Names of Greek colonies in the Mediterranean Sea. Founding of the Greek colonies

The first Greek colony on the Black Sea shores arose in the 8th century BC. e. , exactly where the mythical Argonauts landed - at the mouth of the Rioni River (in Greek - Phasis). Around the same time, colonies were founded in the south of the Black Sea - Sinop and Trebizond (Trabzon). In the next century, Istres and Olbia appeared (in the north-west), Tanais and Panticapaeum - in the north.
By the time Herodotus, the “father of history” and the great geographer of antiquity, made his trip to the Black Sea (and this was around 260 BC), the Black Sea coast had already been developed by Greek colonists. Herodotus wrote down all his impressions in detail, as befits a scientific researcher. Here he was the first. Having visited the Milesian colony on the shores of Asia Minor, the ship entered the straits leading to the Pontus Euxine (Hospitable Sea). Herodotus called it “the most wonderful of the seas, which one cannot help but admire.” Herodotus remembered that half a century had passed since the time when his fellow countryman Mandrocles (also from the island of Samos) built a bridge across the Bosporus Strait (its smallest width is 14 m) on the orders of the Persian king Darius, along which the conqueror’s troops invaded Scythia.
The ship moved along the eastern coast of the sea to the north, without missing a single coastal settlement. And finally reached the largest colony at the mouth of the Gipanis River (Southern Bug - Olbia). It was built by people from Miletus. Herodotus lived in Olbia for several months, sailing up the Southern Bug to a place that the Scythians called “Sacred Paths,” and visited the forests of Borysthenes (Dnieper), where he became acquainted with the way of life of the Scythian farmers. The endless steppes made a huge impression on Herodotus Northern Black Sea region, with their dense multi-grass forests in the lower reaches of the Borysthenes. The Dnieper flood plains surprised us with the abundance of birds and fish, among which sturgeon are not uncommon. Herodotus learned that north of Scythia most snow falls every year and there, among the lakes from which rivers flow, lives a tribe of Neuroi, who turn into wolves every winter (in fact, they apparently just dressed in skins). Perhaps these are the ancestors of the Slavs.
Borysthenes and Hypanis flow, according to Herodotus, into a large lake (in fact, this is the Dnieper-Bug estuary). In addition to these two rivers, Herodotus also writes about the Istra (Danube), calling it “the greatest of all known rivers,” Tire (Dniester), Tanais (Don) and its tributary Girkis (Seversky Donets).
Herodotus also collected information about the Sauromatians living east of Scythia, in the steppes of the Volga-Don watershed. The Oar (Volga) and Yaik (Ural) rivers flow through their lands. To the north of them, in the impenetrable forests, red-haired and blue-eyed boudins live, eating cones. Surrounded by nomadic Budins, in areas reclaimed from the forest, the descendants of the Greeks live - farmers and gardeners; even further east, in the foothills of the inaccessible Riphean Mountains (Ural), there are flat-faced argypeans feeding on milk and cherries. And in the very mountains, as these people say, obviously belonging to Mongoloid race, inhabited by people with goat legs and those who sleep for six months a year. “But I don’t believe it at all,” notes Herodotus, although this message contains information about the northern latitudes, where night reigns for half the year.
Then Herodotus left Scythia. On a passing ship, he crossed the sea and ended up on the southern coast of Pontus, in the picturesque bay of Sinop. There he boarded a ship, heading for wine, fruit, honey, ship varnish and resin to the country that the mythical Argonauts had once visited, Colchis. Along the way there were visits to other colonies located at river mouths. Finally, we arrived in Fasis, at the mouth of the Rioni. Herodotus was surprised to see dark-skinned people with curly hair among the inhabitants of Colchis. He was told that these were the descendants of the Egyptians who sailed to the Caucasian shore of the Black Sea on the ship of one of the Egyptian pharaohs. And that was a very long time ago.

Goals:

• Identify the causes of the “Great Greek Colonization.”
• Show where the Greek colonies were founded and what the settlers did.
• Continue to develop the skills to correctly show historical objects on a map, work with texts, illustrations, and compare natural conditions Ancient Greece and colonies.
• To foster a culture of communication, to help increase students’ interest, love and respect for history.

Equipment: Vagasin A.A., Goder G.I., History Ancient world; Textbook for 5th grade. M.: Education 2004; map "Ancient Greece"; Krushkol Yu.S. Reader on the history of the Ancient World. M.: Education, 1975; Kolobova K.M. Essays on the history of Ancient Greece. L.: Uchpedgiz, 1958; Goder G.I. Methodological manual on the history of the Ancient World. M.: Enlightenment 1988. Specially selected slides and individual task cards are also used.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

Emotional mood of children.

II. Repetition of previous material- 10 min.

6students work using cards.

Find errors in the texts.

1. Thanks to good soils, the inhabitants of Attica grew a lot of grain. On the contrary, there was a shortage of olive oil and wine in Attica: wine and oil were brought from other countries.
2. Sparta was very beautiful city. Foreigners usually admired its fortress walls, large theater and beautiful statues.
3. Spartan youths were famous for the fact that they wrote correctly, without a single mistake, and read a lot. In terms of education, the Spartans were superior to all other Greeks.

