Structure of social innovations. Noskova K.A.

Introduction

1. Basic concepts of innovation in the social sphere

1.1 Innovations in the social sphere

1.2 Innovation processes in the social sphere

1.3 Implementation mechanisms

2. Analysis of innovations in the social sphere in the Russian Federation

2.1 Healthcare Innovation

2.2 Innovations in education

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The social sphere is an independent sphere public life, in which diverse social interests are realized in relations social subjects. The social sphere is the area of ​​activity of people engaged in the provision of social benefits and services. The social sphere, in addition to relations, also includes the material and technical base. In modern conditions, the social sphere is a set of social relations and conditions that affect the nature and behavior of people, covering the interests of various social communities, the interests of society and the individual, labor relations, life, culture, health, social security.

The object of the work is the social sphere in Russian Federation.

Subject term paper is innovation in the social sphere.

The paper analyzes the present and future development social sphere Russia.

The aim of the work is to study the state and trends in the development of innovations in the social sphere of the Russian Federation.

The goal made it possible to formulate the tasks that were solved in the work:

1.Consider the basic concepts of the social sphere and innovation in the social sphere.

2.Reveal the mechanisms for the implementation of innovations.

3.To analyze the mechanisms for implementing innovation in the social sphere of the Russian Federation.

1. Basic concepts of innovation in the social sphere

.1 Social innovation

The modern socio-economic development of Russia shows that the innovative way of development is the only way of growth. Only innovation can drive economic growth. At the same time, innovations are always associated with great risks. To mitigate these risks, at least partially, it is necessary to develop and implement a special public policy in the field of support for scientific, technical and innovation activities. The main tool for a technological breakthrough is the turn of investments to innovations, innovative entrepreneurship, for which the forces and means available in the hands of the state should be directed.

On the present stage development economics, in particular the theory of innovation, there is a selection of such areas as the formation of innovations, the dissemination (diffusion) of innovations, the development of innovative solutions, the adaptation and adaptation of innovations to human needs.

The socio-economic development of the country is largely determined by social innovations, which are the main tool for improving the quality of life of the population. In the country, there is now a need to support social innovation. Their role is especially relevant in the field of health protection, where a very unfavorable situation has developed. To date, paid medicine has become widespread, but only 10-20% of the population can afford to pay for medical services. In this regard, the task of doubling the GDP is secondary, while the main task of the state is to increase the level and quality of human life.

Innovation is a development process with specific characteristics and patterns. Innovations began to be perceived as a method of accelerated development of complex systems of social spheres.

Innovation is the process of developing new approaches, technologies and ways of working. This concept is equally applicable both to the means and technologies of work, and to how organizations or individuals behave, work, act. Any innovation starts with a good idea, but it means much more. Innovation is concerned with the process of turning a good idea into something that can be used, implemented or achieved.

The innovation process is a process of transformation scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events, as a result of which an innovation turns from an idea into a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use. In the innovation process, economic relations between creators of innovations, owners of resources and consumers of innovations. These relationships are mediated by the movement of venture capital and information.

The social sphere is a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly connected and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, consumption. To S.S. relates primarily to the service sector (education, culture, health care, social security, Physical Culture, public catering, public services, passenger transport, communications)

The state usually conducts its social policy through local and regional authorities. The state social policy is financed from the state budget. The objects of the social policy of the state are usually large social groups that correspond either to the ideological guidelines of the state at the moment, or value orientations society in the long term.

The goal of the state's social policy is to improve the health of the nation, to provide sufficient income and social support in certain adverse life situations and, in general, to create a favorable social atmosphere for the population in society.

Social policy is integral part general state strategiesrelated to the social sphere: purposeful activity for the development and implementation of decisions directly related to a person, his position in society; to provide him with social guarantees, taking into account the peculiarities various groups of the country's population, carried out by the government, all branches and authorities, based on broad public support, social policy is designed to accumulate, focus, reflect the situation in the country and the situation in society, needs and goals social development.

1.2 Innovation processes in the social sphere

innovation social health education

Innovative processes in the social sphere.

The innovation process can be represented in the following order of stages:

.Idea. A more or less conscious decision to pursue a subject of research, as well as the awakening of interest and curiosity in objects that promise success and economic benefits.

.Opening. Establishing the existence of previously unknown phenomena, materials, dependencies, relationships, etc.

.Study. Theoretical substantiation and experimental verification of a discovery or observation, identification of causes and effects, functional relationships, strengthening or weakening of the effect with a change in parameters.

.Development. Turning the results of research and observations into a design, a prototype, a prototype, in order to make the theoretically identified relationships useful for achieving certain goals.

.Invention. Identification of properties and features of innovation suitable for patenting or publication.

.Implementation. Promotion of a new product to the market or a new technology to production with investments accompanying this phase and presentation of the product on the market.

.Current implementation. Serial production, creation of a sales network.

The innovation process should cover at least all phases before the introduction of a new product to the market or technologies to production. The innovation process is always at great risk. The degree of risk in the implementation of various innovations is different.

As the history of many countries shows, the most favorable period for the emergence of innovations is the depression following the economic crisis. It is believed that depression increases the need for innovation to get out of the crisis. If during periods of economic growth, innovations can contribute to the destabilization of a relatively stable economy, then during periods of socio-economic recession, new ideas are called upon to play the role of a means to overcome the crisis.

The emergence of innovations in the social sphere can be facilitated by such processes as:

- exacerbation of social problems, which requires new approaches to their solution;

- lack of necessary resources for the development of the social sphere, which requires more effective ways to find them;

- the tendency to tighten requirements for the quality of services of social institutions and bring them to international standards.

Identification of the needs of the social sphere for innovation determines the need for a clearer and more adequate formulation of the concept of "innovation" and related concepts, taking into account the characteristics of the social sphere. This will make it possible to develop a set of measures that increase the efficiency of social organizations and services in meeting the social needs of the population.

As noted by many researchers, exact definition innovations there are a number of methodological disagreements - innovations are presented as a process, result, idea, opportunity. Our analysis of modern approaches, as well as publications and publications on this topic, revealed the following general definition of innovation: innovation is a realized creative idea that has created a new value. Based on this definition, it is possible to formulate a definition of the innovation process as a process of transforming an idea into an innovation, which includes three stages:

idea generation stage (creative stage),

idea implementation stage

stage of implementation (commercialization) of the idea.

This definition of the innovation process allows us to look at the task of creating innovations, in particular in the social sphere, from the point of view of achieving the goals of each of the stages of this process. Therefore, we will consider the stages of the innovation process in more detail and highlight their features in relation to the social sphere.

