In the process of statistical observation, they remain unchanged. Forms of statistical observation
STATISTICAL OBSERVATION, ITS TYPES AND FORMS
Statistical research begins with collecting statistical information characterizing the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes. This stage called statistical observation.
Statistical observation- this is a massive, systematic, scientifically organized observation of socio-economic phenomena and processes, which consists in recording the necessary characteristics for each unit of the population being studied. For example, during the population census, information about gender, age, marital status, education, etc.
Statistical observation, as a rule, is of a massive nature. This manifests itself in the fact that when conducting observations it is necessary to obtain data from the maximum possible number of population units being studied. Mass coverage of the population makes it possible to obtain the most accurate data characterizing the socio-economic phenomenon being studied and to identify existing patterns and relationships.
The systematic nature of statistical observation lies in the fact that any study is carried out according to a pre-developed plan, which includes a number of issues related to preparatory work, direct collection of the necessary information and processing of the data obtained.
Today in statistics there are the following forms of statistical observation: reporting , specially organized statistical observation, registers.
Reporting– a method of obtaining statistical information from legal entities.
Reporting is in the form of specially designed forms that include those characteristics that are subject to registration. Statistical reporting forms are developed and approved by authorities state statistics RF. Any legal entity that is a subject of the economy of the Russian Federation is obliged to provide reports to state statistics bodies at the place of its registration according to established reporting forms and in deadlines.
During the formation of a market economy special place in the system of collecting statistical information began to occupy specially organized statistical observations, which are carried out to obtain any data not contained in the reports provided or that are necessary to verify or clarify the data contained in the reports.
Particular attention should be paid to this type of specially organized observation, such as a census.
Census– these are specially carried out large-scale work to collect the necessary statistical information about the objects being studied within the boundaries of an industry, region or country as a whole. For example, population censuses, which are conducted approximately once every 10 years and are aimed at obtaining the necessary information about the population of the country. Statistical bodies also conduct censuses of perennial plantings, housing stock, unfinished construction, etc.
In addition to censuses, specially organized observation also includes other one-time work to collect the necessary statistical information, in particular, within the framework of sociological or marketing research.
Register surveillance is a constant monitoring of the state and development of observed units, consisting in the initial placement and timely updating of information in the maintained database. In the statistical practice of a number of countries, population registers are used, i.e. constantly updated lists of the country's residents, indicating their main socio-demographic characteristics, as well as enterprise registers containing information of an organizational, legal and economic nature.
The general classification of types of statistical observation is presented in Figure 4.1.
Rice. 4.1. Types of statistical observation
By coverage of population units There are two types of observation: continuous and non-continuous.
With continuous observation All units of the population being studied are subject to examination. At the same time, due to a number of factors, a small percentage of units of the population being studied is possible. An example of continuous observation is population censuses.
With partial observation Only a portion of the units in the population being studied are subject to examination. In this case, the part covered by observation is determined in advance, i.e. a failed continuous observation cannot be considered as an incomplete observation.
It is customary to distinguish the following types of incomplete statistical observation: sampling, main array method, monographic survey.
Selective called observation based on the principle of random selection of those units of the population being studied that should be subjected to observation. Sample observation, when properly organized and carried out, provides sufficiently reliable data to characterize the population being studied as a whole. In many cases, it can completely replace continuous accounting. At the same time, significant savings are achieved in terms of data collection and processing.
Monographic survey represents a detailed, in-depth study and description of individual units of the population that are characteristic in some respect, as a rule, according to an extended program. Monographic research is carried out with the aim of identifying existing or emerging trends in the development of a phenomenon, to identify existing reserves, and to evaluate the results of economic experiments.
Main Array Method lies in the fact that the largest units are subject to inspection, which together have a predominant share in the aggregate in terms of the main this study sign. For example, in a number of industries, the overwhelming volume of output falls on large and medium-sized enterprises, so the results of the activities of small enterprises in these industries are practically not reflected in general statistical indicators.
By registration deadlines observation can be continuous (current) or intermittent.
Continuous called such observation, which is carried out constantly, and the registration of facts is carried out as they occur. For example, births, marriages, etc. are registered. in the registry office.
Intermittent observation is not carried out constantly, from time to time. In this case, there are two types of continuous observation: periodic and one-time. Periodic is an observation that is repeated at certain, equal intervals of time. An example is the annual submission of reports to state statistics bodies.
A one-time observation is an observation that is carried out as needed without observing strict frequency or is generally carried out once and is not repeated. Such an observation was a census of perennial plantings conducted in the last century.
By source of information A distinction is made between direct observation, documentary observation and interview.
Direct is an observation in which the registrars themselves, by direct measurement, weighing or counting, establish the value of a characteristic and, on this basis, make an entry in the observation form. This method is used to carry out an inventory of fixed assets at enterprises.
Documentary observation involves recording answers to questions in the form based on relevant documents. An example of such observation is the collection of data on the academic performance of university students based on test and examination records, filling out statistical reporting forms based on accounting data, etc.
Survey– this is an observation in which answers to the questions of the form are recorded from the words of the interviewee (respondent). This method is used to conduct population censuses and public opinion polls.
The statistics apply the following ways collection of information: reporting, forwarding, self-assessment, questionnaire, correspondent.
Essence reporting method consists, as noted above, in the mandatory submission by business entities of statistical reports on their activities in in the prescribed form and on time.
Expeditionary method observation consists in the fact that specially involved and trained workers visit each observation unit and fill out the observation form themselves. This is how information is collected during population censuses.
With the method self-calculations The forms are filled out by the respondents themselves. The duty of employees specially involved in obtaining information is to distribute forms to respondents, instruct them, collect completed forms and check that they are filled out correctly.
Questionnaire method is the collection of statistical data using special questionnaires sent to a certain circle of people or published in periodicals. As a rule, this method of obtaining information is used when conducting sociological surveys and also by many large manufacturers of household appliances, furniture and other consumer goods. Questionnaires are included in the product packaging with a request to fill out and return to the manufacturer at the specified address.
Essence correspondent method observation is that statistical authorities agree with certain persons who undertake the obligation to monitor any phenomena, processes and report the results of observations to statistical authorities within a specified time frame. In this way, the budgets of individual households are studied, the purpose of which is to obtain statistical information about the income and expenses of the population.
