Examples of rational and irrational use. Geography Rational and irrational nature management
1. Nature management. Examples of rational and not environmental management.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.
3. Determining and comparing the average population density of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and explaining the reasons for the differences.
1. Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational nature management.
Whole story human society is the story of his interaction with nature. Man has long been using it for his economic purposes: hunting, gathering, fishing, as natural resources.
Over the course of several millennia, the nature of human relations with the environment has undergone great changes.
Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:
1) about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.
2) 6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of mankind from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; there was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.
3) the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; it took a wider involvement in the economic cycle of natural resources.
4) 300 years ago - the industrial revolution: the rapid transformation of natural landscapes; increasing human impact on the environment.
5) from the middle of the 20th century - the current stage of the scientific and technological revolution: fundamental changes in the technical base of production; there are sharp shifts in the "society - natural environment" system.
At present, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in nature management as a special area. economic activity.
Nature management - a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.
Types of nature management:
1) rational;
2) irrational.
Rational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which means, first of all, concern for maintaining the ecological balance in the environment and completely excludes the perception of nature as an inexhaustible pantry.
This concept implies intensive development of the economy - "in depth", due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.
For your information:
· In the world there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks, which together occupy an area of 2.7% of the earth's land. The largest national parks in terms of area are located in Greenland, Botswana, Canada, and Alaska.
· In the most developed countries, the use of secondary raw materials in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper, and plastics already reaches 70% or more.
Irrational nature management is an attitude to nature that does not take into account the requirements of protection environment, its improvements (consumer attitude to nature).
This approach assumes an extensive way of economic development, i.e. "in breadth", due to the involvement in the economic turnover of more and more geographical areas and natural resources.
Examples of such a relationship:
Deforestation;
The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;
Extermination of some species of plants and animals;
Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.
For your information:
· It is estimated that one person “has away” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. Only in the form of matches, the inhabitants of our planet annually burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood.
300-320 kg of garbage fall on average for each resident of Moscow per year, in the countries Western Europe- 150-300 kg each, in the USA - 500-600 kg each. Each city dweller in the USA throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, 390 bottles per year.
Currently, most countries are pursuing a policy of rational environmental management; special bodies for environmental protection have been created; environmental programs and laws, various international projects are being developed.
And the most important thing that a person must learn in his interaction with the natural environment is that all the continents of the planet are interconnected, disturbing the balance on one of them, the other also changes. The slogan “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker in it” has lost its meaning today.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Western Europe.
Western Europe is more than 20 states distinguished by historical, ethnic, natural, economic, social and cultural originality.
The largest countries in the region: Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Sweden, etc.
Characteristics of the Western Europe region:
1) Economic and geographical position:
a) the region is located on the continent of Eurasia, in the west of Europe;
b) most of countries has access to the seas, which are the main areas of world shipping (the Atlantic Ocean connects Europe with America, the Mediterranean Sea - Africa and Asia, the Baltic Sea - with the countries of Europe);
c) the region under consideration borders on other economically developed regions, which positively affects the development of its economy;
d) the region is in relative proximity to many developing countries, which means proximity to sources of raw materials and cheap labor.
2) Natural conditions and resources:
Relief: a combination of flat and mountainous terrain;
· mineral resources: distributed unevenly, some of the deposits are depleted.
Industrial stocks: oil and gas (France, the Netherlands); coal (the Ruhr basin in Germany, the Welsh and Newcastle in Great Britain, etc.); iron ore (Great Britain, Sweden); non-ferrous metal ores (Germany, Spain, Italy); potassium salts(Germany, France). In general, the provision of this region is worse than North America and other regions.
soils: very fertile (brown forest, brown, gray-brown);
· land resources: most of the land is occupied by arable land and pastures.
climate: the predominance of a temperate climatic zone, in the south - subtropical, in the north - subarctic; summer temperatures (8-24 degrees above zero) and winter (from minus 8 to plus 8 degrees); rainfall varies from 250 to 2000 mm per year;
agro-climatic resources: favorable for growing crops such as rye, wheat, flax, potatoes, corn, sunflower, sugar beets, grapes, citrus fruits (in the south), etc. As a result, we can say that the region is well provided with heat and moisture, except for the southern part.
water: rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine, Loire, etc.); lakes (Geneva and others); glaciers (in the mountains);
· water resources: full resource availability river flow per capita is 2.5-50 thousand cubic meters per year, which indicates a good, but uneven supply.