1 student on the board works with the concepts: democracy, helot, polis, demos, laconic speech.

Whole class assignment:

1. Show on the map the territory that the Spartans conquered (Laconia and Messenia)
2. Tell us about the government structure of Sparta
3. How were Spartan youths raised? What was the purpose of such education?
4. Here is an example of laconic speech: one Spartan woman, seeing off her son to war, handed him a shield and said: “With it or on it.” What did the Spartan woman want to say with these words?

Together with the whole class, we check the vocabulary work that the student completed on the board (3 minutes)
Before explanation new topic collect cards that 6 students worked on. Results of working on cards - in the next lesson

III. Learning new material

– The topic of our lesson today: “Greek colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.”

1. Plan

1. Great Greek Colonization:

a) why did the Greeks leave their homeland,
b) merchant and warships ancient Greeks,
c) difficulties of navigation.

2. Life in overseas colonies.
3. Greeks in the northern Black Sea region.

- Set the goal of the lesson. The ancient Greeks were skilled sailors. Enterprising merchants sailed into the Black and Azov Seas. Greek colonies arose on the shores of Italy, Sicily, Crimea, and the Caucasus. Today we will learn about the reasons that caused colonization and the process of settlers exploring new places in our lesson, and a resident of Hellas will help us.

– I invite the children to imagine that in front of them is not a teacher, but a resident of ancient Greece and ask him about the upcoming journey. First, listen to his story about why the Greeks left their homeland.

“While there were few people in the communities, they could still get food and somehow get along with each other.
But then, when the people multiplied and, in a difficult struggle for a place in the sun, were divided into rich and poor, the Greeks became cramped on their hot peninsula and did not have enough bread.
Hatred among the poor grew. The anger of the rich accumulated. Controversy. Discord. Strife. Crowds of armed men were running through the streets and squares, kicking up dust. The rich persecuted the poor. The poor beat the rich. The vanquished sought salvation in other lands. Thousands of families left their homes and rushed to the sea. Accompanied by the mournful cries of children and the sad play of flutes, the exiles loaded their belongings into the holds of light ships and sailed away from their native shores, never to return to them again. .
I also decided to try my luck overseas. Setting out on the journey, I filled the holds of the ship with Athenian goods. One successful trip could bring more profit than a year of trading in Greece.
The ship set off, the sails flapping. Bearded, black-tanned helmsmen leaned on the steering oars. A song of hope echoed far across the water.
Good luck!"

- Guys! Now you know who left and for what reasons in the 8th–6th centuries BC. Greece? (Poor people who lost their plots; defeated: demos or nobility; those who wanted to get rich from overseas trade: merchants)

The answers are recorded in the notebook.
Schoolchildren rush to ask questions: what did the Greeks travel on, what were they afraid of, what did they take with them, etc.
The story of a resident of Hellas is accompanied by a demonstration of illustrations.

“Preparations for the departure lasted a whole month. Everything necessary for the long voyage was taken onto the ships - provisions, goods. The city from where we were sailing provided us with security in case of a pirate attack.
The sea with us was sometimes friendly and gentle, sometimes menacing.
Particularly difficult was navigation in the Black Sea, which for a long time we called “inhospitable.” In fact, due to the great depths, our sailors could not, in the event of a sudden storm, anchor at a safe distance from the shore. Also, they could not quickly take refuge in the harbor or hide from the wind and waves behind the island as in Greece. (On the Black Sea there are few deep waters land bays and only a few islands).
We had to swim for many days to reach the desired shore, because average speed the speed of a merchant ship was small and equal to 9 - 10 km per hour. But meeting pirates is even scarier."

- Guys! Before you is a Greek military and merchant ship, on which I will sail. Compare. Look for differences in their sizes and shapes. Why was the speed of a warship faster than a merchant ship?

– Why was meeting with pirates so scary for the Greeks?

When summarizing the answers, the teacher notes t that the warship was armed with a ram made of a piece of wood covered with copper sheathing on top, or had a cast metal tip. Compared to a merchant ship, a warship was more streamlined in shape and moved under oars and sail; in a combat situation, the sail interfered with maneuvering and was removed. A merchant ship was intended to transport goods and therefore was more spacious than a military ship . But he only had a sail propulsion: there was no room on the ship for rowers...
In Greece, piracy has long been considered one of the legitimate ways to get rich, along with maritime trade.

A resident of Hellas says goodbye to the guys.

-See you soon!

Work on the map: open page 146 in front of us is the map: “The formation of Greek colonies in the 8th–6th centuries BC.”

- Guys! What territory did the Greeks inhabit at the beginning of colonization?

The student shows and names the south of the Balkan Peninsula, islands Aegean Sea, western coast of Asia Minor.