As noted above, systematicity is the basis of statistical observation, therefore its implementation should be based on a detailed plan.
The statistical observation plan consists of two parts, the first includes programmatic and methodological issues, and the second – organizational issues.
The program and methodological part of the plan includes:
– determination of the object of observation;
– determination of the unit of the observation object;
– drawing up a static observation program;
– drawing up a program for developing observation materials;
– design of an observation form;
– determination of the time of statistical observation and its critical moment;
- drawing up instructions.
When planning statistical observation, it is necessary, first of all, to determine its object and unit.
Object of statistical observations is the population about which data must be collected necessary information. The objects of observation can be, for example, commercial banks, agricultural producers, industrial enterprises, students, population, etc.
Unit of observation called a component element of the observation object, which is the carrier of the characteristics that are subject to registration. The unit of observation can be a person, a farm, or a commercial bank.
Surveillance program– this is a list of characteristics to be recorded during statistical observation. The surveillance program has a number of requirements that it must satisfy, namely:
a) the program should include only essential features characterizing the object being studied;
b) the program should not include secondary issues that may complicate the work of collecting information, and subsequently its processing and analysis;
c) when developing a program, it is necessary to strive for the completeness of the information collected;
d) the observation program should include only questions to which objective and sufficiently accurate answers can actually be obtained;
e) the program should sometimes include control questions that serve the purpose of verifying and clarifying the information collected.
The program questions can be supplemented with statistical hints, i.e., answer options. A hint can be closed or open. A closed prompt involves a series of responses from which the respondent must choose one or more. With an open prompt, the respondent can select one or more answers from the proposed list or formulate his own answer in a specially designated field of the form.
When planning a survey, as a rule, they draw up and program for the development of collected materials, which specifies the tasks of statistical observation, shows what data needs to be collected and in what form the results of their processing should be presented.
To record answers to program questions, a form observations. The observation form is developed specifically for recording answers to the program questions and is a specially graphed sheet (sheets) of paper, which contains a list of program questions, free places for recording responses to them, as well as for recording ciphers (codes) of responses. Special attention When developing the form, attention should be paid to the wording of the questions. They should be formulated briefly and clearly, and should not cause discrepancies. In addition to the program questions, the form includes a title and address parts. The title part contains the name of the statistical observation, the name of the body conducting the observation, by whom and when this form was approved, and sometimes the number assigned to it in common system forms of observations carried out by this statistical body. The address part provides for recording the exact address of a unit or set of observation units and a number of other information.
However, no matter how clearly the form is drawn up, it is usually compiled instructions, which includes a set of explanations and instructions, mainly on the statistical observation program. The instructions can be presented in the form of a separate document (often a brochure) or set out on an observation form. The instructions should be written briefly, simply, explanations and instructions should be clear and precise.
When organizing statistical observation, it is necessary to resolve the issue of timing of this observation, including the choice of season, setting the observation period (period), and in some cases the so-called critical moment.
Observation period– this is the time during which the registration of signs of observation units is carried out according to installed program. The length of the observation period depends on many factors, among which are the size and condition of the object under observation, the scope and complexity of the observation program.
For the most mobile objects of study, such as the population, for example, a critical moment of statistical observation is established. Critical moment is the point in time at which the collected information is recorded. In practice, the critical moment is set at the beginning of the observation period.
In order to successfully carry out the observation, organizational issues of the statistical observation plan are developed and recorded in organizational plan.
The organizational plan involves a decision the following questions:
– object of observation (its definition, description is given, distinctive features are indicated);
– goals and objectives of observation;
– surveillance body that prepares and conducts surveillance;
– place and timing of observation;
– preparatory work for observation, including the selection and training of personnel, compiling lists of units of the population being studied, in some cases, these works include an advertising campaign for the observation being carried out, etc.;
– procedure for conducting observation;
– the procedure for receiving and submitting observation materials and presenting preliminary and final observation results;
– financing and logistical support of work.
You should also pay attention to accuracy of statistical observation. In statistics, accuracy is understood as the degree to which data obtained as a result of statistical observation correspond to their real values. The discrepancies that arise between statistical observation data and real values of a characteristic are called errors. Errors are defined as the difference or ratio between these values. Typically, errors occur during registration and measurement. It should be noted that observation errors are the most dangerous because they are quite difficult to correct and have a huge impact on further calculations.
In statistics, there are registration errors and representativeness errors.
Registration errors arise as a result of incorrect identification of facts during the observation process, or erroneous recording of them, or both. Registration errors can occur during both continuous and incomplete observation. With incomplete observation, so-called representativeness errors, or, as they are also called, errors of representativeness. They consist in the fact that the values of the characteristics for the selected sample population do not reflect the really existing picture.
Depending on their nature, observation errors can be random or systematic.
Random errors arise randomly as a result of typos, slips, slips, etc. For example, during registration, the registrar wrote “July 15” instead of “June 15” when recording the date of birth. With a sufficiently large number of observations, due to the action of the law of large numbers, these errors more or less cancel each other out.
Systematic errors are the most dangerous because they act only in one direction and lead to severe data distortion. The most significant systematic error is the error in the population census, which consists in the fact that the population tends to round its age into numbers ending in 5 or 0. This type of error also includes concealing the real size of the financial results of production and economic activities carried out by economic entities, the desire of respondents to underestimate their age, etc.
In order to identify errors, the received materials are monitored. For this purpose, after observation, all collected material is checked for completeness of coverage of the object by observation and for the quality of filling out forms and other observation documents. In the latter case, two types of control are used: logical and arithmetic.
When monitoring the completeness of coverage of the object of observation, it is established whether data have been received from all units of the population subject to observation. If incomplete coverage of the object by surveillance is detected, further actions depend on whether it is possible to fill the gaps or not.
Logic control consists of comparing the answers to the questions on the observation form and determining their logical compatibility. If incompatible answers are found, an attempt is made by further comparisons with answers to other questions or in some other way to determine which answer is incorrect.
Arithmetic control consists of checking various calculations, the results of which are carried out in the observation form, in particular, totals, calculations of percentages, calculations of average values, etc.
