The figurative meaning of the word wooden examples. Stylistic use of synonyms

Summary of a Russian language lesson in 6th grade

(teacher: Nesvat L.N., teacher of Russian language and literature MKOU OOSH village.

Ershovka, Vyatskopolyansky district, Kirov region)

LESSON TOPIC:

Direct and figurative meaning words

Goals: 1)

To introduce students to the literal and figurative lexical meaning of a word

2)

To develop the ability to find words with a figurative meaning in the text,

4)

Develop skills in working with spelling and punctuation.

During the classes:

Motivation.

1) Teacher's word:

Friends, before announcing the topic of today's lesson, I want to ask you a question,

related to literature, do you know who Ilya Muromets is?

(People's hero, hero of many epics)

In one of the epics about Ilya Muromets there are the following words: “The word is like an apple: from one

green on one side, ruddy on the other, you know how to turn it, girl...”

Think about the meaning of this sentence: The word, if we consider it from different sides,

miscellaneous - “Green on one side”, “Ruddy on the other”. And most importantly: "You know how to do it, girl

turn over", i.e. know how to use your words, as a word can have more than one meaning

It turns out that a word, in addition to its direct meaning, can also have another meaning,

portable. This is the topic of the lesson: “Direct and figurative meaning of the word”

(write in notebooks).

2) Write on the board:

iron nails, iron health.

Teacher's explanation: In the phrase iron nails the adjective means

What is the meaning of the word green? (Unripe,

unripe)

11)

Information on the use of figurative words in fiction

works. (Information from the textbook).

Vocabulary work: personification, metaphor

13) Execute exercise 339

Teacher:

Words with a figurative meaning make it bright and expressive not only

poetic speech, but also prose.

15) Let's turn to exercise 342.

a) Reading the text.

b) Determination of speech style, type of speech.

c) Determining the title of the text.

d) Vocabulary work: azure, coral, sapphire.

16) Recording text, explaining spelling.

: I hope you will be able to determine the literal and figurative meaning of a word. A

When you were very little, you probably didn’t understand a lot. Famous

children's writer K.I. Chukovsky recorded several statements of children who did not know

Reading the roles of the following statements and explaining the words used in

figurative meaning:

“I won’t go to school,” said fifth-grader Seryozha. - There on exams

cutting.

b) - Here In winter it will snow and frost will hit

-And then I won’t go outside.

- Why?

- So that the frost doesn’t hit me.

V) A boy is asked about his sister

- What does your sister Irinka lie down with the roosters?

She doesn’t lie down with the roosters - they peck: she goes to bed alone in her crib.

Mom washed the shirt and asked Petya to hang it to dry in the sun.

Petya left, but soon returned with the shirt.

- Why didn't you hang it up to dry?

- I don't “reached the sun,” answered Petya.

19)

Teacher:

Children, did you hear funny stories. No less fun, I think

will seem to you ex. 340.

20) Exercise: In each pair of sentences, indicate the words used directly

figurative meaning.

The wind howls and whistles in the chimney. The dog howls.

The tired day turned to night. The tired boy bowed his head to

mother's shoulder.

Dad came home from work. The long-awaited day of departure has finally arrived.

The hostess warmed the water. A cheerful song warmed us on the way.

21) Let's summarize the lesson.

a) How does a figurative meaning differ from a direct one?

b) Why are words with figurative meanings used in speech?

) Homework:

Theoretical information on pp. 132-133, exercise 338

Direct and figurative meaning of the word

Every word has a basic lexical meaning.

For example, desk- this is a school table, green- color of grass or foliage, There is- this means eating.

The meaning of the word is called direct , if the sound of the word accurately indicates an object, action or sign.

Sometimes the sound of one word is transferred to another object, action or sign based on similarity. The word acquires a new lexical meaning, which is called portable .

Let's look at examples of the direct and figurative meaning of words. If a person says a word sea, he and his interlocutors have an image of a big body of water with salt water.

Rice. 1. Black Sea ()

This is the direct meaning of the word sea. And in combinations sea ​​of ​​lights, sea of ​​people, sea of ​​books we see the figurative meaning of the word sea, which denotes a large number of anything or anyone.

Rice. 2. City lights ()

Gold coins, earrings, cup- These are objects made of gold.

This is the direct meaning of the word gold. The following phrases have a figurative meaning: goldhair- hair with a brilliant yellow tint, skillful fingers- this is what they say about the ability to do something well, goldenheart- this is what they say about a person who does good.

Word heavy has a direct meaning - to have significant mass. For example, heavy load, box, briefcase.

