Made by us. Specialization of agriculture in the Chechen Republic

On April 16, 2009, the regime of the counter-terrorist operation was canceled on the territory of Chechnya, and this date, by decree of the head of the Chechen Republic, was declared the Day of Peace and a day off on the territory of the republic. "The years that have passed since the abolition of the CTO were filled with bright victories and great achievements. They were marked by the dynamic development of all spheres of the region's life - from industry and business to education and healthcare," the head of Chechnya said on April 16, 2016. Is this so - "Zampolit" tried to figure it out.

The Chechen Republic is one of the smallest in area, but at the same time densely populated regions, not only North Caucasus but also the Russian Federation as a whole. The period of post-war socio-economic recovery of the republic was associated with an unprecedented demographic growth, which was also accompanied by a change in inter-religious and inter-ethnic balance.

At present, the subject is almost mono-ethnic (according to official data, more than 95% of the population are Chechens), and the vast majority of residents profess Sufism (mainly two tarikats - Naqshbandiya and Qadiriya). The socio-political life of Chechnya is largely determined by the processes of the formation of a new civic identity, and in a more general sense, the construction of a new socio-cultural reality. It is based on the religious foundations of Islam (Sharia) and traditional ethnic values (adat), interpreted in a opportunistic way by the ruling elite of the region.

Business and business elite

The main sectors of the Chechen economy are wholesale and retail trade (in 2013, according to Rosstat, the republic’s GRP accounted for 18.4%), construction (9.6% share), agriculture (8.3%), transport and connection (6.3%).

The distribution of the number of people employed in priority sectors of the economy does not adjust with these indicators: 21.8% of the economically active population of Chechnya is employed in agriculture, 11.6% in construction, 9.0% in wholesale and retail trade, and 9.0% in transport and communications. 4.2%. Thus, it draws on a significant disparity in the economic efficiency of individual industries, which is associated, among other things, with the presence of a large share of the informal sector of the economy.

According to the Bastion Research Foundation (data for 2012), the shadow economy in Chechnya is predominantly represented by unlicensed (primarily handicraft) production of petroleum products and ore building materials. In connection with the presence of a significant share of the informal economy, the activities of the Charitable Foundation named after Akhmat Kadyrov, which in recent years has become one of the key distributors of financial benefits in the region (it is difficult to estimate the sources and amount of funds accumulated in the fund at least approximately, since official reporting on its activities is either not provided to the Ministry of Justice or is not published). The foundation's activities extend beyond the borders of the republic: for example, in 2014, a mosque was opened in Abu Gosh (Israel), built with the financial support of the foundation.

It is important to note that the share of the public sector ( public administration, education, healthcare, social protection) account for a total of 41.6% of GRP, and 35.8% of the economically active population is employed in this sector. Thus, the key economic factor in the Chechen Republic is not the investment initiative of private business, but the process of distributing federal funds budget and state off-budget funds.

In this regard, managers who occupy senior positions in state non-budgetary funds attract attention: since 2005, the branch of the Pension Fund of Russia (PFR) has been heading Mohmad-Ami Akhmadov, branch of the Social Insurance Fund (FSS) since 2006 - Bilhis Baidaeva, and the executive directorate of the territorial Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (FOMS) since 2007 - Denilbek Abdulazizov. It is noteworthy that the leadership of all three funds remains unchanged throughout the entire period of leadership of Chechnya. Ramzan Kadyrov.

Currently, Chechnya is financed in a targeted manner within the framework of the state program “Development of the North Caucasus” approved in December 2012. federal district” (for the period until 2025), an integral part of which was adopted back in 2007 at the initiative of the plenipotentiary Dmitry Kozak federal target program (FTP) "Socio-economic development of the Chechen Republic".

AT new edition The state program approved in September 2015 provides for the issues of accelerated development of social infrastructure: overcoming the shortage of medical and teaching staff, creating a network of medical and educational institutions in the republic. Among the major investment projects in the state program, only one is designated - the construction of a year-round children's health center (implementation period - 2017-2021).

The body responsible for the implementation of the state program is the Ministry for the North Caucasus Affairs (Minkavkaz RF), in which the post of Deputy Minister is held by the former (from 2007 to 2012) Chairman of the Government of the Chechen Republic Odes Baisultanov, cousin Ramzan Kadyrov.

Enterprises integrated into vertical holdings of raw materials (consolidated groups of taxpayers) currently operate on the territory of Chechnya. The Gazprom Group is represented by Gazprom Mezhregiongaz Grozny (Director since October 2013 Aslanbek Khalidov), the Rosneft group - RN-Chechennefteprodukt (since August 2011, he has been heading Alikhan Taymaskhanov) and Grozneftegaz (headed by Musa Eskerkhanov since April 2011), the Rosseti group - Nurenergo and Checherenergo (both headed by Said-Khussein Murtazaliev).

Chechenneftekhimprom is the only large raw material enterprise not integrated into federal holdings (since its establishment in April 2011, it has been heading Khozhbaudi Alviev). Until March 2015, it was 100% owned by the Federal Property Management Agency, which then transferred the enterprise to the ownership of the Chechen Republic.

Financial institutions in Chechnya are represented by branches of three federal banks (Sberbank, Rosselkhozbank and Svyaz-Bank), as well as Anelik Bank, controlled by the Lebanese company Creditbank S.A.L.

The largest enterprises in the region include a number of construction companies: Chechenstroy (owner and director Sulimbek Centroev, previously director of the State Institution "Department of the Chechen Construction Administration" of the Ministry of Construction of the Republic), "Inkom-alliance" (owner and director Kazbek Dovletukaev), "Hitech-project" (owner and director Lechi Akhtaev), "Art" (owner and director Osman Yakhyaev) and the largest contractor of the Ministry of Highways of the Chechen Republic "Spetsdorstroy" (owner Ahmed Muzaev, director - Magomed-Amy Soltamuradov); wholesale distributor of medicines and medical equipment Pharmsnab (owner and director Shamil Bagashev); engaged in the reception and processing of secondary ferrous metal "Trans-metal" (owner and director Lechi Akhtaev, who also owns the aforementioned developer "Hi-tech-project").

Businessmen and top managers living in the republic practically do not participate in public politics. Moreover, even their names are practically unknown not only to the general public outside of Chechnya, but even to the inhabitants of the republic themselves. A curious example is the car dealer company Kuntsevo Auto Trading registered in Grozny (one of the largest taxpayers in the region), which actually conducts trading activity in the Moscow region. The largest beneficiary is formally listed Sergey Sheryakov, but probably the true owner is someone from the environment Kadyrov.

Ramzan Kadyrov is called the likely beneficiary of the largest remote communications company in the republic, Vainakh Telecom CJSC (50% of the shares are owned by the entrepreneur Adam Basayev and Ramzan Cherkhigov, Minister of Transport and Communications of Chechnya) and the Leader group of companies from the Gudermes region. The group owns a cluster for the processing of agricultural products: a cannery and a meat shop, a confectionery factory and a dairy plant, a baby food plant, and a wholesale and retail trade depot for agricultural products. A dairy farm and the first plant in the North Caucasus for the deep (molecular) processing of vegetable raw materials are being built.

Currently, the most prominent ethnic Chechens in the Russian business elite are those living in Moscow Ruslan Baysarov("Stroygazconsulting", "Tuva Energy Industrial Corporation"), brothers Umar and Hussein Dzhabrailov(groups of companies "Avanti" and "Plaza", earlier - the banking group "First O.V.K."), Malik Saidullayev(Concern "Milan", "Sapphire-invest", lottery "Russian Lotto"), Abubakar Arsamakov(Moscow Industrial Bank), Vakha Agaev("Yugnefteprodukt"), Musa Bazhaev(group "Alliance") and others.

For the general public, Ruslan Baysarov is the most famous among them - former spouse Christina Orbakaite. Currently Baysarov is one of the largest investors in Chechnya: its structures finance the construction of the Veduchi ski resort in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the republic (the businessman comes from the village of the same name).

Previously a media personality Umar Dzhabrailov, who in 2000 ran for the presidency of Russia, and then was a senator from the Chechen Republic, he was credited with an affair with Ksenia Sobchak and other socialites.

At the same time, business unions formally exist in the republic: a branch of Opora Rossii (the chairman is a Grozny businessman Aslan Bachaev), the organization "Women of Business" (chairman - an entrepreneur from Gudermes Makka Esendirova) and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (the president is an entrepreneur from Grozny Nurbek Adaev). The Republican branch of Delovaya Rossiya ceased operations in 2007. The only autonomous business association in the region is the NP "Business Association of Mountainous Chechnya", created and led since 2010 by a livestock entrepreneur Adam Pintaev from the Shatoi region.

Opposition and civic activism

Ramzan Kadyrov in recent years has acquired the status of a kind of "protector" of all ethnic Chechens, regardless of their place of residence - both within the Russian Federation and abroad. This was partly related to public conflicts that arose with politicians from neighboring regions, in particular, the head of Ingushetia Yunus-bek Yevkurov, Mayor of Khasavyurt Saygidpasha Umakhanov. There are also objective reasons for the emergence of these conflicts: in particular, the lack of administrative established border Chechnya and Ingushetia or the program of resettlement of Akkin Chechens to the restored Aukhovsky district in Dagestan (it supports, among other things, tensions between the Akkin Chechens, as well as the Avar and Lak population of the Novolaksky and Kazbekovsky regions).

The most problematic border zone for Chechnya is Georgia: the state border of the Russian Federation runs along the territory of the Pankisi Gorge, populated predominantly by Muslims (Chechens, as well as Kists). The international community accused the Russian authorities of bombing Pankisia in 2002 during the second Chechen campaign, but already in 2004, the special forces of the Russian FSB, together with the Georgian security forces, carried out a special operation here to eliminate the rebellious field commander, a Chechen Ruslana Gelaeva. At the beginning of 2016, the Russian Foreign Ministry again spread information that militants were being trained in Pankisia to be sent to the territory of Iraq and Syria, official Tbilisi denied this statement.

The processes of formation of a new, peaceful identity, the demands of citizens from the authorities to ensure personal security, determine, firstly, the dominance of elements of authoritarianism in the system of republican government, a high concentration of power, and secondly, a high degree of social cohesion and self-organization of local communities, taking into account the principles of tribal , traditional law (adat).

