The story of the Pugachev rebellion. Capture of the Tatishchev fortress

HISTORY OF THE PUGACHEV REVOLT

Story Pugachev rebellion
excerpts

CHAPTER TWO

Appearance Pugachev a, - Flight of the ego from Kazan. - Testimony of Kozhevnikov. - The first successes of the Pretender. - Treason of the Iletsk Cossacks. — Capture of the fortress Rassypnaya. — Nurali Khan. — Reynedorp's order. - The capture of Nizhne-Ozernaya. - Capture of Tatishcheva. — Council in Orenburg. - The capture of Chernorechensek, - Pugachev in Sakmarsk.

In these troubled times, an unknown vagabond wandered around the Cossack courtyards, hiring himself as a worker for one master, then for another, and taking up all sorts of crafts. Sn was a witness to the pacification of the rebellion and the execution of the instigators, went away for a while to the Irgiz sketes; from there, at the end of 1772, he was sent to buy fish in the Yaitsky town, where he stood with the Cossack Denis Pyanov. He was distinguished by the impudence of his speeches, blasphemed the authorities and persuaded the Cossacks to flee to the area of ​​the Turkish Sultan; he assured that the Don Cossacks would not hesitate to follow them, that he had two hundred thousand rubles and seventy thousand worth of goods prepared at the border, and that some pasha, immediately upon the arrival of the Cossacks, should give them up to five million; for the time being he promised each of them twelve rubles a month's salary. Moreover, he said, as if two regiments were marching against the Yaik Cossacks from Moscow, and that there would certainly be a riot around Christmas or Epiphany. Some of the obedient wanted to catch him and present him as a rebel in the commandant's office; but he hid with Denis Pyanov and was caught already in the village of Malykovka (which is now Volgsk) at the direction of a peasant who was traveling with him on the same road. This vagabond was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and schismatic, who came with a false written form from beyond the Polish border, with the intention of settling on the Irgiz River among the schismatics there. He was sent under guard to Simbirsk, and from there to Kazan; and as everything related to the affairs of the Yaitsky army, under the circumstances could seem important, the Orenburg governor considered it necessary to notify the State Military Collegium of this by a report dated January 18, 1773.

The Yaik rebels were not rare then, and the Kazan authorities did not turn great attention on the sent criminal. Pugachev was kept in prison no stricter than other slaves. Meanwhile, his accomplices did not doze off.

PORTRAIT DESCRIPTION

...Emelyan Pugachev, Zimoveyskaya village, a serving Cossack, was the son of Ivan Mikhailov, who died in ancient years. He was forty years old, of medium height, swarthy and thin; his hair was dark blond, his beard was black, small and wedge-shaped. The upper tooth was knocked out in childhood, in a fistfight. On his left temple he had a white spot, and on both breasts there were signs left after an illness called black sickness. He was illiterate and was baptized as a schismatic. About ten years ago, he married a Cossack woman, Sofya Nedyuzhina, with whom he had five children. In 1770, he was in the service of the second army, was at the capture of Bender and a year later was released to the Don due to illness. He went to Cherkassk for treatment. Upon his return to his homeland, the Zimovey ataman asked him at the stanitsa gathering, where did he get the brown horse on which he came home? Pugachev replied that he bought it in Taganrog; but the Cossacks, knowing his dissolute life, did not believe it and sent him to take a written testimony to this. Pugachev left. Meanwhile, they learned that he was inciting some of the Cossacks settled near Taganrog to flee beyond the Kuban. It was supposed to give Pugachev into the hands of the government. Return in the month of December, he was hiding on his farm, where he was caught, but managed to escape; wandered for three months, no one knows where; Finally, in Great Lent, one evening he came secretly to his house and knocked on the window. His wife let him in and let the Cossacks know about him. Pugachev was again caught and sent under guard to the detective, foreman Makarov, to the Lower Chirskaya village, and from there to Cherkassk. He ran off the road again and since then has not been to the Don. From the testimony of Pugachev himself, who was brought to the Chancellery of Palace Affairs at the end of 1772, it was already known that after his escape he was hiding behind the Polish border, in the schismatic settlement Vetka; then he took a passport from the Dobryansky outpost, claiming to be a native of Poland, and made his way to Yaik, eating alms.

- All these news were made public; meanwhile, the government forbade the people to talk about Pugachev, whose name worried the mob. This temporary police measure had the force of law until the very accession to the throne of the late sovereign, when it was allowed to write and print about Pugachev. Until now, the aged witnesses of the then confusion are reluctant to answer curious questions.

PUGACHEV UNDER KURMYSH

On July 20, Pugachev crossed the Sura near Kurmysh. The nobles and officials fled. The mob met him on the shore with icons and bread. An outrageous manifesto was read to her. The disabled team was brought to Pugachev. Major Yurlov, the chief of this, and a non-commissioned officer, whose name, unfortunately, has not been preserved, alone did not want to swear allegiance and denounced the impostor in the eyes. They were hanged and the dead were beaten with whips. Yurlov's widow was saved by her yard people. Pugachev ordered that state-owned wine be distributed to the Chuvash; hanged several nobles brought to him by their peasants, and went to Yadrinsk, leaving the city under the command of four Yaik Cossacks and giving them at their disposal sixty serfs who had stuck to him. He left behind him a small gang to detain Earl Mellin. Mikhelson, who was on his way to Arzamas, sent Kharin to Yadrinsk, where Count Mellin was also hurrying. Pugachev, having learned about it, turned to Alatyr; but, covering his movement, he sent a gang to Yadrinsk, which was repulsed by the governor and the inhabitants, and after that they were met by Count Mellin and completely dispersed. Mellin hurried to Alatyr, casually freed Kurmysh, where he hanged several rebels, and took the Cossack, who called himself a governor, like a tongue. The officers of the disabled team, who swore allegiance to the impostor, justified themselves by the fact that they took the oath not from a sincere heart, but to observe the interest, her imperial majesty.

PUGACHEV CAUGHT...

Pugachev wandered on the same steppe. Troops from everywhere surrounded him; Mellin and Mufel, who also crossed the Volga, cut off his road to the north; a light field detachment marched towards him from Astrakhan; Prince Golitsyn and Mansurov blocked him from Yaik; Dundukov with his Kalmyks roamed the steppe: sidings were established from Guryev to Saratov and from Cherny to Krasny Yar. Pugachev did not have the means to get out of the networks that constrained him. His accomplices, on the one hand, seeing imminent death, and on the other, the hope of forgiveness, began to conspire and decided to extradite him to the government.

Pugachev wanted to go to the Caspian Sea, hoping somehow to get into the Kirghiz-Kaisak steppes. The Cossacks pretended to agree; but, having said that they wanted to take their wives and children with them, they took him to Uzen, the usual refuge of local criminals and fugitives, on September 14 they arrived in the villages of the local Old Believers. This is where the last meeting took place. The Cossacks, who did not agree to surrender into the hands of the government, dispersed. Others went to Pugachev's headquarters.

Pugachev sat alone in thought. His weapon hung to the side. Hearing the Cossacks entering, he raised his head and asked what they needed. They started talking about their desperate situation and meanwhile, moving quietly, they tried to block him from the hanging weapons. Pugachev again began to persuade them to go to Guryev town. The Cossacks answered that they had been following him for a long time and that it was time for him to go after them. "What? - said Pugachev, - do you want to cheat on your sovereign? - "What to do!" - answered the Cossacks and suddenly rushed at him. Pugachev managed to fight them off. They took a few steps back. “I have seen your betrayal for a long time,” said Pugachev and, calling his favorite, the Iletsk Cossack Tvorogov, held out his hands to him and said: “knit!” Curd wanted to twist his elbows back. Pugachev did not give in. "Am I a robber?" he said angrily. The Cossacks put him on horseback and took him to the Yaik town. All the way, Pugachev threatened them with the revenge of the Grand Duke. Once he found a way to free his hands, grabbed a saber and a pistol, wounded one of the Cossacks with a shot and shouted to knit the traitors. But no one was listening to him. The Cossacks, approaching the Yaik town, sent to notify the commandant. Cossack Kharchev and sergeant Bardovsky were sent to meet them, received Pugachev, put him in a block and brought him to the city, directly to the guard captain-lieutenant Mavrin, a member of the commission of inquiry.

Mavrin interrogated the impostor. Pugachev opened up to him from the first word. “God was pleased,” he said. - to punish Russia through my wretchedness. - It was ordered to the inhabitants to gather in the city square; the rebels, kept in fetters, were also brought there. Mavrin brought Pugachev out and showed him to the people. Everyone recognized him; The rebels bowed their heads. Pugachev loudly began to accuse them and said: “You have ruined me; for several days in a row you begged me to take on the name of the late great sovereign; I denied it for a long time, and when I agreed, everything that I did was with your will and consent; but you often acted without my knowledge and even against my will. The rebels did not answer a word.