Test tasks
1. What is the essence of statistical observation?
2. Name the types and methods of statistical observation.
3. Accuracy of statistical observation. Observation errors and their causes.
4. Indicate which forms, types and methods of statistical observation should include:
a) civil registration (births, marriages, divorces, deaths);
b) daily entries in income and expense forms when surveying household budgets;
c) accounting of inventory balances in the retail and warehouse network at the beginning of each quarter;
d) monthly reports on the output of industrial products and the turnover of trade enterprises.
5. Develop a draft plan for a statistical survey of your place of work (study), etc.:
a) determine the purpose, object and unit of observation;
b) draw up an observation program;
c) develop an observation form and instructions for it;
d) draw up an organizational plan for observation.
In modern society, economic management would be impossible without such an important science as statistics. For many centuries this discipline has played the role of a necessary and effective tool in any state. Moreover, the level and stage did not matter economic development countries.
The data collected by statistics is still widely used by government bodies, as it points to the quantitative side mass phenomena that exist in society.
Definition of the term
The word “statistics” has many meanings and many faces. Today there are about a thousand different explanations of this term. Not only philosophers, but also economists, mathematicians, statesmen and sociologists tried to define the science of statistics.
The very word denoting this discipline comes from the Latin “status”. Translated, it means “a certain state of affairs.” However, today the term “statistics” can be used in the most different meanings. This:
Practical activities carried out to collect, further process and analyze data that characterize culture and economy, population and education, as well as many other phenomena of social life;
An academic discipline included in plans for the training of managers, businessmen and top-level economists;
The science that studies quantitative aspects various fields life of the state.
History of the emergence of the discipline and its development
The origin of statistics occurred in ancient times. Even then, people needed estimates of population, property, land, livestock, etc.
The earliest information about such work dates back to the 5th century BC. e. They were held in China. Registration of free citizens by age and gender was carried out in Ancient Rome. IN ancient world All born babies were included in special lists. A separate record was kept of young men of military age. Land lists were compiled, including data on buildings and slaves, equipment and income.
In 1061, the first general census was carried out in England. Two hundred and forty thousand households were surveyed to collect data. There is information about a census in the 13th century. Mongol khans. They needed the data to collect taxes from the occupied Russian territories.
In subsequent centuries, statistics continued its development into the 17th century. found its expression in scientific discipline. It was based on two schools. The first of them is English, which uses political arithmetic. The second school is German, which was more concerned with describing phenomena. At the beginning of the 19th century. Science acquired its third direction - statistical and mathematical, which was proposed by the Belgian researcher Adolphe Quetelet.
At the beginning of the 20th century. this discipline began to use probability theory. Her methods made it possible to carry out sociological research consumer demand and product quality, as well as the standard of living of citizens.
Active statistical observations were carried out during the years of Soviet power. They made it possible to see the whole picture of the country’s emerging national economy. The work of statistics did not stop during the war with Nazi Germany. During this period, there was a need for the country to calculate material and labor resources. In addition, information about the movement of production forces to the eastern regions acquired particular importance.
Active statistical work was carried out in the post-war period, and it continues today. Without this science, further development of the national economy of the state and all its social spheres will become impossible.
Organization of a data acquisition system
The components of statistics are:
Institutions of state and municipal statistics;
Unofficial and private statistics;
Departmental reporting.
The organization of statistical observation begins with departments and district departments. Their work is controlled by the statistical committees of the federal subjects. They, in turn, are subordinate to the State Statistics Committee of Russia.
Departmental reporting is compiled by enterprises and organizations in a certain field of activity. For example, statistics of banks, customs, etc.
Research Product
Federal statistical observation includes:
Macroeconomic level indicators;
Industry data;
Statistics of living standards and social sphere;
International and interregional comparisons.
Individual units of the population may also be subject to examination. In this case, the statistical observation will be incomplete. In turn, it is divided into the following subspecies:
A sample, which is a selection of part of the population being studied (an example would be a public opinion poll);
The main array, when that part of the population units is examined whose contribution to the event under study is the greatest (for example, a study of the characteristics of urbanization in cities with a population of over a million);
Monographic survey, when only one unit of the population is observed in detail (for example, a family during a preliminary budget study).
Which type of observation is preferable? Both continuous and non-continuous examinations have their advantages and disadvantages. They should be taken into account when choosing a statistical technique.
So, a complete observation:
By covering all units in the population, it provides the most accurate data;
Takes a significant amount of time and requires more funding;
It is not always possible to cover all the elements of a particular set;
Characteristically, it takes a long time to process the results obtained, which may affect the relevance of the conclusions.
As for the incomplete observation, it is:
The danger is that the part being studied will not accurately represent the entire population;
It can miss certain essential signs, which will entail errors in statistical observation.
Control of received information
Sometimes in the studied data there are some discrepancies between the actual and calculated values of the studied quantities. These may be errors:
- Registration. These are inaccuracies in information about the observed object (in most cases they are canceled out). For example, a typo when drawing up documents in the registry office.
- Representativeness. These errors occur when, during a continuous survey, a part was taken that poorly represents the whole.
- Random. These are errors that occurred under the influence of fatigue, inattention and other factors. For example, an incorrect account entry.
- Systematic. Such errors lead to underestimation or overestimation of the studied indicators. For example, rounding a value ending in 0 or 5.
Two methods are used to control errors in statistics. The first one is logical. It involves the use of a chain of quality relationships. For example, a child of 8 years old cannot have his own children.
Arithmetic control of indicators is also used in statistics. It uses a quantitative relationship between values. For example: column 4 = column 3 - column 1 + column 2.
1 STATISTICAL OBSERVATION its types and methods of carrying out
Statistical observation - Statistical observation
massive, systematic, be carried out on scientific basis according to pre-developed plan And program.
Statistical reporting
. By time of registration of veils.
By completely ( complete) observation continuous observation
Selective
Observation of the main array
For monographic observation
By time of registration of facts Intermittent Nepre jerky (current) observation
Intermittent observation neperiodic observation One-time observation
ways to get statistical information,
Documentary observation
Direct observation
Survey
development of a statistical hypothesis,
statistical observation,
summary and grouping of statistical data,
data analysis,
interpretation of data.
Stat. observation- This initial stage economic-stat. obs. It is a scientific and organizational work on collecting mass primary data on the phenomena and processes of social life.