– What conventional sign Are the Greek colonies marked on the map?
– What is a colony? (Settlement of people in a foreign country)
– What is colonization? (Formation of colonies)

Having received the answers, the teacher continues:“Greek colonization was carried out in three main directions: to the west, to the northeast, to the southeast. (On the map, using a bright red thread, which is secured with small pins, show the path of the settlers)
On west direction Greek ships reached the shores of the Apennine and Pyrenean peninsulas; in the northeast - the Black Sea region, and in the southeast - Asia Minor and North Africa.

The guys name the colonies located in these territories.

– Cruise It's over, the shore is ahead. It's time for us to rest.

3. Physical education moment

- Let's continue the journey. Here is the long-awaited land. What lies ahead?
Guys! Let's take a close look at illustration p. 145 “Greek Colony on northern shores Black Sea" and describe it.

– In what places did the Greeks establish colonies? To answer the question, read paragraph 32, paragraph 2. (Near the sea, sources of fresh water, on fertile land.)

– Listen to the message about how relations with local residents developed:

“In bays convenient for anchoring galleys, the settlers landed, broke limestone, surrounded the camp set up on the nearest hill with a strong wall, then, having fervently prayed to Zeus, they began to plow the unusually colored, surprisingly rich soil with a wooden plow.
From the rocky peaks, silent natives dressed in animal skins warily watched the strangers. The Hellenes approached them, raising an olive branch over their heads, a sign of peace, and exchanged their goods for grain, livestock, leather and wool. When they succeeded, they seized by force not only the goods, but also the owners of the goods themselves.
This is how they appeared near the Black Sea greek cities.»

- Guys! What was the relationship between the Greek colonists and the local population?
What did Greek merchants bring from the colony?
What did Greek merchants exchange their goods for?

4. Greeks in the northern Black Sea region

The material is studied independently. The guys read the legend about the Scythian king Skila and answer the questions:

– What attracted the Scythian king Skilos to the way of life of the Greeks?
– What did the local population do? (pp. 146–149)

5. Teacher's word: The legend of Skila shows that in the 8th–6th centuries BC. we see the beginning of the penetration of Greek culture into other cultures. Greek culture was more modern. Architecture, theater, literature, sports, and art were well developed here. Here was something that the Scythians did not have. Therefore, King Skil was captivated by the beauty of the palaces, marble statues, and music. He was able to appreciate the culture of the Greeks, and his fellow tribesmen considered this a betrayal.

IV. Consolidation

Choose the correct answer.

1. The Greeks founded colonies:

a) on the coast Mediterranean Sea;
b) on the Black Sea coast;
c) in the interior regions of the Balkan Peninsula.

2. Continue the list. The main reasons for the mass exodus to the colonies:

a) threat of famine, lack of land;
b) the threat of debt slavery;
V)

3. Align:

a) goods that the Greeks brought to the colonies;
b) goods that the Greeks exported from the colonies;

1) olive oil
2) slaves
3) animal skins
4) vases

4. Find the odd one out. Scythian clothing included:

a) long pants;
b) boots;
c) chiton;
d) caftan.

V. Lesson summary

– Today in class we learned that in the 8th–6th centuries the Greeks BC. founded many colonies. Wherever the Greeks lived, they considered themselves a single people - Hellenes. They were united by a common culture, language, traditions and customs and religion.

VI. Homework: Paragraph 32. Write a story on behalf of a settler colonist.

Date of: 27.01.2017

Item: story

Subject:

Textbook: General history. Ancient world history. 5th grade: educational. for general education organizations / A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Svintsitskaya. – M.: Education, 2014.

Technologies: problem-search, information and communication

Greek colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas

Goals: give an idea of ​​the causes and consequences of Greek colonization; develop the ability to use text historical source when answering questions on the topic being studied; develop skills in reading a historical map and working with a contour map.

Planned results:

Subject: read a historical map, analyze and summarize its data; apply conceptual apparatus historical knowledge and techniques of historical analysis to reveal the essence and significance of the colonization of the Greeks; characterize important facts history of Ancient Greece, classify and group them according to the proposed criteria.

Metasubject UUD: organize educational interaction in a group; determine own attitude to phenomena modern life; formulate your point of view; listen and hear each other; express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication; independently discover and formulate educational problem choose means of achieving the goal from those proposed, and also look for them yourself; give definitions of concepts; analyze, compare, classify and generalize facts and phenomena.

Personal UUD: gain motivation to learn new material; understand the importance of studying history; express your attitude to the role of history in the life of human society.

Equipment: scheme “Education of Greek colonies inVIII- VIcenturies BC."; projector; multimedia presentation.

Lesson type: a lesson in discovering new knowledge.

During the classes

I . Organizing time.

II . Motivational-target stage.

The Athenian thinker Socrates jokingly argued that the Greeks settled around the sea like frogs around a swamp. We will find out what he meant in our lesson.

Consider the map “Formation of Greek Colonies inVIII- VIcenturies BC.".

In those days, when city-states arose in Greece, thousands of people went overseas to settle permanently in foreign lands.

Why do you think?

Remember what a colony is.

