that he had never heard the imam slandering someone. Sufyan, rahimahullah, replied: "Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, is not so stupid as to destroy his own good deeds."

Temperance and piety
It is reported: "I have never seen Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, rest at night."

Narrated Abu Nuaym: “Even before performing the prayer, Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, wept and called out to Allah.”

“There is no sura in the Qur'an that I would not read during nafl prayers” (Abu Hanifa).
Kharija ibn Musab narrates that there are four religious leaders who completely recited the entire Qur'an in one rak'ah. They are Usman ibn Affan, Tamin Dari, Said ibn Jubair, rahimahullah, and Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah.

One day, word got around about a stolen sheep. Imam Abu Hanifa began to find out how long sheep live. After finding out, he did not eat sheep meat for seven years, fearing that this meat might belong to a stolen animal.
For forty years in a row, Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, performed the Fajr prayer with the ablution that he took for the Isha prayer.

Number of verses of the Qur'an each Ramadan
Sixty

Number of Hajjs he performed
Fifty five

Trials and tribulations

Test one
During the reign of Ibn Hubairah, Imam Abu Hanifa, rahimahullah, refused his offer to take the post of supreme judge (as the imam did not want to help in evil deeds).

Consequences of failure
He was led through the city on a horse, while whipping him 10 times, daily for 11 days in a row.

Test two
During the reign of Abu Ja'far Mansur, this offer was made again, and was again refused.

Consequences of failure
Imprisonment and severe beating.

Continuation of the test
Caliph Abu Ja'far Mansur again urged the Imam to reconsider his decision. In the end, the imam swore by Allah that he would not accept him.

Effects
The imam was stripped of his shirt and given 30 lashes. Blood flowed to the very heels. He was once again imprisoned and food was limited for 15 days, after which he was forced to drink poison, because of which he died a martyr's death.

Position at death
Sajda

Age and date of death
At the age of 70 years: in the year 150 AH in the month of Rajab (there are also opinions that this happened in the month of Shaban or Shawwal).

The funeral
Six janazah prayers were held in order to be able to attend more than fifty thousand people who had gathered for his funeral. Hammad, his son and only child, led the last Janazah prayer.