The stage of generating new ideas can be described as the creative aspect of the innovation process. Some researchers define creativity as the leading role, since without ideas there will be no chance for their implementation. The process of creativity, or creativity, "consists of looking at what everyone sees and thinking about what no one has thought of." This definition reflects the ability of a creative person to consider the situation “with different eyes” and see favorable opportunities where others see only problems. However, creativity is important not only at the individual level: the awareness of what is acceptable within a certain system (group, organization, etc.) also affects the level of creative activity.

Innovative change will be more successful than most of employees will be involved in identifying and solving its problems. As the best practices of social services and institutions show, the participation of employees in the innovation process is the most important form of development of the organization's personnel. Success in managing innovation in social organizations depends on:

· organizational cohesion;

· on the degree of involvement of the leader in innovation management;

· from constant contact with employees, delegating them the right to make key decisions and from the readiness of the leader to remove barriers to innovation.

Of great importance is the training of social work specialists in methods of managing innovative processes and developing creativity in order to prevent the effect of “staff resistance to innovations”. In the case when the professional activity of a specialist is impoverished, stereotyped, rigidly fixed in the same actions and results, various manifestations of professional deformations, a decrease in work efficiency, and professional burnout are observed.

In order to strengthen the innovative activity of personnel in social organizations and prevent personnel resistance to innovations, it is necessary to use various motivating actions, including material and moral incentives for innovative employees, maintaining effective communications by employees both within the organization and outside it. The personnel of institutions should be well aware of the strategic and practical tasks that are necessary for the development of the organization.

The innovative functions of a social worker should be manifested in a creative approach to social activities, in the search for new, better technologies of social services, in the generalization and implementation of best practices, in the ability to use weak and strengths activities of a social organization.

At the creative stage of the innovation process, it is very important to use all possible sources of innovation opportunities. Among them are:

· search for unforeseen events and take into account their impact;

· search for a discrepancy between the desired and the actual;

· changes in market structure and legal restrictions;

· new knowledge and technologies;

· demographic changes;

· urgent need of customers.

Moreover, the most significant from the standpoint of achieving the goal of social work is the satisfaction of the needs of clients in social services. An assessment of the needs for such services can be carried out in terms of their volume, range, available resources government agencies, organization or specific social worker. Despite the fact that the system of social services has been developing in our country for a decade and a half, the most common of all types of services are still the issuance of cash and material assistance.

The experience of a number of countries shows that innovative social work should be based on a leading, heuristic offer of services, which will generate a conscious demand for them. In particular, innovations in the social sphere can be more related to:

employment, income, quality of life of the population;

health care, motherhood and childhood, people's life savings;

all types and forms of education;

culture and leisure;

social protection;

ensuring the rights of citizens to housing;

public safety;

environmental protection;

work with refugees and forced migrants;

public guardianship for children, the disabled, the elderly and the poor.

The main result of the creative stage of the innovation process should be innovative ideas. But any idea, no matter how wonderful it is, requires effort to implement it. The embodiment of an innovative idea is a well-organized action to turn it into a product (goods, services, processes, technologies). The implementation stage involves assessing the potential of the idea, determining the required amount of resources for its implementation and developing the necessary organizational model.

To expand high-quality social services of a social service, serious state support is required for social institutions that act as a center for the development and implementation of innovative methods and technologies in working with different groups of the population. Sources of funding for innovation activities of such institutions can be both external and internal.

External financing involves the attraction of funds from the state, financial and credit organizations, individual citizens and non-financial organizations. Internal sources financing of innovative activities of social organizations may include part of the profit of the organization, part of depreciation, share capital, etc. Widespread in a number of regions of Russia are also full or partial financing on a competitive basis of innovative programs and projects at the expense of the region's budget; provision of budget loans for the implementation of social innovations. Of great importance is the development and implementation in the activities of social services of legal documents that contribute to the development of innovative activities in the regions.

At present, the process of implementing innovation is quite well developed at the theoretical level, there are many models that describe various aspects of the process of implementing innovations. One of the most common methods for implementing innovations in the social sphere is design method. Among the advantages of this method, experts name the possibility within the framework of the project to effectively achieve the goals set in the conditions of the given parameters: terms, cost, quality, etc.

However, when implementing innovations in the social sphere, it is necessary to take into account the features associated with the non-commercial nature of relations. As you know, the funding model of a non-profit organization is based on the budget (external funds) and not on profits (own funds). In addition, a non-profit organization has a large number of stakeholders, which, given the social specificity of its activities, reduces the potential for innovation. The focus of non-profit organizations on the achievement of certain ideals makes it difficult to evaluate their activities in terms of comparing costs and results. It is these features that determine the difficulties of implementing innovations in the social sphere.

The first stage is the creation of innovations, research and development, preparation of design and technological documentation.

The second stage is the introduction (commercialization) of innovations. Since an innovation can only be considered as such if its implementation has brought a result useful to the target group, the main goal of the innovation process at this stage is to get value from the introduction of an innovative idea. Value can be determined by the quality and uniqueness of the product, as well as the extent to which the product satisfies the needs of the target group or solves its problems. The value can also be the additional benefits associated with the implementation of the innovation. For an organization implementing innovation, the main task is to maximize the value of the final product obtained from the implementation of a creative idea. In practice, value is defined in different ways: as a financial gain, an increase in quality, an increase in convenience, a reduction in costs. In non-profit organizations, the return of funds cannot be considered a criterion for the success of an innovation, and therefore the value should be determined by other criteria related primarily to social attitudes and norms of society.

An important issue in the implementation of innovations is to take into account the risks of this process and use the most appropriate organizational structures. Due to the complexity and complexity of the process of introducing social innovations, the presence of a large number of stakeholders, the high risk of this process, it becomes necessary to create specialized structures whose task would be to combine the efforts and resources of the interaction participants to achieve mutually beneficial goals. These structures can be technologically active complexes with an integrated organizational structure, specialized forms, research centers, and various supporting structures. These complexes should be aimed at ensuring a stable relationship within a vast innovation infrastructure, have developed networks of informal information exchange to create channels for introducing social innovations.

Since the social sphere is more characterized by efficiency innovations (supporting innovations) aimed at modifying existing mechanisms and practices, improving or modifying social services and social programs, it becomes necessary to transform the activities of directly social organizations.

As practice shows, the need for innovation in the social sphere is largely due to the internal need of a social organization to increase its resources through innovation. The main difference between innovative organizations lies in the orientation towards changes that become the norm for their activities. The activities of such social organizations are characterized by the following features:

· constant activity to create innovations;

· financing the creation of innovations, carried out separately from current activities.

Thus, the effectiveness of the innovation process is determined by the total effect of the introduction of innovative ideas, i.e. value for the target group. Social innovation should be aimed at solving the most pressing problems facing the state and society in ensuring social well-being and social rights of the population.

