Kabardino Balkaria list of settlements. Archaeological and tourist complex "Upper Balkaria"

During any travel around the world, be it a business trip or a tourist voyage, a map is an indispensable assistant.

If you need to go to the mountains of the North Caucasus, then a satellite map of Kabardino-Balkaria will serve you well: it will not let you get lost in an unfamiliar area.

Any districts, cities, natural objects, attractions, and tourist centers of the republic can be easily found on the road map of Kabardino-Balkaria, where all the main objects are marked in detail.

Districts of Kabardino-Balkaria on the map

The republic is divided into several large areas, administrative center is the city of Nalchik. In general, there are 15 settlements (cities) with a population exceeding 10 thousand people. These are (in addition to Nalchik):

Chill;
Nartkala;
May;
Terek
and others.

Cities and large rural communities make good reference points for a road trip. Therefore, you will need a map of Kabardino-Balkaria with cities and villages.

Three cities in Kabardino-Balkaria - republican subordination ( we're talking about about Nalchik, Baksan, Prokhladny). The most convenient and good roads lead to and from them.

Kabardino-Balkaria is mostly an agricultural republic; people here grow vegetables, fruits, and raise livestock. Therefore, there were many villages on its territory. This is easy to see if you take a map of Kabardino-Balkaria by region. Areas belonging to the plain territories are devoted to agricultural products.

Cattle graze in the foothills:

rams;
sheep

Agricultural areas of Kabardino-Balkaria

So, Baksansky district mainly represented by rural settlements. On the map of Kabardino-Balkaria with villages you can see the location of all 13 settlements of this territory. Residents provide for themselves and supply various agricultural products to other areas. Baksansky district is developing and how tourist centre: hot mineral springs flow here, which have a healing effect on the body.

Among other areas on the map of Kabardino-Balkaria one cannot fail to note Zolsky. Its economy also has a pronounced agricultural focus. Mostly Kabardians live here - excellent farmers. Of the 9 settlements, only 1 is a city, the remaining 15 are villages. The area is home to the Narzan Valley, which attracts locals and numerous tourists, with medicinal mineral springs, and the unique Tambukan Lake, the mud of which is used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes.
Railroad station in Terek.

IN Tersky district republics - 1 city and several (17) rural settlements. The regional center, which is Terek, is marked on the map of Kabardino-Balkaria with all settlements.

Despite the fact that there is only one city, it is quite large: on its territory there are 5 large and several small and medium-sized enterprises. The North Caucasus railway line passes through Terek. The railway station is located in this city, so if you are traveling by train, the starting point of your trip around Kabardino-Balkaria will be Terek. The Yandex map of Kabardino-Balkaria will indicate in which direction to move next.

Industrial area

Borders on Tereksky district May. His distinctive feature– the majority of the population (63%) lives in cities, so industry is developed here. By ethnic composition- many Russians. The basis of the economy of the Maysky district today is the food and processing industries. The following enterprises are located in the Maysky district:

mechanical engineering;
for the production of building materials;
for the production of medical equipment;
on production hot water and a couple.

Elbrus and Elbrus region

Among tourists who come to the republic in order to improve their health, play sports and capture natural beauty as a souvenir, the Elbrus region is most famous. Detailed map roads of Kabardino-Balkaria will tell you how to get there in the most convenient way.

The district adjoins the Zolsky and Baksansky districts, and its administrative center is the city of Tyrnauz. This city is a real attraction in itself. Built in Soviet times for the extraction and processing of tungsten discovered in Kabardino-Balkaria, today it is slowly dying out, since the enterprise has long been abandoned. A schematic map of Kabardino-Balkaria will indicate the exact location of Tyrnauz high in the mountains. Everyone who travels to Elbrus crosses the city.

Elbrus district includes big number industrial enterprises. The ethnic composition of the population is mainly Balkars. Here, in the Elbrus region, the flow of tourists who want to climb Elbrus does not dry out. In winter there are ski slopes and in summer there is a ski lift. The government of the republic plans to eventually turn Tyrnauz into a tourist center and thereby save the city from destruction.

Elbrus region It is famous as a balneoclimatic zone of the republic, where resorts are located. Most of this territory is included in national park"Elbrus region", protected by the state.

Kabardino-Balkaria has enormous recreational (i.e., used for health and recreation) resources. There are many unique natural attractions here. You can come here either on a tourist package or on your own, only in the second case you must stock up on a detailed map.

The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is located in the northern foothills of the central Caucasus and on the adjacent plain. It has internal administrative borders with the Stavropol Territory, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the Republic of Ingushetia. The southern border of Kabardino-Balkaria is the state border Russian Federation with the Republic of Georgia.
The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (KBR) occupies an area of 12.47 thousand square meters. km, population 894 thousand people, including urban 523 thousand people. (58.5%), rural 371 thousand people, (41.5%), average density population 72 people per square kilometer.
Administrative division: 10 municipal districts(Baksansky, Zolsky, Maysky, Prokhladnensky, Tersky, Urvansky, Chegemsky, Chereksky, Elbrussky, Leskensky), 3 urban districts, 7 urban settlements, 112 rural settlements, 169 rural settlements.
The capital of the republic is Nalchik, classified as Group III for civil defense, population 271 thousand people, urban area 133 square meters. km, population density 2234 people. per sq. km.
The CBD is a land of extraordinary contrasts: from arid steppes and semi-desert zones in the north, to alpine meadows and eternal snows in the highlands. On the territory of the Kabardino-Balkaria there are unique natural complexes and objects: cascading complexes of waterfalls in the Chegem Gorge, the famous Blue Lakes, of which one - Nizhneye, despite its mirror area of just over 1.5 hectares, is one of the ten deepest lakes in the Russian Federation, karst sinkholes and caves Malkinsky Gorge, much more.
The relief of the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic has three “steps”:
the first “step” (33% of the area) is a plain sloping to the northeast from 170 to 500 m above sea level;
the second “step” (16% of the area) is the foothills, which are ridged hills, in some places low mountain spurs and plateaus from 500 to 1000 meters above sea level;
the third “step” (51% of the area) is the mountainous part of the republic, consisting of five parallel ridges running from northwest to southeast: the Main Caucasus Range, the Side Range, the Rocky Range, the Pasture Range, and the Wooded Range.
The highest peak of the Caucasus, Elbrus, is located in the Side Range. Elbrus has two peaks: western (5642 m) and eastern (5621 m) with a saddle between them at an altitude of 5322 m. It is covered with a thick shell of ice, the average thickness of which is 50-60 m, and on the northern slopes - up to 110 meters. The total glaciated area of the peak is 137.5 sq. km.
The greatest length of the territory from southwest to northeast is 190 km, the shortest (from northwest to southeast) is 101 km.