Meanwhile, Suvorov arrived at Uzen and learned from the hermits that Pugachev had been tied up by his accomplices and that they had taken him to the Yaik town. Suvorov hastened to the same place. At night, he lost his way and found on the lights laid out in the steppe by the thieving Kirghiz. Suvorov attacked them and drove them away, losing several people and among them his adjutant Maksimovich. A few days later he arrived in Yaitsky town. Simonov gave him Pugachev. Suvorov asked the glorious rebel with curiosity about his military actions and intentions and took him to Simbirsk, where Count Panin was also supposed to come.

Pugachev was sitting in a wooden cage on a two-wheeled cart. A strong detachment with two guns surrounded him. Suvorov did not leave him.

Berdnikova Elena, gymnasium No. 13, grade 9

Historical fact and its artistic embodiment.
"History of the Pugachev Rebellion" and "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin

God forbid to see a Russian riot,
senseless and merciless!

A.S. Pushkin

Introduction

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, of course, prompted the writing of the “History of the Pugachev Rebellion” by the unsuccessful outcome of the Decembrist uprising, including his friends, as well as the unrest of peasants and military settlers in 1830, which again exacerbated the issue of serfdom. As a person and citizen, this could not leave Pushkin indifferent. Therefore, in 1833, he obtained permission for a four-month trip to the places of the Pugachev uprising - the Orenburg and Kazan provinces.
Pushkin traveled around the places of the Pugachev uprising, collecting data and interviewing old witnesses who were still alive. Then I drove to Boldino. Here he began to work on the "History of the Pugachev rebellion."
On October 20, Pushkin returned to St. Petersburg. “History…” was finished.
But he did not stop there, now his goal was to write a fictional novel with a gripping plot that affirms the connection between the two social groups. So in the same 1833, one of Pushkin's best prose works, The Captain's Daughter, was written. Pugachevshchina was supposed to be a warning to the nobility, which did not see the need for new forms of communication with the peasantry.

The Captain's Daughter, one of Pushkin's most perfect and profound creations, has repeatedly been the subject of research attention. In the extensive literature on the issue, a number of studies by Yu.G. Pushkin to “Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev” and a chapter in the book by G.A. Gukovsky “Pushkin and the problem of realistic style”. Archival research and publication of documents, as well as subtle analysis the ideological content of the novel in the works of Yu.G. And if certain provisions of these works can become the subject of a scientific dispute, this does not detract from their importance as the basis for any further in-depth analysis of Pushkin's work. A number of deep remarks can be found in the works of B.V. Tomashevsky, V.B. Shklovsky, D.P. Yakubovich, E.N. Kupreyanova, N.K. .

This, however, does not mean that the issue captain's daughter” has been researched to the end. Moreover, many of the cardinal issues of Pushkin's position in The Captain's Daughter are still debatable. Such, for example, is the interpretation of the famous words about the “Russian revolt”. If Yu.G. Osman considers them a kind of tribute to censorship conditions, a reproduction of a protective point of view (equal to the views of Dashkova and Karamzin), exposed by the whole course of the narrative, causing reader sympathy for Pugachev, then another authoritative expert on Pushkin’s work, B.V. Tomashevsky, wrote: “Left in the text of the novel the maxim was by no means caused by the necessity of a presentation of events. As for the views of Grinev, as the hero of the novel, on Pugachev and peasant movement, then Pushkin perfectly described them in other clearer words and in the very course of action. If he kept this phrase, it was because she answered own system Pushkin's views on the peasant revolution. Behind this phrase lies neither contempt for the Russian serf peasantry, nor disbelief in the strength of the people, nor any protective thoughts whatsoever. This phrase expresses that Pushkin did not believe in final victory peasant revolution in the conditions in which he lived.

In "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin used the facts collected during his work on "History ...". , only with the difference that from a simple statement of facts he made a narrative.

Part 1. Genre features works.

In 1831, Pushkin was enlisted as a "historiographer" and received permission to work in the archives. He persistently experiments with prose genres, tirelessly looking for new forms of literature. In a letter to V.D. He writes to Volkhovsky: “I am sending you my last composition, "History of the Pugachev rebellion". I tried to explore the military actions of that time in it and thought only about their clear presentation ... "Of course," History ... "is written in the genre of historical research, in a dry, compressed language. P.V. Annenkov testifies: “Along with his historical work, Pushkin began, at the invariable demand of artistic nature, the novel The Captain's Daughter, which represented the other side of the subject - the side of the mores and customs of the era. The concise and only in appearance dry presentation, adopted by him in history, found, as it were, an addition to his exemplary novel, which has the warmth and charm of historical notes.

In our comparative study we will adhere to Pushkin’s own definition of the genre of The Captain’s Daughter as a novel, based on the definition given in The Big encyclopedic dictionary”: “A novel is a literary genre, an epic work of great form, in which the narrative is focused on the fate of an individual in his relation to the world around him, on the formation, development of his character and self-consciousness. The novel is the epic of modern times; in contrast to the folk epic, where the individual and the folk soul are inseparable; in the novel the life of the individual and public life appear as relatively independent, but "private" inner life the individual is revealed in him "epopically", i.e. with the identification of its generally significant and social meaning. A typical novel situation is a collision in the hero of the moral and human (personal) with natural and social necessity. Since the novel develops in modern times, where the nature of the relationship between man and society is constantly changing, insofar as its form is essentially "open". The main situation is each time filled with specific historical content and is embodied in various genre modifications. Begins in the 1830s classical era realistic socio-psychological novel". And although neither the name of A.S. Pushkin, nor his work “The Captain’s Daughter” is mentioned in the dictionary, we, based on the definition, clearly call A.S. Pushkin as the ancestor of the genre of realistic socio-psychological novel.

Part 2. Comparative analysis of the "History of the Pugachev rebellion" and the novel "The Captain's Daughter"

The appearance of Pugachev as a historical person was preceded by a revolt of the Yaik Cossacks. Let's spend comparative analysis episodes of the novel with the participation of Pugachev and the corresponding episodes of "History ...". Here is a small material from the "History ...". On the Yaik River in the fifteenth century, the Don Cossacks appeared, traveling around the Khvalyn Sea. They wintered on its banks, which at that time were still covered with forest and safe in their seclusion; in the spring they set out to sea again, robbed until late autumn, and by winter they returned to Yaik. Leaning upward from one place to another, they finally chose the Kolovratnoye tract, sixty miles from present-day Uralsk, as their permanent residence.
That is, they lived freely and were not oppressed by anyone, at the behest of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich they settled in the desert lands along the Yaik River and the adjacent steppes: “The Yaik Cossacks obediently carried out services along the lines of the Moscow order; but at home they retained the original image of their management. Perfect equality of rights; chieftains and foremen elected by the people, temporary executors of people's decrees; circles, or meetings, where each Cossack had a free vote and where all public affairs were decided by a majority of votes; no written orders.”
This continued until the reign of Peter the Great.

The following quotes briefly show the main reasons for the beginning of the Yaik Cossacks' rebellion, the behavior of the rebels and the suppression of the rebellion. Since the “History…” contains a very large volume of material devoted to these events, we have singled out only those quotations that, in our opinion, contain a story about the main events.
1) When comparing sources, it is clear that Pushkin softened the true reason for the start of this rebellion. After studying historical document it becomes clear that the state had a real intention to change social status Cossacks, and it was this that caused indignation among the Cossacks and led to this terrible uprising.
“Peter the Great took the first measures to introduce the Yaik Cossacks into the general system of state administration. In 1720, the Yaik army was transferred to the department of the Military Collegium ”“ The sovereign himself appointed military ataman” .
2) From that moment began internal strife in the Cossack environment, which the state tried to solve by its intervention, but to no avail. Let us approach the beginning of the rebellion and the refusal of the Cossacks, at the behest of the sovereign, to pursue the Kalmyks, who decided to leave Russia and come under the authority of the Chinese government in order to avoid the oppression of the local authorities. “The Yaik army was ordered to set out in pursuit; but the Cossacks (except for a very small number) did not obey, and clearly turned out to be from any service. Further events took an irreversible character.
3) Here are some excerpts from the “Notes of Colonel Pekarsky on the Yaitsky riots, which are now the Urals, Cossacks and the impostor Emelyan, the Don Cossack Pugachev”, confirming our assumption:

“In 1770, it was ordered from Yaitsky, which is now Ural, Cossacks to form a Cossack squadron into the Moscow Legion; but they disobeyed, and therefore in 1771, to study and force the formation of that squadron, Major General von Traubenberg was sent to the Yaitsky town of the Orenburg Corps and Captain Mavrin from Petersburg Guards; the aforementioned Cossacks sent from themselves to Petersburg with a request of two Cossacks, to ask for the cancellation of the formation of a squadron from them, whom they arrested there, and shaving their beards and foreheads, sent in 1772 to Orenburg, to be assigned to the Alekseevsky Infantry Regiment ” .
Paying special attention to such a word as “coercion”, we understand that this is nothing more than an open desire of the authorities to finally subjugate the Cossacks. The government provoked aggression on their part by placing under arrest the Cossack ambassadors.
4) Here is another quote from “History…”:

“We found out that the government intended to make squadrons of Cossacks, and that they had already been ordered to shave their beards. Major-General Traubenberg, who was sent to the Yaik town for this purpose, incurred indignation” (I, 11).