As promising areas of innovative activity in the social sphere, one can single out such areas as:

· expanding the range of social services to meet the social needs of different groups of the population (social service);

· an increase in the subjects of innovative activity, their involvement in the process of solving social problems of the general population (social partnership);

· informatization of the social sphere as the basis of modern scientific and technological progress;

· introduction into practice of social institutions, services of innovative development strategies related to the development of new, better goods and services for the population, etc.

Sustainable innovative development involves the implementation of social policy on new principles, including:

- mutual solidary responsibility of all subjects of social policy (the state, non-governmental organizations, business structures, social workers, directly citizens for the results of social development);

- openness of social policy to society;

- development traditional forms social work with citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

The mission of social work as a form of activity is aimed at achieving positive changes in various fields vital activity. As a special technology for managing integration processes in society, social work is designed to ensure social peace and social well-being in society. Therefore, the search for alternative ways of renewal is closely associated with the introduction of innovations in all spheres of life.

.3 Implementation mechanisms

The formation and functioning of the mechanism for the implementation and management of social processes are determined by objective needs and trends community development. It is the needs and trends that predetermine the structure of the mechanism, the set and use of its components.

At its core, the mechanism for the implementation of social policy is a complex system of institutional and non-institutional subjects of social life, the interaction of which allows us to theoretically comprehend the social interests of citizens, social groups the general population, to develop social strategy state and social programs and organize the coordinated subject-practical activities of state bodies, civil society institutions, citizens for their implementation on the basis of the existing legal framework.

The mechanism for the implementation of social policy in Russia is focused on solving the most important social problems.

The mechanism for implementing the social sphere has a complex structure:

the subject of the sphere of politics - the state in the aggregate of all its bodies, focused on the regulation of social relations; political parties; socio-political movements and other institutions of civil society;

the object of the sphere of politics - social processes in society in all their content diversity and various forms of manifestation;

systems of normative legal acts regulating the interaction between subjects and objects of the social sphere;

methods for implementing the social sphere:

subject-political activity to solve the problems of the social sphere at various stages, including the evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of social programs.

2. Analysis of innovations in the social sphere in the Russian Federation

Today in Russia there is a colossal hunger for social innovations. All aspects of the social sphere need updating.

It has traditionally been considered and is considered that the social sphere is very conservative. People get used to living in certain conditions and are afraid of changes even where they are urgently needed. Secondly, almost all innovations in the social sphere are adopted without taking into account the positions of the citizens themselves. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to interact with people and prepare them for innovative changes.

For example, how difficult is the process of transition to electronic media. Simply because many, especially the elderly, do not have the most simple skills computer work. Sometimes they don't even know how to turn it on. Therefore, the computer literacy training program for older people did not arise by chance. Until we teach citizens to enjoy the benefits of innovative achievements, we will continue to meet resistance from their side to any changes.

Over the past three years, about 200 projects have passed through the Center for Social Innovations. But one of the first areas in which innovative changes began was healthcare. .

2.1 Innovation in healthcare

Innovations in the field of healthcare are carried out in the form of the creation of new technologies, medical devices, drugs, treatment methods, or organizational processes introduced into the production of goods or the provision of services.

From the standpoint of innovation management, it is advisable to single out the following types of innovations in the field of healthcare:

· Medical technological innovations that are associated with the emergence of new methods (methods, techniques) of prevention, diagnosis and treatment based on existing drugs (equipment) or new combinations of their use;

· Organizational innovations that implement effective restructuring of the health system, improving the organization of work of personnel and org. management structures.

· Economic innovations that ensure the introduction of modern methods of planning, financing, stimulating and analyzing the activities of healthcare institutions;

· Information technology innovations aimed at automating the processes of collecting, processing, analyzing information flows in the industry;

· Medical-pharmaceutical, medical-technical innovations, which are a kind of medical technological innovations, however, assuming, as an imperative, the use of new medicines ( technical systems), competitive in price and the main parameters of medical efficiency.

Product and process innovations in the healthcare system include those that cover both a system for preventing and treating a disease, rehabilitating patients, creating fundamentally new drugs, new medical equipment and equipment, new information, accounting, management and other benefits that improve the quality of medical services, etc.

In the field of investing in medical innovations, the Russian specificity is such that the state is the main investor in advanced medical technologies.

For successful development medicine needs the right combination of clear state guarantees to the population and equal rights of all market participants, regardless of ownership. As for the possibility of partial investment in innovative technologies, it is constrained, on the one hand, by insufficient information support, and, on the other hand, by the lack of clear state guarantees and preferences.

As noted in the National report "Innovative development - the basis for the modernization of the Russian economy", in Russia, which is making the transition to a modern model of economic growth, the level of innovation activity remains unacceptably low for a world power.

New goals related to stimulation and infrastructural support for the development of science and innovation, as before, are not being fully implemented, their legislative and law enforcement support is imperfect, moreover, it is late or postponed for an indefinite period.

It is alarming that on a national scale the effect of innovation is almost imperceptible, there are no close, permanent and productive contacts between science and business, and the effective functioning of the national innovation system as a whole.

Elimination of the main problems in the development of science, education, innovation requires significant resource and time costs. However, delaying their resolution is fraught not only with the conservation of the current situation, but also with the quite likely degradation of all the basic elements of the innovation cycle. Insufficient funding hinders the implementation of effective innovation projects, thereby reducing the overall level of innovation activity in the economy.

It should be noted that the developments created by domestic enterprises and universities are in little demand. This is due, first of all, to insufficient funding for healthcare and the legislative insecurity of domestic developments. Further development This situation can lead, in particular, to the systematic purchase of extremely expensive foreign equipment, the introduction of domestic developments through foreign firms and, as a result, an increase in the cost of domestic healthcare.

Despite the growth of investments in health care, Russia lags far behind the advanced countries in terms of funding and indicators that determine the level of development medical science. In most countries of the world, appropriations for "human sciences" make up at least 30% of the total expenditure on basic research.

The issues of maintaining the necessary condition of medical devices and the use of federal budget funds and non-budgetary sources allocated for their production, purchase, proper operation and disposal are not adequately addressed. Currently, many areas of modern medicine require serious technological equipment. The implementation of modern technologies in domestic practical health care institutions is hindered, among other things, due to the lack of effective mechanisms for the admission of these technologies to the market.

Thus, innovation can be technical, involving the development or improvement of products or processes, or administrative, i.e. be aimed at improving the organizational structure and processes for managing and implementing work. Such innovations can often be carried out independently of each other. However, in some cases, the implementation of innovation in one area may depend on or even require innovation in another.