At the same time, the development of civil society is one of the lowest in the country: according to the Ministry of Justice, there are currently 800 officially registered non-profit organizations in the Chechen Republic, including 137 religious ones, while there is not a single territorial public self-government (TPS) or partnership of owners housing (HOA).

In August 2015, the Ministry of Justice registered the first public organization in Chechnya that performed the functions of a "foreign agent" - this is the "Human Rights Center of the Chechen Republic" (received funding from the German and British embassies), which since 2009 has been heading Minkail Ezhiev. Currently, the public organization is in the process of liquidation. Ezhiev also runs two other NGOs - Law and Protection and the North Caucasus Peacekeeping Center. He is one of the most well-known human rights defenders in the region, moreover, he is a member of the Kadyrov in 2013, the Human Rights Council (headed by an adviser to the head Timur Aliyev).

There is also a Public Chamber in the region, whose chairman since 2010 is Gairsolt Bataev(Head of the Research Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic). Widely known outside of Chechnya Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic Nurdi Nukhazhiev who has held this position since February 2006. And he is known primarily for his public statements in defense of Kadyrov and other representatives of the ruling elite, as well as ethnic Chechens in various conflicts (including those with interethnic overtones).

There are 34 regional branches of political parties operating on the territory of the republic, however, since 2013, only four of them have taken part in elections at various levels (regional and municipal) in addition to United Russia. One candidate was elected from the LDPR (the regional branch has been headed by an entrepreneur since 2014 Albina Fatullayeva), three - from the "Patriots of Russia" (the regional branch has been heading since 2012 Magomed Alkhazurov, an assistant to the speaker, and then a deputy of the parliament of the republic), three from the Russian National Union (the republican branch has been headed by an entrepreneur since 2012 Musa Salavatov) and 12 from Just Russia (since 2014, the republican branch has been headed by a member of parliament Sultan Denilkhanov).

In the post-Soviet decades, Islam in Chechnya acted as the main instrument for expressing protest moods and social discontent among young people. Today, the society of Chechnya, by harsh, sometimes repressive methods, is within the framework of one direction of Islam (Sufism), in connection with which religious authority has acquired special political significance. In June 2014, the mufti of the republic became Salah Mezhiev(deputy of the previous "lifelong" mufti Sultan Mirzaev, who retired, according to official reports, due to health). Mezhiev is publicly active, condemning representatives of the Salafi movement of Islam in Chechnya, calling them enemies of both Islam and the secular authorities of the republic.

According to the human rights association "Agora", a specific phenomenon in the Chechen Republic in recent years has been the network activity of high-ranking officials (mainly on the Instagram social network, the fashion for which was born personally Ramzan Kadyrov). Regulation of the Internet environment in Chechnya is given great attention and in connection with its use for provocations, including by representatives of the Chechen diaspora. The key figures endowed with this function are the head of the department of external relations of the government of the republic Isa Khadzhimuradov. At the same time, social media are often used for political mobilization actions, including demonstrating harsh (up to threats of violence and insults) hostility towards oppositionists and those who criticize the politics of the Kadyrov civil activists. They are located mainly outside the region: there are practically no independent or even oppositional media activists in Chechnya.

Political elite

The key political figure in the Chechen Republic is Ramzan Kadyro c, with which the majority of residents at the household level associate the process of post-war reconstruction of the region, improving the social environment and beautification of settlements. Also, Chechnya on the scale of the Russian Federation is a territory with one of the lowest rates of suicide, divorce, social orphanhood, domestic and street crime (this is due to the dominance of ethnic and religious traditions in everyday life).

However, even individual disorder associated with the weak development of the budgetary network, the high share of the shadow economy, corruption and nepotism does not develop into a collective protest mood. Nepotism is one of the factors. Determining the political face of the region: relatives Ramzan Kadyrov occupy significant positions both in the ruling elite of the republic and in the Chechen community in Moscow.

This is, in particular, his mother Aimani Kadyrova(Chairman of the public fund named after Akhmat Kadyrov), sister Zargan Kadyrova(assistant head of education), uncles Khozh-Akhmed Kadyrov(Chairman of the Council of Islamic Theologians of Chechnya and the North Caucasus) and Magomed Kadyrov(adviser to the head), cousins Islam Kadyrov(head of administration of the head and government of Chechnya, formerly the mayor of Grozny), Abubakar Edelgeriev(Chairman of the Government of Chechnya), Alibek Delimkhanov(battalion commander Internal Troops Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia "North"), Adam Delimkhanov(Deputy of the State Duma from Chechnya), Odes Baisultanov(Deputy Minister for the North Caucasus Affairs), second cousin Suleiman Geremeev(member of the Federation Council from the executive branch of Chechnya) and others.

blood ties Kadyrov also associated with representatives of another influential family in the North Caucasus Murtazaliev, whose most famous representative is Sagid Murtazaliev, who until 2015 headed the branch of the Pension Fund in the Republic of Dagestan (accused of financing terrorism, located outside of Russia).

Status politicians in the republic are associated with Ramzan Kadyrov not only by blood, but also by friendship. This, in particular, is the Chairman of the Parliament of the Chechen Republic Magomed Daudov(commonly known by the informal nickname Lord), who is considered the second most powerful person in the region, the mayor of Grozny Muslim Khuchiev, Secretary of the Economic and Public Security Council of Chechnya Vakhit Usmaev, Minister of the Interior of the Republic, Police Lieutenant General Ruslan Alkhanov, Prosecutor of the Republic Sharpuddi Abdul-Kadyrov.

close to Kadyrov people are predominantly from Benoy teip. Other prominent representatives of this teip, who occupied significant positions in the political and economic life of Chechnya in the "zero" years, were the Yamadayevs: out of six, three were killed during various circumstances(between 2003 and 2009).

Famous representatives of other influential teips who could compete politically Kadyrov, were also derived from public life: in particular, the former mayor of Grozny and vice-premier of the government of Chechnya, a representative of the teip Chinkhoy Bislan Gantamirov, former president of Chechnya, representative of the teip Gendargenoy Alu Alkhanov, former commander GRU battalion of the Ministry of Defense "West", representative of the teip Kiy Said-Magomed Kakiev other.

At present, Chechnya continues to be the most closed region of Russia, which has a practically closed economic and socio-cultural system, as well as powerful apparatuses of state violence (including ideological). At the same time, a high degree of one-sided dependence on financial injections from the federal budget and state non-budgetary funds, as well as on influential representatives of the Chechen community in Moscow, makes it possible to maintain the stability of this system. It is also supported by the authoritarian style of leadership in Chechnya against the backdrop of high degree public approval.

Anton Chablin, candidate of political sciences.

Chechens are the largest (not counting the Russians) people of the North Caucasus in terms of numbers. According to the 1959 census, there are 418 thousand of them.

The self-name of the Chechens is nokhcho. From this word, the Nakh or Veynakh branch of the Caucasian languages \u200b\u200bgot its name, which includes, in addition to Chechen, the Ingush and Batsbi (Tsovatush) languages.

The main dialects of the Chechen language are mountainous and planar. The latter formed the basis of the literary language.

The vast majority of Chechens live in Chechen-Ingush ASSR and some part - in the Khasavyurt region Dagestan ASSR. natural conditions Chechen-Ingush Republic diverse and contribute to the development of diversified agriculture. The republic is rich in oil and natural gas, as well as deposits of gypsum, limestone, marl and other valuable building materials. In terms of the development of the oil industry, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic occupies one of the first places in our country.

The Chechen settlement area covers the central and eastern parts of the republic. Chechnya is separated from Ingushetia by the course of the river. Fartanga in the mountains and the Sunzha Cossack region on the plane. According to its relief, the territory of Chechnya is divided into four parts: flat, foothills, mountainous and high-mountainous regions. In the north, it is crossed in parallel by the Sunzhensky and Tersky ridges. The southern and southeastern parts of the country are occupied by spurs of the Main Caucasian Range, which form deep gorges. On the territory of Chechnya there are the highest peaks of the eastern part of the Main Caucasian Range: Tebulos-Mta (4494 m), Diklos-Mta (4275 m), etc.

In pre-revolutionary literature, it was customary to divide Chechnya into two parts: Big and Small. Big Chechnya - these are areas located on the right bank of the river. Argun to the river. Aksai. Malaya Chechnya occupies the left bank of the river. Argun, including the garniy part and Nadterechye.

Even at the end of the XVIII century. a significant part of the territory of Chechnya was covered with valuable forests. During the 19th century most of the forests were cut down, and now the forests have survived only in the mountainous regions, mainly along the northern slopes of the mountains and partly in the foothills. From the woods most widespread have beech, elm, oak and ash, used for construction and the manufacture of household items, as fuel, etc.

Climatically, mountainous Chechnya differs from flat Chechnya. Summer is accompanied in the mountains by frequent rains and fogs, while on the plane, in particular in the regions near the Terek, the climate is relatively hot with little precipitation. Winter on the plane in the foothill areas is mild, while in the mountains it is more severe and is often accompanied by deep snowfalls; however, snow here is retained only on the northern slopes.

The territory of Chechnya, especially its mountain strip, is criss-crossed by numerous rivers: Valerik, Gekhi, Martan, Goita, Argun, Dzhalka, Khulkhulad, Aksai and others, rapidly overflowing in spring and summer from rain and snowmelt. All these rivers serve as tributaries of the Sunzha, which in turn flows into the Terek, which is the most major river Chechnya. Despite the presence of numerous rivers, even in the mid-1920s, one of the most fertile regions of Chechnya, the Alkhan-Churt valley, located between the Sunzha and the Terek, remained waterless. Now the route of the Alkhan-Churt Canal passes here.

The origin of the Chechens is not well understood. According to archeology, toponymy, as well as information from medieval authors, Chechens are natives of the North Caucasus. Many folk tales speak of the same. Chechens under the name Nakhchamatyap are already mentioned by the Armenian geographer of the 7th century. Chechen neighbors - Kumyks call them michigish (along the river Michik). Under the similar name Minkiz (Michkiz), Chechens are mentioned in Russian documents starting from the 16th century. The Kabardians call the Chechens "shashen", the Ossetians - "tsatsan", the Avars - "burtiel", the Georgians - "kists". The Russian name "Chechens" comes from the villages. Big Chechen, located on the banks of the Argun in the flat part of the country.