In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin described all these events so concisely that they fit in just two sentences:

“The reason for this was the strict measures taken by Major General Traubenberg in order to bring the army to due obedience” (I, 11).
That is, the phrase “the government had the intention…” in “History…” is replaced by “measures already taken by the major general” in literary work.

The Cossacks took revenge on the offenders, after which the mutiny was subdued. That is, we see that the author in a literary work, due to understandable circumstances, moved the center of the narrative from the actions of the government to the actions of the major general, so that this conflict looked like a conflict between the Cossacks and the official, and not between the Cossacks and the Empress. Further, in the description of Traubenberg's murder, there is also a desire to smooth out the sharpness of the conflict. This is how “History…” describes it:

"Traubenberg fled and was killed at the gate of his house."
and in The Captain's Daughter:

“The result was the barbaric murder of Traubenberg…”.

That is, in a literary work, Pushkin does not show the cowardice and flight of Traubenberg, but again uses exaggeration as a kind of artistic curtsy to those in power to show the cruelty of the Cossacks. So the Cossacks took revenge on the offenders, after which the mutiny was subdued. "History..." reads:

“Meanwhile, Major General Freiman was sent from Moscow to pacify them, with one company of grenadiers and artillery.”

“Freiman opened his way with buckshot…, a chase was sent for those who left, and almost all of them were caught” (I, 11).

The fact that the government was strongly opposed to the Cossacks is evidenced by the number of artillerymen who were sent to suppress the rebellion. Then the field teams consisted of 500 infantry, cavalry and artillery servants. In 1775 they were replaced by provincial battalions. But again, Pushkin in The Captain's Daughter replaced this quote with another one: “Finally, the pacification of the rebellion was completed with buckshot and cruel punishments". Namely, in this part, which tells about the uprising, one can see how often he “softens” the descriptions in comparison with historical source.»

This is how this rebellion ends. "Story…":

“The authorities were entrusted to the Yaik commandant, Lieutenant Colonel Simonov. In his office ordered to be present to the military foreman Martemyan Borodin and foreman (simple) Mostovshchikov. The instigators of the rebellion were punished with a whip; about one hundred and forty people were exiled to Siberia; others were given to the soldiers (all fled); the rest are pardoned and re-sworn. These are strict and necessary measures restored external order; but the calm was precarious. "It's only the beginning!" the forgiven rebels said: “Are we going to shake Moscow.” - The Cossacks were still divided into two sides: agreeing and disagreeing (or, as the Military Collegium very accurately translated these words, into obedient and disobedient). Secret meetings took place in the steppe minds and remote farms. Everything foreshadowed a new rebellion. The leader was missing. The leader was found ”

In The Captain's Daughter there is material that also tells about the unrest of the people:

“Everything was already quiet, or seemed so; the authorities too easily believed the imaginary remorse of the crafty rebels, who were malicious in secret and were waiting for an opportunity to resume the unrest.

After such events, the Cossacks could not calmly continue their existence. In their souls and hearts there was a desire to free themselves and take revenge on the offenders, but it was impossible to act without a leader. This leader was Emelyan Pugachev. Here is what "History ..." says about the appearance of Emelyan Pugachev:

“In these troubled times, an unknown vagabond wandered around the Cossack courtyards, hiring himself as a worker to one master, then to another, and taking up all sorts of crafts. He witnessed the pacification of the rebellion and the execution of the instigators, went away for a while to the Irgiz sketes; from there, at the end of 1772, he was sent to buy fish in the Yaik town, where he was stationed at the Cossack Denis Pyanov. He was distinguished by the impudence of his speeches, reviled the authorities, and persuaded the Cossacks to flee to the area of ​​the Turkish Sultan; he assured that the Don Cossacks would not hesitate to follow them, that he had two hundred thousand rubles and seventy thousand worth of goods prepared at the border, and that some pasha, immediately upon the arrival of the Cossacks, should give them up to five million; for the time being he promised each of them twelve rubles a month's salary. Moreover, he said, as if two regiments were marching against the Yaik Cossacks from Moscow, that around Christmas, or baptism, there would certainly be a riot. Some of the obedient wanted to catch and present, as a rebel, to the commandant's office; but he hid with Denis Pyanov, and was already caught in the village of Malykovo (which is now Volgsk) at the direction of a peasant who was traveling with him on the same road. This vagabond was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and schismatic, who came with a false written form from beyond the Polish border, with the intention of settling on the Irgiz River, among the schismatics there. He was sent under guard to Simbirsk, and from there to Kazan; and as everything related to the affairs of the Yaitsky army, under the circumstances of that time, could seem important, the Orenburg governor considered it necessary to notify the State Military Collegium of this by a report dated January 18, 1773.

Since then the Yaik rebels met at every turn, the Kazan authorities did not pay much attention to Pugachev. He was kept in prison along with other prisoners. But his accomplices did not forget about him, and on June 19, 1773, he fled.

“Once he, under the guard of two garrison soldiers, walked around the city to collect alms. At the Castle Lattice (as one of the main Kazan streets was called) there was a ready-made troika. Pugachev, approaching her, suddenly pushed away one of the soldiers accompanying him; the other helped the convict to sit down to the wagon and rode away from the city with him” (II, 14).

After that, for 3 months he hid in the farms from the chase, when in early September he ended up on the farm of Mikhail Kozhevnikov with his main accomplice Ivan Zarubin, who announced to Kozhevnikov that the great person was in their land.

“He urged Kozhevnikov to hide her on his farm. Kozhevnikov agreed. Zarubin left, and on the same night before light he returned with Timofey Myasnikov and an unknown man, all three on horseback. The stranger was of medium height, broad-shouldered and thin. His black beard was beginning to turn grey. He was wearing a camel coat, a blue Kalmyk cap, and armed with a rifle. Zarubin and Myasnikov went to the city to summon the people, and the stranger, staying with Kozhevnikov, announced to him that he was Emperor Peter --- that the rumors about his death were false, that with the help of a guard officer, he went to Kyiv, where he hid about year” (II, 15).

There are quotes in The Captain's Daughter that carry the same meaning, but have a different form.
1. History…":

“This vagabond was Yemelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and a schismatic…, announced to him that he was Emperor Peter ---…” (II, 15),

In "The Captain's Daughter":

“The Don Cossack and schismatic Emelyan Pugachev, who escaped from under guard, committing unforgivable insolence by assuming the name of the late Emperor Peter” (VI, 314).

We see that in the “History ...” the Don “Cossack and schismatic” is a clarification, but, as we noticed, this clarification is in the “History ...” after the name of Emelyan Pugachev, and in the “Captain's Daughter” before him, and therefore the same part These two sentences sound different. When the clarification is after the word being clarified, it is separated by a comma, respectively, when reading, a pause is formed, which makes the quote from “History ...” intermittent, and the quote from “The Captain's Daughter”, in which there are no pauses, is smooth and harmonious. The phrase “taking on the name of the deceased…” tells us about the use of high style in writing, which is one of the artistic techniques author.

The second part of the quotations, which refers to the adoption of the name of Peter, is distinguished by significant embellishment in the second case. When in “History...” going simple a statement of the facts, “that he is Emperor Peter ---”, the text of the “Captain’s Daughter” is a narrative in which there are a lot of long and lofty definitions that are exclusively decorative in nature: “Performing unforgivable insolence by assuming the name of the late Emperor Peter”. Undoubtedly, Pushkin used such a turn to express his sharply negative attitude towards the act of the impostor.
Here it would be appropriate to recall A.S. Pushkin's poem "To Friends", written earlier, in 1828:

No, I'm not a flatterer when I'm king
I compose free praise:
I am brave I express feelings,
I speak the language of my heart.
(Collected works in 3 volumes, M., "Artistic literature", p. 414).