As follows from the program documents of the Government of the Russian Federation, the innovative model of healthcare development provides for close interaction between the healthcare system and medical science, planning of scientific medical research depending on the needs of healthcare, active implementation of scientific results in medical practice, as well as targeted training of specialists capable of ensuring the implementation of scientific achievements.

At the moment, Russia has the components necessary for the development of innovative medical technologies: investors, companies importing foreign innovative developments, and inventors.

The unity of science, education and practice should provide healthcare not only with fundamentally new ways of diagnosing and treating a wide variety of diseases, but also modern methods quality management in health care.

The continuous progressive process of updating medical technologies, which ensures an increase in the effectiveness of treatment and prevention, requires the formation and adequate financial support targeted scientific programs in priority areas of development of medicine and healthcare.

2.2 Innovations in education

The education reform should be carried out taking into account the principle of "do no harm". The organizational and technical conditions for the implementation of education require the main attention, especially for institutions providing general secondary school training in the countryside and in small towns of the country.

Secondary vocational education needs special attention, which should train specialists capable of integrating into new and latest technologies. Restructuring higher education aims to train highly qualified professionals who combine education with the implementation of research work. Funding for education should come from three sources: the state budget (mainly at the regional level), enterprises that prepare for themselves the workforce of the required qualifications, and citizens choosing paid forms of education.

The state, represented by its legislative bodies, determines the minimum educational "basket" to which every citizen of the country has access.

The practical implementation of social reforms determines three features of the algorithm for their implementation:

the main condition for the success of reforms is consistency and interconnection with the overall strategy of social policy;

the root component of all its segments is the transformation of the wage model;

in conditions of monstrous polarization, the ideology of social reforms cannot but have a redistributive character, implemented through taxes and social insurance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, let us briefly summarize the main results that we came to in the process of a multidimensional analysis of innovations in the social sphere.

We have come to understand social innovation as a consciously organized innovation or a new phenomenon in the practice of social work, which is formed at a certain stage in the development of society in accordance with changing social conditions and has the goal of effective positive transformation in the social sphere.

innovative social technologies are such methods, techniques of innovative activity that are aimed at creating and materializing innovations in society, the implementation of such initiatives that cause qualitative changes in various areas of social life, lead to the rational use of material and other resources in society.

Today, there is practically no sphere in society that would not be covered by innovative processes to one degree or another. The dynamics of the transformations taking place in the country had practically no effect on social service institutions. Even about real prospects the emergence and development of the social services market is out of the question at a time when the state is in no hurry to part with its leading role. Accordingly, such conservatism holds back the initiative of both existing public institutions social services, and does not welcome the emergence of institutions of the non-state sector.

The main goal of innovative activity in the social sphere is to solve the social problems of modern society. If the proposed innovation allows at least to reduce the acuteness of the social problem, then they should be provided with the support of state authorities. Such innovations are effective because they improve the quality of life of the population.

In addition to achieving the main goal, innovations are designed to solve the following tasks:

improving the efficiency of enterprises and organizations in the social sphere;

improving the quality of social services by better matching the changing requirements of society;

reducing social inequality by increasing the availability of services.

Innovations in the social sphere are characterized by the following features:

high uncertainty of consequences of large innovations;

the complexity of assessing the effect of innovation;

the complexity of innovation: the new concept of education gives rise to the need to develop new methods, change the organizational structure.

In addition, social innovations have an impact on large groups of people and are often non-commercial or have a long payback period.

The main areas of innovation in social work today are:

Expansion of the circle of subjects of social activity, involvement in the process of solving social problems of the general population, which leads to an increase in social activity and social self-activity, as well as to social self-service of the population.

Informatization of the social sphere. Informatization of the social sphere is understood here as a socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting information needs and realizing the rights of citizens, public authorities, local governments, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.

Individualization of social services, moving away from mass production.

Increasing the diversity of organizational forms and technologies to meet social needs.

The social sphere is one of those areas where innovations are simply necessary. After all, innovation is a movement forward, the search for new, more effective, rational ways to solve the issues raised, without new technologies we will still stagnate, but at the same time life does not stand still, the issues being resolved become more complicated and require new approaches.

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We, dear readers, live in a very interesting time when the world community is in search of new solutions, when old algorithms no longer work, and new ones are not yet reliable, when people are in some confusion, since you can’t change everything radically, this is fraught with consequences. Science suggests that it is necessary to adapt what is available to the new challenges of the time. Social innovation can be a topical endeavor. What is it and will it work? We will consider these questions in the article.

The author of the term is Muhammad Yunus. A very distinguished professor of economics from Bangladesh, as well as a pioneer in microfinance and a cunning banker who received the Nobel Peace Prize for developing a social and economic model “from below”.

In his work, social innovation is characterized by three main criteria:

– new ideas, technologies and different strategies,

– assist in solving socially significant problems,

- provoke social change.

Muhammad Yunus, Managing Director of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. World Economic Forum / flickr.com (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

If all three criteria are met, a certain technology can be called a social innovation. Often, this phenomenon includes modern health systems, education, social systems, as well as communication systems and technologies that use innovative methods.

Such systems and the significance of social change have been spoken about by many scientists and public figures such as Benjamin Franklin, Max Weber, Karl Marx, Emil Durkheim and Joseph Schumpeter.

The attention of scientists to this issue indicates the extraordinary relevance of this topic in the past, but for us the most important thing is to understand: what is the role of social innovation in our time.

Frost & Sullivan, which specializes in global development consulting, has done an interesting study with Japanese technology giant Hitachi.

They predict that half of the world's population will live in megacities, and these cities themselves will be "smart", as if by 2020 we will step into the world of "Star Wars" and some of us will have lightsabers.

This is a social media project that involves great amount Canadians into a dialogue about who Canadians are and who they want to be.

Jokes aside, however, this study proposes the concept of social innovation, which includes technologies and new business models designed to help improve the quality of life and the condition of infrastructures in order to create a process sustainable development societies where equally environmental and economic needs are met.

Dieter Rennert (CEO of Hitachi) firmly believes that the business is there to help in this difficult task. But this study does not take into account the level of consciousness of society, this is possible only where self-confident civil society governs the laws of the market. However, let's not get ahead of ourselves, all this sounds too vague to draw any conclusions.

First, it is necessary, so to speak, to "feel" this phenomenon, namely, to understand the existing examples.

Let's start with a Canadian organization like the Center for Social Innovation. Thanks to her activities and those of her kind, Toronto has become one of the most comfortable places for life in the world according to one of the ratings.

When you go to the main page of their site socialinnovation.org, the motto immediately catches your eye: "Our vision is where we put the planet and people first." This saying very capaciously defines the anthropological attitude of the so-called "Western world" to the modern world order. It is on the basis of this understanding that modern socialism is built. Interestingly, one phrase hides so many meanings that, in addition to understanding the world, it also contains a deep consciousness of society, and most importantly, of entrepreneurs - the main engines of economic development.