A wide variety of natural conditions in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - relief, geological structure, climate, vegetation and soil cover- led to the development of a number of exogenous and endogenous natural processes.
65% of the republic’s territory is located in the mountains of the Central Caucasus and, as a result, is exposed to a wide range of hazardous natural processes and phenomena, of which mudflows, landslides, screes, and avalanches pose the greatest danger. The presence of highly dissected terrain, characterized by steep slopes and significant depth of narrow river valleys, combined with a large amount of winter precipitation, causes high avalanche activity within the described territory.
The territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, according to the characteristics of the technogenic impact on the geological environment, can be divided into 2 zones - the Kabardian foothill plain and the mountainous part of the republic. Within the most developed Kabardian Plain are the cities of Nalchik, Baksan, Prokhladny, Maisky, Terek, where the main transport communications and agricultural facilities are concentrated, where 70% of the republic’s population lives.
This determines the nature of the technogenic impact on the geological environment, the negative consequences of which are expressed in soil erosion, flooding, waterlogging, and groundwater pollution.
In the mountainous part, which occupies 2/3 of the territory of the Kabardino-Balkaria, resort and recreational construction is being widely carried out on the basis of unique natural and climatic landscapes and proven mineral water deposits. A significant number of deposits of non-metallic minerals and the large Tyrnyauz deposit of tungsten and molybdenum are being developed here, intensive road construction is being carried out, and irrigated and cultivated pastures are being created through the economic development of slopes and watersheds.

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The subject of the Russian Federation

Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

Qabarti-Malkar Republic


Flag	Coat of arms

Capital

Square

79th

Total
- % aq. pov

12,470 km²
1,24

Population

Total
- Density

↗ 865 828 (2018)

Total, at current prices

RUB 132.7 billion (2016)

Per capita

153.7 thousand rub.

Federal District

Economic region

North Caucasian

Official language

Kabardian, Balkar and Russian

Head of the Republic

Kokov Yuri Alexandrovich

Chairman of the Government

Musukov Aliy Takhirovich

Chairman of Parliament

Egorova Tatyana Borisovna

Code of the subject of the Russian Federation

Code according to ISO 3166-2

RU-KB

OKATO code

Timezone

MSK (UTC+3)

Official site

kabbalk.ru

physical map of Kabardino-Balkaria

Kabardino-Balkarian Republic(Kabard-Cherk. Keberdey-Balk'er Republic; karach.-balk. Qabarti-Malkar Republic; short name: Kabardino-Balkaria) - a subject, a republic within it. Included in, is part of the North Caucasus economic region. The capital is a city.

The official languages of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic throughout its territory are Kabardian, Balkar and Russian. Turkish and Ossetian languages are also common.

Established as the Kabardian Autonomous Region on September 1, 1921. Since January 16, 1922, Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region. On December 5, 1936, it was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Geography

Stamp "50 years of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic". USSR Post 1971

Reverse of the commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia

The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is located in the central part of the northern macroslope of the Caucasus. The territory of the republic is divided into three main geomorphological zones - mountainous, foothill and flat. Mountain and foothill zones occupy most territory of the subject. The flat zone covers the northeastern part of the republic.

There are 5 main ridges stretching parallel to each other across the territory of the republic. Greater Caucasus: Pasture (or Chalk), Wooded, Rocky, Lateral and Main (or Watershed).

Highest point: Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) the highest point in the Caucasus and.
Maximum length from north to south: 167 km;
Maximum length from east to west: 123 km.

Climate

The climate in the republic is varied. Due to its location in mountainous terrain, the republic has a vertical type of zonation. The plains and foothills have a humid continental climate, which in the mountains gives way to a subalpine climate. And then in the highlands it turns into an alpine climate. The average temperature in January ranges from −2 °C (on the plains) to −12 °C (in the mountains), in July, respectively, +25 °C and +5 °C. The average annual precipitation ranges from 500 to 2000 mm.

In the lowland part of the republic (in particular the city of Prokhladny and Prokhladnensky district, Maysky district) a temperate continental climate with features of a semiarid climate prevails.

Winter on the plain absolute values low temperatures colder than in the foothill settlements (Nalchik), the minimum temperature record in the republic was set on February 8, 2012 in the city of Prokhladny; at the city’s weather station the temperature dropped to -29.5 °C, while in Nalchik on that day the temperature was not dropped below -27 °C.

Summer on the plain is very warm, the second half is hot.

June is on average the wettest month, with the most rainfall, and extreme heat in June it is usually not observed (up to +37 °C).

The first half of July is generally identical to the second half of June, but drier. In the second half of July, higher temperatures are observed. The hottest period is the end of July-August. Temperatures in July in the flat part often rise above +38 °C; the maximum temperature in July for the period 2000-2016 was observed in Prokhladny on July 28, 2000, when the city was +40.7 °C. In Nalchik that day the air warmed up to +38.3 °C.