Any stat. obs. carried out through the assessment and registration of characteristics of population units in the relevant accounting documents. Thus, the data obtained represent facts that in one way or another characterize the phenomena of social life.
Stat. obs. must meet the following requirements.
1. Observation phenomena must have scientific and practical value and express certain socio-economic types of phenomena.
2. Direct collection of mass data should ensure the completeness of facts related to the issue under consideration, since phenomena are in constant change and development. If complete data is not available, the analysis and conclusions may be misleading.
3. To ensure the reliability of stat. data requires a thorough comprehensive check of the quality of the collected facts.
4. In order to create the best conditions for obtaining objective materials, a scientific organization of statistics is necessary. observations.
Stat. obs. carried out in two forms: by providing reporting and conducting specially organized statistical observations.
Reporting This organized form of statistical observation is called. in which information is received in the form of mandatory reports within certain deadlines and in approved forms.
In this case, the source of information, as a rule, is primary accounting records in accounting and operational accounting documents.
Specially organized stat. obs. is the collection of information through censuses, one-time records and surveys. An example of a specially organized stat. obs. could be: a population census, all kinds of sociological surveys.
Types of stats obs. differ in the time of data recording and in the degree of coverage of units of the population under study.
Based on the nature of data recording over time, observations are distinguished. continuous and intermittent. The latter, in turn, is divided into obs. periodic and one-time.
Continuous is such an observation. which is carried out systematically. In this case, registration of facts is carried out as they occur, for example, registration of acts of civil status. At the current obs. There should not be a significant gap between the moment the fact occurred and the moment it was registered.
Intermittent is such an observation. which is repeated at certain intervals.
One-time obs. carried out as needed, from time to time, without observing strict frequency, or even carried out once.
By coverage units of the studied population, continuous and non-continuous statistics are distinguished. obs.
Solid they call this observation. in which all units of the population being studied are examined without exception. By continuous observation. reports are received from enterprises and institutions.
Not continuous they call this observation. in which not all units of the population being studied are examined, but only a predetermined part of them, for example, the study of trade turnover and prices in city markets. The main type of discontinuous observation. is selective
1 F forms, types and methods of statistical observation.
Statistical observation - the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized collection of mass data about the phenomena and processes of social life being studied. Statistical observation – this is a mass systematic, scientifically organized observation of the phenomena of social and economic life, which consists of recording the displayed characteristics of each unit of the population.
Statistical observation can be carried out by state statistics bodies, research institutes, economic services of banks, exchanges, and firms. It must be massive, systematic, be carried out on scientific basis according to pre-developed plan And program.
The forms of statistical observation are reporting and specially organized observations.
Statistical reporting – this is the main form of statis. observation, with the help of which the statistician Authorities, within a certain period of time, receive from enterprises, institutions, organizations the necessary data in the form of legally established reporting documents, signed by the persons responsible for their provision and the reliability of the information collected.
Specially organized statistical observation is the collection of information through censuses, one-time records and surveys (for example, population census, sociological research, census of industrial equipment, remains of raw materials and supplies). In order to obtain information on the level of consumer spending and income of the population, a reporting network of statistics on the family budgets of workers, employees and peasants has been organized.
Observation registration form. Register observation – This is a form of continuous statistic. observations of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, a stage of development and a fixed end. It is based on the introduction of a statistical register. The register is a system that constantly monitors the state of the observation unit and evaluates the strength of the influence of various factors on the indicators being studied.
Types of statistical observation . Statistical observations can be divided into groups: 1) according to the coverage of population units; 2) By time of registration of veils.
Bydegree of coverage of the study population statistical observation is divided into two types: continuous and non-continuous. At completely ( complete) observation all units of the population being studied are covered. Continuous observation provides complete information about the phenomena and processes being studied. At continuous observation Only a certain part of the population being studied is covered, and it is important to determine in advance which part of the population being studied will be subject to observation and what criterion will be used as the basis for sampling. There are several types of incomplete observation: selective, observation of the main array, monographic.
Selective is the observation of a portion of the units of the population under study, selected by random sampling. When properly organized, sample observation produces fairly accurate results that can be applied with a certain probability to the entire population.
Observation of the main array covers a survey of certain, most significant characteristics of the studied units of the population.
For monographic observation characterized by a comprehensive and in-depth study of only individual units of the population that have any special characteristics or represent some new phenomenon. The purpose of such observation is to identify existing or emerging trends in the development of a given process or phenomenon.
By time of registration of facts observation can be continuous or intermittent. Intermittent in turn includes periodic and one-time. Nepre jerky (current) observation carried out by continuously recording facts as they arise. For example, the registration of deaths, births, and marriages by civil registry offices (registry offices) is ongoing.
Intermittent observation carried out either regularly, at certain intervals (periodic observation), or irregularly, once, as needed (one-time observation). Example neperiodic observation may be a population census, which is carried out at fairly long intervals, and all forms of statistical observations, which are monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, annual, etc. character. One-time observation characterized by the fact that facts are recorded not in connection with their occurrence, but according to their condition or presence at a certain moment or over a period of time.
Along with the types of statistical observation, the general theory of statistics considers ways to get statistical information, the most important of which are the documentary method of observation, the method of direct observation, and questioning.
Documentary observation based on the use of data from various documents, such as accounting registers, as a source of information. Considering that, as a rule, high demands are placed on filling out such documents, the data reflected in them is the most reliable and can serve as high-quality source material for analysis.
Direct observation carried out by recording facts personally established by registrars as a result of inspection, measurement, and counting of signs of the phenomenon being studied. In this way, prices for goods and services are recorded, working hours are measured, an inventory of warehouse balances is taken, etc.
Survey is based on obtaining data from respondents (survey participants). A survey is used in cases where observation cannot be carried out by other means. This type of observation is typical for conducting various sociological surveys and public opinion polls. Statistical information can be obtained by different types of surveys: expeditionary, correspondent, questionnaire, personal.
A deep, comprehensive study of any economic or social process involves measuring its quantitative side and characterizing its qualitative essence, place, role and relationships in the general system of social relations. Before you start using statistical methods studying the phenomena and processes of social life, it is necessary to have at your disposal a comprehensive information base that fully and reliably describes the object of study. Process statistical research involves the following stages:
- collection of statistical information (statistical observation) and its primary processing;
- systematization and further processing of data obtained as a result of statistical observation, based on their summary and grouping;
- generalization and analysis of processing results statistical materials, formulation of conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the entire statistical study.