Rice. 6. Heavy load ()

The following phrases have a figurative meaning: tough task- complex, not easy to solve; hard day- a difficult day that requires effort; hard look- gloomy, stern.

Girl jumping And temperature fluctuates.

In the first case - a direct value, in the second - figurative (rapid temperature change).

boy running- direct meaning. Time is running out- portable.

Frost has frozen the river- figurative meaning - means that the water in the river is frozen.

Rice. 11. River in winter ()

House wall- direct meaning. ABOUT heavy rain you can say: wall of rain. This is a figurative meaning.

Read the poem:

What kind of miracle is this?

The sun is shining, the rain is falling,

There's a big beautiful river by the river

The rainbow bridge is rising.

If the sun is shining brightly,

The rain is pouring mischievously,

So this rain, children,

Called mushroom!

Mushroom rain- figurative meaning.

As we already know, words with multiple meanings are polysemous.

The figurative meaning is one of the meanings of a polysemantic word.

It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only from the context, i.e. in a sentence. For example:

Candles were burning on the table. Direct meaning.

His eyes sparkled with happiness. Figurative meaning.

You can turn to an explanatory dictionary for help. The literal meaning of the word is always given first, and then the figurative meaning.

Let's look at an example.

Cold -

1. having low temperature. Wash the hands cold water. A cold wind blew from the north.

2. Transfer. About clothes. Cold coat.

3. Transfer. About color. Cool shades of the picture.

4. Transfer. About emotions. Cold look. Cold meeting.

Consolidating knowledge in practice

Let us determine which of the highlighted words are used in a literal and which in a figurative meaning.

At the table the mother said:

- Enough tongue wagging.

And my son is careful:

- A swing your legs Can?

Rice. 16. Mom and son ()

Let's check: wag your tongue- figurative meaning; swing your legs- direct.

Flocks of birds fly away

Out for the blue sea,

All the trees are shining

In multi-colored attire.

Rice. 17. Birds in autumn ()

Let's check: blue ocean- direct meaning; colorful tree decoration- portable.

The breeze asked as it flew by:

- Why are you rye, golden?

And in response, the spikelets rustle:

- Gold us hands are being raised.

Let's check: golden rye- figurative meaning; golden hands- figurative meaning.

Let's write down the phrases and determine whether they are used in a literal or figurative meaning.

Clean hands, an iron nail, a heavy suitcase, a voracious appetite, a difficult character, Olympian calm, an iron hand, a golden ring, a golden man, a wolf's skin.

Let's check: clean hands - direct, iron nail- direct, heavy bag- direct, voracious appetite- portable, difficult character- portable, Olympian calm- portable, iron hand- portable, Golden ring- direct, Golden man- portable, wolf skin- direct.

Let's make up phrases, write down phrases in a figurative meaning.

Angry (frost, wolf), black (paints, thoughts), runs (athlete, stream), hat (mom’s, snow), tail (fox, train), hit (frost, hammer), drums (rain, musician).

Let's check: angry frost, dark thoughts, a stream running, a cap of snow, the tail of a train, frost has struck, rain is drumming.

In this lesson we learned that words have literal and figurative meanings. The figurative meaning makes our speech figurative and vivid. Therefore, writers and poets love to use figurative meaning in their works.

In the next lesson we will learn which part of the word is called the root, learn how to isolate it in the word, and talk about the meaning and functions of this part of the word.

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. Openclass.ru ().
2. Festival pedagogical ideas "Public lesson" ().
3. Sch15-apatity.ucoz.ru ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Education, 2012. Part 2. Do the exercise. 28 P. 21.
• Choose the correct answer to the following questions:

1. Vocabulary composition science studies language:

A) phonetics

B) syntax

B) lexicology

2. The word is used figuratively in both phrases:

A) heart of stone, build a bridge

B) heat of the sun, stone edition

C) golden words, make plans

3. In which series are the words ambiguous:

A) star, artificial, stone

B) single, blinds, jockey

B) stony, caftan, composer

• * Using the knowledge gained in class, come up with 4-6 sentences with words field And give, where these words are used in direct and figurative meanings.

Language is a multifaceted and multifunctional concept. Determining its essence requires careful consideration of many issues. For example, the structure of the language and the relationship between the elements of its system, influence from external factors and functions in human society.

Defining figurative values

Already from junior classes In school, everyone knows that the same words can be used differently in speech. Direct (main, basic) meaning is one that is correlated with objective reality. It does not depend on the context or allegory. An example of this is the word “collapse”. In medicine it means a sharp and sudden drop in blood pressure, and in astronomy it means the rapid compression of stars under the influence of gravitational forces.