What did Pugachev look like outwardly? Oddly enough, but in the "History ..." there is a rather brief description of the rebel's appearance. The people who describe him only mention his beard, height, and build. From this we can conclude that he did not have special distinctive features that distinguish him from the Cossack environment. Perhaps he himself understood this, sought in various ways to stand out from his kind. Here is his verbal portrait used by the author in "History ...":

“The stranger was of medium height, broad-shouldered and thin” (I, 15),and in The Captain's Daughter:

“he was about forty, of average height, thin and broad-shouldered” (II, 289)

These quotes are identical in meaning, but differ in the order of the words "thin" and "broad-shouldered". At first glance, there is no difference between them, but, comparing the sound of the last sentences, you can see that due to the rearrangement of words, the second is softer to the ear than the first: the long and difficult to pronounce word “broad-shouldered” comes before the shorter and simpler “thin ”, then when reading, having reached it, one involuntarily gets a slowdown in speech, while in the second quote the slowdown falls on the last word, and there is a characteristic decrease in intonation.
Also hallmark was his beard. Here is how the author describes it in The Captain's Daughter:

“In his black beard graying was shown” (II, 289),

And in the "History ..." -

“His black beard was beginning to turn gray” (II, 15).

The literary text assumes not so much the exact transfer of the appearance of the hero, but the impression that he makes, in this case, on Pyotr Grinev, the author uses the technique of replacing the phrase “began to turn gray”, possible in a continuing historical presentation, with “gray hair was shown” in order to convey the impression made by Pugachev on Peter, who threw a cursory glance at him. So a simple statement of facts turns into an artistic image.

We also come across a description of what Pugachev was wearing in his first meeting with Grinev.

“History…”: “He was wearing a camel coat…” (II, 15),

“The Captain's Daughter”: “He is wearing a tattered coat and Tatar trousers…” (II, 289).

Now we can say why in the chapter “The Counselor” Pugachev made an impression of a tramp on Grinev: the Armenian is “ragged”, the trousers, most likely, are strangers. Here is the second description of Pugachev’s “emperor” costume from The Captain’s Daughter:

“He is wearing a red Cossack caftan trimmed with galloons. A tall sable hat with golden tassels was pulled down over his sparkling eyes” (VI, 324).

The use of this contextual antithesis is one of the most effective techniques used by Pushkin.

After the "proclamation" of Pugachev by Emperor Peter and after giving them promises to fight for the Cossacks and those offended by the government, the rebels began to flock to him, multiplying his gang "from hour to hour." As soon as Pugachev felt strength, he immediately moved to the Yaitsky town. His goal was to free the previously rebellious Cossacks, who would undoubtedly thank the impostor with their unquestioning obedience. Liberation began with the shedding of blood.
This is also confirmed in The Captain's Daughter, in a letter to Captain Mironov from the general:

“...Emelyan Pugachev...gathered a villainous gang, made an outrage in the Yaitsky villages...” (VI, 289).

This man's name is associated with large quantity deaths. In The Captain's Daughter, Grinev has a terrible dream in which Pugachev was, and with him a room filled with corpses, and bloody puddles ... Here is what Pushkin says about this through the lips of his hero:

“I had a dream that I could never forget, and in which I still see something prophetic when I reflect with him on the strange circumstances of my life” (II, 288);

And here is what he writes in the "History ...", in a note to chapter three:

“Pugachev was mowing hay on Sheludyakov’s farm. In Uralsk, there is still an old Cossack woman, who wore leotards of his work. Once, having hired himself to dig ridges in the garden, he dug four graves. This circumstance was later interpreted as an omen of his fate” (98).

During the Pugachev uprising, many people were killed, the "rebel" often won. In The Captain's Daughter, Pushkin notes with what courage and courage Captain Mironov defended his fortress, but she was taken. Here is how the commandant of the Belgorod fortress Mironov died:

“Which commandant-” the impostor asked. Our sergeant stepped out of the crowd and pointed to Ivan Kuzmich. Pugachev looked menacingly at the old man and said to him: “How dare you resist me, your sovereign-” The commandant, exhausted from the wound, gathered his last strength and answered in a firm voice: “You are not my sovereign, you are a thief and an impostor, you hear!” Pugachev frowned gloomily and waved his white handkerchief. Several picked up the old captain and dragged him to the gallows .... and a minute later I saw poor Ivan Kuzmich thrown up into the air” (VII, 324).

Each conquered city greeted Pugachev with a ringing of bells. In both works there is a mention of this.
"Story…":

“began to ring the bells…” (II, 20),

"Captain's daughter":

“The bell ringing has subsided; there was dead silence” (VII, 325).

Comparing these quotes, you can see that for the “Captain’s Daughter” the author chose phrases that create a tense atmosphere of expectation: “The ringing subsided”, “it came” not just silence, but “dead silence”. It is known from history that the sovereigns were met in this way, and from the fact that Pugachev was also met in this way, we can conclude that the people paid their respects to the “tsar”, naively believing the impostor.

In the 18th century, the entire Russian people, from the upper classes to the lower, were deeply religious. Faith held a place of honor in their hearts. Not a single important event was complete without going to church: the birth of a child, christening, a wedding, the beginning of a new project, death ... Even when a child was born in the poorest family, there were ways to baptize him. Knowing about this attitude of the people to faith, Pugachev could use it for his own purposes. He understood perfectly well that if he once managed to force a person to swear an oath of faith, then under fear of God's punishment, he would recognize only him as king.
"Story…":

“The priest was expecting Pugachev with a cross and holy icons” (II, 20).

"Captain's daughter":

“Father Gerasim, pale and trembling, stood at the porch, with a cross in his hands, and seemed to silently beg him for the upcoming sacrifices” (VII, 325).

After several hours of the oath, Pugachev “announced to Father Gerasim that he would dine with him” (VII, 326).

Indeed, Pugachev liked to have a good meal after a tiresome oath. In the “History ...” there is a mention of how the impostor and his accomplices, after the massacre of the commander-in-chief of the Iletsk town, arranged a feast in their honor:

“Pugachev hanged the ataman, celebrated the victory for three days, and, taking with him all the Iletsk Cossacks and city cannons, went to the Rassypnaya fortress” (II, 16).

Most of the population, who swore allegiance to Pugachev, joined the gang and followed him.
"Captain's daughter":

“Pugachev left; the people rushed after him” (VII, 326),

“History…” (after the capture of the Rassypnaya fortress):

“The Cossacks changed here too. The fortress was taken. The commandant, Major Velovsky, several officers and one priest were hanged, and the garrison company and one and a half hundred Cossacks were attached to the rebels ”(II, 17).

The most important, in my opinion, the difference between a historical source and a literary work is that in The Captain's Daughter the author presents Pugachev as the only leader of the uprising, while in the History ... we found such interesting material:

“Pugachev was not autocratic. The Yaitsky Cossacks, the instigators of the rebellion, controlled the actions of the past, who had no other dignity, except for some military knowledge and extraordinary audacity. He did nothing without their consent; they often acted without his knowledge, and sometimes against his will. They showed him outward respect, in front of the people they followed him without hats and beat him with their foreheads: but in private they treated him like a comrade, and they drank together, sitting in front of him in hats and in only shirts, and singing burlatsky songs, "" Among the main rebels was Zarubin (aka Chika), from the very beginning of the rebellion, an associate and tutor of Pugachev. He was called a field marshal, and was the first in the impostor ... The retired artillery corporal enjoyed the full power of attorney of the impostor. He, together with Padurov, was in charge of the written affairs of the illiterate Pugachev, and led strict order and obedience in gangs of rebels ... The robber Khlopush from under the whip, branded by the hand of the executioner, with nostrils torn out to the cartilage, was one of Pugachev's favorites. Ashamed of his ugliness, he wore a mesh over his face, or covered himself with a sleeve, as if protecting himself from the frost. These are the people who shook the state!” (III, 28).

These same Yaik Cossacks were very zealous about the favorites of the impostor. For example, at the beginning of the rebellion, Pugachev brought Sergeant Karmitsky closer to him, whom he took as a clerk. The Cossacks, when taking another fortress, drowned him, and when Pugachev asked about him, they said that he had simply fled. Another example: after the capture of the Nizhne-Ozerskaya fortress, Major Kharlov was hanged, the bandit liked his young widow, and he took her to him. He became attached to her, fulfilled her desires. She alarmed the jealous villains, and Pugachev was forced to give Kharlova and her brother to them to be torn to pieces. They were shot.