August on the plain is often the hottest month of the year; on the plain in August there is usually significantly less rainfall than in July or September. Low rainfall in summer forces the use of a canal system to irrigate vast agricultural areas. In August, maximum temperatures often rise to +38…+40 °C. During the 21st century, the highest temperature in August was observed on August 8, 2006 in the city of Prokhladny - the maximum at the city's weather station that day was +40.9 °C.

Ecosystem

Chernozems and dark chestnut soils are common on the plains, and mountain meadow soils are common on the mountain slopes.

Forests occupy 1/10 of the territory. In the floodplains of the rivers there are deciduous forests. At an altitude of 800-1600 m there are broad-leaved forests (mostly beech), up to 2200 m - coniferous forests (mostly pine). At an altitude of 2000-2400 m, subalpine meadows (forb-fescue and forb-grass) are common. Above 2400 m there are alpine meadows.

Common mammals include fox, jackal, wolf, brown bear, marten, roe deer, wild boar, Caucasian chamois, and Dagestan tur. The most common birds are tit, willow warbler, pheasant and quail.

On the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria there are the Elbrus National Park, the Kabardino-Balkarian High Mountain Reserve and 11 state reserves.

Rivers

Terek (623 km)
Malka (216 km)
Baksan (173 km)
Cherek (131 km)
Chegem (103 km)
Argudan
Kurkuzhin
Lesken
Nalchik
Urvan
Zolka

Lakes

Blue Lakes
Shadhurey Lakes
Lake Tambukan
Lake Syltrankol

Waterfalls

Gedmishkh is a waterfall on the river of the same name (the right tributary of the Malka).
Chegem waterfalls are a group of waterfalls on the tributaries of the Chegem River: Adaisu, Kayaarty and Sakal-Tup.
Abai-Su is a waterfall on the Bashil-Auzu-Su River (a tributary of the Chegem).
Sultan is a waterfall in the Djily-Su area, in the upper reaches of the Malka River.

Five-thousander peaks

Elbrus (5642 m)
Dykhtau (5204 m)
Koshtantau (5152 m)
Pushkin Peak (5100 m)
Shkhara (5068 m)
Dzhangitau (5058 m)
Mizhirgi (5025 m)

Story

Before education modern republic, on its territory two historical regions were located - Kabarda and Balkaria. Kabarda consisted of two principalities: Big Kabarda and Little Kabarda, and occupied the flat and foothill parts of the modern republic, as well as the mountainous and high-mountain zone in the upper reaches of the Malka River and its tributaries. Balkaria, which was divided into five mountain societies, occupied mainly the mountainous and highland regions of the modern republic.

In 1921, Kabarda and Balkaria, together with other historical regions of the Central Caucasus, became part of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On September 1, 1921, the Kabardinsky district left the Gorskaya autonomous republic, and then Balkaria followed on January 16, 1922.

The Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was formed in 1922, and in 1936 it was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the 115th Kabardino-Balkarian Cavalry Division was formed in Kabardino-Balkaria under the command of A.F. Skorokhod, which fought in the Battle of the Caucasus and Battle of Stalingrad. In 1942, most of the republic was occupied. In January 1943, Kabardino-Balkaria was completely liberated. In 1944, due to the eviction of the Balkars, it was renamed the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and since 1957 - again the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Since 1992 - Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

In the 1950s and 1960s, large industrial enterprises for mechanical engineering and instrument making were built in Kabardino-Balkaria. In 1990, 96.3 thousand people were employed in industry.

In 2008, the Bank of Russia issued a commemorative coin dedicated to the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria.

Symbolism

The republic has its own flag, coat of arms and anthem.

According to the Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkaria, the coat of arms is an image of a golden (yellow) eagle. On the eagle’s chest there is a small crossed shield, at the top there is an image of a silver (white) mountain with two peaks in an azure (blue, light blue) field, at the bottom there is a golden (yellow) trefoil with oblong leaves in a green field.

The state flag of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is a cloth of three equal horizontal stripes: the top - blue, the middle - white, the bottom - green. In the center of the panel there is a circle intersected by a blue-blue and green field; on a blue field there is a stylized image of Mount Elbrus in white.

The national anthem of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is solemn music created using the intonations and colors of Kabardian, Balkar and Russian folk songs. The anthem is sung without words. The author of the music is Khasan Kardanov.

Population

The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 865,828 people (2018). Population density - 69.43 people/km² (2018). Urban population - 52.13% (2018).

The mortality rate in 2016-2017 (as of the end of the year) was 8.5 ppm.

People	Number in 2010, Human	Number in 2002, Human	Number in 1989, Human
Kabardians	↘ 490 453 (57,2 %)	498 702 (55,3 %)	363 494 (48,2 %)
Russians	↘ 193 155 (22,5 %)	226 620 (25,1 %)	240 750 (31,9 %)
Balkars	↗ 108 577 (12,7 %)	104 951 (11,6 %)	70 793 (9,4 %)
Turks	↗ 13 965 (1,6 %)	8770 (1 %)	4162
Ossetians	↘ 9129 (1,1 %)	9845 (1,1 %)	9996 (1,3 %)
Armenians	↘ 5002	5342	3512
Ukrainians	↘ 4800	7592	12 826 (1,7 %)
Koreans	↘ 4034	4722	4983
Gypsies	↗ 2874	2357	2442
Circassians	↗ 2475	725	614
Tatars	↘ 2375	2851	3005
Azerbaijanis	↘ 2063	2281	2024
Chechens	↘ 1965	4241	736
Georgians	↘ 1545	1731	2090
Laktsy	↘ 1462	1800	1587
Germans	↘ 1462	2525	8569 (1,1 %)
Ingush	↗ 1271	1236	664
Karachais	↘ 1028	1273	1202
Persons who did not state their nationality	↗ 2269	15	0

Note: the table shows nations with a population of more than 1000 people in 2010.
Note 2: many Kabardians, like other Circassians, indicated their exoethnonym - “Circassian” during the 2010 census.