The figurative meaning of words is their second meaning. It arises when the name of a phenomenon is consciously transferred to another due to the similarity of their functions, characteristics, etc. For example, the same “collapse” received Examples concern public life. Thus, in a figurative sense, “collapse” means destruction, the collapse of the unification of people as a result of the onset of a systemic crisis.

Scientific definition

In linguistics, the figurative meaning of words is their secondary derivative, associated with the main meaning by metaphorical, metonymic dependence or any associative features. At the same time, it arises on the basis of logical, spatial, temporal and other correlations of concepts.

Application in speech

Words with a figurative meaning are used when naming those phenomena that are not the usual and permanent object of designation. They come close to other concepts through emerging associations that are obvious to speakers.

Words used figuratively can retain imagery. For example, dirty insinuations or dirty thoughts. Such figurative meanings are given in explanatory dictionaries. These words are different from the metaphors invented by writers.
However, in most cases, when a transfer of meaning occurs, the imagery is lost. An example of this is such expressions as the spout of a teapot and the elbow of a pipe, the passage of a clock and the tail of a carrot. In such cases, there is a fading of imagery in

Changing the essence of a concept

The figurative meaning of words can be assigned to any action, sign or object. As a result, it moves into the category of main or basic. For example, the spine of a book or a door handle.

Polysemy

The figurative meaning of words is often a phenomenon caused by their polysemy. IN scientific language it is called "Polysemy". Often one word has more than one stable meaning. In addition, people who use language often have a need to name a new phenomenon that does not yet have a lexical designation. In this case, they use words that are already familiar to them.

Questions of polysemy are, as a rule, questions of nomination. In other words, the movement of things with the existing identity of the word. However, not all scientists agree with this. Some of them do not allow more than one meaning for a word. There is another opinion. Many scientists support the idea that the figurative meaning of words is their lexical meaning, realized in various variants.

For example, we say “red tomato”. Used in in this case the adjective is the direct meaning. “Red” can also be said about a person. In this case, it means that he blushed or blushed. Thus, a figurative meaning can always be explained through a direct one. But linguistics cannot give an explanation. That's just the name of this color.

In polysemy, there is also the phenomenon of unequal meanings. For example, the word “flare up” can mean that an object suddenly caught fire, or that a person blushed with shame, or that a quarrel suddenly arose, etc. Some of these expressions are more common in the language. They immediately come to mind when given word mentioned. Others are used only in special situations and special combinations.

Between some meanings of the word there are semantic connections, which make clear the phenomenon when different properties and objects are called the same.

Trails

The use of a word in a figurative meaning can be not only a stable fact of language. Such use is sometimes limited, fleeting and within the context of only one utterance. In this case, the goal of exaggeration and special expressiveness of what is said is achieved.

Thus, there is an unstable figurative meaning of the word. Examples given use exists in poetry and literature. For these genres it is effective artistic technique. For example, in Blok one can recall “the deserted eyes of the carriages” or “the dust swallowed the rain in pills.” What is the figurative meaning of the word in this case? This is evidence of his unlimited ability to explain new concepts.

The emergence of figurative meanings of words of a literary-stylistic type are tropes. In other words,

Metaphor

In philology it stands out whole line various types transfer of names. One of the most important among them is metaphor. With its help, the name of one phenomenon is transferred to another. Moreover, this is only possible if certain characteristics are similar. Similarity can be external (in color, size, character, shape and movements), as well as internal (in assessment, sensations and impressions). So, with the help of metaphor they talk about dark thoughts and a sour face, a calming storm and a cold reception. In this case, the thing is replaced, but the attribute of the concept remains unchanged.

The figurative meaning of words using metaphor occurs when various degrees similarities. An example of this is a duck (a device in medicine) and a tractor caterpillar. The transfer using similar forms is used here. The names given to a person can also carry a metaphorical meaning. For example, Hope, Love, Faith. Sometimes meanings are transferred based on similarity to sounds. So, the horn was called a siren.

Metonymy

This is also one of the most important types transfer of names. However, when using it, the similarities between internal and external signs. Here there is a contiguity of cause-and-effect relationships or, in other words, the contact of things in time or space.

The metonymic figurative meaning of words is a change not only of the subject, but also of the concept itself. When this phenomenon occurs, only the connections of neighboring links of the lexical chain can be explained.

The figurative meanings of words can be based on associations with the material from which the object is made. For example, land (soil), table (food), etc.

Synecdoche

This concept means the transfer of any part to the whole. An example of this is the expression “a child follows his mother’s skirt”, “a hundred head of cattle”, etc.

Homonyms

This concept in philology means identical sounds of two or more different words. Homonymy is a sound coincidence lexical units, which are not semantically related to each other.