Statistical observation– the first and initial stage of statistical research, which is a systematic, systematically organized process on a scientific basis for collecting primary data on various phenomena of social and economic life. Systematic statistical observation lies in the fact that it is carried out according to a specially developed plan, which includes issues related to the organization and technique of collecting statistical information, monitoring its quality and reliability, and presenting the final materials. Massive nature of statistical observation is ensured by the most complete coverage of all cases of manifestation of the phenomenon or process being studied, i.e. in the process of statistical observation, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics are measured and recorded not of individual units of the population being studied, but of the entire mass of units of the population. Systematicity of statistical observation means that it should not be carried out randomly, that is, spontaneously, but should be performed either continuously or regularly at regular intervals.
The process of conducting statistical observation is presented in Fig. 2.1.
Rice. 2.1.
The process of preparing statistical observation involves determining the purpose and object of observation, the composition of features to be recorded, and the choice of observation unit. It is also necessary to develop document forms for data collection and select means and methods for obtaining them.
Thus, statistical observation is a labor-intensive and painstaking work that requires the involvement of qualified personnel, its comprehensively thought-out organization, planning, preparation and implementation.
Types and methods of statistical observation
activities. According to the timing of submission, statistical reporting can be daily, weekly, ten-day, two-week, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual. Statistical reporting can be transmitted by telephone, communication channels, on electronic media with mandatory subsequent submission on paper, signed by the responsible persons.
Specially organized statistical observation is a collection of information organized by statistical authorities either for the study of phenomena not covered by reporting, or for a more in-depth study of reporting data, their verification and clarification. Various types of censuses and one-time surveys are specially organized observations.
Registers- this is a form of observation in which the facts of the state of individual units of the population are continuously recorded. Observing a unit of the aggregate, it is assumed that the processes occurring there have a beginning, a long-term continuation and an end. In the register, each observation unit is characterized by a set of indicators. All indicators are stored as long as the observation unit is in the register and has not expired. Some indicators remain unchanged as long as the observation unit is in the register, others may change from time to time. An example of such a register is the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations (USRPO). All work related to its maintenance is carried out by the FSGS.
So, the choice of types, methods and forms of statistical observation depends on a number of factors, the main of which are the goals and objectives of observation, the specifics of the observed object, the urgency of presenting the results, the availability of trained personnel, the possibility of using technical means of collecting and processing data.
Program and methodological issues of statistical observation
One of most important tasks The problem that needs to be solved when preparing a statistical observation is the definition of the goal, object and unit of observation.
Intact almost anyone statistical observation– obtaining reliable information about the phenomena and processes of social life in order to identify the relationships between factors, assess the scale of the phenomenon and the patterns of its development. Based on the objectives of observation, its program and forms of organization are determined. In addition to the goal, it is necessary to establish the object of observation, i.e., determine what exactly is subject to observation.
Object of observation is a set of social phenomena or processes that are subject to research. The object of observation can be a set of institutions (credit, educational, etc.), the population, physical objects (buildings, transport, equipment). When establishing the object of observation, it is important to strictly and accurately determine the boundaries of the population being studied. To do this, it is necessary to clearly establish the essential features that determine whether an object should be included in the totality or not. For example, before conducting a survey of medical institutions for modern equipment, it is necessary to determine the category, departmental and territorial affiliation of the clinics to be surveyed. When defining the object of observation, it is necessary to indicate the unit of observation and the unit of population.
Unit of observation is a component element of the observation object, which is a source of information, i.e., the observation unit is the bearer of characteristics that are subject to registration. Depending on the specific tasks of statistical observation, this may be a household or a person, for example a student, an agricultural enterprise or a factory. The units of observation are called reporting units, if they submit statistical reports to statistical authorities.
Unit of the population- this is a component element of the observation object from which information about the observation unit is received, i.e., the population unit serves as the basis of calculation and has characteristics that are subject to registration during the observation process. For example, in a census of forest plantations, the unit of population will be the tree, since it has characteristics that are subject to registration (age, species composition, etc.), while the forestry itself, in which the survey is being conducted, acts as a unit of observation.
Each phenomenon or process of social life has many signs, but it is impossible to obtain information about all of them, and not all of them are of interest to the researcher, therefore, when preparing an observation, it is necessary to decide what signs will be subject to registration in accordance with the goals and objectives of the observation . To determine the composition of recorded characteristics, an observation program is developed.
Statistical Observation Program call a set of questions, the answers to which during the observation process should constitute statistical information. Developing an observation program is a very important and responsible task, and the success of the observation depends on how correctly it is carried out. When developing an observation program, it is necessary to take into account a number of requirements for it:
- The program should, if possible, contain only those characteristics that are necessary and whose values will be used for further analysis or for control purposes. In an effort to ensure completeness of information that ensures the receipt of benign materials, the amount of information collected should be limited in order to obtain reliable material for analysis;
- program questions must be clearly formulated to prevent misinterpretation and to prevent distortion of the meaning of the information collected;
- when developing an observation program, it is advisable to build a logical sequence of questions; similar questions or signs characterizing any one aspect of a phenomenon should be combined into one section;
- the surveillance program must contain Control questions to check and correct the registered information.
To conduct observation, certain tools are required: forms and instructions. Statistical form– special document uniform sample, which records the answers to the program questions. Depending on the specific content of the observation being carried out, the form may be called a statistical reporting form, a census or questionnaire, a map, a card, a questionnaire or a form. There are two types of forms: card and list. Form-card, or an individual form, is intended to reflect information about one unit of the statistical population, and payroll The form contains information about several units of the population. The integral and mandatory elements of the statistical form are the title, address and content parts. IN title part the name of the statistical observation and the body that approved this form, the deadline for submitting the form and some other information are indicated. IN address part details of the reporting observation unit are indicated. Main, content, part of the form usually appears in the form of a table that contains the name, codes and values of the indicators.