· forests: mixed, broad-leaved and coniferous;
· forest resources: forests occupy 30% of the territory, most of them are cut down; largest reserves in Sweden and Finland.
· resources of the World Ocean: in the area of the North Sea and the shelf zone of the Bay of Biscay, oil and gas are produced; most of the seas have significant fish resources.
· non-traditional energy resources: geothermal sources in Iceland and Italy; promising use of wind energy in France and Denmark.
Western Europe - the center of world tourism, 65% of tourists the globe- in France, Spain, Italy, etc.
3) Population:
a) number - over 300 million people;
b) population density - from 10 to 200 people/square km;
c) II type of reproduction; fertility, mortality and natural increase are low;
d) the predominance of the female population;
e) population aging;
e) Indo-European language family:
· language groups and peoples: German (Germans, English), Romanesque (French, Italians);
· interethnic problems in the countries: Spain (Basques), France (Corsicans), Great Britain (northern part of Ireland);
Religions: Protestantism, Catholicism;
g) the level of urbanization is about 80%; largest cities: Rotterdam, Paris, Rome, Madrid, etc.
h) the region of Western Europe is a global hotspot labor migration(entry of labor force);
i) labor resources: (highly qualified)
40-60% are employed in services and trade;
30-35% - in industry and construction;
5-10% - in agriculture.
4) Economy:
Western Europe is one of the economic and financial centers of the world; according to the pace of economic development in Lately the region began to lag behind the United States and Japan.
Conditions affecting development:
High technological level;
Highly qualified personnel;
Availability of unique natural resources;
Greater flexibility and adaptability of the production structure of small and medium-sized firms to the needs of the world market.
Industries:
a) energy is based on own and imported resources. In the countries of northern and southern Europe great importance have water resources. Iceland uses geothermal energy. The region leads the world in the development of nuclear energy.
b) ferrous metallurgy:
Areas of old developments: Ruhr in Germany, Lorraine in France;
Orientation towards the import of yellow ore led to a shift of enterprises to the sea: Taranto in Italy, Bremen in Germany.
c) non-ferrous metallurgy: uses ore concentrates from Africa and Asia (Germany, Belgium).
d) mechanical engineering determines the industrial face of Western Europe. The region produces everything from simple hardware to aircraft. The automotive industry is especially well developed: Volkswagen (Germany), Renault (France), Fiat (Italy), Volvo (Sweden).
e) chemical industry: Germany - production of dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda, Sweden and Norway - wood chemistry, Switzerland - pharmaceuticals.
Agriculture is characterized by high productivity and diversity. Only tropical agricultural products and feed grains are imported. Animal husbandry predominates (cattle, sheep breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Crops used in crop production: wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, sugar beet (France, Germany), grapes, olives, olives (Italy, Spain).
Transport is highly developed. The role of road and sea transport is great (ports: Rotterdam, Marseille, Le Havre, etc.). The share of pipeline and air transport is increasing. A dense transport network has been developed.
5) Internal differences of the region:
Highly developed: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy;
Medium developed: Sweden, Spain, etc.;
Less developed: Portugal, Greece.
6) External economic ties: countries united in the European Union; there is a high level of regional integration within the Common European Economic Space.
3. Definition and comparison medium density population of the two countries (at the choice of the teacher) and an explanation of the reasons.
Take for example - Algeria and France, and compare their performance.
uneven population density
From 200 to 600 people / square meter (on the coast);
From 1 person/sq.m. and less (the rest);
Factors that influenced this distribution of people across the territory:
1) natural: dry, hot climate, a small amount of water, infertile soils in the predominant territory of Algeria do not contribute high density in these continental conditions of the northern part of the African continent; a significant increase in density on the Mediterranean coast (north of the country), is a consequence of a milder climate, large reserves drinking water etc.;
2) historical: for a long time most of Algeria has been a nomadic area.
population density is high, its distribution is more uniform than in Algeria:
From 50 to 200 people per square meter (average for the country);
Up to 600 people per square meter or more (in the Paris area);
Factors that influenced this distribution:
1) natural: favorable climate, sufficient rainfall, no sudden temperature changes, as in the deserts of Algeria; fertile soils; abundance of rivers, lakes; access to the seas;
2) historical: the prescription of the development of this territory;
3) economic: industrialized region.