Until the XV - XVI centuries. Chechens lived mainly in the mountains, divided into separate territorial groups, the names of which for the most part came from the names of mountains, rivers, etc. So, on both banks of the river. Michikians lived in Michik, on the northeastern slope of the Kachkalykovsky Range - Kachkalykians, in the upper reaches of the rivers Yaryksu, Imansu and Aktash - Aukhians, in the central strip of mountainous Chechnya - Ichkerinians, etc.

According to folk legends, the first Chechen settlements on the plane were founded approximately in late XIV in. natives of the Akka mountains (from the area of Nashkha). So, taipa 1 Parchkhoy founded the villages of Parchkhoy and Yurt-aul, and taipa Tsechoy (Tsetsoy) founded the village of Tsechoy (Keshen-aul) on the river. Yariks. Some time later, other taipas also emerged from the Nashkh area: Benoy, Tsontaroy, Kurchaloy and others, who occupied vast lands in the upper reaches of the Aksay and Gums rivers and founded a number of villages with taip names here. The remaining lands between the Aksai and Yaryksu rivers were later occupied by the taipas Bilta, Gendyrgena, Datkha and others. Thus, initially the Chechens settled mainly in the valleys irrigated by the Sunzha, Argun and their tributaries, and then gradually occupied the entire plane of Greater Chechnya. Already in 1587, the first Russian ambassadors noted on the river. Sunzha and in the region of the city of Terki, there are a significant number of Chechen settlers under the names of okoki, shibuty and michkyz 2 . Over time, Chechen villages began to appear in the neighborhood of the territory of the Grebensky Cossacks, who settled almost simultaneously with the Chechens in the 16th century. at the mouth of the river Sunzhi. So, in 1760 a large Chechen village was founded in these places. Staro-Yurt, and soon a number of new Chechen settlements appear here. A particularly significant group of the Chechen population, called Ershtintsy, lived on the river. Karabulak (the Kumyks called them Karabulaks).

Friendly ties were established between the Chechen settlers and the Grebensky Cossacks, which were strengthened by the relations of the kunas. The well-known researcher of Chechnya N. Semenov noted that Chechens from the villages. Guni, who moved here from the upper regions of the river. Argun, were welcome guests in the village of Chervlennaya, where "shelter and food" were always ready for them. “In turn, the Chervlenians also do not miss the opportunity to visit their relatives - the Gunians and enjoy the same warm welcome from them” 3 . According to Semyonov, often the Cossacks Chervleny, who suffered from natural disasters or needed funds, went to their Kunaks in Chechen villages, where they always received help. The existence of friendly ties between the Chechens and the neighboring Russian population was also noted by other authors. Grebensky Cossacks - borrowed from the Chechens a national costume, some household items, games, dances, musical instruments and even melodies. The dance "Naur Lezginka", borrowed by the Cossacks from the highlanders, spread throughout the Terek region. Under the influence of neighbors among the Cossacks, horse racing and horse riding competitions became very popular. In turn, the highlanders learned from the Russians how to build houses, cultivate fields, grow vegetables, and plant orchards.

After joining Russia and the end of the Caucasian War, Chechnya was included in the Terek region. The bulk of the Chechens lived on the territory of the Grozny and Vedeno districts. In addition, there were also Chechen villages in the Khasavyurt district and the Kizlyar department.

In Soviet times, the Chechens received national autonomy. In 1922, Chechnya, previously part of the Terek Republic, was separated into an independent autonomous region. In 1934, the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Regions were merged into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region, which, according to the new Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, was transformed into the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Agriculture and cattle breeding

The main occupations of the Chechens have long been agriculture and cattle breeding. In terms of the production of grain crops, Chechnya was one of the leading regions in

North Caucasus. During the Caucasian War, it was called the granary of Shamil. However, agriculture was developed only on the plains and in the forest-mountainous regions, where the most fertile lands were located. The inhabitants of the highlands, who were mainly engaged in cattle breeding, purchased bread in flat villages (Starye Atagi, Shali, Urus-Martan, etc.), where there were special bread markets.

According to N. Dubrovin 4 , in the first half of the 19th century. on the plane of Chechnya, there was free land use within the rural community, which was considered the owner of the land. In the second half of the XIX century. this order has been changed. Arable and hay lands began to be divided periodically among the inhabitants of rural communities into raising shares; pastures and forests were in common indivisible use. Before the start of plowing, the village was divided into quarters, from which one trustee (topda) and three assistants were elected. On the appointed day, all the trustees of this society jointly divided the arable land into strips (the worst in quality, the average and the best), which were then distributed among the residents of the quarter. The hayfields were divided in the same way. The measure for the redistribution of land was a stick, which had a length of about six arshins, or a rope of the appropriate length. The redistribution of arable land was usually carried out after five years, and the hayfields were divided every year. The size of arable shares on the flat ranged from 2 to 2.5 acres per farm.

In the mountains, the system of land use, as well as the culture of agriculture, differed in many respects from the land use system of flat Chechnya. Arable and hay lands here were privately owned, communal ownership extended only to pastures and forest lands. According to many authors, the size of a plot of arable land in the mountains usually ranged from one eighth to one quarter of a tithe per farm. However, the rich Chechens owned here, as well as on the plane, large arable and hay lands, cruelly exploiting the landless and land-poor peasants, whose number increased every year.

Maize 5, winter wheat, barley and millet were cultivated mainly on the plains, while in the mountains the main cereal was barley, wheat was less often sown. In the mountains, where cattle breeding was more developed, the land was fertilized. There were several small irrigation canals on the plane.

The plowing implements of the Chechens had much in common with the plowing implements of the neighboring peoples. He lived on the plane up to late XIX in. a heavy wooden plow of the Georgian type, which was harnessed by three or four pairs of bulls. In the mountains they used the usual mountain plow. The harrow was made, like most highlanders, from a bunch of brushwood in the form of a broom, on which stones were placed during harrowing or, most often, children were seated. Harvesting was done with homemade sickles. As a rule, beveled chleo was tied into small sheaves, which were piled up and then transported to the threshing floor. They threshed on the flat for the most part with a hexagonal stone roller, borrowed from the Cossack neighbors. Threshing boards of the general Caucasian type were widespread in the mountains. The old mountain method of threshing was used: several pairs of cattle were driven over spread out sheaves. The transportation of bread on the plane was carried out on two-wheeled wooden carts, in the mountains - on sleighs, and where this was not possible, sheaves were dragged on their shoulders.

The customs of mutual assistance and marriage of relatives and fellow villagers were associated with field work. So, during plowing, the poor and middle owners, having united working cattle and agricultural implements, carried out joint cultivation of the land. They also helped each other during weeding, harvesting and transporting bread, threshing, etc.

In addition to field cropping, horticulture and, to a lesser extent, horticulture and melon growing have been developed in the flat strip and in forest-mountainous regions. Onions and garlic have been cultivated in the mountains since ancient times. Chechens were also engaged in beekeeping.

The leading place in the economy of the population of mountainous Chechnya and an important place on the plane was occupied by cattle breeding. However, before the revolution, most of the cattle belonged to large pastoralists who exploited the labor of the poor. A significant stratum of the poorest peasants had no or almost no livestock of their own.

On the plane, mainly cattle, dairy and draft cattle were bred: cows, oxen, buffaloes; sheep breeding predominated in the mountains. During the Caucasian War, horses were bred in large numbers, mainly for the needs of Shamil's army. Later, horse breeding declined significantly. Thus, according to Ivanenkov 6, in 1910 in the mountainous zone of Chechnya, on average, there was one horse for two families.

According to another author, in 1893, Chechens had 9.2 horses per 100 people, that is, five times less than among Kabardians* and almost two times less than among Ossetians. The number of horseless peasants throughout Chechnya reached 60% 7 . Such a huge percentage of horseless peasants was explained by the poverty of working Chechens, and not by the fact (as some bourgeois researchers write) that the horse was little used in their economy.

The Chechens, like other highlanders, used the pasture system of cattle breeding. In the mountains, summer pastures were located in the most high places, where the inhabitants of the mountainous t.t partly flat strip drove sheep and partly horned lamb. With the onset of autumn cold weather, cattle were transferred to foothill and flat areas. Many wealthy highlanders rented winter pastures from stanitsa communities. The cattle that remained in the mountains were kept in stalls throughout the winter, and the main food for them was hay, harvested by the mountaineers in their hayfields. Such sites were usually located on inaccessible mountain slopes, so they had to carry the cut grass on their own shoulders. In order to save, hay was mixed with straw before feeding. Livestock quarters in the mountains were usually located on the lower floors of residential buildings.

In the forest-mountainous areas, small cattle were kept forage throughout the year. Cattle in the period of stall keeping here, as well as on the plane, were fed with hay and corn stalks. The general level of development of cattle breeding was low. Local unproductive breeds of livestock prevailed.

Due to the lack of grazing land among the bulk of the peasants, as well as frequently recurring epizootic diseases, the number of livestock was constantly decreasing both in the mountains and on the plains.

In the years Soviet power and especially after the victory of the collective farm system, Chechen agriculture quickly took the path of growth: a. Already before the Great Patriotic War, the most labor-intensive field work- plowing, harvesting and threshing of grain - on the plane were mostly mechanized. In many respects, the technique of farming in the mountains has also changed, where special plows, winnowing machines, etc. were brought.

Of great importance for the development of agriculture were the irrigation works that unfolded during the years of Soviet power (the construction of the Alkhan-Churt, Tersko-Kum and a number of other canals) 8 . In 1958, the sown area in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a whole increased by more than one and a half times compared with 1913. The increase in the yield of grain, industrial and other crops is greatly facilitated by the widespread use of mineral fertilizers, especially in the collective farms of the flat strip.

Along with the old traditional crops, winter wheat, sunflowers, and rice began to be grown on the fields of the republic, yielding high yields on many collective farms. In recent years, the introduction of sugar beets has begun. A sugar factory will be built to process beets, designed to process 25,000 centners of beets per day.