What kind of people Ancient East founded colonies and for what purpose?

The topic of our lesson: “Greek colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.”

(Presentation).

Lesson plan:

Problematic question. Why is the Greek colonization, in contrast to the Phoenician, called great?

III . Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Why did the Greeks leave their homeland?

So, we found out that inVIII- VIcenturies BC. In Greece there were city-states - policies. The largest of them were Athens and Sparta. It was at this time that thousands of Greeks leave the country to settle permanently in foreign lands. So why do the Greeks leave their home and move to distant unknown lands? Let them tell us about it themselves.

IN long journey departed from different cities. Imagine that you find yourself, for example, in Corinth, a wealthy trading city located on the isthmus separating the Peloponnese from Central Greece. Several hundred departing people gathered here. They get to know each other, ask about the reasons why everyone leaves their homeland.

“I’m a poor peasant,” says one. “In our valley, no one knows how to plow the land better than me.” But what's the point! My plot is high in the mountains, the nobles in the valley have seized power. No matter how hard you work, you won’t get out of poverty. You often have to go hungry. Perhaps I will find my happiness in a foreign land.

Here the second one interrupts him:

I have worse things to do than you. When they placed a debt stone on my property, I lost my peace and lost sleep. You work all day and don't sleep at night. You toss and turn from side to side and keep thinking: I wish I could become a debtor slave. I decided to abandon both the mortgaged plot and my native village. They say that there are countries beyond the sea where you can have as much land as you want and it is richer than on the banks of the Nile!

Here two well-dressed Greeks approach the talking peasants.

Who you are? - they are asked. “It’s not like hunger or debt are driving you out of your home.”

You guessed it,” one of them answers. “We are merchants and live here in Corinth. Faithful people they said that in overseas countries they willingly exchanged wheat and slaves for Greek goods: painted vases, woolen fabrics, weapons, grape wine and olive oil. We will sail with you. Sea trade is full of dangers, but perhaps it will enrich us.

Two brothers intervene in the conversation, both artisan weavers who previously worked on one of the islands of the Aegean Sea. They say:

We had to leave our hometown forever. We raised the people to fight against the nobility. An uprising began, but the aristocrats gained the upper hand, and we fled on the first ship, along with other leaders of the demos.

One of those present is gloomily silent and does not interfere in the conversation.

Who are you? - they finally ask him. - Judging by your clothes and appearance, you belong to the nobility. What made you join those leaving?

“You were not mistaken,” the man replies. – I come from an ancient noble family. I was the ruler of my city. But one night I had to leave a house full of expensive utensils and slaves. A devoted servant reported that a demos uprising had broken out in the city, many noble people were killed in their own beds. This terrible news took me by surprise. As the poet said: “I traded my magnificent house for a fugitive ship.”

This is how these very different people talked to each other.

Now you can answer the question: who and for what reasons left Greece inVIII- VIcenturies BC.?

(Drawing up a diagram)

Who left Greece?

Hungry and poor people, poor people, indebted nobles, peasants who lost their plots, etc.

People forced to become exiles: aristocrats from cities where the demos came to power, leaders of the demos from cities where the nobility won.

Merchants who wanted to get rich in overseas trade.

Why left?

Acute shortage of land due to overpopulation of policies.

Threat of famine.

The desire of the Greeks to develop their trade and craft.

The struggle between the demos and the nobility.

2. In what places did the Greeks establish colonies?

Preparations for departure lasted a whole month. The ships carried everything necessary for a long voyage: provisions, goods. The city that the Greeks were leaving provided them with security in case of attack by pirates. The sea was sometimes friendly and gentle, sometimes menacing. Navigation in the Black Sea, which the Greeks had long called “inhospitable,” was especially difficult. In fact, due to the great depths, Greek sailors could not remain anchored at a safe distance from the shore in the event of a sudden storm. Also, they could not quickly take refuge in the harbor or hide from the wind and waves behind the island, as in Greece. The Greeks had to swim for many days to reach the desired shore, since the average speed of a merchant ship was low and equal to 9-10 km/h. But even more terrible was the meeting with the pirates.

Look at the Greek colony on page 152. The figure shows commercial and military greek ships. Describe them on behalf of the merchant and on behalf of the military man.

(Approximate answer.

Merchant. Our merchant ship is designed to transport goods and is therefore more spacious than a military ship. But it only has a sail propulsion: there is no room on the ship for rowers.

Military: Our ship is armed with a ram made of a piece of wood, covered with copper sheathing on top, or had a cast metal tip.)

Compared to a merchant ship, a warship had a more streamlined shape and moved under oars and sail. In a combat situation, the sail interfered with maneuvering and was removed.

It was on such ships that the Greeks crossed the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Working with the map “Formation of the Greek colonies inVIII- VIcenturies BC", determine the directions of Greek colonization.

(As the task progresses, a diagram is drawn up.)