The 3rd question in the ticket is most clearly considered using examples of countries that are quite contrasting in all respects (natural, economic, historical, social, etc.) - such as the countries of Africa, Asia in comparison with the states of Western Europe.
Ticket number 5
WITH early childhood my parents took me to rest to a small spring lake. I loved this lake, its clean and cool water. But, suddenly for us, it began to disappear and almost disappeared. It turned out that a local farmer began to irrigate his land with water from this lake, and his irrational activities drained the reservoir in just three years, leaving the entire district without water, and us without a lake.
nature management
The use of natural resources entails certain consequences, and I would like these actions to be aimed at creation, and not at destruction. With the development of technology, people are increasingly using natural resources, using them for their personal needs and enrichment. Moreover, such activity can be both rational and irrational. The first does not harm nature, does not change its appearance and properties, while the second leads to the depletion of deposits and pollution of the atmosphere.
Examples of rational nature management
Rational use resources implies their maximum possible reasonable consumption. For industry, this may be the use of a closed water cycle, the use alternative species energy, recycling.
Such an example is also the creation of parks and reserves, the use of new technologies that do not pollute the air, soil and water.
Examples of irrational nature management
Unreasonable and negligent examples of nature management can be observed at every step, and we are all already paying for such a careless attitude towards nature. Here are some of those examples:
In my life, I rarely observe the rational use of resources, ranging from individual people to the scale of corporations and countries. And I would like people to appreciate our planet more and use its gifts wisely.
Irrational nature management
Irrational nature management is a system of production in which easily accessible natural resources are developed on a large scale, while their rapid depletion occurs due to incomplete processing. Thus, it spreads a large number of waste and environmental pollution.
This kind of use is typical for rapid development economy in the absence of a sufficiently developed scientific and technical potential, and although at first such activities can give good results, later they still lead to detrimental consequences in relation to the ecological environment.
An example of irrational use of natural resources is the campaign for the development of virgin lands in the USSR in 1955-1965. The reasons for the failure of this company were a number of factors: the development of virgin lands began without preparation in the absence of infrastructure - there were no roads, no granaries, no qualified personnel. The natural conditions of the steppes were also not taken into account: sandstorms and dry winds were not taken into account, there were no methods of soil cultivation and varieties of grain adapted to this type of climate.
It should be noted that the plowing of land was carried out at an accelerated pace and at huge costs. Thanks to this colossal concentration of funds and people, as well as natural factors new lands in the early years gave super-high yields, and from the mid-1950s - from half to a third of all grain produced in the USSR. However, stability was never achieved: in lean years, it was hardly possible to collect a seed fund in the virgin lands. In addition, due to the violation of the ecological balance and soil erosion in 1962-1963. there were dust storms. One way or another, the development of virgin lands entered the stage of crisis, and the efficiency of cultivation decreased by 65%.
All these data only indicate that the development of soils took place in an extensive way, but, nevertheless, this way did not lead to an effective result. On the contrary, the structure of the soil began to collapse, the level of the harvest decreased noticeably, and the funds did not justify their investment. All this, of course, indicates an inefficient use of resources in an attempt to quickly and immediately solve all agricultural problems, without having as a firm basis neither science, nor high-quality technologies, nor an appropriate level of infrastructure, due to which the outcome could be very different.
Differences between rational and irrational nature management
Having previously compared the two concepts of rational and irrational nature management and illustrating them with examples, we can correlate their meanings, compare and identify fundamental differences between them. These differences can be essentially designated as two ways of development: intensive and extensive.
The first way is fully consistent with rational nature management. It points to the efficient use of resources, which makes a tangible contribution both to production in general and to high-quality waste-free technologies, thereby making production environmentally friendly and not harmful to nature. In addition, the intensive path often fully satisfies the cultural and material needs of society.