The statistical form is filled out in accordance with the instructions. The instructions contain instructions on the procedure for conducting observation, guidelines and explanations for filling out the form. Depending on the complexity of the surveillance program, the instructions are either published as a brochure or placed on the back of the form. In addition, for the necessary clarifications, you can contact the specialists responsible for conducting the monitoring and the authorities that conduct it.
When organizing statistical observation, it is necessary to decide on the time of observation and the place where it will be carried out. Choice observation locations depends on the purpose of observation. Choice observation time associated with determining the critical moment (date) or time interval and determining the period (period) of observation. Critical moment Statistical observation is the point in time to which the information recorded during the observation process is dated. Observation period The period during which information about the phenomenon under study should be recorded is determined, i.e., the time interval during which the forms are filled out. Typically, the observation period should not be too far from the critical moment of observation so that the state of the object at that moment can be reproduced.
Issues of organizational support, preparation and conduct of statistical observation
For successful preparation and conducting statistical observation, issues of organizational support must be resolved. To do this, an organizational plan for observation is drawn up, which reflects the goals and objectives of the observation, the object of observation, the place, time, terms of observation, and the circle of persons responsible for conducting the observation.
An obligatory element of the organizational plan is the indication of the monitoring body. The range of organizations called upon to assist in conducting surveillance is also determined; these may include internal affairs bodies, the tax inspectorate, line ministries, public organizations, individuals, volunteers, etc.
Preparatory activities include:
- development of statistical observation forms, reproduction of survey documentation;
- development of a methodological apparatus for analyzing and presenting observation results;
- development of software for data processing, purchase of computer and office equipment;
- purchase of necessary materials, including stationery;
- training qualified personnel, staff training, conducting various types of instructions, etc.;
- carrying out mass explanatory work among the population and observation participants (lectures, conversations, appearances in the press, on radio and television);
- coordination of the activities of all services and those involved in joint action organizations;
- equipment for the data collection and processing site;
- preparation of information transmission channels and means of communication;
- resolving issues related to the financing of statistical observation.
Thus, the monitoring plan contains a number of activities aimed at successfully completing the work of recording the necessary information.
Observation accuracy and data verification methods
Each specific measurement of a data value, carried out during the observation process, gives, as a rule, an approximate value of the phenomenon value, which differs to one degree or another from the true value of this value. The degree of correspondence to the actual value of any indicator or characteristic obtained from observation materials is called accuracy of statistical observation. The discrepancy between the observation result and true meaning the magnitude of the observed phenomenon is called observation error.
Depending on the nature, stage and causes of occurrence, several types of observation errors are distinguished (Table 2.1).
Table 2.1
By their nature, errors are divided into random and systematic. Random are called errors, the occurrence of which is due to the action of random factors. These include reservations and slips of the interviewee. They can be directed towards decreasing or increasing the value of the attribute; as a rule, they are not reflected in the final result, since they cancel each other out during the summary processing of observation results. Systematic errors have the same tendency to either decrease or increase the value of the characteristic indicator. This is due to the fact that measurements, for example, are made by a faulty measuring device or errors are a consequence of inaccurate formulation of the question of the observation program, etc. Systematic errors pose a great danger, since they significantly distort the observation results.
Depending on the stage of occurrence, registration errors are distinguished; errors that arise during the preparation of data for machine processing; errors that appear during processing on computer technology.
TO registration errors These include those inaccuracies that arise when recording data in a statistical form (primary document, form, report, census form) or when entering data into computer technology, data distortion when transmitted through communication lines (telephone, email). Often registration errors arise due to non-compliance with the form, i.e. the entry was made in the wrong line or column of the document. Deliberate distortion of the values of individual indicators also occurs.
Errors when preparing data for machine processing or during the processing itself occur in computer centers or data preparation centers. The occurrence of such errors is associated with careless, incorrect, unclear filling in of data in forms, with a physical defect in the data carrier, with the loss of part of the data due to non-compliance with information base storage technology, or are determined by equipment malfunctions.
Knowing the types and causes of observation errors, you can significantly reduce the percentage of such information distortions. The following types of errors are distinguished:
measurement errors, associated with certain errors that arise during a single statistical observation of phenomena and processes of social life;
errors of representativeness, arising in the course of incomplete observation and related to the fact that the sample itself is not representative, and the results obtained on its basis cannot be extended to the entire population;
intentional mistakes arising from deliberate distortion of data from different purposes, among which is the desire to embellish the actual state of the object of observation or, conversely, to show the unsatisfactory state of the object (this distortion of information is a violation of the law);
unintentional errors, as a rule, of an accidental nature and associated with low qualifications of workers, their inattention or negligence. Often such errors are associated with subjective factors, when people give incorrect information about their age, marital status, education, membership social group etc. or simply forget some facts, telling the registrar information that has just arisen in memory.
It is advisable to carry out some activities that will help prevent, identify and correct observation errors. These include:
- selection of qualified personnel and quality training personnel involved in monitoring;
- organization of control checks of the correctness of filling out documents, using a continuous or selective method;
- arithmetic and logical control of the received data after completion of the collection of observation materials.
The main types of data reliability control are syntactic, logical and arithmetic (Table 2.2).
Table 2.2
Syntactic control means checking the correctness of the structure of the document, the presence of necessary and mandatory details, the completeness of filling out the lines of the forms in accordance with the established rules. The importance and necessity of syntactic control is explained by the use of computer technology and scanners for data processing, which impose strict requirements for compliance with the rules for filling out forms.
Logical control the correctness of the recording of codes, compliance with their names and indicator values are checked. The necessary relationships between indicators are checked, answers to various questions are compared, and incompatible combinations are identified. To correct errors identified during logical control, they return to the original documents and make amendments.
At arithmetic control The resulting totals are compared with pre-calculated checksums for rows and columns. Quite often, arithmetic control is based on the dependence of one indicator on two or more others, for example, it is the product of other indicators. If arithmetic control of the final indicators reveals that this dependence is not observed, this will indicate inaccuracy of the data.
Thus, control of the reliability of statistical information is carried out at all stages of statistical observation, from the collection of primary information to the stage of obtaining results.
General theory of statistics.
1.Programme-methodological issues of the observation plan determine...
-: duration of observation
2.The object of statistical observation is...
+: set of elements to be examined
-: primary element from which information is received
-: social phenomenon subject to examination
3.The unit of statistical observation is...