It is not surprising that Pushkin mentions Pugachev's accomplices in The Captain's Daughter. In the chapter “Rebellious Sloboda”, he emphasizes that his accomplices do not want to leave Pugachev alone with Grinev, assuming friendly relations between them.

“Speak boldly in front of them,” Pugachev told me, “I don’t hide anything from them” (XI, 347).

In this way, historical materials allow us to conclude that, in fact, Pugachev was not autocratic to a certain extent, while Pugachev, a literary hero, seems to us authoritative and independent.

In the environment of Pugachev, it was customary to assign the names of the elite of the Catherine's time to distinguished robbers. In "History ..." Chika was called a field marshal, but here is what mention of this is found on the pages of "The Captain's Daughter":

“My field marshal, it seems, is talking business,” “Listen, field marshal,” and this is how for the second time he turns to the quarreling Beloborodov and Khlopusha: “Gentlemen generals,” Pugachev proclaimed importantly. - “It’s enough for you to quarrel” (VI, 350).

But Pugachev conferred "titles" not only on robbers. Here is what material is available in the footnote to chapter 3 of “History…”:

“It seems that Pugachev and his accomplices did not consider this parody important. They also jokingly called the Berdskaya Sloboda - Moscow, the village of Kargale - Petersburg, and the Sakmarskaya town - Kyiv ”(102).

We know that Pugachev went with his gang from the Kirghiz-Kaisak lands, committing robberies and violence. The Orenburg fortress was the last in the chain of the Sakmara line, and it had more time to prepare for the attack of the robbers. This fortress was stronger and larger than others. She was an outpost of the state in the confrontation with the rebels, so it was so important for Pugachev to subdue her. All the events described in The Captain's Daughter take place during the siege of Orenburg. At this time, Pugachev settled down in the Berdskaya Sloboda. Here is how “History…” describes it:

“The autumn cold came earlier than usual. Since October 14, frosts have already begun; Snow fell on the 16th. On the 18th, Pugachev, having set fire to his camp, with all his burdens went back from Yaik to Sakmara and camped under the Berdskaya Sloboda, near the summer Sakmara gorge, seven versts from Orenburg. From then on, his patrols did not cease to disturb the city, attack foragers and keep the garrison in constant fear” (III, 25).

Berdskaya Sloboda was located on the Sakmara River. It was surrounded by strongholds and slingshots, there were batteries in the corners. There were up to two hundred households in it. Having settled here, Pugachev turned it into a place of murder and debauchery. Almost all the time while the siege of Orenburg lasted, the bandits were on its territory. Therefore, it is not surprising that a lot is said about her both in “History ...” and in “The Captain's Daughter”, and in the latter an entire chapter is named after her. This rebellious settlement was the meeting place of Pugachev and Grinev.
Seeing that Orenburg was strong, Pugachev decided to starve him out. The fact that Orenburg was in a difficult situation can be read not only in the “History ...”:

“The situation in Orenburg was becoming terrible. Flour and cereals were taken away from the inhabitants, and they began to distribute them daily. Horses have long been fed brushwood” (IV, 37),

But also in The Captain's Daughter:

“All the fugitives agree that there is famine and pestilence in Orenburg, that carrion is eaten there ...” (XI, 349).

Perhaps luck would have continued to accompany the impostor if the pacification of the rebels had not been entrusted to A.I. Bibikov. General-in-chief Bibikov, thanks to his military experience and knowledge of this matter, was able to free the dying Orenburg. General Freiman, Major Kharin, Major General Mansurov, Prince Golitsin, Lieutenant Colonel Grinev served under his command ... Lieutenant Colonel Grinev and Pyotr Grinev, the hero of the story "The Captain's Daughter", are not the same person. In the missing chapter from The Captain's Daughter, which tells about the adventures of our protagonist, the names have been changed. The name of Grinev is in the name of Bulanin, and the name of Zurin is in the name of Grinev. This chapter was not included in the final version of The Captain's Daughter and is retained in a draft manuscript called The Missing Chapter. This chapter differs in the manner of writing from the rest, and it is also more like a pure statement of facts than a narrative. At first, A.S. Pushkin wanted to include it in the novel, but then he changed his mind, as confusion could have occurred in the minds of readers, and simply the whole novel would have turned into a second "History ...".
After a series of defeats, Pugachev, pursued by Mikhelson and Kharin, was forced to flee across the Volga, where his arrival led the people into confusion. Here are quotes about it:
"Story…":

“The entire western side of the Volga rebelled and turned over to the impostor” (VIII, 68),

"Captain's daughter":

“We were approaching the banks of the Volga; Our regiment entered the village** and stopped there for the night. The headman announced to me that on the other side all the villages had rebelled, the Pugachev gangs were roaming everywhere” (“Missed Chapter”, 375).

But, despite temporary luck, Pugachev's affairs went from bad to worse. Pursued by the troops, the impostor was wounded, many were taken prisoner, the bandits began to think about extraditing Pugachev to the government. The main defeat of Pugachev in "The Captain's Daughter" is said very briefly:

“Pugachev fled, pursued by Ivan Ivanovich Mikhelson. We soon learned of its complete destruction” (XIII, 364).

In the “History ...” a lot and in detail is written about this:

“Pugachev stood on a height, between two roads. Michelson went around him at night and stood up against the rebels. In the morning, Pugachev again saw his formidable persecutor ... The battle did not last long. Several cannon shots upset the rebels. Michelson hit them. They fled, abandoning their guns and the entire convoy ... This defeat was the last and decisive” (VIII, 75).

But Pugachev was not captured:

“Pugachev wanted to go to the Caspian Sea, hoping to somehow get into the Kirghiz-Kaisak steppes” (VIII, 76.

The Cossacks decided to surrender their leader to the government. Here is how it is described in “History…”:

“Pugachev sat alone in thought. His weapon hung to the side. Hearing the Cossacks entering, he raised his head and asked what they needed. They began to talk about their desperate situation, and meanwhile, moving quietly, tried to block him from the hanging weapons. Pugachev began again to persuade him to go to Guryev town. The Cossacks answered that they had been following him for a long time and that it was time for him to follow them” (VIII, 76).

So they betrayed their colleague. Having tied him up, they went to the Yaitsky town, where, upon arrival, under the supervision of Suvorov, they were transported to Moscow.
The execution of Pugachev is just as sparingly and reservedly described in The Captain's Daughter by the author. Not a word was said either about the repentance of the rebel, or about his quartering. About what actually happened, it is said only in the “History ...”.

“The sleigh stopped against the porch of the execution place. Pugachev and his favorite Perfilyev, accompanied by a confessor and two officials, had barely ascended the scaffold when an imperative word was heard: on guard, and one of the officials began to read the manifesto. When the reader pronounces the name and nickname of the main villain, as well as the village where he was born, the chief police chief asked him loudly: are you a Don Cossack, Emelka Pugachev - He answered just as loudly: so, sovereign, I am a Don Cossack, Zimovets village, Emelka Pugachev. Then, during the entire continuation of the manifesto, he, looking at the cathedral, was often baptized ... After reading the manifesto, the confessor said a few words to them, blessed them and left the scaffold. The reader of the manifesto followed him. Then Pugachev, having made a few prostrations with the sign of the cross, turned to the cathedrals, then with a hurried look began to say goodbye to the people; bowed in all directions, saying in a broken voice: forgive me, Orthodox people; let go, in which I was rude before you ... forgive me, Orthodox people! At this word, the executor gave a sign: the executioners rushed to undress him; plucked a white sheepskin coat; they began to tear the sleeves of a silk crimson semi-caftan. Then he clasped his hands, fell back, and in an instant his bloodied head was already hanging in the air...
The executioner had a secret command to reduce the torment of the criminals. The corpse's arms and legs were cut off, the executioners carried them to the four corners of the scaffold, they showed the head later and stuck it on a high stake” (VIII, 79).

“Thus ended the rebellion, started by a handful of disobedient Cossacks, which intensified due to the inexcusable negligence of the authorities, and shook the state from Siberia to Moscow, and from the Kuban to the Murom forests. For a long time perfect calm was not established. Panin and Suvorov remained for a whole year in the pacified provinces, asserting a weakened government in them, renewing cities and fortresses, and eradicating the last branches of the suppressed rebellion. At the end of 1775, a general forgiveness was promulgated, and the whole matter was ordered to be consigned to eternal oblivion. Catherine, wishing to destroy the memory of a terrible era, destroyed ancient name river, whose banks were the first witnesses of disturbances. The Yaitsky Cossacks were renamed into the Ural Cossacks, and their town was called by the same name. But the name of the terrible rebel rumbles even in the regions where he raged. The people vividly remember the bloody time, which - so expressively - he called Pugachevism" (VIII, 80).