Such highly profitable branches of agriculture as horticulture, horticulture and melon growing have been widely developed almost everywhere. The fruit orchards of collective farms in the flat and forest-mountain zones are particularly famous, in particular in the villages of Urus-Martan, Shali, Vedeno, and others. In Vedeno, for example, local Michurin collective farmers bred many new varieties of fruit crops.

In the eastern part of the republic, which is often figuratively called the "walnut region", significant areas are occupied by walnut trees. The local collective farms and collective farmers receive large incomes from the sale of walnuts in Grozny, Khasavyurt and other cities of Chechen-Ingushetia and Dagestan. In many areas they are engaged in viticulture "In the near future, new vine-growing state farms and wine-making factories will be organized in the republic. Correspondingly, the area under vineyards on collective farms and state farms will be increased.

Considerable progress has also been made in the field of animal husbandry. In the 1930s, dairy, sheep, horse, and poultry farms were established in almost all Chechen collective farms. Chechen livestock breeders use advanced methods of raising and caring for livestock, and carry out systematic work to improve the breed. Many large livestock collective farms have their own butter and cheese factories. During the period from 1953 to 1958, milk production in the republic more than doubled; eggs - by almost 40%; wool - more than 26%.

Agriculture in the Chechen Republic is flourishing sdelanounas_en wrote on June 26, 2013

When you read the materials of some media outlets or bloggers, you get the impression that no one works in Chechnya. If they work, then only in ministries and departments, or in power structures, and all the rest are idle and eat up subsidies from the center (at best, they build palaces and skyscrapers in Grozny). It is clear that these commentators have no idea about the life of the republic. It is clear that these ideas are just the result of established stereotypes. But these myths cause not only regret, but also surprise.

Meanwhile, Chechnya is practically no different from other regions (unless, of course, we count the heavy legacy of two military campaigns). All branches of the national economy work. People study, work, create. Everything is like everywhere else. Maybe even better than in some regions. There are successes and achievements. Today we will talk only about one direction - about agriculture.
Breaking myths
To begin with, in total (practically in a small republic), ABOUT 200 enterprises and institutions have been created and are fully functioning today through the agro-industrial complex. These are state farms, state breeding plants, poultry farms and agricultural complexes. For example, I will give a list of agricultural enterprises in just a few districts:
Urus-Martanovsky district
State Farm Alkhan-Yurtovsky State Farm Labor State Farm Martan-Chu State Farm Shalazhinsky Chechen Experimental Production Farm Goity State Farm Urus-Martanovsky State Farm Michurina State Farm Solnechny "State farm" Roshni "" Poultry farm "Urus-Martan" "Urus-Martan bakery"
Shali district "State farm "Avturinsky" "State farm "Serzhen - Yurtovsky" "State farm "Belgatoy" "State farm "Germenchuksky" "State farm "Dzhalka"
Kurchaloevsky district
“State farm “Visaitova” “State farm “Yalkhoy-Mokhk” “State farm “Bachi-Yurtovsky” “State farm “Iskra” “State farm “Kurchaloevsky” Ali Mitaeva""Kurchaloevsky bakery""District food complex "Kurchaloevsky""Specialized mobile mechanized column "Kurchaloevsky"
And so on all regions of the republic. So consider how many people are involved only in agriculture. But that's not all. Add to this number a network of farms and individual entrepreneurs involved in agro-industrial complex republics (the number of which is growing from year to year), and the myth that "it's enough to feed Chechnya" will nervously step aside.

It all started from scratch, but:

1. Today in Chechnya there is a steady growth of agricultural production. The leading sector of the agricultural sector of the republic is animal husbandry and crop production. In the livestock sector, poultry farming, sheep breeding and cattle breeding (cattle) are developed.

1. In just six years - from 2004 to 2010, the index of agricultural production increased by 41%. There is an increase in the production of poultry meat, beef, milk, work is underway to restore gardening.

1. Livestock - occupies a leading position in a number of indicators. It accounts for 60% of output. The sector forms up to half of the tax payments of the entire economy of the complex.

1. Crop production - occupies one of the leading positions at this stage of development, it accounts for 24% of output. Already in 2008, 30.9 thousand people were involved in this sector alone.

The leading positions among enterprises engaged in the agro-industrial complex are occupied by Chechenskiye mineral water”, JSC Chechenagroholding, LLC PFP Avangard, State Unitary Enterprise Sugar Plant of the Chechen Republic, LLC Vozrozhdenie-2028, State Unitary Enterprise AK Tsentoroevsky, State Unitary Enterprise Zagorsky State Farm, State Unitary Enterprise Staroyurtovskaya Poultry Farm.

Wherein:
Products Food Industry, produced in the Chechen Republic, is of high quality, which is confirmed by the results of the competition "100 Best Goods of Russia". Thus, according to the results of 2010, the achievements of manufacturers of the Chechen Republic were noted:

- Gold diplomas State Unitary Enterprise “Goskhoz “Tsentoroevsky” (carcasses of broiler chickens), LLC “Agrokombinat “Tsentoroevsky” (juices, nectars), LLC “Iceberg” (ice cream) were awarded.

- Silver diplomas awarded to IceStream LLC (mineral water), Kavkaz-XXI Production and Commercial Company LLC (mineral water), State Unitary Enterprise Sugar Plant of the Chechen Republic (granulated sugar), Chechengazprom OJSC (semi-smoked boiled sausage), LLC Trade Center Agro (mineral water), OOO Chechen Mineral Waters (mineral water).

Let's look to tomorrow.
To tell about everything that is planned and being done in this direction, of course, within the framework of one post is simply impossible. But I would venture to capture at least a small piece, at least within the framework of only ONE program.
So, last year we adopted the republican target program "Development of the food and processing industry in the regions of the Chechen Republic" for 2013-2017. is the construction of enterprises of the district level, focused on the production of food products; sale of manufactured products in local markets; providing the population of the republic with jobs and improving the production infrastructure in the regions of the republic.
Within the framework of this program alone, new construction of 3 workshops for the production of meat products, 3 workshops for the production of dairy products and 3 workshops for the production of bakery products was laid. In addition, in general, it is planned to introduce modern technologies, improve quality, expand the range and competitiveness of products.
A few specifics.
I think that the residents of the republic still need specific and targeted information, and therefore I am giving the layout of this program by regions of the republic. Somewhere the work has already begun, somewhere else it is about to begin. I am sure that by the year 17 we will see the concrete results of this program and these objects: the technical re-equipment of the cannery in the village. Meskety, Nozhai-Yurt municipal district;

- restoration of the existing canning shop by re-profiling it for the production of ketchup, mayonnaise and grape processing in st. Naurskaya, Naursky municipal district;

- a new workshop with the installation of oil-pressing equipment and a mini complex for varietal grinding of grain in the Nadterechny municipal district;

- a workshop for the production of pickles, sours and drying of carrots in the Urus-Martan and Achkhoy-Martan municipal districts;

- a workshop for the production of semi-finished food products in the Shelkovsky municipal district;

- shop for the production of dried fruits in the village. Vedeno of the Vedeno municipal district

PS/ I repeat, this is only within the framework of ONE program. And we have enough such concrete programs and decisions for our lifetime. I will give just a few:

- Target program "Development of beef cattle breeding in the Chechen Republic for 2011-2013"

- Target program "Development of family livestock farms based on peasant (farm) farms in the Chechen Republic for 2012-2014"

- Target program "Support for beginning farmers in the Chechen Republic for the period 2012-2014"

As you can see, there is no end to the work and it will be enough for our century. It's only the beginning.

The material is taken from the personal blog of R.A. Kadyrov.

When you read the materials of some media outlets or bloggers, you get the impression that no one works in Chechnya. If they do, they work only in ministries and departments, or in law enforcement agencies, while everyone else sits idle and eats subsidies from the center (at best, they build palaces and skyscrapers in Grozny). It is clear that these commentators have no idea about the life of the republic. It is clear that these ideas are just the result of established stereotypes. But these myths cause not only regret, but also surprise.

Meanwhile, Chechnya is practically no different from other regions (unless, of course, we count the heavy legacy of two military campaigns). All branches of the national economy work. People study, work, create. Everything is like everywhere else. Maybe even better than in some regions. There are successes and achievements. Today we will talk only about one direction - about agriculture.
Breaking myths
To begin with, in total (practically in a small republic), ABOUT 200 enterprises and institutions have been created and are fully functioning today through the agro-industrial complex. These are state farms, state breeding plants, poultry farms and agricultural complexes. For example, I will give a list of agricultural enterprises in just a few districts:
Urus-Martanovsky district
State Farm Alkhan-Yurtovsky State Farm Trud State Farm Martan-Chu State Farm Shalazhinsky Chechen Experimental Production Farm Goity State Farm Urus-Martanovsky State Farm Michurina State Farm Solnechny "State farm" Roshni "" Poultry farm "Urus-Martan" "Urus-Martan bakery"
Shali district "State farm "Avturinsky" "State farm "Serzhen - Yurtovsky" "State farm "Belgatoy" "State farm "Germenchuksky" "State farm "Dzhalka"
Kurchaloevsky district
“State farm “Visaitova” “State farm “Yalkhoi-Mokhk” “State farm “Bachi-Yurtovsky” “State farm “Iskra” “State farm “Kurchaloevsky” Ali Mitaeva""Kurchaloevsky bakery""District food complex "Kurchaloevsky""Specialized mobile mechanized column "Kurchaloevsky"
And so on all regions of the republic. So consider how many people are involved only in agriculture. But that's not all. Add to this number a network of farms and individual entrepreneurs involved in the agro-industrial complex of the republic (the number of which is growing from year to year), and the myth that "stop feeding Chechnya" will nervously step aside.

It all started from scratch, but:

1. Today in Chechnya there is a steady growth of agricultural production. The leading sector of the agricultural sector of the republic is animal husbandry and crop production. In the livestock sector, poultry farming, sheep breeding and cattle breeding (cattle) are developed.

1. In just six years - from 2004 to 2010, the index of agricultural production increased by 41%. There is an increase in the production of poultry meat, beef, milk, work is underway to restore gardening.