– put people and the planet first;

- be a determined innovator;

- Emphasize communication and collaboration;

- be yourself;

– create social change and enjoy it;

- be an optimist;

- be open and friendly;

- "blow people's brains" (in the good, creative sense of this expression!);

Change happens when people decide to make it.

Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne at the Center for Social Innovation, Toronto, 2015. Jason Hargrove / flickr.com (CC BY 2.0)

These principles enable us to understand what kind of organization this is. Namely: this is a community of people with social tasks, active entrepreneurs who help each other. But how?

Before answering this question, let's take a look at a few organizations that make up this community, which is made up of 1,000 non-profit, charitable and socially oriented companies that employ more than 2,500 people and have a combined turnover of $ 250 million.

One of them is called "ZooShare", their main slogan is "Zoo and poo", which means "menagerie and feces" in translation. This organization raised $2.2 million from citizens who live nearby to build the first zoo that will create energy from animal waste, and at the same time earn a decent amount for investors living nearby.

Russia also has interesting examples of social innovation.

Another organization is the "Challenge for Change" (С4С). This is a social media project that engages a huge number of Canadians in a public dialogue about who Canadians are and who they want to be. This organization helps to mobilize civil society so that government decisions are legitimate and based on the opinion of the country's inhabitants.

Now it's time to figure out how the Center of Social Innovations helps its members. There are three main areas for which companies are willing to pay considerable membership fees. The first is the so-called "Business Model Accelerators", that is, it is a continuous training program based on a large number of working business models.

Over 20,000 petitions have already won in 196 countries around the world.

The second is the provision of interest-free loans up to $25,000, and, in the end, the provision of a workspace where there are a large number of potential partners who live by the common idea of ​​goodness and social justice, and who are also ready to work without sparing themselves. By and large, finding like-minded people is not so easy, but here you are offered such a space.

In general, such organizations exist all over the world and create a certain direction of development. For example, an organization called B-Lab, which certifies various business models as a "B-corporation". "B" is understood as benefit, so these are corporations from which one can benefit.

This NGO is trying to create an international movement of people who use commerce as a force for good. B-Corporations include the change.org website, where you can create a petition and find like-minded people who are ready to sign it. Over 20,000 petitions have already won in 196 countries around the world.

What is happening with this direction in our country? In our country, there is a federal program for social entrepreneurs - “social innovations”, as well as the Agency for Social Investments and Innovations. However, the analysis of the websites of the above-named teams makes it possible to conclude that the global trend of kindness is a little distorted in our country. The main focus is on entrepreneurship, and not on innovation and the social idea, however, the so-called "cases" concrete examples social entrepreneurs are almost impossible to find on the site.

However, Russia also has interesting examples of social innovation. One of the most striking is "Ecopad". The ideological inspirer of the company, Alexei Travin, worked in a printing house and quickly noticed that a lot of paper was not used and was thrown away. He began to collect it, hired a staff of young mothers on maternity leave who did not want to sit idle, and began to create original notebooks and notebooks from this paper.

Summing up, I would like to note that the idea that people have begun to think about each other, create conditions and improve the quality of life sounds extremely optimistic. However, we should not forget that it is not the desire for social change that drives this process, but a conscious civil society. Without this society, it is impossible to achieve any socially significant task.

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According to Wikipedia

Social innovation refers to new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that address all social needs, from working conditions and education to community development and health care, contributing to the expansion and strengthening of civil society.

This concept has many intersecting meanings. Social innovation can be associated with innovative social processes, such as the methods and technologies of open access sources. On the other hand, they are associated with socially oriented innovations such as microcredit and distance learning. The concept of "social innovation" is applicable to social entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship does not have to be innovative, but it can be a conductor of innovation), is related to the processes of modernization of public policy and management. Social innovation can take place in the public sector, in the commercial, non-profit and public sectors, as well as in the areas of interaction between them. A large number of research is devoted to creating conditions for intersectoral cooperation aimed at social transformation. Social innovations are becoming increasingly important in the scientific and educational environment.

Outstanding examples of social entrepreneurship are the activities of Muhammad Yunus, the founder of the Grameen Bank, who opened new way supporting the development of innovation through the provision of microcredit to the population of a number of developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and Stephen Goldsmith, the former mayor of Indianapolis, who managed to get the private sector involved in city services.

Social innovation was discussed in the writings of such figures as Peter Drucker and Michael Young (founder of the Open University and a dozen other organizations) in the 1960s. In the 1970s, the term began to be used French authors, in particular, Pierre Rosanvallon, Jacques Fournier and Jacques Atalli. However, social innovations and their manifestations arose long before that. Benjamin Franklin, for example, proposed a number of modifications regarding the social organization of communities, with the help of which they could solve their daily tasks. Many radical reformers of the 19th century, such as Robert Owen, who is considered the founder of the cooperative movement, contributed to social transformation, and the great sociologists, Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim drew attention to the various processes associated with social change.

Social innovation studies gained popularity in the 20th century. Joseph Schumpeter, for example, studied innovation processes in the light of his theory of "creative destruction" and proposed that entrepreneurs be seen as using existing things to create new products and services in new ways. Since the 1980s, writings on technological change have increasingly focused on social factors and their impact on the diffusion of technology.

The period of the 2000s is characterized by such manifestations of social innovation as blogs and websites, as well as organizations operating at the intersection of academic research and practical implementation.

The main areas of social innovation include:

Innovations in the field of public services, first introduced in a number of Scandinavian and Asian countries. Governments are increasingly aware of the need for modernization in areas such as health care, education and democracy development.

Social entrepreneurship, manifested in the creation of new socially-oriented organizations.

Business - especially in the service sector.

Open access sources that bring intellectual property into the public domain.

Complex adaptive systems with built-in mechanisms to adapt to changing conditions.

A participatory approach that brings together the efforts of all stakeholders, such as shareholders and managers jointly making decisions about business development, or businesses interacting with government regulators to improve legislation.

Distribution (diffusion) of innovations, manifested in the discovery of new areas of application and improvement of innovations that continue after their introduction.

Local aspects that create favorable local conditions for the introduction of innovations.

Institutional support: at the government level, political and public figures, foundations, partner organizations that combine funds provided by the public, private and corporate sectors.

A socio-economic phenomenon is a phenomenon modern development public relations, a system of life, the elements of which are interconnected and interacting social and economic institutions. A socio-economic phenomenon characterizes systemic qualities.