This is how Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin ends his “History of the Pugachev Rebellion”.

Conclusion.

After studying this material, it becomes clear that Pushkin did not take the position of either side. Seeing the split of society into two opposing forces, he realized that the reason for such a split lies not in someone's evil will, not in the low moral properties of one side or another, but in deep social processes that do not depend on the will or intentions of people. Therefore, a one-sided didactic approach to history is deeply alien to Pushkin. He sees in the warring parties not representatives of order and anarchy, not fighters for a "natural" contractual society and violators of primordial human rights. He sees that each side has its own, historically and socially justified "truth", which excludes the possibility for it to understand the reasons of the opposite camp. Moreover, both the nobles and the peasants have their own concept of legitimate power and their own bearers of this power, whom each side with the same grounds considers it legal.
Pushkin clearly sees that, although the "peasant tsar" borrows the outward signs of power from the nobility of the state, its content is different. Peasant power is more patriarchal, more directly connected with the ruled masses, devoid of bureaucrats and colored in tones of family democracy.
The realization that social reconciliation of the parties is impossible, that in the tragic struggle both sides have their own class truth, revealed to Pushkin in a new way the question that had long worried him about cruelty as an inevitable companion of social struggle.
The Captain's Daughter, one of Pushkin's most perfect and profound creations, has repeatedly been the subject of research attention.
By the time it was created, Pushkin's position had changed: the idea of ​​the cruelty of the peasants was replaced by the idea of ​​the fatal and inevitable bitterness of both warring parties. He began to carefully record the massacres perpetrated by supporters of the government. In "Remarks on rebellion" he gave a lot of examples that did not speak in favor of the latter.
Pushkin was faced with a phenomenon that struck him: the extreme cruelty of both warring parties often resulted not from the bloodthirstiness of one or another person, but from a clash of irreconcilable social concepts.

For Pushkin in The Captain's Daughter the right way is not to move from one camp of modernity to another, but to rise above the "cruel age", retaining humanity, human dignity and respect for the living life of other people. This for him is the true path to the people.

Literature

1. Pushkin "Complete Works" volume 8-9, 16. M., Resurrection, 1995
2. Yu.M. Lotman “Pushkin”, St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, 1997
3. A.S. Pushkin, collection op. in 3 volumes, M., “Thin. literature”, 1985.
4. P.V. Annenkov. Materials for the biography of Pushkin. M. 1984.
5. TSB, M., 2000.
6. Yu.G. Osman. “From the “Captain’s Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin to "Notes of a Hunter" by I.S. Turgenev".
7. G.A. Gukovsky. Pushkin and the problem of realistic style.

History of Pugachev

"History of Pugachev" was published in 1834 under the title "History of the Pugachev rebellion. Part one. History. Part two. Applications." On the back of the title page, instead of the usual censorship permission, it was marked: "With the permission of the Government."

The second part of the "History of Pugachev", containing documentary appendices to the main text (manifestos and decrees, secret reports to the Military Collegium about the fight against Pugachev, letters from A. I. Bibikov, P. I. Panin, G. R. Derzhavin, "The Siege of Orenburg "P.I. Rychkov and other primary sources) is not reprinted in this edition.

The time of completion of the "History" is determined by the date of the preface to it - November 2, 1833, and on December 6, Pushkin already asked A. Kh. Benckendorff to submit the book "for the highest consideration."

Pushkin's hopes that Nicholas I's attention to his manuscript could secure permission for its publication were unexpectedly justified. Pushkin received an interest-free loan from the treasury in the amount of 20,000 rubles for the publication of History. When approving this appropriation, Nicholas I on March 16, 1834, proposed, however, to rename Pushkin's work: instead of "History of Pugachev", the tsar "his own hand" wrote "History of the Pugachev rebellion."

The book, the printing of which began in the summer, was published (in the amount of 3000 copies) at the end of December 1835.

Pushkin continued to study materials about Pugachevism even after the publication of his History. On January 26, 1835, he turned to the tsar with a request for "highest permission" to print out the "investigative file" about Pugachev (which he had previously been denied), in order to draw up a "brief extract, if not for printing, then at least for the completeness of my work, already imperfect, and for the reassurance of my historical conscience. On February 26, Pushkin received permission to work on the "investigative file", the study of which continued until the end of August 1835.

In the memoirs of the folklorist I. P. Sakharov, who visited Pushkin a few days before his duel, there is evidence that the poet showed him "additions to Pugachev" that he had collected after publication. Pushkin thought "to remake and republish his Pugachev" ("Russian Archive", 1873, book 2, p. 955).

Riot Notes.

These materials were presented by Pushkin to Nicholas I through Benckendorff in a letter addressed to the latter dated January 26, 1835. The draft manuscript of these "Remarks", with some significant additional considerations of Pushkin about the leaders of the uprising and its suppressors, which were not included in its white edition, was published in the academic edition of the complete works of Pushkin, vol. IX, part I, 1938, pp. 474-480.

About the "History of the Pugachev rebellion".

Pushkin's article, published in Sovremennik, 1835, No. 1, ed. 3, pp. 177-186, was a response to an anonymous analysis of the "History of Pugachev" in the "Son of the Fatherland" in 1835. The belonging of this analysis to Bronevsky was indicated by Bulgarin in "The Northern Bee" dated June 9, 1836, No. 129.

Bronevsky Vladimir Bogdanovich (1784-1835) - member Russian Academy, author of "Notes of a naval officer" (1818-1819), "History Don army"(1834) and others.

In Pushkin's letter to I. I. Dmitriev dated April 26, 1835, there is a clear allusion to Bronevsky's review of the "History of Pugachev": not Byronov "In a couple, I willingly send them to Mr. Polevoy, who, probably, fair price will undertake to idealize this face according to the latest style.

Recordings of oral stories, legends, songs about Pugachev

I. Testimony of Krylov (poet). For these notes by Pushkin, see above.

II. From a travel notebook. These notes were made during Pushkin's trip in September 1833 to Orenburg and Uralsk.

The soldier's anti-Pugachev song, partially recorded by Pushkin ("From Guryev Gorodok" and "Ural Cossacks"), is fully known from the later recording of I. I. Zheleznov. For Pushkin's use of it, see N. O. Lerner's article "The Song Element in the History of the Pugachev Riot" (collection "Pushkin. 1834", L. 1934, pp. 12-16).

III. Kazan records. The stories of V.P. Babin about the capture of Kazan by Pugachev, recorded by Pushkin on September 6, 1833, were widely used in the "History of Pugachev", ch. VII.

IV. Orenburg records. These records were used in the "History of Pugachev" (ch. III and notes to chapters II and V) and in "The Captain's Daughter" (ch. VII and IX). See about these sources the article by N. V. Izmailov "Pushkin's Orenburg materials for the "History of Pugachev" (collection "Pushkin. Research and Materials", M. - L. 1953, pp. 266-297).

V. Dmitriev, legends. For the stories of I. I. Dmitriev, written down by Pushkin around July 14, 1833 in St. Petersburg, see the book by Yu. G. Oksman "From the Captain's Daughter to the Hunter's Notes", Saratov, 1959, pp. 52-60.

VI. Recording from the words of N. Svechin. Pushkin's informant was probably Infantry General N. S. Svechin (1759-1850), married to the aunt of his friend S. A. Sobolevsky.

About Lieutenant of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment M.A. Shvanvich, see above.

The uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev is a popular uprising during the reign of Catherine II. The largest in the history of Russia. Known by the names Peasants' War, Pugachevshina, Pugachev rebellion. It took place in 1773 - 1775. It happened in the steppes of the Trans-Volga region, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria. Accompanied by great sacrifices among the population of those places, atrocities on the part of the mob, devastation. Suppressed by government troops with great difficulty.

Causes of the Pugachev uprising

• The most difficult situation of the people, serfs, workers of the Ural factories
• Abuse of power by government officials
• The remoteness of the territory of the uprising from the capitals, which gave rise to permissiveness of local authorities
• Deeply rooted distrust between the state and the population in Russian society
• Faith of the people in the "good intercessor king"

Beginning of the Pugachev region

The revolt of the Yaik Cossacks laid the foundation for the uprising. Yaitsike Cossacks - settlers on the western banks of the Ural River (until 1775 Yaik) from the interior regions of Muscovy. Their history began in the 15th century. The main occupations were fishing, salt mining, and hunting. The villages were run by elected foremen. Under Peter the Great and the rulers following him, Cossack liberties were reduced. In 1754, a state monopoly on salt was introduced, that is, a ban on its free production and trade. Time after time, the Cossacks sent petitions to Petersburg with complaints about local authorities and general position cases, but it didn't lead to anything.