1. Livestock - occupies a leading position in a number of indicators. It accounts for 60% of output. The sector forms up to half of the tax payments of the entire economy of the complex.

1. Crop production - occupies one of the leading positions at this stage of development, it accounts for 24% of output. Already in 2008, 30.9 thousand people were involved in this sector alone.

The leading positions among enterprises engaged in the agro-industrial complex are occupied by LLC Chechen Mineral Waters, OJSC Chechenagroholding, LLC PFP Avangard, State Unitary Enterprise Sugar Plant of the Chechen Republic, LLC Vozrozhdeniye-2028, State Unitary Enterprise AK Tsentoroyevsky , State Unitary Enterprise “State Farm “Zagorsky”, State Unitary Enterprise “Poultry Farm “Staroyurtovskaya”.

Wherein:
Food industry products produced in the Chechen Republic are of high quality, which is confirmed by the results of the contest "100 Best Goods of Russia". Thus, according to the results of 2010, the achievements of manufacturers of the Chechen Republic were noted:

- Gold diplomas State Unitary Enterprise “Goskhoz “Tsentoroevsky” (carcasses of broiler chickens), LLC “Agrokombinat “Tsentoroevsky” (juices, nectars), LLC “Iceberg” (ice cream) were awarded.

- Silver diplomas awarded to IceStream LLC (mineral water), Kavkaz-XXI Production and Commercial Company LLC (mineral water), State Unitary Enterprise Sugar Plant of the Chechen Republic (granulated sugar), Chechengazprom OJSC (semi-smoked boiled sausage), LLC Trade Center Agro (mineral water), OOO Chechen Mineral Waters (mineral water).

- restoration of the existing canning shop by re-profiling it for the production of ketchup, mayonnaise and grape processing in st. Naurskaya, Naursky municipal district;

- a new workshop with the installation of oil-pressing equipment and a mini complex for varietal grinding of grain in the Nadterechny municipal district;

- a workshop for the production of pickles, sours and drying of carrots in the Urus-Martan and Achkhoy-Martan municipal districts;

- a workshop for the production of semi-finished food products in the Shelkovsky municipal district;

- shop for the production of dried fruits in the village. Vedeno of the Vedeno municipal district

PS/ I repeat, this is only within the framework of ONE program. And we have enough such concrete programs and decisions for our lifetime. I will give just a few:

- Target program "Development of beef cattle breeding in the Chechen Republic for 2011-2013"

- Target program "Development of family livestock farms based on peasant (farm) farms in the Chechen Republic for 2012-2014"

- Target program "Support for beginning farmers in the Chechen Republic for the period 2012-2014"

As you can see, there is no end to the work and it will be enough for our century. It's only the beginning.

The material is taken from the personal blog of R.A. Kadyrov.

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RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF FRIENDSHIP OF PEOPLES

Agrarian - Technological Institute

Department: Soil Science of Agriculture and Land Cadastre

Course work

By discipline: Methodology scientific research in agronomy

On the topic: The current state and prospects for the development of agricultural production in the Chechen Republic

Group student: CAM 1.11

Daraeva Aminat Suleymanovna

Supervisor:

Nagorny V.D.

Moscow 2015

Introduction

1. History of agricultural production in the Czech Republic

2. Structure of land use

3. Structure of crop areas

4. Main technological problems of agricultural production

4.1 Climatic problems of agricultural production

4.2 Soil problems in agricultural production

4.3 Technical problems in agricultural production

5. Prospects for the use of innovative technologies in grain production

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In the 80-90s. In the 20th century, the task was to achieve the growth rate of agricultural production with the pace of development of industrial production, as well as the convergence of the living standards of the rural and urban population. The main tasks of the leadership of the republic for the intensification of agricultural production were: strengthening the work on the technical equipment of the village, increasing the fertility of the land through chemicalization and reclamation, and improving the organization of agricultural production. As a result, over the years of the five-year plan, the capacity of the machine and tractor fleet in the collective farms and state farms of the republic has grown almost 1.5 times. More than doubled the supply of mineral fertilizers and chemicals plant protection. First condition successful development livestock were quality feed. Machines appeared that made it possible to preserve the high nutritional qualities of herbs during forage harvesting. The role of machine operators in the development of agriculture increased more and more.

Overcoming the backwardness of collective farms and state farms was facilitated by the strengthening of lagging farms with personnel, the improvement of organization and improvement of wages, the normalization of household plots, the development of animal husbandry, and the introduction of cultivation of higher-yielding crops, such as tobacco, in mountainous regions. A radical restructuring of the organization of vegetable growing was carried out, as a result, vegetable growing was concentrated in large specialized teams, departments, while its dispersal in the past in many farms hindered the use of machines, increasing the cost of production. land use Chechen grain

After relative peace, the entire North Caucasus is showing a trend of sustainable growth in agricultural production.

It occupies one of the leading places in the economy of the Chechen Republic, although during the years of military campaigns the agro-industrial complex suffered significant damage.

Today in Chechnya there is a steady growth of agricultural production. The leading sector of the agricultural sector of the republic is animal husbandry and crop production. In the livestock sector, poultry farming, sheep breeding and cattle breeding (cattle) are developed.

In just six years - from 2004 to 2010, the index of agricultural production increased by 41%. There is an increase in the production of poultry meat, beef, milk, work is underway to restore gardening.

Livestock - occupies a leading position in a number of indicators. It accounts for 60% of output. The sector forms up to half of the tax payments of the entire economy of the complex.

Crop production - occupies one of the leading positions at this stage of development, it accounts for 24% of output. Already in 2008, 30.9 thousand people were involved in this sector alone.

The leading positions among enterprises engaged in the agro-industrial complex are occupied by LLC Chechen Mineral Waters, OJSC Chechenagroholding, LLC PFP Avangard, State Unitary Enterprise Sugar Plant of the Chechen Republic, LLC Vozrozhdeniye-2028, State Unitary Enterprise AK Tsentoroyevsky , State Unitary Enterprise “State Farm “Zagorsky”, State Unitary Enterprise “Poultry Farm “Staroyurtovskaya”.

1 . History of agricultural production in the Czech Republic

Chechnya (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Chechen Republic) is located in the North Caucasus, in its southeastern part. It borders in the north-west with the Stavropol Territory of the Russian Federation and the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (subject of the Russian Federation), in the west - with the Republic of Ingushetia (subject of the Russian Federation), in the south - with the Georgian Republic, in the south-east, east and north- in the east - with the Republic of Dagestan (subject of the Russian Federation).

Territory - 15.9 thousand sq. km. According to its relief, the territory of Chechnya is divided into four parts: flat (plain), foothills, mountainous and high-mountainous regions.

Sandy steppes are located in the northern and northeastern parts of the republic (Shelkovsky and Naursky districts). Plain and foothill lands occupy the north-west, west, central part and east of the republic (Nadterechny, Grozny, Gudermes, Sunzhensky, Urus-Martan, Kurchaloevsky districts, part of the Achkhoy-Martan and Shali districts). The southern and southeastern parts of Chechnya (Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Vedensky, Shatoysky, Sharoysky, Galanchozhsky (ChRI), Cheberloevsky (ChRI), Itum-Kalinsky districts, the southern parts of the Achkhoi-Martan and Shali regions) are occupied by spurs of the Greater Caucasus Range, forming a series gorges.

Until the beginning of the 1990s, the main sectors of production in Chechen-Ingushetia were industry (about 41% of the total social product), agriculture (34%), and construction (11.2%).

The natural conditions of Chechnya are favorable for agriculture, both for farming and for animal husbandry, which occupy an almost equal place in the overall balance of agricultural production.

The main share of agricultural products is provided by flat areas. Half of the sown area is occupied by grain crops, the main place among which belongs to winter wheat; a prominent role is played by the cultivation of corn and barley.

Viticulture is of great importance, in which the farms of the Naursky, Nadterechny, Shelkovsky and part of the Gudermes regions specialize. By the beginning of the 80s, there were more than 50 vineyards in Checheno-Ingushetia, the vineyard area reached 29 thousand hectares. Occupying only 5% of agricultural land, vineyards brought more than a third of the income from the sale of all agricultural products to the republic. By the mid-1990s, the number of vineyards had been reduced to 28 (mainly as a result of the anti-alcohol campaign of the mid-1980s).

In addition, Gudermes, Urus-Martan, Achkhoi-Martan districts specialize in growing vegetables and fruits, Shelkovskaya and Gudermes - rice. In the mountainous regions of the republic (Nozhay-Yurtovsky, Vedensky, Shatoysky) great importance has the cultivation of tobacco and potatoes, in the sandy Priterechie - melon growing.

Animal husbandry was an important branch of agriculture. As of January 1, 1991, there were about 300 thousand heads of cattle, 105 thousand pigs and 745 thousand sheep and goats in Checheno-Ingushetia. Fine-fleece sheep breeding developed in the regions of the stormy steppes, meat and dairy cattle breeding in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, and beef cattle breeding in the mountainous regions (the share of animal husbandry was 62% in the economy of mountainous regions). In the high-mountain zone, they tried to breed yaks brought from the Pamirs, but this direction was not developed due to the collapse of high-mountain collective farms.

Today, the volume of agricultural production is 11 billion rubles (2010). The leading branch of agriculture is animal husbandry (70% of agricultural products), crop production accounts for 30%.

In Chechnya, grain crops, vineyards, and vegetables are grown. The sown area of agricultural crops in 2010 amounted to 189 thousand hectares, of which 54% fell on grain crops, 33% on fodder crops, 8% on industrial crops, and 5% on potatoes and vegetable melons. Grain production is 126 thousand tons, sugar beet - 40 thousand tons, potatoes - 22 thousand tons, vegetables - 26 thousand tons.

In the livestock sector, poultry and sheep breeding are developed. Breeding of cattle is carried out. The number of cattle by 2010 amounted to 211 thousand, sheep and goats - 195 thousand. Meat production in slaughter weight - 21 thousand tons, milk - 263 thousand tons (2010).

In recent years, a steady growth in agricultural production has been observed in Chechnya. From 2004 to 2010, the index of agricultural production increased by 41%.