A socio-economic phenomenon is a phenomenon that is the result of the joint economic activity of people. Innovation refers to such activities and includes technological, social, organizational, and marketing processes. Innovations are classified according to a number of features characteristic of a socio-economic phenomenon. From the point of view of an observer, innovation as a socio-economic phenomenon can be: permanent, periodic, episodic.

Research and development activities and innovation contribute to economic growth, competitiveness and employment of the country's population. In innovation, the state plays its role by creating innovation policies and incentives to support research activities, while organizations and companies develop competitiveness and employment. The productivity of companies is related to their ability to use services that have an innovative and know-how component, share their research, innovative potential, and work together with research centers.

Innovation policy

Innovation policy can be defined as any government intervention aimed at solving socio-economic problems by promoting the creation or adoption of a new solution that generates new economic or social values. This definition assumes that the job is already done for government intervention and that existing innovation capacity cannot deliver the required solutions without further intervention in existing innovation systems. Innovation policy has its meaning in recognizing the problems that need to be solved through innovation.

Systems approach to innovation

Innovation as a socio-economic phenomenon in our country has not yet received proper development. Until recently, innovations were understood as technological changes in the production of products, now innovations are systemic. Innovation results from complex interactions between many people, organizations and environments. Innovation consists of the following interrelated areas: innovative business models; innovative organization; innovation processes; innovative technologies; innovative marketing; innovative products. A systems approach to innovation can be used to stimulate and support innovation, as well as to overcome institutional barriers to integration.

Thus, innovation as a system is a set of interconnected and interacting human capital, authorities, consumers and an innovative product.

Technological innovation has become one of the main drivers of progress. Innovation relies on intangible assets such as creativity, knowledge and experience. These intangible assets are the most valuable resources of our time, just as raw materials were during the period of industrialization. Innovations are considered as a socio-economic phenomenon. Socio-economic innovation is needed to meet urgent unmet needs.

In innovative activity, to increase productivity, material resources are replaced by intangible assets, human capital. Intangible assets have become social and economic resources in their own right, assuming the privileged role that raw materials once provided.

The innovative economy includes the economy itself, as well as human capital, whose activities are aimed at the development of modern, high-tech, high-performance competitive industries for the production of products in demand in the domestic and foreign markets. The source of innovation is human capital.

Social innovation

The term "social innovation" is currently the most popular trend in sociology, economics, social and political sciences. Social innovation is new ideas that work to meet urgent unmet needs and improve people's lives. Social innovation is innovation that is social in its ends and means.

Social innovation is an initiative, a complex process of introducing new high-tech products, processes or programs that fundamentally change the basic procedures, resources, production technologies, the worldview of the authorities of a social system or the beliefs of any social system (for example, individual people organizations, districts, communities, societies as a whole). Social innovation is an important factor in overall social and environmental sustainability. Social innovations are good for society and inspire society to action.

Poverty, homelessness, violence are all examples of social problems that need specialized solutions. Social innovation solves these problems by applying new knowledge and strategies.

Innovation as a socio-economic phenomenon is based on the knowledge of human cognition, the psychology of decision-making, as well as knowledge of the mathematics of socio-economic phenomena.

From an economic perspective, social innovation refers to innovative activities and services that are motivated to meet social needs and that are predominantly disseminated through social organizations.

Social innovation cannot be equated with social economics, which successfully measures economic impacts.

Socio-economic innovation is built on the non-profit component of the social economy and community economic development, which are focused on economic consequences innovation. Socio-economic innovation explores new approaches to community and regional development that cut across "social" and "economic" domains to create multiple outcomes for communities and regions. The development of knowledge on socio-economic innovation aims to develop tools, resources and approaches that can help practitioners and policy makers address ingrained problems in new ways.

AT broad sense The socio-economic phenomenon of innovation includes political, social, cultural, regulatory and environmental variables. Innovation can be described as the interaction of social progress and economic success.

Sami Mahroum Innovation Policies and Socio-economic Goals: An Analytic-diagnostic Framework. INSEAD Abu Dhabi Campus P.O. Box 48049. 2012/35/IIPI [ Electronic resource] URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2026444 (accessed 28.10.2012).

Geoff Mulgan, The Process of Social Innovation, in “Innovations. Technology, Governance, Globalizations”, Spring 2006, MITpress, Boston, p.146.

Social Innovation Department

"Innovative development of social sectors".

Head of task Dr. S.S.

The topic is a continuation of the previous studies “Social innovations as a source of sustainable development of the Belarusian society: human and organizational potential”.

Society, understood as a country-state, is an integral multi-level system structured on various grounds - territorial-administrative, regional, social class, etc. From a methodological point of view, the basic is the division of the social system into the spheres of society, constituted according strategic purpose, the nature of connections and ways of interacting with other areas, the role in maintaining the integrity of the system and its perspective development. The main spheres of society are the economic, political, social and spiritual spheres. The social sphere reflects the social class structure of society, the differentiation and stratification of individuals according to their social status and combining according to this criterion in certain groups(classes, strata), with the corresponding relationships between them. The strategic purpose of the social sphere is to create optimal and effective conditions for the life support of the population on the basis of rational use resources of other spheres: material - from the sphere of economy, organizational - from politics, intellectual - from the spiritual sphere. The main existential tasks of the social sphere include the following:

prevention of excessive and unjustified (unfair) stratification;

prevention social conflicts on this basis;

development of human and social capital by expanding access to education and improving its quality in accordance with social needs, as well as creating an atmosphere of trust between people, social groups, confessions and in relations and in the relations of the population social institutions, authorities;

formation of a healthy lifestyle, improvement of the quality of medical care, disease prevention, etc.;

increasing the level of social well-being by optimizing the social factors that determine this phenomenon;

maintenance and full implementation of social standards of public services, especially in rural areas;

meeting the needs for rational nutrition, housing and communal services, transport and other services.

Taking into account the variety of common tasks, the social sphere, as a subsystem of society, is structured according to the sectoral principle. It highlights such sectors as education, healthcare, housing and communal services, public transport, catering, household service, sports and tourism, pensions, social protection, social and labor relations and labor safety. The most important imperative of the prospective movement of society, arising from its integral systemic nature, is the requirement that the innovative course of the country's development does not focus on the economy, but spreads and includes other areas, including the social one. With regard to the social sphere, this is due, firstly, to the social orientation of the economy, the strategic goals of improving the level and quality of life of people, and secondly, to the complementarity of these areas, and hence the potential contribution of the social sphere to economic growth. This means an increase in business and innovation activity on the basis of a separate program, which is currently being developed by the Government of the country. The main thing in it is the development of human capital and the stimulation of innovative activity in the national economy. Thus, the innovative development of social sectors leads to the growth of human and social capital, which is the basis of innovative susceptibility, attitude and activity of people in their production and economic activities at specific enterprises (firms) and workplaces.