The main directions of Greek colonization:

Northwestern Mediterranean

North Africa

Southern Apennines

Asia Minor

Northern Black Sea region

Setting off on their journey, the settlers turned to the Delphic Apollo for advice on where to go, boarded ships with their wives and children and sailed to foreign shores. There, through treaties or force, they took away a piece of coastal land from local tribes, erected temples, erected houses and sowed fields.

Sometimes entire cities abandoned their old places and moved to new ones. When the Persians besieged the Ionian city of Phocia, the Phocians all boarded ships, threw a piece of iron into the sea, and said: “When this iron emerges from the sea, then we will return to the rule of the Persians!” - and sailed to the western seas.

In bays convenient for anchoring galleys (rowing warships), the settlers landed, broke limestone, surrounded the camp set up on the nearest hill with a strong wall, then, having fervently prayed to Zeus, began to plow the surprisingly rich earth of an unusual color with a wooden plow.

Silent natives dressed in animal skins warily watched the strangers from the rocky peaks. The Greeks approached them, throwing an olive branch over their heads - a symbol of peace - and exchanged their goods for grain, livestock, leather and wool. When they succeeded, they seized by force not only the goods, but also the owners of the goods themselves. This is how Greek cities appeared near the Black Sea.

What was the relationship between the Greek colonists and the local population?

What did Greek merchants bring from the colonies?

What did Greek merchants exchange their goods for?

(A diagram is drawn up.)

They sold: olive oil, wine, weapons, fabrics, vases, marble statues.

They bought: wheat, slaves, honey, animal skins, livestock.

3. Greeks and Scythians on the northern shores of the Black Sea.

How was the relationship between the Greeks and neighboring peoples who lived next to their policies? Answer this question by working with the text of paragraph 3 of § 32 and additional material.

Additional material.

How King Darius tried to conquer lands in the south of what is now Russia

(based on the story of Herodotus).

The Persian army led by the “king of kings” Darius invaded the lands of the Scythians.I. But the Scythians, without engaging in battle, lured their enemies into the interior of the country. Pursuing the Scythians, Darius's army reached the Don River. The Persians were tired of the merciless pursuit. Then Darius sent an envoy to the Scythian king with the following words: “Why are you running away? Join the battle or recognize me as your lord!” The Scythians’ answer was: “We are not running away, we are just wandering with our herds. And with whom and when to fight we decide for ourselves!” As time went. And then one day a Scythian messenger brought strange gifts to the “king of kings”: a bird, a mouse, a frog and five arrows. Darius was delighted and decided that the Scythians were ready to lay down their arms and submit: to give up land, water, and their horses. After all, a bird is as fast as a horse, a frog lives in water, and a mouse lives in the ground. “No, king,” the old nobleman objected to Darius. - I know the Scythians. They want to tell us: “Fly into the sky like birds, burrow into the ground like mice, hide in the swamps like frogs! Otherwise, you will die from our arrows!” Having carried big losses, the Persian army moved back. This is how this campaign ended ingloriously.

IV . Consolidation of the studied material.

So, why do I call the Greek colonization great, in contrast to the Phoenician?

What did colonization give the Greeks?

(I write down the consequences of colonization on the board).

1. Economy, trade and navigation are developing.

2. The wealth of Greek cities is growing.

3. The Greeks acquire new knowledge.

4. The Greeks recognize themselves as a single people.

5. Crafts are developing (due to the increased demand for handicrafts).

6. The number of foreign slaves is growing (due to imports from the colonies).

Complete the self-test checklist.

1. A colony is...

2. Colonization is...

3. Representatives of which segments of the population and why did they leave for the colonies?

4. Where did the Greeks establish colonies?

5. What did the Greeks trade?

V . Summing up the lesson.

Homework:

§ 32, questions for §, fill out the outline map.

3. Greek colonies on the northern Black Sea coast 112

As we have already noted113, Greek cities on the northern coast of the Black Sea played important role in the development of international commerce, serving as a link between the Mediterranean basin and Eurasia. In this sense, they were the predecessors of the Genoese and Venetian cities on the Black Sea, which played the same role in Mongol period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries AD. WITH sociological point point of view, there was, however, a great difference between the ancient Greek and medieval Italian cities. The latter were simple commercial trading posts, while the role of the former was not limited to commercial functions. Some of the Greek cities of the Scythian period were fully developed communities in which not only trade, but also arts and crafts flourished; agriculture has reached high level in neighboring areas. Thus, the Greek cities of this period became important cultural centers. In addition, they were closely connected with the cities of Greece proper, as well as with the Malaysian ones, remaining part of the integrity of the Hellenic world. They therefore served as a bridge between the Greek world and the Scythians. Greek artists and artisans fulfilled orders from Scythian kings and nobles, adapting to Scythian artistic requirements. So new art style, which can be called the Greco-Scythian style, was created, influencing in turn the development Greek art in the later, so-called Hellenistic period.