Chechnya is practically no different from other regions (unless, of course, one counts the heavy legacy of two military campaigns). All branches of the national economy work. People study, work, create. Everything is like everywhere else. Maybe even better than in some regions. There are successes and achievements.

in total (practically in a small republic) to date, ABOUT 200 enterprises and institutions have been created and are fully functioning through the agro-industrial complex. These are state farms, state breeding plants, poultry farms and agricultural complexes. For example, I will give a list of agricultural enterprises in just a few districts:

Urus-Martanovsky district

State Farm Alkhan-Yurtovsky State Farm Labor State Farm Martan-Chu State Farm Shalazhinsky Chechen Experimental Production Farm Goity State Farm Urus-Martanovsky State Farm Michurina State Farm Solnechny "State farm" Roshni "" Poultry farm "Urus-Martan" "Urus-Martan bakery"

Shali district "State farm "Avturinsky" "State farm "Serzhen - Yurtovsky" "State farm "Belgatoy" "State farm "Germenchuksky" "State farm "Dzhalka"

Kurchaloevsky district

“State farm “Visaitova” “State farm “Yalkhoy-Mokhk” “State farm “Bachi-Yurtovsky” “State farm “Iskra” “State farm “Kurchaloevsky” Ali Mitaeva""Kurchaloevsky bakery""District food complex "Kurchaloevsky""Specialized mobile mechanized column "Kurchaloevsky"

And so on in all regions of the republic. How many people are involved only in agriculture. But that's not all. Add to this number a network of farms and individual entrepreneurs involved in the agro-industrial complex of the republic (the number of which is growing from year to year.

2. Land use structure

					As a percentage of the total area of the republic.
	Agricultural land
	Settlement lands, including: within city limits within settlements
	Lands of industry, transport, communications and other purposes
	Lands of specially protected territories
	Lands of the Forest Fund
	Lands of the water fund
	reserve lands
	Total lands of the Chechen Republic

The agro-industrial complex is one of the major sectors of the economy of the Chechen Republic. During the restoration of the infrastructure of agricultural production, as a result of measures to restore the economy of the Chechen Republic, state farms were restored and transformed into state unitary enterprises. Today, state farms are the main producer of agricultural products in the republic. The second and no less important producer of agricultural products are peasant (farm) enterprises: they used 49.1% of the lands of citizens - producers of agricultural products. They outnumber the state farms - 2,253 peasant (farm) farms and 180 state farms. In 1996 - 1999 in the republic, when state farms were in a neglected state, peasant (farm) enterprises were the main producer of agricultural products. The structure of the lands of the Chechen Republic as of January 1, 2005, presented in Table 1, shows that most of the territory of the republic is occupied by agricultural land. Their area is 1051.4 thousand hectares. or 65.2% of the entire territory of the republic. 17.6% are occupied by forest fund lands, 9.2% by reserve lands, 5.7% by settlement lands. Lands of industry, transport, communications and other non-agricultural purposes - 1.7%, lands of the water fund 0.6%.

Distribution of the land fund of the Chechen Republic by categories (thousand hectares)

The natural and climatic features of the region determine the traditional specialization of agricultural production: vegetable growing, animal husbandry and poultry farming. Based on the features of the relief, climatic features and features of the physical and geographical position, the structure of land use in the Chechen Republic can be represented as follows:

table 2 Structure of land use by natural zones of the Chechen Republic

Name of economic entities using the land	Agricultural grounds
		Including
			perennial plantations	hayfields	pastures

Peasant (farming) households
Growers and horticultural associations
gardeners and horticultural associations
Citizens who have land plots provided for individual housing construction
livestock breeders and livestock associations
Citizens engaged in haymaking and grazing
Individual entrepreneurs who have not formed
Total land use by citizens

The formation of peasant (farm) households is associated with great difficulties. The technical base of most farms is in a distressed situation. Their further development is associated with significant capital investments, especially in animal husbandry and land reclamation. Peasant (farm) enterprises annually increase the volume of agricultural production and, accordingly, their share in the food balance of the Chechen Republic.

An important factor stabilizing the food situation is providing the needs of the urban population and industrial centers of the republic with fruits and vegetables and potatoes. The solution of this problem in the republic now depends on subsidiary and peasant farms, which do not have a stable commodity base and are subject to the influence of many subjective factors. Therefore, they need to be provided with all possible assistance, by reducing the cost of credit resources attracted by small forms of business, developing the service infrastructure - a network of agricultural consumer cooperatives (procurement, supply and household, processing, credit, equipping with equipment, fertilizers, seeds).

Currently, agricultural products in the republic are produced by three categories of farms: agricultural organizations, in our past understanding - state farms and collective farms, owning 68% of the sown area; peasant farms 23% of all sown areas and personal subsidiary plots of the population 9% of sown areas, whose contribution to production varies greatly. Already now there has been a division of labor between state producers of agricultural products, peasant farms and tenants.

Thus, agricultural organizations are the main producers of grain and leguminous crops, while the production of potatoes and vegetables is almost exclusively carried out by peasant farms and tenants. The main field crops of the Chechen Republic are winter wheat (average yield for many years is 20-24 centners per hectare), corn, winter barley, and oats. Until recently, it was still rice, sunflower and sugar beets. In the mountains, the main crop for a long time was tobacco, the production of which has now been discontinued.

The natural and climatic conditions of the Chechen Republic also make it possible to successfully develop horticulture. In the early 1990s, the total area of land allocated for orchards and berry fields was over 22,000 hectares. At present, the area occupied by these crops has been significantly reduced. Now it's growing in importance government agencies in the process of production, processing, storage and transportation of fruit products. Until now, the products produced by the peasants are bought up at very low prices, and, as a rule, end up with resellers. To resolve this issue, it is necessary to develop small business in every possible way, create consumer cooperatives in all areas - servicing, procurement and primary processing.

The emerging positive dynamics in the development of private farms (PFH) and personal subsidiary plots (PSP) in recent years is largely predetermined by various economic agricultural programs. During the period of their validity, various measures are applied, state support farms at both federal and regional levels. Non-use of land by peasant (farmer) households and other non-state agricultural enterprises is much less common. State land inspectors in the course of their work, when allocating and allotting land plots of this category of land users, issue warnings about the withdrawal of land plots when it is not used on the basis of Article 45, clause 4 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

3. Crop area structure

In the structure of the gross regional product in 2009, the main types of economic activity were: public administration and provision military security; social insurance - 22.6%; construction - 17.2; wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, household goods and items for personal use - 16.4; agriculture, hunting and forestry - 10.6%.

Agriculture specializes in the production of grapes and vegetables, cultivated crops. Fine-wool sheep breeding, poultry farming are developed, and cattle are bred.

The republic accounts for 0.3% of agricultural production in the country. In the structure of agricultural production, crop production is 30.2%, livestock production - 69.8%.

This year, the Chechen Republic plans to increase the sown area to 198,000 hectares. This is 10 thousand hectares more than last year. This was reported in the Ministry of Agriculture of the Chechen Republic.

According to Magomed Shamurzaev, Chief Specialist of the Crop Production Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Chechen Republic, the increase in sown areas is due to the introduction of irrigated areas.

“Today, about 83 thousand hectares of winter crops have been sown. This is 20 hectares more than the previous year. More than 8.5 thousand hectares of spring crops have also been sown. A lot of work has been done to clean irrigation canals. Therefore, this year the focus is on irrigation, introducing new sown areas for irrigated land. In connection with the increase in the sown area, we began to cultivate new crops,” M. Shamurzaev said.

Soybeans are among the new crops. 5 thousand hectares of area have been allocated for it. The areas under crops of vegetable crops are also determined.

As M. Shamurzaev noted, the priority, as in previous years, is given to grain crops, as well as the cultivation of sunflowers and sugar beets.

“These crops germinate well in our climatic conditions. True, this year we have a protracted spring, but now the weather has returned to normal, and sowing has begun in all regions. The main sowing will be completed in April, and in May we will sow late crops, such as rice and fodder,” he said.

AGRICULTURE6)

Agricultural products in the farms of all

million rubles (1991.1995 - billion rubles)

Index of agricultural production in farms of all categories, as a percentage of the previous year

Sown area of all agricultural crops

The structure of agricultural sown areas

crops in farms of all categories, as a percentage of the total

sown area:

grain crops

industrial crops

potatoes and vegetables

fodder crops

Livestock in farms of all categories

(at the end of the year), thousand heads:

cattle

including cows

sheep and goats

Production in farms of all categories, thousand tons:

grain (in weight after finishing)

sugar beet (factory)

sunflower seeds

potato

livestock and poultry for slaughter (in carcass weight)

eggs, mln.

BASIC INDICATORS

The structure of agriculture in the Chechen Republic can be seen on the example of the production of the main types of agricultural products. Grain production in the Chechen Republic is concentrated, as in the Russian Federation as a whole, in agricultural organizations. True, the share of agricultural organizations in grain production in the Chechen Republic (CR) is lower than the national average (respectively, 76.8% in the RF and 65.0% in the CR). Accordingly, more grain was produced in the Chechen Republic both in the households of the population and in peasant (farm) farms.

With average rates in the Russian Federation of 1.0% and 22.2% in the Czech Republic, respectively, 6.3% and 28.7%. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the share of peasant (farmer) households reached almost a third (30.8% in 2009) and this is almost 10% higher than the average for the Russian Federation. However, a similar trend took place in most subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District (NCFD), with the exception of the Stavropol Territory, where the average Russian trend is observed. It must be assumed that this structural feature could not but affect both the grain yield and the gross grain harvest.