Abu Bakr al-Siddiq

(d. at 13/634)
closest companion and friend of the Prophet Muhammad, an outstanding public and political figure, the first Righteous Caliph. The Prophet called him Abdullah, al-Atiq and as-Siddiq. He came from the Time tribe. His father's name was Abu Khulafa Osman and his mother's name was Umm al-Khair Salma. Abu Bakr was one of the first to accept Islam and dedicated the rest of his life to its ideals. He was born two years before the Year of the Elephant (572). He was a respectable man, engaged in clothing and fabric trade. In this case, I purchased great fortune 40,000 dirhams (Arab silver coin), which he completely spent on the needs of the Muslim community. Abu Bakr was a close friend of the Prophet Muhammad and did not part with him throughout his life. When solving many vital important issues The Prophet often consulted with Abu Bakr. The Arabs even called him "the vizier of the prophet." They were almost the same age. From the very beginning of Muhammad's prophecy, Abu Bakr believed his every word. For example, when the prophet announced that he had traveled in one night from Mecca to Quds (Jerusalem), from where his famous ascension took place (See Isra and Miraj), Abu Bakr was the first to announce that he believed every word of Muhammad, for which he called him as-Siddiq (faithful). While in Mecca, Abu Bakr made great efforts to develop the Muslim community. He was engaged in charity work, helped those in need, redeemed slaves from pagans who were subjected to torment on their part. Among these slaves were Bilal, Khabbab, Lubaina, Abu Fuqaiha, Amir and others. After the beginning of the persecution of Muslims in Mecca, the Prophet Muhammad decided to send Abu Bakr to Ethiopia, where a significant part of the Muslims went. He set off, but on the way he met one of the influential tribal leaders, Ibn Dukunna, who took him under his protection and they returned to Mecca together. Returning to the city, Abu Bakr refused to practice his faith in secret and continued his vigorous activity which caused the disapproval of Ibn Dukunna. Therefore, he refused his patronage. 13 years after the beginning of the prophetic activity of Muhammad, the famous hijra (migration) of Muslims from Mecca to Medina began. One of the last to leave Mecca was the Prophet Muhammad, who went in the direction of Medina together with Abu Bakr. Together they were in the cave of Saur, where they hid from the pagans who were pursuing them. This episode of Abu Bakr's life was reflected in the verse of the Qur'an: "Here they were both in the cave, here he says to his companion:" Do not grieve, because Allah is with us "" (9: 40). After arriving in Medina, the Prophet Muhammad became related to Abu Bakr by marrying his daughter Aisha. In this city, Abu Bakr continued his active work and participated in all important matters communities. He, together with the prophet and other Muslims, laid the foundations for the first Muslim statehood in history. Abu Bakr took part in the battles of Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, Khaibar, Hunayn and other battles. Abu Bakr was so devoted to the ideals of Islam that in the Battle of Badr he fought with his family son of Abd al-Rahman, who remained a pagan and opposed the Muslims. At the end of his life, the Prophet Muhammad, for health reasons, could not lead the collective prayers. So he entrusted their conduct to Abu Bakr. It was this circumstance that became one of the decisive ones in choosing Abu Bakr as the first Righteous Caliph, since leadership in the Divine work (prayer), which was transmitted to him by the prophet, meant leadership in earthly affairs. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 11/632, the Ansar (Muslims of Medina) were concerned future fate young Muslim state and urgently gathered at the meeting place (sakif) of the Meccan Banu Said family. They were mostly Khazrajites, who made up the majority of the Ansar. They unanimously supported the nomination of their leader Saad ibn Ubada as caliph. When Banu Sa'idah, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Omar ibn Khattab and Abu Ubaidah, Amir ibn al-Jarrah learned of the meeting of the Ansar in the sakif, they urgently arrived there. As a result of the debate, they managed to convince the Ansar that the Muhajirs (Maccan Muslims) were also interested in further strengthening state and the security of its citizens. Then the Ansar agreed to choose a caliph from the representatives of the Quraish tribe, as was bequeathed by the prophet Muhammad. Then, taking the floor, Abu Bakr, expressing his satisfaction with the debate, nominated Omar ibn Khattab as a caliph. However, in return speech Omar and Abu Ubaidah said that Abu Bakr himself was the most deserving of the title of successor of the prophet. They reminded him that it was he who was the companion of the prophet in the cave of Saur and put his life in danger for him. They once again reminded him that it was his prophet who appointed him to lead the congregational prayer at a time when he himself was unable to do so. Having said this, Omar took Abu Bakr by the hand and swore allegiance to him as Caliph. Usaid ibn Khudair and Bashir ibn Saad followed him. Then all those present swore allegiance to Abu Bakr. Thus, on 12 Rabi (I) 11 AH, Abu Bakr was elected as the first Righteous Caliph. On the second day after his election, Caliph Abu Bakr took the oath from the people in the mosque of Medina. As for Saad Ubada, a little later, he swore allegiance to the caliph, and then went to Syria, where he died in one of the battles. Despite the fact that Abu Bakr was caliph for only 2 years, 3 months and 10 days, he managed to take such decisive steps in strengthening the religion and Muslim statehood that the importance and role of this person in the history of Islam cannot be overestimated. One of the greatest merits of Abu Bakr as caliph was the preservation and strengthening of the Muslim statehood. Immediately after his election as caliph, the forces that were interested in the collapse of the Caliphate became more active. Basically, these actions came from various tribal leaders who wanted to return Arabia to the state of tribal fragmentation that it was in the pre-Islamic period. They also did not want to obey central government and pay taxes to the state treasury, refusing to pay zakat. However, the payment of zakat was one of the foundations of the Islamic faith, the observance of which is obligatory for all Muslims. Therefore, the separatist actions of some Arab tribes were regarded as apostasy (riddah). Moreover, in various areas Arabia intensified the activity of such false prophets as Musaylima, Tulayha, al-Aswad, Sajah. Despite the complexity of the political situation in the state, Caliph Abu Bakr from the very beginning of his reign took the most decisive position in the fight against apostates. Refusing even the slightest concessions, he started a war with them. As a result of decisive actions, all the apostates were defeated. The caliphate has again become a single and strong state, capable of repelling any external aggression. Success in the wars against the apostates allowed the Muslims to launch military operations in Iraq and Syria against the Persian and Byzantine troops, who did not want to strengthen the Muslim state and actively supported the apostates. Since that time, the first Muslim conquests began. The Muslim army defeated the Persians in Iraq. At the very end of the reign of Abu Bakr, the troops of the Caliphate in the Syrian direction approached the Yarmuk River, where a major and fateful for the whole further history battle with big forces Byzantine Empire. In the midst of the Battle of Yarmuk, the Muslim army received news of the death of Abu Bakr. He was buried near the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad. Before his death, he bequeathed the post of head of state to Omar ibn Khattab, who became the second Righteous Caliph after him. As caliph, Abu Bakr led a very modest lifestyle, having only a meager salary from the state treasury and a plot of land near Medina. According to his will, one fifth of this site was donated to the state, and the rest was divided among his children. All personal property and the remaining funds of Abu Bakr also bequeathed to be transferred to the state treasury. Abu Bakr also has the merit of compiling the Qur'an in single book. He instructed Zeid ibn Thabit, one of the secretaries of the Prophet Muhammad, to do this work. The collected copy of the Quran was sent to the wife of the prophet Hafsa, where it was kept until the reign of the third Righteous Caliph Osman, who created a commission, headed by the same Zeid ibn Thabit, for the final edition of the Quran and the reproduction of its copies.