There are phonetic and grammatical homonyms. The first case concerns those words that are in the accusative or sound the same, but at the same time have a different composition of phonemes. For example, “twig” and “pond”. Grammatical homonyms arise in cases where both the phoneme and pronunciation of the words are the same, but the individual words are different. For example, the number “three” and the verb “three”. If the pronunciations of such words change, they will not be the same. For example, “rub”, “three”, etc.

Synonyms

This concept refers to words of the same part of speech, identical or similar in their lexical meaning. The origins of synonymy are foreign language and its own lexical meanings, general literary and dialect. Such figurative meanings of words also arise thanks to jargon (“to burst” - “to eat”).

Synonyms are divided into types. Among them:

• absolute, when the meanings of words completely coincide (“octopus” - “octopus”);
• conceptual, differing in shades of lexical meanings (“reflect” - “think”);
• stylistic, which have differences in stylistic coloring(“sleep” - “sleep”).

Antonyms

This concept refers to words that belong to the same part of speech, but at the same time have opposite concepts. This type of figurative meaning may have a difference in structure (“to take out” - “to bring in”) and different roots (“white” - “black”).
Antonymy is observed in those words that express the opposing orientation of characteristics, states, actions and properties. The purpose of their use is to convey contrasts. This technique is often used in poetic and

Direct meaning of the word - this is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of ​​them and is least dependent on the context. Words most often appear in their literal meaning.

figurative meaning of the word - this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.

Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing used for playing. Kids toys. 2. transfer One who blindly acts according to someone else's will is an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.

The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the polysemy of the word is formed. Depending on the basis on which sign the transfer of meaning occurs, there are three main types of transfer of meaning: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche.

Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:

ripe apple - eyeball (in shape); the nose of a person - the bow of a ship (by location); chocolate bar - chocolate tan (by color); bird wing - airplane wing (by function); the dog howled - the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound); and etc.

Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity:

water boils - the kettle boils; a porcelain dish is a delicious dish; native gold - Scythian gold and etc.

Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - co-implication) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa:

thick currant - ripe currant; a beautiful mouth - an extra mouth (about an extra person in the family); big head - smart head, etc.

20. Stylistic use of homonyms.

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. As is known, within homonymy, lexical and morphological homonyms are distinguished. Lexical homonyms belong to the same part of speech and coincide in all their forms. For example: a key (from a lock) and a (icy) key.

Morphological homonymy is the homonymy of individual grammatical forms of the same word: three is the numeral and the imperative form of the verb to rub.

These are homophones, or phonetic homonyms, words and forms different meanings, which sound the same, although they are written differently. flu - mushroom,

Homonyms also include homographs - words that have the same spelling but differ in stress: castle - castle

21. Stylistic use of synonyms.

Synonyms are words that denote the same concept, therefore, identical or similar in meaning.

Synonyms that have the same meaning, but differ in stylistic coloring. Among them, two groups are distinguished: a) synonyms belonging to different functional styles: live (neutral interstyle) - live (official business style); b) synonyms belonging to the same functional style, but having different emotional and expressive shades. smart (with a positive coloring) - brainy, big-headed (roughly familiar coloring).

semantic-stylistic. They differ both in meaning and stylistic coloring. For example: wander, wander, hang around, stagger.

Synonyms perform various functions in speech.

Synonyms are used in speech to clarify thoughts: He seemed a little lost, as if he was afraid (I. S. Turgenev).

Synonyms are used to contrast concepts, which sharply highlights their differences, especially strongly emphasizing the second synonym: He actually did not walk, but dragged along without lifting his feet from the ground

One of essential functions synonyms - a substitution function that allows you to avoid repeating words.

Synonyms are used to construct a special stylistic figure

Stringing synonyms can, if handled ineptly, indicate the author’s stylistic helplessness.

Inappropriate use of synonyms gives rise to stylistic error- pleonasm (“memorable souvenir”).

Two types of pleonasms: syntactic and semantic.

Syntactic appears when the grammar of the language makes it possible to make some function words redundant. “I know he will come” and “I know he will come.” The second example is syntactically redundant. It's not a mistake.

Positively, pleonasm can be used to prevent information loss (to be heard and remembered).

Also, pleonasm can serve as a means of stylistic design of a statement and a technique of poetic speech.

Pleonasm should be distinguished from tautology - repetition of unambiguous or the same words (which can be a special stylistic device).

Synonymy creates wide selection opportunities lexical means, but searching for the exact word costs the author a lot of work. Sometimes it is not easy to determine exactly how synonyms differ, what semantic or emotional-expressive shades they express. And it is not at all easy to choose from a multitude of words the only correct, necessary one.