In 2012, the Chechen Republic ranked 58th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of the volume of grain produced. In terms of growth rates, the Chechen Republic is inferior to many subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District. But as for the gross grain harvest, it averaged 143.1 thousand tons over seven years, and according to this indicator, the Chechen Republic occupies the sixth penultimate place, surpassing only the Republic of Ingushetia. If we compare the dynamics of the gross grain harvest with the dynamics of the institutional structure of agriculture, then, in general, the conclusion about the existence of an unproductive institutional structure in the cultivation of grain in the agriculture of the Chechen Republic is confirmed. In the subjects of the region where higher indicators in this parameter have been achieved: the Stavropol Territory, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the structure of production is different than in the Chechen Republic, although not identical. For example, in the Stavropol Territory, the bulk of grain is produced in agricultural enterprises and organizations (almost 85%) and only about 15% in K (F) Kh, and households account for less than 0.5%. And this corresponds to the logic of growing this agricultural crop: capital-intensive and simple growth of the labor force and technologies of the last century cannot achieve high results here. But peasant farmsteads cannot acquire technological means. All this can be seen in two indicators: grain yield and the volume of mineral fertilizers applied per hectare of arable land under grain

The structure of agriculture in the Chechen Republic, as one of the main (and perhaps even the main) factors of low efficiency of its functioning at the stage of agricultural restoration and a factor that will have a negative impact in the future, is confirmed by the example of growing other agricultural crops. In particular, the production of potatoes in the Chechen Republic is almost completely (over 90%) concentrated in the peasant household. In Russia in general, and in particular in the North Caucasus Federal District and its main subjects, the situation is somewhat different.

In 2012, in terms of gross potato harvest, the Chechen Republic ranked 75th among the subjects of the Russian Federation. The volume of harvested potatoes in farms of all forms of management amounted to 24.0 thousand tons. In comparison with other subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District, the volume of potatoes produced in Chechnya is the lowest. It is inferior even to the Republic of Ingushetia.

At the same time, high growth rates in potato production in the Chechen Republic should be pointed out. Over the past ten years (2003-2012), the gross volume of potatoes in the republic has grown almost 4 times and from 6.1 thousand tons in 2003 reached 24.0 thousand tons in 2012. The average annual growth rate in potato production in the Chechen Republic turned out to be the highest and amounted to over 125% over ten years. But at the same time, one should also point out the instability of growth dynamics. From 2004 to 2008, the gross potato harvest has been declining. The new trend has been working since 2009.

Low yields and low gross yields of potatoes are explained by the concentration of potato cultivation in household farmsteads and low production diversification, i.e., the low share of its production in agricultural organizations

Comparison of the trend in the production of potatoes, grain, and other agricultural products with the intra-country conjuncture suggests a connection between the falling trajectory (trend) and the poor market situation. As you know, the crisis events in the Russian economy begin in 2008. The deteriorating economic situation reduces the flow of petrodollars into the country and reduces the budget's maneuverability. Accordingly, the possibilities of the budget to allocate funds to the regions are reduced. The contraction in the volume of supplies from the federal center and the reduction in sources of external financing leads to the fact that new trends, mechanisms and sources of growth begin to work within the regional system.

On the contrary, in the conditions of a good market situation, and it continued in Russia throughout the first half of the 2000s, the budgetary possibilities of the center are high and it sends funds to the regions through various channels and sources. The regions are busy developing these funds, rather than earning them from their own resource capabilities. Under these conditions, there is a decrease in the branches of the real sector of the economy, and in particular in agriculture. Which actually demonstrates the dynamics of the gross output of potatoes, grain and other agricultural products.

Also, viticulture and products of its processing are a highly profitable, intensive and budget-forming sector of the agro-industrial complex. The natural and climatic conditions of the Chechen Republic are favorable for growing grapes with high technological qualities, which contributed to the intensive development of the viticulture industry.

So, today, this year, the viticulturists of the republic have collected more than 733 tons. harvest.

Planting grapes is a labor-intensive and expensive undertaking. One hectare on average costs an agricultural producer 50 thousand rubles. Work on laying and caring for vineyards begins in March and continues until December. Grape harvesting begins in mid-August, and mass harvesting - in September. In the Naur region, grapes were traditionally grown. In the 80s of the last century in the State Unitary Enterprise "Vinkhoz" Soviet Russia» cultivated up to 1000 hectares of vineyards, but after the collapse of the USSR, these vineyards were lost. Within the framework of the state program, the State Unitary Enterprise “Vinhoz “Soviet Russia” is restoring the lost areas. At this stage, the area of vineyards of the economy is 206 hectares, of which 56 hectares are fruit-bearing (varieties Rkatsiteli), 150 hectares are young vineyards (varieties Augustin and Crystal).

At present, there are no conditions for processing grapes in the republic, and therefore most of the harvest comes to the market fresh. The remaining amount is exported to Dagestan and other nearby regions for processing.

By 2017, the republican program provides for the construction of a cold storage facility in the Naursky district for storing grapes, which will help to significantly extend its shelf life. Vine growers of the region intend to fully satisfy the internal demand of the republic for grapes by 2020. According to health standards, a person should consume 10-12 kilograms of fresh grapes per year, today this figure is 0.6 kg per year.

4. The main technological problems of agricultural production:climateical, soil, technical

4.1 Climate

Despite the relatively small territory, Chechnya is characterized by a significant variety of climatic conditions. All transitional types of climates are found here, ranging from the arid climate of the Tersko-Kuma semi-desert to the cold humid climate of the snowy peaks of the Bokovoy Range.

The climate of the republic is formed as a result of complex interactions of both local climate-forming factors and those general climatic processes that take place far beyond its borders, in the vast expanses of the Eurasian continent.

Local factors that have a significant impact on the climate of Chechnya include its geographical position: complex, strongly dissected relief, proximity to the Caspian Sea.

Located in the same latitudinal zone with the subtropics Black Sea coast and southern France, the republic receives a lot of solar heat throughout the year. Therefore, the summer here is hot and long, and the winter is short and relatively mild. The northern slope of the Caucasus Range serves as a climatic boundary between the moderately warm climate of the North Caucasus and the subtropical climate of Transcaucasia. The main Caucasian ridge forms an insurmountable barrier to the flow of subtropical air from the Mediterranean region. In the north, the republic does not have high barriers, and therefore continental air masses move relatively freely across its territory from the north and east. The continental air of temperate latitudes dominates the plains and foothills of Chechnya at all times of the year.

The temperature conditions of Chechnya are very diverse. The main role in the temperature distribution here is played by the height above sea level. A noticeable decrease in temperature, associated with an increase in altitude, is already observed in the Chechen Plain. So, the average annual temperature in the city of Grozny at an altitude of 126 meters is 10.4 degrees, and in the village of Ordzhonikidzevskaya, located at the same latitude, but at an altitude of 315 meters - 9.6 degrees.

Summer in most of the republic is hot and long. The highest temperatures are observed in the Tersko-Kuma lowland. The average July air temperature here reaches +25, and on some days it rises to +43. When moving south, with increasing altitude, the average July temperature gradually decreases. So, on the Chechen plain, it fluctuates in the intervals of +22 ... +24, and in the foothills at an altitude of 700 meters it drops to +21 ... + 20. On the plains, three summer months have an average air temperature above 20, and in the foothills - two.

Winter on the plains and in the foothills is relatively mild, but unstable, with frequent thaws. The number of days with thaws here reaches 60-65.

In the mountains, thaws are less frequent, so there are no such sharp temperature fluctuations here as on the plains.

However, the most severe frosts in the republic are not in the mountains, but on the plains. The temperature in the Tersko-Kuma lowland can drop to -35, while in the mountains it never falls below -27.

This is because, with comparative warm winter and cool summers in the mountains, the contrasts between summer and winter temperatures smooth out. Consequently, the climate becomes less continental and more even with increasing altitude.

Throughout the year, the air in Chechnya, with the exception of the mountainous part, is characterized by significant humidity.

One of the most important climate-forming factors is cloudiness.

Precipitation falls unevenly throughout the year in Chechnya. Summer precipitation prevails over winter. Their maximum everywhere falls on June, the minimum - on January-March. Summer precipitation falls mainly in the form of showers.

On the plains of the republic, snow cover appears in early December. Usually it is unstable and during the winter it can melt and reappear several times.

The most serious environmental problems in the Chechen Republic are air pollution, accumulated waste from production, consumption and land pollution.

A serious threat to the environment of the Chechen Republic is also posed by the accumulated production and consumption waste, as well as the resulting spontaneous dumps. To solve the problem with waste, it is first necessary to eliminate the problem of burial or isolation of waste.

Also a serious environmental problem is land pollution, which occurs to some extent throughout the republic. Pollution of land with various toxicants and other substances is typical for those territories that are directly adjacent to industrial enterprises, transport communications and settlements.

4.2 Soilsproblems of agricultural production

In the Chechen Republic, human impact on the soil cover has reached such a scale that it significantly exceeds the ability of natural ecological systems to self-healing and leads to an imbalance in the balance of nature and excessive land degradation. The soil cover of the Czech Republic is characterized by a great variety of species composition and a mosaic pattern of territorial distribution of individual species and varieties of soils. This is due to the great differentiation of parent rocks, topography, climate, water conditions and hydrological age of the territory. Over the past decade and a half, the Chechen Republic has been characterized by a rapid deterioration in the condition of soils, including arable land and other agricultural lands. The greatest harm is caused by oil pollution, which occurs due to the high deterioration of oil infrastructure (primarily oil pipelines and oil storage facilities), as well as low level technical operation of oil industry facilities. In connection with intensive oil production, local pollution with oil products is observed as a result of overflows from wells, as well as the alienation of land for oil water and evaporator settling tanks, where salts from a set of microcomponents, including toxic ones, accumulate. The total area of alienated land is about a thousand hectares.

In connection with intensive oil production, local pollution with oil products is observed as a result of overflows from wells, as well as the alienation of land for oil water and evaporator settling tanks, where salts from a set of microcomponents, including toxic ones, accumulate. The total area of alienated land is about a thousand hectares. After the cessation of oil production, these lands were practically not reclaimed and were taken out of economic circulation. Oil spilled on the surface of land or water is transformed, evaporation, absorption and filtration of part of the oil components on the surface of soil or water occur. As a result, new chemicals are formed, those that used to make up a mixture called oil disappear or change their structure. All these transformations would be of interest exclusively to fundamental science, if there were no danger of these new substances entering the atmospheric air, in drinking water, into the body of fish, into agricultural plants and from there - through herbs into milk and to humans.

Lands are especially heavily polluted with oil and oil products in areas saturated with oil production and processing facilities, as well as in pipeline accident sites.

The main sources of oil products entering the soils of the Chechen Republic were accidental leaks of oil industry facilities: wells, oil pipelines, barns, sedimentation tanks, etc.