+: primary unit of the population from which information is obtained
-: primary element, the characteristics of which are recorded
-: socio-economic phenomenon (or process) that is being studied
-: statistical form
4.The object of observation during the census of the land fund of all regions of the country is ...
+: land area of the country
-: land area of each region
-: land fund assessment
-: land Registry
5. The aggregate unit during the census of the land fund of all regions of the country is ...
+: land area of each region
-: land area of the country
-: land fund assessment
-: land Registry
6.The object of observation during the inventory of accounts payable of clients of commercial banks is...
+: commercial banks
-: loans
-: debtor clients
7. The aggregate unit during the inventory of accounts payable of commercial bank clients is...
+: debtor clients
-: volumes of accounts payable
-: commercial banks
-: loans
8. The unit of observation when surveying city residents about their attitude towards housing privatization is...
+: all city residents
-: only owners of privatized housing
-: housing subject to privatization
-: city housing stock
9. The aggregate unit in monitoring the privatization of urban housing is ...
+: housing subject to privatization
-: citizen
-: resident of non-privatized housing
-: city housing stock
10. The unit of observation during a random check of the city’s universities regarding the quality of food for students in the university canteens is ...
+: students
-: University canteens
11. The aggregate unit for a random check of city universities regarding the quality of food for students in university canteens is ...
+: University canteen
-: students
-: University canteen workers
12. In statistics, a qualification is called...
-: body exercising control over surveillance
13. The observation program is a list...
+: questions that need answers
-: work to be carried out
-: observation questions and answers
14. An attributive feature is...
+: type of insurance
-: charter capital
-: par value of the share
-: share capital of the company
15. An attributive feature is...
+: store assortment
-: distribution costs
-: store income
-: store turnover
16. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: work experience
-: profession
-: social status
17. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: store turnover
-: store specialization
-: Name of product
-: type of ownership
18. A continuous feature is...
+: average score of ratings
-: assessment of student knowledge
-: student performance
-: number of students
19. A continuous feature is...
+: tax amount
-: number of taxpayers
-: assessment of student knowledge
-: number of exporting countries
20. A discrete feature is...
+: number of exporting countries
-: volume of exports of goods and services
-: distribution costs
-: tax amount
21. A discrete feature is...
+: number of enterprises consumer services
-: volume of sales of household services to the population
-: quality of household services
-: average cost of household services
22. The objective observation time is...
+: time to which the observation data relates
-: point in time at which data is recorded
23. The critical point of observation is...
+: point in time at which data is recorded
-: time to which the observation data relates
-: time during which the data register is filled
-: time during which observation is carried out
24. The critical moment of the 2002 Russian population census, which was carried out as of 0 o’clock from October 11 to October 12 and lasted from October 12 to October 19, is ...
25. The objective time of birth, if registration of newborns is carried out no later than a month from the date of birth, is ...
+: birthday
-: registration day
26. The subjective time of birth, if registration of newborns is carried out no later than a month from the date of birth, is ...
-: birthday
-: registration day
27. The objective time of the annual report on the production and financial activities of a small enterprise, which is submitted no later than January 10, is ...
-: day of submission of the report
28. The subjective time for submitting an annual report on the production and financial activities of a small enterprise, which is submitted no later than January 10, is ...
-: day of submission of the report
29. The subjective time of the report on the results of sowing spring crops, which is submitted once a year no later than 5 days after the end of sowing, is ...
-: end of sowing day
-: day of submission of the report
-: day of reporting
30. The critical point of the report on the results of sowing spring crops, which is submitted once a year no later than 5 days after the end of sowing, is ...
+: end of sowing day
-: day of submission of the report
-: day of reporting
31. Civil registration according to the degree of coverage of units is ... observation.
+: solid
-: main array
-: current
-: periodic
32. Civil registration according to the time of registration of data is ... observation.
+: current
-: main array
-: solid
-: periodic
33. Registration of persons liable for military service according to the degree of coverage of units is ... observation.
+: solid
-: monographic
-: current
-: periodic
34. Registration of persons liable for military service according to the time of registration of data is ... observation.
+: current
-: monographic
-: solid
-: periodic
35. A survey of regular listeners of “Music-radio” radio programs based on the degree of coverage of units is ... an observation.
+: selective
-: monographic
-: solid
-: current
36. A survey of regular listeners of “Music-radio” radio programs based on the time of data recording is... observation.
+: periodic
-: one-time
-: solid
-: current
37. Organizational form census of perennial fruit and berry plantings is...
-: reporting
-: register
38. The organizational form for compiling lists of taxpayers is ...
+: register
-: reporting
39. The organizational form for recording visits to cultural institutions is...
+: reporting
-: specially organized surveillance
-: register
40. The organizational form for registering the results of exchange trading is...
+: reporting
-: specially organized surveillance
-: register
41. Registration errors are inherent in ... observation.
-: continuous
-: selective
-: current
-: periodic
42. Errors of representativeness are inherent in... observation.
+: selective
-: continuous
-: current
-: periodic
43. Registration errors may be...
+: random and systematic
-: logical
-: arithmetic.