“From the very beginning of 1762, the Yaik Cossacks began to complain about oppression: about withholding a certain salary, unauthorized taxes and violation of the ancient rights and customs of fishing. Officials sent to them to consider their complaints could not or did not want to satisfy them. The Cossacks were repeatedly indignant, and major generals Potapov and Cherepov (the first in 1766, and the second in 1767) were forced to resort to force of arms and the horror of executions. In the meantime, the Cossacks learned that the government intended to form hussar squadrons from the Cossacks and that they had already been ordered to shave their beards. Major-General Traubenberg, who was sent to the Yaitsky town for this purpose, incurred the indignation of the people. The Cossacks were worried. Finally, in 1771, the rebellion was revealed in all its strength. On January 13, 1771, they gathered in the square, took icons from the church and demanded the dismissal of members of the office and the issuance of delayed salaries. Major General Traubenberg went to meet them with an army and guns, ordering them to disperse; but his commands had no effect. Traubenberg ordered to shoot; the Cossacks rushed to the guns. There was a battle; the rebels won. Traubenberg fled and was killed at the gates of his house ... Major General Freiman was sent from Moscow to pacify them with one company of grenadiers and artillery ... On June 3 and 4, heated battles took place. Freiman opened his way with buckshot... The instigators of the rebellion were punished with a whip; about one hundred and forty people were exiled to Siberia; others are given into the soldiers; the rest are pardoned and re-sworn. These measures restored order; but the calm was precarious. "It's only the beginning! - said the forgiven rebels, - are we going to shake Moscow up? Secret meetings took place in the steppe minds and remote farms. Everything foreshadowed a new rebellion. The leader was missing. The leader was found ”(A. S. Pushkin“ The History of the Pugachev Rebellion ”)

“In this troubled time, an unknown tramp staggered around the Cossack courtyards, hiring as workers to one owner, then to another, and taking up all sorts of crafts ... He was distinguished by the audacity of his speeches, reviled the authorities and persuaded the Cossacks to flee to the Turkish Sultan; he assured that the Don Cossacks would not hesitate to follow them, that he had two hundred thousand rubles and seventy thousand worth of goods prepared at the border, and that some pasha, immediately upon the arrival of the Cossacks, should give them up to five million; for the time being, he promised everyone twelve rubles a month of salary ... This tramp was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and schismatic, who came with a false written appearance from beyond the Polish border, with the intention of settling on the Irgiz River among the schismatics there ”(A. S. Pushkin“ History of the Pugachev rebellion

The uprising led by Pugachev. Briefly

“Pugachev appeared on the farms of the retired Cossack Danila Sheludyakov, with whom he had previously lived as a worker. At that time meetings of intruders were held there. At first, it was about escaping to Turkey ... But the conspirators were too attached to their shores. They, instead of escaping, decided to be a new rebellion. Imposture seemed to them a reliable spring. For this, only a stranger was needed, daring and resolute, still unknown to the people. Their choice fell on Pugachev ”(A. S. Pushkin“ The History of the Pugachev Rebellion ”)

“He was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. There was gray in his black beard; living large eyes and ran. His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish. Her hair was cut in a circle" ("The Captain's Daughter")

• 1742 - Emelyan Pugachev was born
• 1772, January 13 - Cossack riot in Yaitsky town (now Uralsk)
• 1772, June 3, 4 - the suppression of the rebellion by the detachment of Major General Freiman
• 1772, December - Pugachev appeared in the Yaik town
• 1773, January - Pugachev was arrested and sent under guard to Kazan
• 1773, January 18 - military college received notification of the identity and capture of Pugachev
• 1773, June 19 - Pugachev escaped from prison
• 1773, September - rumors spread around the Cossack farms that he had appeared, whose death was a lie
• 1773, September 18 - Pugachev with a detachment of up to 300 people appeared near the Yaitsky town, Cossacks began to flock to him
• 1773, September - Capture of the Iletsk town by Pugachev
• 1773, September 24 - the capture of the village of Rassypnaya
• 1773, September 26 - the capture of the village of Nizhne-Ozernaya
• 1773, September 27 - the capture of the Tatishchev fortress
• 1773, September 29 - the capture of the village of Chernorechenskaya
• 1773, October 1 - the capture of the Sakmara town
• 1773, October - The Bashkirs, excited by their foremen (whom Pugachev managed to load with camels and goods captured from the Bukharians), began to attack Russian villages and join the army of rebels in heaps. On October 12, foreman Kaskin Samarov took the Voskresensky copper smelter and formed a detachment of Bashkirs and factory peasants of 600 people with 4 guns. In November, as part of a large detachment of Bashkirs, Salavat Yulaev went over to the side of Pugachev. In December, he formed a large detachment in the northeastern part of Bashkiria and successfully fought with the tsarist troops in the area of ​​the Krasnoufimskaya fortress and Kungur. Service Kalmyks fled from outposts. Mordvins, Chuvashs, Cheremis ceased to obey the Russian authorities. The master's peasants clearly showed their allegiance to the impostor.
• 1773, October 5-18 - Pugachev unsuccessfully tried to capture Orenburg
• October 14, 1773 - Catherine II appointed Major General V. A. Kara as commander of a military expedition to suppress the rebellion
• 1773, October 15 - government manifesto about the appearance of an impostor and exhortation not to succumb to his calls
• 1773, October 17 - Pugachev's henchman captured Demidov's Avzyan-Petrovsky factories, collected guns, provisions, money there, formed a detachment of artisans and factory peasants
• 1773, November 7-10 - battle near the village of Yuzeeva, 98 miles from Orenburg, detachments of the Pugachev chieftains Ovchinnikov and Zarubin-Chik and the vanguard of the Kara corps, Kara retreat to Kazan
• 1773, November 13 - a detachment of Colonel Chernyshev, numbering up to 1100 Cossacks, 600-700 soldiers, 500 Kalmyks, 15 guns and a huge convoy, was captured near Orenburg
• 1773, November 14 - the corps of brigadier Korf, numbering 2,500 people, broke into Orenburg
• 1773, November 28-December 23 - unsuccessful siege of Ufa
• November 27, 1773 - General-in-chief Bibikov was appointed the new commander of the troops opposing Pugachev
• 1773, December 25 - Ataman Arapov's detachment occupied Samara
• 1773, December 25 - Bibikov arrived in Kazan
• December 29, 1773 - Samara was liberated

In total, according to rough estimates of historians, in the ranks of the Pugachev army by the end of 1773 there were from 25 to 40 thousand people, more than half of this number were Bashkir detachments

• 1774, January - Ataman Ovchinnikov stormed the town of Guryev in the lower reaches of the Yaik, captured rich trophies and replenished the detachment with local Cossacks
• 1774, January - A detachment of three thousand Pugachev men under the command of I. Beloborodov approached Yekaterinburg, capturing a number of surrounding fortresses and factories along the way, and on January 20 captured the Demidov Shaitansky plant as the main base of their operations.
• 1774, end of January - Pugachev married a Cossack Ustinya Kuznetsova
• 1774, January 25 - the second, unsuccessful assault on Ufa
• 1774, February 8 - the rebels captured Chelyabinsk (Chelyaba)
• March 1774 - the advance of government troops forced Pugachev to lift the siege of Orenburg
• 1774, March 2 - the St. Petersburg Carabinieri Regiment under the command of I. Mikhelson, previously stationed in Poland, arrived in Kazan
• 1774, March 22 - a battle between government troops and Pugachev's army at the Tatishchev fortress. Defeat of the rebels
• 1774, March 24 - Mikhelson in the battle near Ufa, near the village of Chesnokovka, he defeated the troops under the command of Chiki-Zarubin, and two days later captured Zarubin himself and his entourage
• 1774, April 1 - the defeat of Pugachev in the battle near the Sakmarsky town. Pugachev fled with several hundred Cossacks to the Prechistenskaya fortress, and from there he went to the mining region of the Southern Urals, where the rebels had reliable support
• 1774, April 9 - Bibikov died, lieutenant general Shcherbatov was appointed commander instead of him, which took Golitsyn terribly offended
• 1774, April 12 - the defeat of the rebels in the battle near the Irtets outpost
• 1774, April 16 - the siege of the Yaitsky town is lifted. continued from December 30
• 1774, May 1 - Guryev town was recaptured from the rebels

The general squabble between Golitsyn and Shcherbatov allowed Pugachev to recover from defeat and start the offensive again.