The second way, on the contrary, is applicable to irrational use of natural resources. Its main features are the disproportionate ratio between the resources expended and the result, the focus on spatial (quantitative) rather than high-tech (qualitative) value, and, most often, failure to meet social needs. And, finally, the extensive path inflicts colossal damage by nature through actions that are not based on any scientific developments or technology, emissions of chemically harmful and hazardous substances, other production wastes into the environment. Including sometimes this damage can reach an ecological catastrophe and be the causes of negative global processes and phenomena occurring around the world.
rational irrational nature management
Rational and irrational nature management
Completed: student of group 212
Poverty Natalya Igorevna
Scientific adviser: Ph.D., Art. teacher
Pavlova Natalya Vladimirovna
Shadrinsk 2013
Introduction……………………………………………...................................3
Chapter 1. Rational and irrational nature management..5
1.1. Rational nature management…………………………6
1.2. Irrational use of natural resources……………………...8
Chapter 2. Recreational nature management……………………..9
Conclusion………………………………………………………...16
List of sources used…………………………….17
INTRODUCTION
Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the benefits he needs for life and production activities. Man is a part of nature, its product, he can produce only using its resources and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, composition of the atmosphere, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted. For many years, trying to conquer nature and dominate it, a person unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an ecological disaster. " Greenhouse effect», « the ozone hole», « acid rain", a lack of clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the oceans - all these problems faced man, threatening death and requiring an immediate solution. One can hardly name a more important global problem than rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Her
the solution is possible only on the basis of environmental knowledge. The abstract is devoted to this problem, as it is relevant in our time. nature management is the use of natural resources, therefore, in order to understand the problem posed, we will first dwell on the natural resources themselves.
Many scientists (Yu.K. Efremov, V.A. Anuchin, I.Ya. Blekhmin, V.A. Minaev, N.F. Reimers, etc.) believe that the term "nature management" includes the development, use, transformation, reproduction and protection natural conditions and resources of mankind. It should be noted that the concepts of "development", "use", "transformation", "reproduction" mean not just mechanical processes, but their complex unity and are the result of deep interpenetration and interaction. Thus, nature management provides not only economically and environmentally efficient involvement of natural-territorial complexes in the process social production but also their transformation, restoration and protection.
Mankind cannot exist without using natural resources, without affecting their quantity and quality, and, consequently, without making changes to its natural environment. These changes associated with human activities are called anthropogenic. The process of exploitation of natural resources in order to meet the material and cultural needs of society is called nature management. It can be rational (reasonable) and irrational. The very concept of rationality implies reliance on reason and knowledge. Therefore, under nature management they also accept the science that develops general principles implementation of any activity related to the use of natural resources and the impact on them, which will help to avoid an environmental catastrophe.
Nature management should be based on ecology and the laws of interaction of various natural systems. Rational nature management is understood as the study of natural resources, their careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only present, but also future development interests. National economy and maintaining people's health. Unfortunately, state of the art nature management in most cases can be characterized as irrational, leading to the depletion (up to the disappearance) of natural resources, even renewable ones; environmental pollution. There are many reasons. This is insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, and the weak material interest of producers, and the low ecological culture of the population, etc.
CHAPTER 1. RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Human impact on the environment can be both conscious and spontaneous, accidental. Direct impact associated with the direct influence of man on nature and natural ingredients in the process of nature management. It includes crafts (hunting, fishing, gathering wild berries, mushrooms), industrial and agricultural production (drainage, irrigation, creation of artificial reservoirs, etc.). The concept and types of nature management
Indirect Impact due to the interaction of components and elements of nature. For example, cutting down forests (direct impact), a person affects the change in the depth of groundwater, climate, worsens living conditions for many species of plants and animals, contributes to the development of soil erosion, etc. The most common is the combined impact of man on nature. Depending on the forms of influence, there are varying degrees the complexity of the problem of protecting one or another resource of nature (with direct impact the resource is easier to protect).
There are rational and irrational nature management. Rational nature management involves the reasonable development of natural resources, prevention of potentially harmful effects human activity, maintaining and increasing productivity and attractiveness natural complexes and individual natural objects. Rational use of natural resources improves the living conditions of people. The Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Environmental Protection" states that "the rational use of natural resources, taking into account the possibilities of the environment, the need to renew natural resources and avoid irreversible results for the environment and health" is one of the basic principles of environmental protection. The most important principles of rational nature management include:
a) compliance of the nature and method of using natural resources with specific local conditions;
b) foresight and prevention negative consequences nature management;
c) increasing the intensity and complexity of the use of natural resources;
d) preservation of the scientific and aesthetic value of nature;
e) reduction of losses of natural resources;
f) worldwide "greening" of social production.