Most of the Greek cities on the northern coast of the Black Sea were founded by colonists who arrived from Miletus, Klazomene and other Greek cities in Asia Minor. In the sixth century B.C. Malaysian Greeks recognized the power of the Persian king. This resulted in a fortunate situation for Greek cities in terms of international trade. The Persian kingdom was what can be called a "world empire", stretching from the Aegean Sea in the west to the Indus and Jazartha rivers in the east. It included such provinces as Asia Minor, Transcaucasus and Mesopotamia and continued the cultural traditions of the Hittites, Urartians and Assyro-Babylonians.

The Greek cities of the coast of Asia Minor served as a link between Asia Minor, the Mediterranean basin and the Black Sea steppes, while the Greek cities on the northern part of the Black Sea were likened to many outposts of the old cities of Asia Minor. Greek traders from Olbia, Chersonesus and the Cimmerian Bosporus served as intermediaries in trade relations between the Persian kingdom and the Scythians. In the 5th century BC. most Greek cities on the Aegean coast were emancipated from Persian rule. And Greece itself, and especially Athens, became the leading force. During the century from 477 to 377, commercial routes were under the economic and political control of Athens, despite the fact that the power of Athens was significantly shaken at the end of the fifth century Peloponnesian War. In general, conditions for the development of settlements on the Black Sea coast were less favorable during the period of Athenian hegemony than during Persian rule.

From a historical point of view, the Bosporan kingdom on the Kerch Strait, which existed from the 6th century BC to the 6th century AD, was the predecessor of Russian rule in Tmutarakan from the 9th to the 11th centuries AD. There were several Greek cities in the kingdom on both banks Kerch Strait. They were founded in the seventh and sixth centuries BC. Most of them may have been built on the sites of older settlements of the local inhabitants of the Cimmerian period. The first Greek cities east of the Kerch Strait were founded by colonists from Caria. Later, new settlers came from Miletus. They settled on Crimean side Strait. The city of Panticapaeum, which became the capital of the Bosporan kingdom, was originally a Milesian colony. Economically, the Bosporan kingdom was based on trade between Asia Minor and the Trans-Caucasus, on the one hand, and the Azov and Don regions, on the other. Among the goods coming from the Trans-Caucasus region, metal and metal products played an important role. Fish and grain arrived in response from the Don and Azov regions.

The city of Panticapaeum initially had an aristocratic constitution. In the fifth century BC. it became the capital of the monarchy. The Bosporan kingdom was the result of a necessary compromise between the Greek newcomers and local tribes, the Greeks were not numerous enough to colonize the entire country. They remained mainly in cities. On the other hand, the local Japhetid and Iranian tribes, mainly known as the Sinds and Maeots, were mostly outside the cities and reluctant to submit to the Greeks. There were some clashes, and eventually a local magnate, belonging to a local but completely Hellenized family, seized power and declared himself king of the Sindians and Maeotians under the name of Spartok I (438/7 - 433/2 BC). While he was recognized as king by the local tribes, the city of Panticapaeum recognized him only as archon ("head"). In fact, he had complete power over the Greeks and controlled the army administration through the chiliarchog (“commander of a thousand,” compare thousand in medieval Rus').

After the establishment of monarchical rule in the Bosporus, the country became strong enough to protect itself from the invasion of the Scythians and other steppe tribes. In some cases, the Bosporan kings paid tribute to the Scythians so as not to start wars. They could afford to pay off, since the kingdom was quite prosperous. The grain trade was the basis of economic stability. The Bosporan kings tried to monopolize this line of trade in the eastern regions of the Black Sea. According to the treaty of friendship with Athens (434/3 BC), the Bosporan king was supposed to supply Athens with grain. After a long struggle with the city of Heraclea, King Leukoi (389/8 - 349/8 BC) conquered the important port of Theodosia, thus securing a monopoly on the grain trade. As a result, the Bosporan kingdom was the main grain producer for Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries. During Leucon's reign, 670,000 medimni (about 22,000 tons) of grain were exported annually to Attica, which amounted to half of all grain imports into Attica.

Following these cities, Chersonesos was the most important Greek center in Crimea. It was one of the most viable early Greek colonies here, thriving as far back as the Byzantine period. In the tenth century AD. Chersonesos, known as Korsun in Russian chronicles, was controlled for some time Kyiv princes. It was originally a colony founded by Heraclea, which in turn was a colony of Megara. Heraclea was founded in 599 BC. Exact date the foundations of Chersonesos are unknown; Herodotus does not mention her. Documentary evidence regarding Chersonesos dates back to the fourth century BC. In this century, the oldest city wall was erected.

The geographical position of Chersonesos was less favorable than that of the Bosporan cities, since it was located far from the Azov and Don regions. On the other hand, it was better protected from raids by nomads and had excellent port facilities. It is also closer to the southern Black Sea coast than any other city on the northern coast. Chersonesos entered into close relations with Athens during the time of Athenian dominance. Athenian influence was strong in the life and art of the city until the mid-fourth century BC, after which Chersonesos vases, gold jewelry, terracotta, etc. approached the standards of Asia Minor.