• 1774, May 6 - Pugachev's five thousandth detachment captured the Magnetic Fortress
• 1774, May 20 - the rebels captured the strong Trinity Fortress
• 1774, May 21 - Pugachev's defeat at the Trinity Fortress from the corps of General Dekolong
• 1774, 6, 8, 17, 31 May - battles of the Bashkirs under the command of Salavat Yulaev with the Michelson detachment
• 1774, June 3 - Detachments of Pugachev and S. Yulaev united
• 1774, early June - the campaign of Pugachev's army, in which 2/3 were Bashkirs, to Kazan
• 1774, June 10 - Krasnoufimskaya fortress was captured
• 1774, June 11 - victory in the battle near Kungur against the garrison that made a sortie
• 1774, June 21 - capitulation of the defenders of the Kama town of Osa
• 1774, late June-early July - Pugachev captured the Votkinsk and Izhevsk iron works, Yelabuga, Sarapul, Menzelinsk, Agryz, Zainsk, Mamadysh and other cities and fortresses and approached Kazan
• 1774, July 10 - near the walls of Kazan, Pugachev defeated a detachment under the command of Colonel Tolstoy who came out to meet
• 1774, July 12 - as a result of the assault, the suburbs and the main districts of the city were taken, the garrison locked himself in the Kazan Kremlin. A huge fire broke out in the city. At the same time, Pugachev received news of the approach of Michelson's troops, marching from Ufa, so the Pugachev detachments left the burning city. As a result of a short battle, Mikhelson made his way to the garrison of Kazan, Pugachev retreated across the Kazanka River.
• 1774, July 15 - Michelson's victory near Kazan
• July 15, 1774 - Pugachev announced his intention to march on Moscow. Despite the defeat of his army, the uprising engulfed the entire west coast Volga
• July 28, 1774 - Pugachev captured Saransk and central square announced the "tsar's manifesto" about liberties for the peasants. The enthusiasm that seized the peasants of the Volga region led to the fact that a population of more than a million people was involved in the uprising.

“We grant this nominal decree with our royal and paternal mercy to all who were previously in the peasantry and in the citizenship of the landlords, to be loyal slaves to our own crown; and we reward with an ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, liberty and freedom and forever Cossacks, without requiring recruitment kits, capitation and other cash taxes, ownership of lands, forests, hayfields and fishing, and salt lakes without purchase and without dues; and we free everyone from the nobles and Gradtsk bribe-takers-judges previously imposed from the villains by the peasant and the whole people of the taxes and burdens imposed. Given on July 31st, 1774. By the grace of God, we, Peter the Third, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia and the like"

• 1774, July 29 - Catherine II endowed General-in-Chief Pyotr Ivanovich Panin with emergency powers "in suppressing the rebellion and restoring internal order in the provinces of Orenburg, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod"
• 1774, July 31 - Pugachev in Penza
• 1774, August 7 - Saratov is taken
• 1774, August 21 - unsuccessful assault on Tsaritsyn by Pugachev
• 1774, August 25 - the decisive battle of Pugachev's army with Michelson. Crushing defeat of the rebels. Flight of Pugachev
• 1774, September 8 - Pugachev was captured by the foremen of the Yaik Cossacks
• 1775, January 10 - Pugachev executed in Moscow

The centers of the uprising were extinguished only in the summer of 1775.

Reasons for the defeat of the peasant uprising Pugachev

• The spontaneous nature of the uprising
• Belief in a "good" king
• Lack of a clear action plan
• Vague ideas about the future structure of the state
• The superiority of government troops over the rebels in armament and organization
• Contradictions among the rebels between the Cossack elite and the barren, between the Cossacks and the peasants

The results of the Pugachev rebellion

• Renames: the Yaik River - to the Urals, the Yaitsky army - to the Ural Cossack army, the Yaitsky town - to Uralsk, the Verkhne-Yaik pier - to Verkhneuralsk
• Disaggregation of provinces: 50 instead of 20
• The process of transformation of the Cossack troops into army units
• Cossack officers are more actively transferred to the nobility with the right to own their own serfs
• Tatar and Bashkir princes and murzas are equated to the Russian nobility
• The manifesto of May 19, 1779 somewhat limited the breeders in the use of peasants assigned to the factories, limited the working day and increased wages.

Chapter 1

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin tells different examples of versions of when and why the Cossacks appeared on the Yaik River. Later, Catherine II renamed this river. The name of the river has since been Ural.

And this is how the rebellion started. Kalmyks, who were oppressed by the police in the Russian Empire, began to move to China. The Cossacks who were on the Yaik River wanted to be sent in pursuit. But they refused. Justifying the persecution of their power.

Severe measures were taken to crush the rebellion. The first battle was won by the rebels. Freiman was expelled from Moscow, who suppressed the rebels. The rebels were lashed and imprisoned.

Emelyan Pugachev escaped from the Kazan prison. He was declared leader. They searched for the leader, but in vain. Many Cossacks switched to support him, some simply did not recognize him. Pugachev took possession of entire cities and applied execution to those who refused to submit to him. The ringleader was nicknamed Peter III.

The leader Emelyan took entire fortresses, and the boyars and officers who did not bow their heads before him were punished.

This news also reached Orenburg. The frightened government of Orenburg did everything to prevent Peter III with his army from entering the city. Nevertheless, Pugachev's horde grew and gained power.

The rebels besieged Orenburg itself, due to the oversights of local commanders. The fight for the city went on too long. Reinsdorp released the criminal and intruder Flapper. This criminal has ravaged the land for twenty years.

The cracker was sent and introduced to Pugachev. Emelyan himself decided that he would starve the city. And the army is located in the suburbs. They spent bloody executions, indulged in fornication. The leader of the rebellion always consulted with the Cossacks before acting, unlike themselves. The Cossacks allowed themselves to disregard him.

Generals with an army arrived to defend Orenburg. Without calculating their strength, the army began to retreat. And those who were captured were brutally executed by Pugachev. The Empress realized that things were bad. She sent a reliable man, General Bifikov, to deal with the cruel rebels.

The rebels robbed and stole. The cracker was sent by Pugachev to capture the Ilyinsky fortress. But he received resistance before reaching her. Emelyan Pugachev hastened to help him. At this time, the royal army took up positions in the fortress, to which the rebels were heading. But all the same, the leader took the fortress, and killed all the officers.

Ekaterinburg itself found itself in a perilous position. Catherine ordered Pugachev's house to be burned, and his entire family was deported to Kazan.

Reasonable and wise Bifikov gave rational orders. As a result, the rebel army was driven out of Samara and Zainsk. But Pugachev himself knew about the approach tsarist army. AT hopeless situation was ready to run. And the Yaik Cossacks decided that if they failed to defeat the army, they would surrender Pugachev. This will earn them forgiveness.

Under the pressure of Golitsin, Pugachev calmed down and began to strengthen his army. Golitsin defeated the rebels. True, his army suffered huge losses. Many were wounded and killed in a terrible bloody battle! Pugachev escaped, and the Tatars caught Khlopushka. They handed him over to the governor and soon executed him.

The leader of the rebels decided to go to Orenburg again, not calculating his strength! He was met by the troops of the tsarist army and completely defeated! The main accomplices were taken prisoner.

Despite the fact that the Yaik Cossacks did not have a leader, they continued to do their own thing. They organized the siege of Yaitsky city. The soldiers were starving, so as not to die of hunger, they boiled clay and used it instead of food.

Suddenly, help arrived, which was not expected. Pugachev's wife and some other rebel commanders were sent under guard to Orenburg.

Bibikov himself fell ill and died.

Despite the victories, Pugachev himself was not lucky enough to be captured. Michelson was able to defeat the rebel detachments many times. But the leader still remained at large. He got close to Kazan, and won the battle there. The capture itself was postponed in order to carry it out in the morning.

The rebels captured Kazan. Captives were sent from the city, and the loot was carried.

Mikhelson and Potemkin's army nevertheless liberated Kazan. In a short time they won the battle. They also freed their prisoners. Michelson entered the city like a winner. But the city was completely devastated and plundered. And Pugachev himself was persecuted.

Pugachev hid in the forest, and then moved to the Volga. The entire western side obeyed the impostor, because he promised people liberties and much more. The ringleader wanted to escape to the Kuban, or to Persia. And his people were ready to betray the leader.

Michelson, after a long pursuit, caught up with Pugachev. The shots scared the rebels away and they decided to hand over the impostor. He was sent to Moscow, where he was executed.

Catherine wished to forget everything that happened. She gave the Yaik River a new name - the Urals.

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