Significant soil pollution, as noted above, takes place in areas of uncontrolled artisanal oil refining, accompanied by the discharge of spent heavy fractions of oil onto the ground. In these areas, the depth of penetration of oil products into the soil reaches more than 2 m, and their concentration is maximum and exceeds the background value by 10 times or more. Re-contamination of land occurs during the construction of new wells or the overhaul of old ones. The projects and technological regulations provide for measures to reduce pollution and eliminate them after the completion of work.

The problem of reclamation of lands contaminated with oil products is most often extremely difficult. high level their pollution, preventing the activity of carbon-oxidizing bacteria and natural self-purification. In this regard, in each specific situation, depending on the scale and nature of the distribution of pollution, an optimal technology for the reclamation of rocks and groundwater contained in them is developed.

restoration of oil-contaminated lands is a multi-stage process, each stage of which corresponds to a certain sequence of natural geochemical and biological destruction of oil hydrocarbons that have entered the soil. In view of the above, to accelerate the degradation of petroleum products, soil aeration and moistening should be used, and in case of severe pollution, “diluted” with uncontaminated soil. When recultivating very severe soil pollution good results gives the use of biological products. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers that stimulate the activity of microorganisms should be carried out taking into account the results of geochemical soil testing.

4.3 Techserious problems of agricultural production

In the conditions of innovative development of the economy, a special place in the agro-industrial complex is occupied by the system of material and technical support for the production of agricultural products, which, together with the resources involved in it, accounts for up to half of all production costs.

The agro-industrial complex of the Chechen Republic faces the following problems in terms of logistics: - Firstly, the reduction of agricultural machinery and production volume. The events of the 90s of the last century are the collapse of the USSR, events related to the sovereignty of the Chechen Republic, two military companies and an unstable situation post-war period negatively affected the agricultural production of the republic. The general economic downturn during the transition to a market economy, a failure in the financial and credit system, price imbalances, and the absence of a mechanism for regulating the material and technical supply of the industry aggravated the state of the engineering and technical sphere of agricultural production.

All this led to a reduction in agricultural machinery, its physical and moral deterioration. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the agricultural machinery fleet have deteriorated so much that it does not allow the cultivation of the available sown areas. Arable land decreased in processing by 128.7 thousand hectares. Due to the inability to perform the entire cycle of work, the technologies for cultivating agricultural crops are not observed, and, as a result, there is a decrease in the gross production of agricultural products;

Secondly, unsolved economic problems:

Formation of the corps of machine operators - producers of products and surplus product, which implies the study of the relationship of machine operators to the means of production (property, rent or hired worker, etc.), the products received and operating costs, payment and motivation of labor, the introduction of effective measures to increase labor productivity, new methods of training and retraining of personnel;

Optimization of costs associated with the operation of equipment; - creation of a system for updating machines, optimal schemes for their renewal with the formation and use of financial resources of producers of agricultural products, machines, materials, services and budgets, the search for investors and the conclusion of investment agreements for the production of products, including through a tender, etc.; - thirdly, technological problems, including: - selection and development of resource-saving production technologies;

Preparation of the unit for the implementation of the technological process and the actual performance of the work, the functioning of the quality control system and the number of processes to ensure productive work during the shift (day);

Use of units during the season to achieve optimal annual load and profit;

Fourthly, technical problems associated with the effective maintenance of machines, their repair and maintenance in the process of agricultural work.

The existing base, which forms the basis of the technical equipment of agricultural producers, does not meet modern requirements for the production of agricultural products, which has led to a reduction in the sown area of agricultural crops in the Chechen Republic.

The machine and tractor fleet of the public sector does not meet the requirements of modern agricultural production in terms of its nomenclature and quantitative composition. To carry out the whole complex of mechanized work in field crops in compliance with the recommended agrotechnical terms, it is necessary to replenish the fleet with additional units of tractors and combine harvesters as soon as possible with the further replacement of equipment that has exhausted its depreciation resource with new machines.

Solving the problem in two steps

The solution to this problem should be sought in the transition to modern resource-saving machine technologies for the production of agricultural products, which can be carried out in two stages. At the first stage, it is necessary to switch to energy and moisture-saving technologies for layer-by-layer non-moldboard tillage based on the use of combined multi-operation machines and equipment KUM-4, KUM-6 and KUM-8, which will significantly reduce the number of mechanized works performed, reduce fuel consumption, human labor costs and operating costs. expenses of agricultural producers.

At the second stage, it is planned to introduce the technology of harvesting cereal crops with tow. In one pass, such units simultaneously perform a number of technological operations: loosening, crumbling, mulching, leveling and compacting the soil, as well as cutting weeds.

The technology of harvesting cereal crops with noiling has a number of significant advantages over threshing the entire grain mass in traditional combine harvesting. The productivity of combine operations in this case can be increased by 2-3 times without deteriorating the quality of the technological process. Taking into account the great differentiation in the level of productivity of cereal crops in various agricultural regions of the republic and the peculiarities of harvesting spring and winter crops, up to 70% of winter wheat crops and up to 50% of spring barley can be harvested with stripping. The simultaneous transition to modern resource-saving technologies for tillage and harvesting of grain crops will make it possible to significantly reduce the need for mobile agricultural power machines.

5. Prospects for the use of innovative technologies in grain production:traditional, minimal, zero

The innovation process, as a mechanism for the strategic modernization of the agro-industrial complex, is a key factor in overcoming the protracted crisis in the country's food sector by ensuring the pace and quality of increasing the reproductive potential, achieving sustainable development, and increasing the competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign food markets.

Regional systems of innovation activity are the product of processing scientific, technical and managerial information, analysis and forecasting of agro-climatic, technological, financial and economic conditions for managing the economy, taking into account zonal factors, including marketing research.

Potential buyers of innovative products and services in the Chechen Republic are more than 250 small enterprises, 1,200 peasant (farmer) households, more than 400 individual entrepreneurs and 10,000 personal subsidiary plots.

In 2013, we conducted research and analysis of the capacity of the market for innovative services in the regional agro-industrial complex. The analysis was carried out in farms and organizations of all three natural economic zones of the republic (mountain, foothill and steppe natural economic zones). Among the organizations of the agro-industrial complex of the CR, more than 10% of their total strength, and the results obtained were extrapolated to the entire population.

Based on the results obtained, all organizations and farms are divided into 3 groups.

The first group includes farms whose innovative potential and internal reserves do not allow them to acquire and use new technologies and means of production (KIP? 0.3).

The second group consisted of business entities whose innovative activity is moderate. For certain reasons, they use only some new technologies and means of production (0.3<КИП?0,7).

The third group includes farms whose innovative potential and innovative susceptibility are high and allow them to fully use new technologies and new offers on the market of fixed and circulating capital goods (CIP>0.7).

An assessment of the innovative susceptibility of economic agents of the agro-industrial complex of the Czech Republic shows that they have the opportunity to acquire and implement innovative products and technologies to one degree or another. According to the results of the assessment, the processing sector turned out to be more developed and 81% of enterprises have such opportunities. Thus, the market of innovative services in the region has significant reserves for its growth (see Fig. 1).

According to the objects of scientific and technological progress and the solution of specific problems in the agro-industrial complex, it is advisable to group innovations in the following areas:

technical - appear in the production and processing of agricultural products; technological - represent new or more advanced technologies for cultivating crops, keeping animals, processing agricultural products;

organizational and managerial - aimed at optimizing the structure of production and management, improving the organization of labor and production, storage and processing, sales and products;

information - related to the provision of information about innovations, scientific and technical developments, the state of the innovation market and the food market, new proposals on the market for production factors;

social - aimed at improving working conditions, solving problems of labor safety, education, culture, production and demography;

environmental - provide improvement natural resources, the state of the natural environment, agrolandscapes and agroecosystems.

Rice. one. species structure innovation process in the agro-industrial complex

In agriculture, production and innovation processes include various types of services, such as agrochemical and veterinary services, seed supplies, variety renewal, reclamation and others. An individual commodity producer cannot carry out technological, soil protection, environmental protection measures, breeding new plant varieties of animal breeds, organize variety renewal and seed production, testing of new equipment, other costly and specific measures related to a complex of scientific, technical and development work, with the involvement of scientific teams and special equipment. These issues need to be addressed at the regional level within the framework of enterprises and organizations of the infrastructure of the regional agro-industrial complex, taking into account zonal agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions.

All directions of development of the market of innovative services have different potential and capacity. In order to identify potential services, the zonal and administrative-territorial division of the republic was used (15 administrative-territorial regions and the Grozny agglomeration). Each district has its own potential for the growth of innovative services and innovative activities in each of the above areas of development.

In terms of innovative capacity, we carried out a clustering of the administrative-territorial units of the republic into 3 groups.

The first group included 3 districts of the steppe zone (Naursky, Achkhoy-Martanovsky and Urus-Martanovsky) and the Grozny agglomeration with a relatively small amount of innovative capacity due to the presence in this territory of highly efficient agricultural entities that use in production modern technologies. Farms in such areas use zoned varieties of agricultural crops, highly productive breeds of animals, and breeding stock. The grain yield is over 30 g/tsa, and the milk yield per cow is 2,400 kg per year. Processing enterprises carry out the deepest processing, but with a significant reserve for increasing the range of final products. The reserves for growth in production in such areas are small.

The second group is represented by seven districts with a relatively moderate amount of innovative capacity due to the location of farms in this territory, the grain yield of which ranges from 22 to 32 q/ha, and milk yield from 2000 to 3000 kg. In these areas there are significant reserves for the growth of production in the II and III spheres of the agro-industrial complex.

The third group includes 5 districts with a significant amount of innovation capacity. Most of the agricultural subjects of this territory are classified as low-efficient. Processing of raw materials in such areas is carried out in small quantities and with the use of outdated production assets. Areas related to given level, are key in increasing the volume of agricultural production in the region.

The analysis by administrative-territorial units makes it possible to determine the most promising of them in the field of innovative development, the formation of the main share in the innovative capacity of the agro-industrial complex of the region.

Made by us. Specialization of agriculture in the Chechen Republic

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