From his point of view political organization during the Scythian period, Chersonesos represented democracy. All power belonged people's assembly, and that's all public figures were elected. In fact, most significant issues were first discussed by the city council and then reported to the assembly. An interesting inscription from the third century BC was discovered containing the text of the oath required of a Chersonesos official. She obliged him not to violate the democratic order and not to transmit information to the Greeks or “barbarians” that could harm the interests of the city. Many citizens had fields and vineyards outside the city walls; sometimes they were rented, in other cases the owner himself cultivated the land. The city controlled the entire western coast of the Crimean peninsula and part of the fertile steppe inland lands in its northern part.

In the north-west of Crimea, the leading position belonged to Olbia, the “city of the Borysphenites”, which was located at the mouth of the Bug and ensured the integrity of the Bugodnestrovsky mouth. Thus, the city occupied a favorable position from the point of view of commercial routes running north into the interior of the territory. It would not be amiss to mention here that the wide mouth of the Dnieper also played an important role in the commercial exchange between Kievan Rus and Byzantium. The Russo-Varangian princes tried to tightly control the mouth of the Dnieper, which offered a suitable point for Rus' traders on their way to Constantinople. The Russians founded their village at the mouth of the Dnieper in Oleshya. Geopolitically, Oleshye then played a role similar to the role of Olbia in an earlier period.

Olbia, a colony of Miletus, was founded in the second half of the seventh century BC. It was originally supposed to be a fishing village. Fish later constituted important part in her trade. Agriculture also developed. Olvia had very close ties with the Scythian world of all Greek colonies. She paid tribute to the Scythian kings and in return enjoyed their support. Its traders floated their goods deep into the territory up the Bug and Dnieper. In addition, Olbia was the starting point of the great overland caravan route to the Volga and Kama regions in the northeast.

The Olbian Greeks had constant connections with local neighbors, which led to a significant exchange of mutual influences in art, craft, lifestyles, etc. In the fifth and early fourth centuries BC. the city had friendly ties with Athens. During the period of Macedonian dominance, Olbia's relations with the Greek homeland were not so successful. Around 330 BC the city was besieged by Zopyrion, the governor of Tsar Alexander the Great in Thrace. To unite their entire population against the invaders, the Olivias took radical measures: the local population received citizenship and the slaves were freed. Many inscriptions dating from the early third century B.C. shed some light on economic conditions in Olbia. As can be seen from some of them, a wealthy citizen named Protogenes lent the city 1000 gold pieces, partly interest-free, to purchase grain. In addition, he provided himself with 2,500 medimnas of wheat at a reduced price.

Like Chersonese, Olbia was a democracy. Before 330 BC only Greeks among the city's population had political rights, including voting in the council.

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And the Carians from the places of their trade. Undoubtedly, even in ancient times Sidonian ships with sailors gathered from different parts Asia Minor coastline and neighboring islands, already sailed through the Hellespont (Dardanelles), founded settlements on that small sea, which is now called the Marmara, and conducted profitable trade with wild natives. It is also certain that Indian and Assyrian goods were transported through Armenia to the southern shore of the Black Sea and that there were markets for their trade. But when the Greeks penetrated the shores of the Black Sea, trade there became more active and their settlements began to spread culture among the barbaric native population.

Greek colonies. Map

Greek colonies on the southern coast of the Black Sea

At the beginning of the 8th century, around 785 (756?) BC, Milesian sailors founded a colony on a peninsula jutting into the Black Sea on its southern shore, not far from the mouth of the Galisa River. It is very possible that there was already an Assyrian trading post here before, and that the Milesian traders acquired it by purchase or, in general, by some kind of amicable transaction. Be that as it may, the Milesians founded the city of Sinop on a peninsula near Cape Syria; the peninsula formed good harbors on both the western and eastern sides; and the isthmus that connected it in the south with the mainland was so narrow that it was easy to block off this place with a wall, and it protected the colony from raids. The position of the Sinop colony was extremely convenient for trade, and the area itself was rich: there was a lot of fish off the coast; in a mild climate, the olive tree grew excellently; the neighboring mountains, covered with dense forests, were rich in iron, and the warlike natives living further in the mountains brought many captives to the city for sale.

And in general in that part of the southern coast of the Black Sea geographical conditions were profitable. Therefore, thirty years after the emergence of Sinope, another Greek colony, Trebizond, was founded further east, in the iron-rich country of the Khalibs (about 756, according to other sources - about 700 BC). At the same time, the colony of Cyzicus was founded on the southern shore of the Propontis (Sea of ​​Marmara) to protect Black Sea trade. It was built on a round peninsula, which was connected to the mainland only by a narrow isthmus; Subsequently, a ditch was dug across the isthmus, and the peninsula became an island. The natives were conquered by the Greeks and cultivated the fields and vineyards of their masters, but were not enslaved, but were in a state similar to serfdom.