Age and gender composition

According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census:

Men - 401,775 people (46.7%). Women - 458,164 people (53.3%).
The average age of the population is 35.3 years. The median age of the population is 32.8 years.
The average age of men is 33.4 years. The median age of men is 30.8 years.
The average age of women is 36.9 years. The median age of women is 34.9 years.

Settlements

Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people

Administrative division

Map of the administrative-territorial division of Kabardino-Balkaria

According to the KBR Law “On the administrative-territorial structure of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic”, the subject of the Russian Federation includes the following administrative-territorial units: 3 cities of republican significance and 10 districts.

Within the framework of the municipal structure of the republic, within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of Kabardino-Balkaria, municipal entities were formed: 3 city districts and 10 municipal districts.

The capital of the republic is a city that is also a major economic center of the North Caucasus and one of the main resorts federal significance in the country.

№	Name	Administrative center	Population, people
Cities of republican significance (urban districts)
1	Nalchik		↗ 265 299
2	Baksan		↗ 58 745
3	Chill		↘ 57 857
Districts (municipal areas)
1	Baksansky district		↗ 63 242
2	Zolsky district	Zalukokoazhe	↗ 49 603
3	Leskensky district	Anzorey	↗ 29 435
4	Maysky district	May	↘ 38 936
5	Prokhladnensky district		↗ 45 247
6	Tersky district	Terek	↘ 50 671
7	Urvansky district		↗ 73 851
8	Chegemsky district		↗ 69 109
9	Chereksky district	Kashkhatau	↗ 27 945
10	Elbrus district		↘ 35 888

Economy

The basis of the republic's economy is agriculture (cereals (wheat, corn, millet), industrial crops (sunflower, hemp), livestock farming (dairy and meat), as well as logging.

As part of the development of infrastructure and support for small and medium-sized businesses in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, a network of business incubators was created, the purpose of which is to provide small and medium-sized businesses in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic with equipped office and industrial premises for rent on preferential terms. Three business incubators have already been created and are successfully operating: government agency“Kabardino-Balkarian Business Incubator” in Nalchik, providing office and industrial premises, two municipal office business incubators in the city district of Prokhladny and Baksan district. The republic's GRP for 2012 amounted to 94.2 billion rubles.

Industry

There are more than 200 industrial enterprises in the republic. In the city of Maisky, Sevkavrentgen-D LLC is one of the leading manufacturers of X-ray equipment in Russia. In the city of Terek, the Terekalmaz plant has established its own production of synthetic diamonds and high-quality diamond tools based on them. Among the products produced are diamond drilling tools for geological exploration and mining enterprises (bits, bits, reamers); diamond dressing tools (precision shaped rollers, pencils, combs, mounted diamonds), diamond grinding tools (AChK wheels, straight profile, etc.) for mechanical engineering and metalworking; diamond tools for stone processing and the construction industry (segment cutting wheels, milling cutters, bars, wire saws, etc.) for cutting, grinding, polishing natural stone, concrete, asphalt; diamond pastes, etc. In the city of Tyrnyauz there is a Kabbalkgips plant producing GIPSELL brand products, based on the production and sale of construction and finishing materials.

Kavkazkabel plant
Tyrnyauz Mining and Processing Plant (not operating since the early 2000s, after a mudflow)
Kabbalkgypsum (plant)

The electric power industry is developing; there are several hydroelectric power plants in the region, with a total capacity of 126.6 MW in 2010 and a production of 478 million kWh per year:

Aushigerskaya HPP (60.0 MW; 222.0 million kWh per year),
Kashkhatau HPP (65.1 MW; 241.0 million kWh per year),
Baksan HPP (27.0 MW; 125.0 million kWh per year),
There are several small hydroelectric power plants (with a total capacity of 5.5 MW and a production of 14.9 million kWh per year),
construction is underway of the Zaragizhskaya (28.8 MW) and Verkhnebalkarskaya hydroelectric power stations (15.6 MW),
the construction of the Blue Lakes hydroelectric power station (up to 110 MW) is being considered; the Sarmakovskaya hydroelectric power station is being designed (17.6 MW, 74.5 million kWh)

Transport

Culture

The cultural heritage of the Nart epic brings great significance to the culture of the republic.

The cultural policy of the republic in the last decade of the 20th century was built in inextricable connection with the all-Russian, federal concept of the development of culture and art, taking into account the peculiarities and complexities of the development of national cultures of multinational Kabardino-Balkaria. The federal target program “Culture of Russia” has brought some clarity to the perspective of national culture.

By the end of the 20th century, a growing interest in amateur creativity became noticeable in the CBD, the crisis of the early 90s was overcome, and culture began to adapt to new market conditions. If in 1999 there were 1,440 circles in Kabardino-Balkaria, then in 2001 their number increased to 1,560, and an increase in the number of cultural and leisure events was noted. In terms of the number of cultural and leisure institutions, the KBR ranks 78th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Peculiarities of the development of the ethnic musical culture of the KBR in the 90s of the 20th century

In most settlements, houses of culture were the only multifunctional cultural centers and their condition largely determined the level and prospects of the cultural life of a particular village. TO modern requirements development of national cultures includes the creation of folk ethnographic centers.