During the post-Soviet period of the existence of the sovereign independent state of Belarus, reforms were gradually and steadily carried out in the social sphere, aimed at creating a regulatory and legislative framework and material and technical support for all sectors. At present, the social sphere as a single systemic complex of people's life support includes seventeen main areas (industries) - social protection, education, health care, employment, recreation, physical culture, sports and tourism, ecology, housing and communal services, nutrition, etc. The difficulty is in the fact that none of these areas can be left without attention, however, it seems impossible to carry out reforms on a “broad front”, simultaneously in all areas. Firstly, because of the dispersion of funds; secondly, because of the risk of negative synergy effects in case of synchronization of the processes of liberalization of various sectors of the social sphere.

The society's need for innovative approaches, the search for new methods, techniques and technologies in improving the sectors of the social sphere, solving urgent social problems at the local level and others is rapidly growing. This need stems from the fact that, on the one hand, social processes are accelerating, on the other hand, simple borrowing from certain methods or techniques becomes difficult or impossible due to noticeable cultural, economic, historical, psychological and other differences. There are problems, but "foreign" schemes are not suitable for solving them, it is necessary to look for your own original options, based on the totality of factors and taking into account the predicted results. The peculiarity of social innovations is that they cannot be technical inventions, simply transferred from one environment to another and rooted, regardless of the special constellation (constellatio - confluence, location) of circumstances. The most that can be taken, for example, from Chile's pension system - which is recognized as sound and progressive - is the general idea and experience of mistakes; the actual innovation in this area must be developed independently, taking into account not only financial capabilities, but also psychology, historical and cultural context, the state of the banking system, political stability, and much more. In addition, certain contradictions and difficulties arise in the implementation of any social innovations.

It is necessary to rely on one's own experience of social innovations. So, back in the 70s, Minsk became famous both for its unprecedented population growth (in order to receive federal funding for the construction of the metro), and for the highest culture of pedestrian traffic. Today, many do not believe that people stood at the crossroads waiting for a green traffic light even when there was not a single car at a distance of five hundred meters. Both innovations were carried out "from above", but with the undoubted support of the population, that is, in fact, "the whole world." Today, such tasks of the societal level as the revival of the village, environmental safety, overcoming the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, resource and energy conservation (social and psychological aspects), etc., have been put on the agenda. Their implementation objectively requires not only new technical and technological solutions, but also social innovation.

As for the epistemological side of the problematic situation, there are a large number of ambiguities and contradictions. Let's note some of them. First, the polymorphism of the original term “social” leads to the fact that the concept of social innovation is used in different, often inconsistent with each other, meanings. In a broad sense, social innovations are understood as everything that, by its consequences, causes qualitative transformations of society and its institutions, including demographic, political, economic, etc.; narrowly, these are changes in the social sphere. Secondly, the nature of the innovation itself: should social innovations include spontaneous changes or only purposeful ones; local or general; constructive or/and destructive; rational or/and irrational.

An innovative search should always be aimed at solving actual problems, it is appropriate and necessary where and when the previous justified methods are not applicable or do not give the desired effect. From a theoretical and methodological point of view, it is extremely important to observe the proper measure of social transformations in order to lead a society or its individual subsystems and institutions between such ontological categories as "stability" and "variability", "integrity" and "fragmentation", "order" and "chaos", "continuity" and "renewal". It is impossible to specify such a measure in the abstract, but since the subject of social innovations are everyday practices, lifestyle, material conditions and social status individuals and social groups, then in search of a measure of innovative changes, it is advisable to start from the assessments and expectations of people. Thus, “shock therapy” turned out to be more or less applicable in those countries where anti-socialist sentiments and expectations were strong, but in Russia it had to be seriously adjusted, and Belarus was completely abandoned.

The ambivalence towards social innovations is characteristic mindset of the era of change. At this time, they are perceived both as a way to a new life, a way to overcome "transitive" uncertainty, and as a threat to the destruction of the semantic pillars of the world order, which, although not without flaws, was nevertheless understandable, and most importantly, not only forced to adapt to him, but also allowed him to adapt to himself. This explains the "fluidity" and ambivalence of mass consciousness in the first years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, its further dynamics is determined mainly by the expectations and reactions of people to certain managerial changes. Socio-humanitarian science cannot be limited to post factum statements, but must predict both the need for innovations and their consequences.

So far, social innovations have been studied only fragmentarily, as some aspects of technical and technological innovations in the sphere of material production (goods and services). The novelty of the proposed research consists, firstly, in the change of emphasis in the foundations of the theory of innovation and the expansion of the subject field by including the non-material sphere (transformation of social relations, streamlining relationships, improving everyday practices of behavior and activity). Secondly, a sociological analysis of the population's expectations regarding innovative solutions to urgent problems in the social sphere (health care, social protection, housing and communal services, etc.), as well as at the local level. Thirdly, the development special techniques diagnosing a problematic situation that requires innovations and expert assessments of the proposed innovations. Fourth, identifying the impact of innovations on social order as a general social mechanism for maintaining the dynamic balance of society by reducing social tension and increasing social mobilization.

Regarding the definition of the concepts of "innovation", "social innovation", we can say that "new" in social life and science can be considered:

identified potential opportunities(emergent properties of society) that exist in the social fabric itself in a latent form;

the results of the creative reorganization of existing experience and knowledge achieved and the formation of new combinations;

creative developments (ideas, projects, etc.) of a futurological nature, created by search methods (“ideal type”, modeling, brainstorming, etc.);

rethought, enriched and activated "old" knowledge: in the form of a remake, retro styles, etc., acting as a "retro introduction" in social innovation activities;

rationalized modern practices, relationship schemes (patterns), techniques, organizational structures, norms, etc.

In view of the above, we can propose the following definition. Social innovation is a process of legitimate controlled changes aimed at a systemic, holistic renewal of society, its individual areas and institutions through the transformation and rationalization of established everyday practices and patterns of relations between people (groups, classes, communities).

First of all, let's pay attention to the goal of social innovation: the renewal of society as a society (common home, community of people), its individual areas and institutions. The term renewal is synonymous with improvement, improvement, new perspectives, hopes and expectations. Due to the systemic nature, society is rebuilt as an integrity when any of the system-forming elements is changed. However, consistency does not exist initially, it still needs to be created. Only to the system "country-state" is the concept " good society”, “carrying a design principle aimed at transforming social reality”.