Greek settlers from Cyzicus founded (about 700) a colony on Proconnesus, one of those islands of the Propontis which are now called Marmara and from which it itself is called the Sea of ​​Marmara. Around the same time, the safety of passage through the Dardanelles was strengthened for Milesian ships by the construction of two fortified port cities on this strait - Abydos and Paria; a few decades later a third city was built there, first called Pitiussa (“City of Pines”), later Lampsacus. In the Cappadocian temples of the “Syrian Goddess,” the Greeks saw female servants, hierodulas, dressed in men’s clothing and armed, performing noisy rituals and military dances; from this they had legends that the Amazons, with whom Hercules and Theseus fought, lived on Thermodon.

In addition to commercial enterprise, the Milesians could have founded their colonies in the north for another reason: perhaps their settlers were moving there from the wars that devastated the west of Asia Minor. This idea is suggested by an excerpt that has come down to us from the military elegy of Callinus of Ephesus, who lived around 730. He urges the Greeks to fight fearlessly to protect “children and young wives,” and promises eternal glory to those who fall in battle. We see from this that some strong enemies were then attacking the Asia Minor colonies of the Hellenes. Perhaps it was those Scythian tribes, Treres and Cimmerians, who more than once devastated Asia Minor and scattered their camp surrounded by carts in the fields along Caistrum. They destroyed Sinop soon after it was founded. The Milesians rebuilt this colony 150 years after its destruction.

Greek colonies of the Northern Black Sea region

The Greek colonies on the southern shore of the Black Sea quickly grew rich. This encouraged the Milesians to establish settlements on its western and northern banks, at wide river mouths, where there is a lot of fish, and on vast plains suitable for agriculture. They built (between 600 and 560 BC) in the Danube delta the colonies of Istria, Tomy, Odessa; in the north from there, in the fish-rich estuary of the Dniester - Tiras (present-day Akkerman). In the northern corner of the Black Sea, where the lower reaches of the Bug (Gipanis) and the Dnieper (Borysthenes), in which there is a lot of very good fish, come together, the Greeks founded Olbia (“City of Abundance”) among luxurious fields and meadows. They exported huge amounts of dried fish from these colonies to Syrian and Asia Minor cities, and Black Sea fish became one of the main types of food for poor people there.

Ruins of the Greek colony of Olbia

Greek colonists transferred their legends to those distant countries. The island lying in front of the mouth of the Danube became their island Levka (“White Island”), to which the hero of the Trojan War Achilles was transferred after his death and where he led a happy afterlife. The strip of hard sand on the coast south of Olbia was, according to the colonists, the stage on which the fleet-footed hero practiced gymnastic games; and the sailors prayed to him to give them a happy voyage. The rocky shores and wild customs of the population of the Tauride (Crimean) Peninsula long seemed dangerous to the Greeks; but finally they built the colony of Theodosia on its eastern shore, and at the entrance to Meotida (Sea of ​​Azov), on the Tauride shore, Panticapaeum (Kerch) with a strong acropolis; on the other side of the strait, which they called the Cimmerian Bosphorus, on the cape of the mouth of the Gipanis (Kuban), they founded the colony of Phanagoria. Panticapaeum became one of the centers of the cult of Demeter.

Ruins of the Greek colony of Panticapaeum

Brave sailors, the Milesians even penetrated from the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Azov, which they considered the ocean of their mythological cosmography, the river that gives rise to all the waters of the earth. At the mouth of the Don they founded the colony of Tanais. Settlers from Tanais moved into the interior of the country and, to facilitate trade with nomads, built the trading posts of Navaris and Exopol. Thus, the Greeks penetrated into the country of the Scythians, beardless people with fleshy faces and smooth hair, children of the steppe, who roamed it on fast horses.

Gold and silver coins from Panticapaeum

Greek colonists began to visit the felt tents of the Black Sea nomads, who roamed the steppes with their herds, and bought bread, hemp, skins, furs, honey, and wax from them. These “milk-fed people” were probably amazed when they came to the rich trading Greek cities of the Northern Black Sea region to exchange dishes, weapons, fabrics, and clothes for their goods and saw magnificent houses, temples surrounded by colonnades. Relations with the Greek colonies introduced some principles of culture into the thoughts of these savages. Herodotus says (IV, 76) that during the time of Solon, the son of the Scythian king, Anacharsis, imbued with curiosity, came to Greece, visited Athens and earned the fame of a sage among the Hellenes; but upon returning to his homeland he was killed by his fellow tribesmen, irritated by his attempt to introduce among them the cult of the mother of the gods, which he had borrowed from Cyzicus.

Northern Black Sea region in the V-II centuries. BC

Greek colonies on the eastern shore of the Black Sea

Finally, the Milesians founded settlements on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, in the country of the warlike tribes of the Caucasus. They built the cities of Phasis and Dioscuria there, which became markets for the goods of the interior of Asia. Now the entire Black Sea was covered by Greek colonies. Trade on it has received very great development. The colonies actively exchanged goods among themselves and with Miletus. Large caravans from distant countries: to Olbia and Tanais they brought products of the Urals and Siberia, to Dioscuria the metals of Armenia, precious stones, pearls, silk, ivory India. In the middle of the 6th century, Miletus was the metropolis of 75 or 80 Greek colonies, like it energetic; and some of them even surpassed him in splendor and wealth.