Considering the importance of developing amateur creativity at a high level creative level, in the KBR in the 90s they regularly held republican festivals folk song and dance ensembles, performers of Adyghe and Balkar folk songs, holidays of national cultures, regional exchange festivals of cultures, shows - competitions of choreographic art, orchestras of folk instruments, performers on the national harmonica named after K. Kashirgova, was developed thematic program"Musical Kabardino-Balkaria".

In the activities of municipal cultural institutions, positive trends have emerged in organizing events taking into account the sociocultural specifics of the region. Folklore festivals, shows, and competitions have become widespread in cultural institutions of the Baksan region. In the Zola region, an increase in the number of folklore groups and ensembles was noted. The culture department of the Urvan district has intensified its activities to preserve and develop folklore. The Folklore Center in the village was focused on the implementation of these tasks. Psynabo. In the Tersky region, special attention was paid to working with children and youth, in the Chereksky region, work on the revival and preservation of traditions and rituals intensified, in the Chegemsky region, folk calendar holidays, shows - competitions of folk groups, and festivals of folk song performers were regularly held.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, mass holidays in villages, districts, and cities have become increasingly widespread. These are City Days, celebration of anniversaries of writers of Kabardino-Balkaria, holding national games honoring progressive workers. With the beginning of the era of glasnost and democratization, religious rituals began to return to the festive culture of the people. public holidays, long gone from the life of the people and now being revived at a different level. Often, these are staged events carried out by professional and amateur groups: the celebration of the first furrow; khueipllyyzhykIeryshchIe (tying of smoked cheese) with sports games and awards, arranged not only at the birth of a son, but also on other holiday dates of the secular calendar (May 1, November 7, etc.); celebration of the vernal equinox. Reliable knowledge existing among the people's customs, holidays, rituals, their content, forms and methods of implementation allows us to identify what is in folk customs and what has been accumulated by cultural and educational institutions.

The peculiarity of the holiday, the festive communication of people, is the harmonious combination of two styles of communication: ordinary, practically real and ideally conventional, inherent in art. The most preserved, but somewhat modified, are family holidays and rituals. These are the rites of primary life cycle(gushchekhephe (putting a child into a cradle), the holiday of the “first step”, etc.), wedding ceremonies. Among the secular family holidays that firmly entered the life of the people in the 80-90s of the 20th century, it should be noted the celebration of birthdays, graduation, etc.

A major role in the revival of Adyghe vocal culture belongs to the Republican Competition of Adyghe Folk Song, held regularly since 1996 in memory of the People's Artist of Kabardino-Balkaria Kh. Kunizhev. The purpose of the competition: revival of traditional song creativity; preservation of the singing culture of the Circassians; identification of talented performers; attracting children and youth to creativity, improving their performing skills; widespread promotion of the genre; enriching the repertoire of groups and individual performers.

Great representatives of the KBR culture are the People's Poet of the KBR, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR and the RSFSR Kaisyn Kuliev and the People's Artist of the USSR, laureate of the State Prizes of the USSR and the RSFSR Yuri Temirkanov.

Science and education

Kabardino-Balkarian State agricultural university named after V. M. Kokov
Kabardino-Balkarian State University them. Kh. M. Berbekova
Kabardino-Balkarian Institute of Business
Kabardino-Balkarian branch of the Moscow Institute of Integrated Security
Nalchik Institute of Cooperation (branch) of the Autonomous Non-Profit Organization Belgorod University cooperation, economics and law
North Caucasian state institute arts
North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (branch) of the state government Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Modern humanitarian academy- Nalchik branch
Armavir linguistic social institution- Branch in Nalchik

Religion

The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, according to the Constitution - secular state. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law. The two most widespread religions are Islam and Orthodox Christianity. Ethnic Muslims in the republic make up more than 70%. Sunni Islam in the territory of what is now Kabardino-Balkaria, at that time Kabarda, was fully established in the 18th century.

According to the government of the KBR for 2013, 176 religious organizations are registered in the republic, including:

125 Muslim
21 Orthodox
1 Jewish
3 Roman Catholic
26 Protestant.

In total, there are 152 mosques, 20 Orthodox churches, 1 monastery, 4 temple-chapels, 1 synagogue, 27 Protestant and 3 Roman Catholic houses of worship in the KBR. Religious services are conducted in them by 137 Muslim, 23 Orthodox, 2 Roman Catholic, about 30 Protestant ministers, and 1 rabbi.

Notes

Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018. Archived July 26, 2018.
Gross regional product by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. (Russian) (xls). Rosstat.
Gross regional product per capita by constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 1998-2016. MS Excel document
Constitution of the Russian Federation. Art. 5, pp. 12
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Brief information for tourists

Kabardino-Balkarian Republic combines all the most important features for a modern tourist: favorable climatic conditions, beautiful nature, many attractions and cultural values. That is why thousands of travelers are fleeing from the rainy summer, slushy autumn and late spring to a flourishing region, where they can not only relax physically, but also restore the moral resources spent during the working year.

Geographical position
Kabardino-Balkaria is part of the North Caucasus. The republic spreads its possessions in the south of the European part of the Russian Federation. The northern, western and northeastern parts border on the Stavropol Territory; from the east and southeast you can get to North Ossetia.
The border line is winding, its total length is 696 km, which indicates the impressive size of the CBD. Only a small part passes through mountainous areas; mostly the borders lie along plains and foothills. In the south, the territory runs along the crest of the Caucasus Range,
The capital is the city of Nalchik, the distance from it to the capital of the Russian Federation is 1873 km. The economic and geographical location of the region is very favorable for the development of various industries and trade: access to three sea basins (Black, Azov and Caspian seas).