What then is the means of renewal? The answer seems obvious: innovations themselves, that is, new social ideas, projects, programs implemented in relevant legislative acts and other decisions. To a first approximation, this answer is acceptable. However, from a methodological point of view, it is important to avoid the danger of reductionism hidden in it, that is, ideas about society as a mechanical structure, which can be updated by replacing parts; or how about a living organism (in the literal biological sense) which is easiest to improve through genetic modification. To society - and this is the peculiarity of social innovation - neither one nor the other is suitable. Structural modifications themselves (“replacement of parts”) are not causally associated with renewal, and can even slow down progressive changes due to the fact that the systemic principle of the unity of structure and functions is violated: a function gives rise to an organ, and not vice versa.

Thus, the means and source of renewal are the changed daily practices and attitudes of people, and the innovation process plays the role of a mechanism as a system of measures that transforms the volitional principle into purposeful forms of mass activity. Therefore, the end result is determined not only by quality characteristics innovation itself, but also the logic of the innovation process. The Kosygin reform (1965) contained, admittedly, very productive creative ideas, but its result turned out to be insignificant, precisely due to the fact that adequate implementation mechanisms were not created, including overcoming the hidden sabotage of the “tops” and restrictionism " the lower classes".

In our opinion, not all changes should be attributed to social innovations, but only managed ones, that is, those that are carried out from above as a political or managerial will of the appropriate level (country, region, enterprises, firms, etc.). It is necessary that innovation be legitimized (approved by public opinion) and legalized (permitted by law), until then - any changes remain a personal matter, and therefore are not managed changes, that is, social innovations Legitimacy is associated with the perception of managerial actions, including and laws, from the point of view of the interests, expectations, values ​​of those to whom they are addressed for execution, that is, the population. It is obvious that people perceive different controlled changes differently. In a sociological analysis, it is advisable to take into account at least seven options (alternatives): 1) categorical rejection in the form of an official refusal to comply with new requirements; 2) formal acceptance; 3) indifference (it does not touch me); 4) covert sabotage; 5) opportunistic activism (“dust in the eye”); 6) critical support (with comments and suggestions); 7) complete interiorization of new ideas as one's own, i.e., having a direct personal meaning. Population surveys reveal the degree of support for both ongoing and planned innovations. It is important to consider that it is public support that makes managed change legitimate.

As part of the development of the methodological part of the program of empirical sociological research on a planned topic, an analysis of the phenomenon of innovative activity was carried out. It is shown that its specificity consists in a special universal form of human initiative as an adaptation and / or transformation of environmental factors and is aimed at finding a new one (ideas, practices, services, etc.) with its subsequent assimilation. At the behavioral level, a person's attitude to the new is manifested as entrepreneurship, innovation, initiative, rationalization and invention. Innovation is not an innate trait of some people, it is formed on the basis of the biopsychological quality of curiosity under the influence of education, upbringing, etc.

The analysis of innovations in the field of healthcare (legislative, organizational, technological) was carried out in their correlation with the principles of social policy in the field of health protection: justice, equality, efficiency and coordination of interests. Sociological methods have been developed aimed at studying the motivation of self-preserving behavior of various social groups and categories of the population of the Republic of Belarus, awareness of innovations in the field of healthcare, attitudes towards innovations, the degree of satisfaction with the services of medical institutions, identifying social expectations of the population in the field of healthcare, studying the opinion of the population regarding development prospects industry and the need to improve certain aspects of their activities. For analysis, those innovations have been selected that have significantly influenced social relations in the field of healthcare, are associated with a change in the status of a person in the field of healthcare - a patient, a medical worker, and opportunities to improve health and improve the quality of life of specific social groups.

The relevance of the sociological study of social problems of the formation of a healthy lifestyle of children is substantiated. The socialization of modern Belarusian children takes place in difficult socio-economic conditions, which negatively affects the process of growing up of the younger generation. Compared to 2000, the number of children under the age of 18 has decreased by 27.4%. The vast majority of children are already unhealthy from childhood. There is a significant increase in the overall incidence of children of all ages. First of all, it should be noted the increase in the number of children with chronic pathology, its share in the structure of all health disorders currently exceeds 30%. The deterioration of children's health entails a subsequent decline in human capital, affects the reproduction of generations, and causes significant socio-economic damage to society.

Together with the Republican Committee of the Belarusian Trade Union of Health Workers, a republican sociological survey “Professional adaptation, labor motivation and social protection of a young doctor” was conducted (years). 1268 young practicing doctors were interviewed, representing various regions of the republic and types of medical institutions. The social expectations of young doctors regarding the prospects for the development of the industry and the opinion about the possibilities of improving the efficiency of its functioning are revealed.

The necessity of innovations in the system of social support in the field of labor relations, aimed at increasing the level of employment of the population, keeping registered unemployment within the socially acceptable level, integrating the able-bodied unemployed population into the public sector of the economy by developing innovative approaches and introducing non-standard forms employment. Such directions as creation of system of continuous professional education are considered; development of a system of advanced measures for professional retraining of employees under threat of dismissal; providing support to the unemployed in the development of small business, stimulating self-employment, resettlement of the unemployed, etc.

Together with the Republican Committee of the Belarusian Trade Union of Health Workers, a sociological study "Professional adaptation, labor motivation and social security of a young doctor" was carried out. 1268 practicing young doctors were interviewed, representing various regions of the republic and types of medical institutions. A database has been created that reflects the attitude of young doctors to innovation processes in the healthcare system, social expectations regarding the prospects for the development of the industry, opinion on the possibilities of improving the efficiency of the industry. An analytical report has been prepared, proposals have been developed to improve professional adaptation, labor motivation and social protection of young doctors of the Republic of Belarus.

The analysis of the problematic situation in the field of housing and communal services of the Republic of Belarus was carried out. It is noted that social there is no need to reform the housing and communal services system, since there is no social tension with the existing state organization and management. At the same time, in the context of the crisis in the industry, the problem of economic inefficiency and unprofitability is sharply exacerbated, causing significant and ever-increasing needs for state subsidies. The increase in state tariffs for housing and communal services since September 2011 is economically not enough for the population even to reach the pre-crisis level. All this can "spur" the reform process to be accelerated just at the moment when it is socially unjustified.

The gender aspect in the study of the social potential of entrepreneurship is of particular importance, since a woman (like a woman entrepreneur) in the context of development post-industrial society becomes especially in demand due to not only her professional, but also socio-psychological "feminine" qualities: the ability to inspire confidence among clients, developed intuition, increased observation, positive complementarity. The urgency of the problem of women's business in Belarus lies in the fact that the existing socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions significantly limit the potential of Belarusian women to be entrepreneurial, initiative, resourceful in order to obtain profit or other benefits. Revealed empirical dependence in the formation of the quality of entrepreneurship among representatives of gender groups of the population of the Republic of Belarus. Namely: Belarusian women consider themselves less enterprising than men. At the same time, the observed difference in self-assessments of the degree of entrepreneurship associated with gender is significant.