Being a part of nature, for many centuries man has used its gifts for the development of technology and for the benefit of human civilization, while causing colossal and irreparable harm to the surrounding space. Modern Facts scientists testify that it is time to think about the rational use of nature, because thoughtless waste earth resources may lead to irreversible ecological disaster.
nature management system
Modern system nature management is a holistic structure covering all areas of human activity in present stage including public consumption of natural resources.
Science considers nature management as a set of measures for the rational use of natural resources, aimed not only at processing, but also at restoration, using improved methods and technologies. In addition, it is a discipline that gives theoretical knowledge and practical skills to preserve and increase the natural diversity and wealth of the entire world space.
Classification of natural resources
By origin, natural resources are divided into:
According to production use, there are:
- World land fund.
- Forest fund - part land resources where trees, shrubs, and herbs grow.
- Hydro resources are the energy and fossils of lakes, rivers, seas, oceans.
According to the degree of exhaustion:
Rational and irrational nature management
Rational nature management is the continuous impact of a person on the environment, where he knows how to manage relationships with nature on the basis of its conservation and protection from undesirable consequences in the course of his activities.
Signs of rational nature management:
- Restoration and reproduction of natural resources.
- Conservation of land, water, animals and flora.
- Gentle extraction of minerals and harmless processing.
- Preservation natural environment for human, animal and plant life.
- maintenance ecological balance natural system.
- Regulation of birth rate and population.
Rational nature management implies the interaction of the entire natural system on the basis of maintaining the laws of ecology, rationalization in the use, conservation and enhancement of available resources. The essence of nature management is based on primary laws mutual synthesis of various natural systems. Thus, rational environmental management is understood as the analysis of a biosystem, its careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the current, but also the future interests of the development of economic sectors and the preservation of human health.
Examples of rational nature management are:
The current state of nature management shows an irrational approach, which leads to the destruction of the ecological balance and a very difficult recovery from human impact. In addition, extensive exploitation based on old technologies has led to a situation in which the environment is in a polluted and oppressed state.
Signs of irrational nature management:
There are quite a large number of examples of irrational nature management, which, unfortunately, prevails in economic activity and is typical for intensive production.
Examples of irrational nature management:
- Slash-and-burn agriculture, plowing of slopes on highlands, which leads to the formation of ravines, soil erosion and the destruction of the fertile layer of the earth (humus).
- Change in the hydrological regime.
- Deforestation, destruction of protected areas, overgrazing.
- Waste disposal and Wastewater in rivers, lakes, seas.
- Air pollution chemicals.
- Extermination of valuable species of plants, animals and fish.
- Open pit mining.
Principles of rational nature management
Human activity, as part of the search for ways to rationally use natural resources and improve methods environmental safety It is based on following principles:
Ways to implement the principles
At the present stage, many countries are implementing political programs and projects in the field of application rational methods use of natural resources that relate to:
In addition, within the framework of a separate state, work is underway aimed at the development and implementation of regional plans and environmental measures, and the management and control of activities in this area should be carried out by both state and public organizations. These measures will:
- provide the population with environmentally safe work in production;
- create a healthy environment for residents of cities and villages;
- reduce the dangerous impact from natural disasters and catastrophes;
- preserve the ecosystem in disadvantaged regions;
- implement modern technologies to ensure environmental standards;
- regulate acts of environmental legislation.
The problem of rational use of natural resources is much broader and more complex than it might seem at first glance. It must be remembered that everything in nature is closely interconnected and none of its components can exist in isolation from each other.
The damage inflicted in the course of centuries of economic activity can be corrected only if society takes a conscious approach to solving problems in the global economy. environmental situation. And this is everyday work for an individual, a state and the world community.
In addition, before saving any biological subject, it is necessary to thoroughly study the entire agrobiological system, acquire knowledge and understand the essence of its existence. And only by knowing nature and its laws, a person will be able to rationally use all its benefits and resources, as well as increase and save for the future generation of people.
The chemical composition of the cell
Carbon - element characteristics and chemical properties
Verification work "basics of the doctrine of the biosphere"