Relief
Despite the fact that the territory of the Republic is limited, it amazes with the variety of landscapes. Its assets are springs of healing mineral waters (hot and cold). Within the Kabardino-Balkaria there is Mount Elbrus (the highest point in Europe), Caucasus Mountains, deep tracts, lakes, valleys of the Terek River, as well as picturesque oases around reservoirs, ready to shelter tired travelers.
There are several mountain peaks in the territory that attract tourists with their grandeur and the desire to conquer them as part of hiking trips.
The upper part of the mountains and slopes are constantly covered with a crust of ice; the snow almost never melts off them. Five ridges are located along the same parallel relative to each other (Lesisty, Skalisty, Pastbishchny, Bokovoy, Vodorazdelny), their height increases if you move towards the southern part. Mountain rivers fill with water in winter and serve as a source for irrigation of agricultural land and other land resources in the region, and also power hydroelectric power stations that supply electricity to certain parts of the region.
In the southern part, beyond the Kabardian Plain, a forest begins, mainly consisting of species such as beeches and hornbeams. When viewed from above, its range of shades starts from dark green and reaches almost black.
The bright green Pasture Ridge deserves special attention, starting in spring, it is covered with alpine grasses, which not only decorate the huge area, but also serve as useful food for livestock, which to a greater extent exported to other countries.
In mountainous areas there is a large number of minerals that are still mined today. In the area of the Baksan Gorge there are large tungsten and molybdenum deposits; at other sites you can find gold, zinc, tin, and iron ore.
Mineral springs occupy mainly the foothills; they have differences in the chemical composition of the water, which formed the basis for the classification: sulfide, carbon dioxide, radon, siliceous.

Nature
Special natural conditions created a huge and completely unknown world inhabited by animals. Many plants grow here that cannot be found in other, even protected areas of the Russian Federation.
In 1976, the Kabardino-Balkarian high-mountain nature reserve was created, the purpose of which was to create conditions for the protection natural complexes from destructive entrepreneurial activity(development, destruction of plants and animals).
In the territory There are 316 species of birds, including rare ones, and 62 species of amphibian mammals. Among the birds there are: thrushes, larks, house redstart, alpine jackdaw, gray partridge, Caucasian black grouse, chough, pheasant, wood pigeon, red-winged wallcreeper. There are also dangerous ones - the tawny owl, the black vulture, the golden eagle, the great buzzard, and the spotted eagle.
Animals in Kabardino-Balkaria form the core of the fauna of the North Caucasus. Mountain goats (turs), snowcock, Promethean mouse, the world of wild fauna is represented by gophers, jackals, voles, moles, otters. The forests are home to bison and wild boars, lynxes and roe deer, some of which can be dangerous for a person who accidentally disturbs the peace of the majestic region.
There are more than 6 thousand flowering plants, each representative of the flora is unique in its own way. Evergreen shrubs grow in the highlands, which practically do not change their shade at any time of the year. Wild cherries, cherry plums, Caucasian pears, hazels, blackthorns, dogwoods - these fruits can be enjoyed while walking around the area as part of the excursion program. Occasionally you can find yew - a coniferous tree, which is not only very beautiful, but also has a long history dating back to antiquity. The flower world is also rich - bluebells, alpine aster, carnation, primrose, anemones. You can relax among such a riot of colors at any time. If the summer heat haunts a tourist, he has every chance to settle down under the spreading crowns of trees, being disturbed only by occasional flying birds.

Climate
In this region, it dictates its conditions altitudinal zonation: The climate is not the same everywhere and depends on the altitude above sea level. If you climb high into the mountains, you can feel how cold it is there - the eternal snow and ice crust make themselves felt, cold air masses do not stop cruising in this area. Below the snow line it becomes warmer; here you can see how high-mountain streams flow smoothly down, and the water in them is crystal clear.
The foothills are characterized by a temperate continental climate. In the north-eastern part, the heat peaks in the summer, and in the steppes you can feel a warm breeze.
Precipitation here is also uneven, with the least amount in the Kabardian Plain (up to 400 mm).
Most of the lakes on the territory of the CBD are of glacial origin; they are located very high - up to 2000 meters above sea level. In summer it creates unsurpassed beauty a natural phenomenon- mudflows with warm rains.

RECREATION IN KABARDINO-BALKARIA

This area is annually chosen for recreation by millions of tourists from different parts of the world. globe. This region is considered one of the most favorable for sports recreation and extreme tourism.
There are currently no agencies in the territory that would develop routes for travelers. You can book a trip and plan your pastime in advance; sometimes doing this on the spot is very problematic. But there is great amount hotels and boarding houses opening their doors to guests. Comfortable living conditions, food and walks in protected areas - this is enough for an unforgettable trip experience.
One of the most unusual and interesting areas is “event” tourism. It is dedicated to various events held annually in the Caucasus.
One of the most unforgettable and desirable events for travelers is a freeride tournament (this is a truly extreme vacation - alpine skiing or snowboarding with virtually no rules established by the organizers, carried out mainly on undeveloped slopes full of dangers). The tournament is attended by real pros - “Elbrus Open” riders who have a certain level of qualifications in the disciplines of alpine skiing and snowboarding. Hundreds of tourists from various cities of the Russian Federation come here.

Ski Kabardino-Balkaria

The Republic occupies a leading position among all-Russian mountaineering centers. Since most of the territory of the republic is occupied mountain ranges (northern slopes Caucasus), tourism is systematically developing here, cable cars and ski slopes are being built, comfortable for both beginners and professional skiers. Of the seven so-called “five thousand meters” (meaning peaks whose height exceeds 5000 m above sea level) in this area, six of them are located in Kabardino-Balkaria. The majestic mountain, the double-headed Elbrus, Dykh-tau, Shkhara, Koshtan-tau, Pushkin Peak and Dzhangi-tau, which are practically not inferior to it in height - all this is a chance to conquer if you have the desire, sports equipment, and an experienced instructor-guide.
Thrill-seekers should visit the Elbrus region, where a pendulum-type cable car is located in fully working order. It is called "Elbrus" and runs from the point "Azau" to the station "Old Horizon", then to the point "Mir". Its total length is approximately two kilometers; you can walk them, admiring the beauty of the surrounding nature.
The site will also be attractive for tourists new road gondola type, which is called "Azau - Stary Krugozor".
You can choose a ski slope depending on your skills; their total length is approximately 35 km. Separately, there are open spaces undeveloped by man; the rest of the territory is rolled out using special equipment to give tourists a real European level of a resort area for winter recreation.
For those who love challenging trails, we recommend visiting Mount Cheget. This is one of the most difficult sections not only in the North Caucasus, but also in the world's ski resorts.
Its height is 3700 m; not only are there popular tourist centers, but also various international competitions in freeride and downhill skiing of varying degrees of difficulty are held here.
In the Elbrus region, a 5-kilometer section of the border strip is completely closed; tourists do not have free access to it. Only after receiving special permission from local authorities(the checkpoint is located in the village of Elbrus).

Excursions around Kabardino-Balkaria

For those who booked a trip in advance, there is an opportunity to look into the most hidden corners of nature Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.
The routes that run to Upper Balkaria through the mountain gorge, as well as to the Blue Lakes, are very popular.
A real paradise for those who are interested in speleology will be the Bezengi Wall, the Chegem Gorge and the Narzan Valley. There are a large number of caves that have not yet been fully explored by historians and archaeologists; there is always hope of finding the remains of ancient civilizations that inhabited the Caucasus several centuries ago. One of the recent discoveries is a cave, the length of which is more than 5 km. There you can find underground lakes, see multi-layered stalactites and touch antiquity in the truest sense of the word.
Accommodation at the Glacier Hotel would be interesting. This is a real extreme for those who are accustomed to warmth and comfort - the temperature in such an impromptu settlement does not rise more than +5 to +10 C.
For those who like a more relaxing holiday, they suggest visiting a unique natural reserve located in the south. Created for the purpose of protection environment from destruction, it still preserves the complexes of the Caucasus; glaciers, river beds (Cherek, Chegem), and rocky deposits remain intact.

Sights of Kabardino-Balkaria

This mountainous region, unique in its beauty, is a real treasure trove of attractions that tourists simply must visit. Only in this case will a broad and correct opinion about this wonderful region be formed.

Elbrus National Park
This is an example of what a full-fledged organized vacation should be like.
The park was created in 1986, its unique location is on the Central Caucasus Square. The border of the cultural monument, created by nature with the participation of man, is made up of mountain ranges. If you are in the park itself, you get the impression that this is the bottom of a pit, but not wild, but extremely beautiful and ennobled. This impression is not surprising; the mountains rise 1500 - 5500 meters above sea level.
This is practically the only place where you can find such an unusual combination of landscapes: midlands and highlands, lakes, glaciers and basins.
Such a relief was formed under the influence of the active tectonic activity of Mother Nature over several centuries.
The only inconvenience is that it is difficult to predict the weather that will be most suitable for outdoor recreation. In the morning there may be a bright sun shining, which will abruptly hide behind the clouds and pouring rain will begin.
The area occupied by the Elbrus National Park is quite vast and amounts to about 101 thousand hectares. This is enough for the location of several villages inhabited by several thousand people, engaged in agriculture- and all this in the vastness of amazing nature.
Approximately 75% of the territory is occupied by forest, which is home to many species of animals and birds, and there are wild animals. You can get to the park by transfer from the city of Nalchik, the capital of the region. The flora and fauna are considered unique, so fishing in the lakes and hunting animals and birds is strictly prohibited here. A walk through the park can demonstrate one of the rarest plants used in folk medicine - Caucasian rhododendron. A powerful root system, strong but flexible stems can withstand about one and a half meters of snow cover. In spring, rhododendron blooms and little can outshine this natural phenomenon in beauty - huge flower beds with pink bouquets and a delicate aroma can turn the head of even the most experienced traveler.

Lake Tambukan
One of the healing corners of the world, comfortably hidden in the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria, is Lake Tambukan. The first thing that catches your eye is an interesting combination of lush vegetation, varying in color.
The area around the lake is a wide lowland, above which mountains rise.
The powerful healing effect that the waters of this lake provide is difficult to compare with other water bodies in Russia. Sulfide-type silt mud will help improve the health of the body, but you will have to visit the lake at least several times.
Currently Tambukan has ecological problems that the country's authorities are trying to solve. If everything works out, the healing mud will continue to be exported outside the CBD, as well as supply local health resorts.
The water of the lake is always crystal clear, thanks to this the muddy bottom is visible and creates the illusion, when viewed from afar, that Tambukan is impenetrably black and alluring. Gradually approaching, the tourist will feel the desire to plunge into the lake in order to cleanse himself of problems and chronic ailments that undermine the body.

Waterfall "Tsar's Crown"
Cascade waterfalls have always attracted tourists, as it is difficult to find a more charming and interesting spectacle than this. The Zolsky district has recently become accessible to visitors. water body- Gedmishkh. Previously, it was simply impossible to get here by any vehicle. Currently allows travel dirt road only on SUVs and other large special equipment.
The rock itself is more than 60 meters high, with beautiful thin streams of waterfalls flowing from it. Transparent water, which is ready to destroy all obstacles in its path, originates from under the roots of a tree growing on the top of a mountain.
During the time of the tsarist rule, it was planned to take water from this waterfall for health resorts and resorts, but the project was not implemented due to the outbreak of the World War. If you carefully observe the surrounding nature for a long time, you can see the similarity of one rock with the profile of Ivan the Terrible. Currently, scientists are studying the composition of the water flowing from the top of the rocks; there is evidence that it is healing and can be drunk.

Elbrus - the highest mountain in Russia
Speaking about the sights of the region, one cannot fail to mention the majestic Mount Elbrus. This is the highest point of the country, the peaks of which are always clad in ice armor. The snow never melts here and many people, in their dreams and in reality, strive to conquer the peak.
5500 meters above sea level - what you see from the peak of the mountain can make your head spin. In 1829, General Emmanuel's expedition finally reached the summit. The holiday organizers have arranged cable car for those who want to simply walk around this marvelous area, but not climb too high.
The mountain does not like overly arrogant tourists, so you should not set off without special equipment and without undergoing serious preparation for the ascent. Local residents talk about hundreds of cases when, without going up even a few kilometers, a person broke down and fell down.

Hot springs in Aushiger
A very interesting phenomenon is when, at any time of the year, steam rises from the water above the ground, demonstrating its high temperature. Close to Stavropol Territory hot springs are located. The village of Aushiger attracts local residents and tourists especially in autumn and winter to stay warm and healthy.
Hot mountain water contains a record amount of salts and minerals, which create conditions for people suffering from musculoskeletal disorders. This area is designed for recreation; experts recommend staying in the thermal waters for no more than three hours without a break.
You need to have warm clothes with you; the temperature difference between the water and the surrounding air depends on the time of year, but it can be dramatic; it’s easy to freeze.

Karst Blue Lakes
The Chereksky district of the Republic is famous for its Blue Lakes. You can get here from Nalchik (the distance is only 50 km) on your own along a good road or order excursion transport.
The lower of the five mountain lakes is called Chirik-Kel (different names may appear in different documentary sources). The temperature here never rises above 8-9 degrees, so there are few people willing to swim. The depth of the lake is more than 22 meters, the water is so clean and transparent that the inner surfaces of the shores and plants can be seen. Outwardly, the water is very calm, it seems that even a breath of wind does not disturb it. But this calm is deceptive; not far from the shore there is a whirlpool in which many people died. The depth of the upper lakes can reach 17 meters; swimming in them is much more comfortable and warmer than in Nizhny.
Holidays on the Blue Lakes are always bright and memorable. There is practically no population living in this region; the main companions of tourists are still, silent mountains.

Sugan Alps
On the border of Ossetia and the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic there is another place of marvelous beauty - the Sugan Alps, which has significant tourism potential. These are famous mountain ranges that attract mountaineers and rock climbers who like to be thrilled but remain relatively safe.
The climate here is radically different - it is cold, the air humidity is high. There are also dangers from the animal world - a large number of wild aurochs live in the area. Locals do not recommend going here alone.
Of course, the Sugan Alps cannot surpass the Swiss Alps in height and grandeur, but this does not reduce the value of this corner of pristine nature.
You can only get to the slopes along “goat” paths; there are no improved roads here. At the foot of the mountains you can meet shepherds grazing sheep, who will treat tired travelers with real sheep cheese, ayran and fresh, still warm milk.

Local traditions

The preserved traditions of the indigenous population are carefully passed on from generation to generation Kabardino-Balkaria. Customs are more important for them than laws; breaking them can result in severe punishment.
Women here obey the will of men unquestioningly, they do not enter into disputes, do not contradict and try with all their might to maintain a home. A man returns from work to a warm and cozy home, filled with the aromas of delicious food, children's laughter and the smile of a tired but happy wife. Traditionally, the stronger sex is the provider of finances and the guarantor of the family’s material well-being. Previously, a married man and woman were not allowed to be in the same room and address each other by name; there was a division of the house into two halves - male and female.
Particular strictness between children and parents has survived to this day. Education for Kabardians is a responsible process, which they approached seriously, without wasting time on unnecessary caresses and kisses. Along with this, grandparents can allow themselves everything forbidden in relation to their children.
The Balkars have a strict tradition regarding the fire going out in the home. It cannot be lit again by asking a neighbor for a torch. For these purposes, there is a certain day (only one) on which you can exchange fire.
One of the surviving wedding traditions is the “groom’s cup.” After the wedding ceremony, he was presented with a huge copper bowl filled to the brim with beer. There was a lot of sparkling drink - about 10 liters. In order to complicate his task, the outer part of the bowl was lubricated with vegetable oil. It is not permissible for a man to drink beer without spilling even a drop on the floor.
The oral folk art of the Balkars, which is passed down from ancestors to heirs, is also noteworthy. Heroic epics, songs and lullabies - all this has been under the close attention of historians studying the region for many centuries.
A horseshoe hangs above each entrance, bringing good luck, and horse skulls are buried in the courtyard to protect against the evil eye. When the first rain comes in the spring, it is customary to pour water on each other - this will give strength and health for the whole year.
When a person died, he was washed with water (this tradition has been preserved to this day in almost all regions of the country). On the fortieth day, sweet pies and candies were distributed to the children; on the 52nd day, a stuffed animal was built, which was dressed in the clothes of the deceased. Having lit a large fire, the Kabardians led him around the flame and complained to him about problems and asked for help. Then they brought us into the house, left us to eat and left so as not to disturb us.
The child was given a name only on the seventh day after birth, before then the father could select various options and think through which one would better influence the baby’s fate.
On everyone's neck local resident you can see amulets of various configurations that protect him from the evil eye, bringing wealth and good luck. At the same time, the financial side of success is not highly valued by old-timers; the main thing is simple human happiness.

Visiting the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is one of the greatest pleasures for those who prefer active or extreme sports tourism in the mountains. You definitely need to take warm clothes with you; the weather in this region is capricious and can present an unexpected and not very pleasant surprise. The cost of previously booked tours varies slightly from year to year.