44. The organizational form of statistical observation is...
+: reporting
-: selective observation
45. The organizational form of statistical observation is...
+: specially organized surveillance
-: direct observation
-: selective observation
46. The organizational form of statistical observation is...
+: register
-: direct observation
-: selective observation
47. Types of statistical observation (according to the coverage of population units) - ...
+: solid and not solid
48. Types of statistical observation (according to observation time) - ...
+: current, periodic and one-time
-: continuous and not continuous
-: direct, documented and survey
49. Types of statistical observation (by source of information) - ...
+: direct, documented and survey
-: continuous and not continuous
-: current, periodic and one-time
50. Sample observation is...
+: not solid
-: solid
-: current
-: periodic
-: one-time
-: direct
-: documented
-: by survey
51. A type of non-continuous statistical observation is...
+: survey of the main massif
-: current statistical observation
-: specially organized surveillance
52. Sequence of stages of statistical research:
1: observation preparation
2: collection of primary statistical information
3: summary and grouping of primary information
4: analysis of statistical information
53. Continuous statistical observation is inherent in errors...
+: registration
-: representativeness
-: only random
-: only systematic
54. Statistical reporting is ... statistical observation.
-: program
55. The list of signs or questions to be recorded during the observation process is called ...
+: surveillance program
-: statistical form
-: observation tools
56. Variation is a change...
+: characteristic values in time and space
-: mass phenomena over time
-: structures of a statistical population in space
-: composition of the population
57. In statistics, a qualification is called...
+: a set of quantitative and qualitative restrictive characteristics
-: supervisory authority
-: person performing surveillance
-: statistical observation program
58. The object of statistical observation is...
+: statistical population
-: unit of observation
-: unit of statistical population
-: reporting unit
59. Unintentional observation errors are called...
+: random
-: systematic
-: errors of representativeness
-: statistical
60. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: store turnover
-: store inventory
-: product range
-: type of ownership
61. The method of momentary observations is a type of...
+: selective observation
-: continuous observation
-: main array method
62. Continuous variation of a trait makes it advisable to construct...
+: interval variation series
-: discrete variation series
-: distribution row
63. Statistical observation used to obtain information about the size of the resident population at a critical moment is ...
+: solid
-: current
-: periodic
-: one-time
-: selective
64. The surveillance program is a list...
+: work to be carried out
-: questions to be answered
-: answers obtained as a result of observation
-: signs subject to statistical survey
65. Program and methodological issues of the observation plan determine ...
+: target, object, unit and surveillance program
-: place, time, type and method of observation
-: surveillance data monitoring system
-: characteristics subject to registration
66. Registration errors may be...
+: random
-: random and systematic
-: systematic
-: logical
-: arithmetic
-: logical and arithmetic
67. The main array method is...
+: type of statistical observation
-: by statistical observation
-: form of statistical observation
-: type and form of statistical observation
68. The unit of observation in population statistics is...
Human
-: the household
-: family and household
69. The subject from whom data is received during statistical observation is called...
Reporting unit
-: case
70. A population census is... observation.
+: one-time, specially organized, continuous
-: periodic, specially organized, continuous
-: periodic, register, continuous
-: one-time, register, continuous
-: periodic, specially organized, not continuous
-: one-time, specially organized, selective
-: periodic, register, selective
71. The subject from whom data on the progress of statistical observation is received is called...
+: reporting unit
-: unit of observation
-: unit of statistical population
72. The method of momentary observations is a type of...
+: selective observation
-: continuous observation
-: monographic survey
-: main array method
73. A quantitative indicator is...
+: physical volume of output
-: cost
-: wage
-: the price of the product
74. Quantitative indicators are...
+: living labor costs
-: cost
-: wage
-: the price of the product
75. A quantitative characteristic is...
+: work experience
-: social status
-: profession
76. An attributive feature is...
+: type of insurance
-: work experience
-: sum insured
-: authorized capital
77. Classification of statistical data is ...
+: methodological standard for distributing a population into groups
-: summation of the values of characteristics characteristic of statistical data
-: determination of the number of groups of elements of the population
-: determination of average values of a characteristic in groups
78. A multi-stage division of a population according to an attribute with clearly defined requirements and conditions for assigning elements to a particular group is called ...
+: classification
-: grouping
-: summary
-: nomenclature
79. The statistical standard for dividing a population over a long period of time is ...
+: nomenclature
-: classification
-: grouping
80. The distribution of a homogeneous population according to the values of a varying characteristic is carried out using ... grouping.
+: structural
-: typological
-: analytical
-: attributive
81. Distribution of a heterogeneous population on a qualitatively homogeneous groups carried out using ... grouping.
+: typological
-: structural
-: analytical
-: attributive
82. A grouping that allows us to identify the relationship between characteristics is...
+: analytical
-: typological
-: structural
-: attributive
83. The grouping of privatized enterprises in the region, presented in the form of a table, is...
-: structural simple
-: structural combinational
-: typologically simple
84. The grouping of small enterprises by the duration of one turnover of all current assets, drawn up in the form of a table, is ...
+: analytical
-: typological
-: structural
-: attributive
85. The grouping of respondents by political orientation, presented in the form of a table, is...
+: structural
-: typological
-: analytical
-: attributive
86. The grouping of insured objects, presented in the form of a table, is...
+: analytical simple
-: structural simple
-: structural combinational
87. The grouping of those convicted by court sentences, presented in the form of a table, is...
+: structural combinational
-: analytical Raman
-: structural simple
-: analytical simple
88. The grouping of dairies in the region by volume of milk processing, presented in the form of a table, is ...
+: analytical
-: typological
-: structural
-: variational
89. The grouping of countries by labor potential, presented in table form, is...
+: typological combinational
-: structural simple
-: structural combinational
-: typologically simple
90. The attributive series of distribution is the distribution...
+: freight turnover by mode of transport
-: cargo turnover at the cost of 1 ton of cargo
-: drivers by age
-: drivers by length of service
91. The variation series of a distribution is the distribution...
+: commercial banks by size of authorized capital
-: bank creditors by type of ownership
-: bank employees by tariff category
-: bank employees by education
92. The attributive series of distribution of enterprises is the distribution by ...
+: form of ownership
-: specific gravity export products
-: arrived
-: volume of products produced
93. The variation series of a distribution is the distribution...
+: cities by number of inhabitants
-: farms by quality of sown areas
-: sown area by crops
-: residents of cities by social status
94. In the series of distribution of families by number of children, the option is ...
+: number of children
-: number of families
-: number of households
-: number of men and women
95. In the series of distribution of cities by number of inhabitants, the frequency is ...
+: number of cities
-: number of inhabitants
-: population density
-: size of living area
96. In the series of distribution of firms by number of employees, the option is ...
+: number of employees
-: number of firms
-: authorized capital
-: loan debt
97. In the distribution of credit institutions by size of their authorized capital, the frequency is...
+: number of credit institutions
-: amount of authorized capital
-: the amount of equity
-: involved funds
98. A statistical table is one that shows...
+: ratio of men to women by region
-: country's balance of payments
-: number of regions
99. A statistical table is one that shows...
+: distribution of firms by number of employees
-: schedule of commuter trains
-: list administrative districts
100. According to the structure of the subject, the table characterizing the level of economic development of countries is ...
+: simple
-: group
-: combinational
-: analytical
101. By the nature of the subject, the table describing the living conditions of the country’s population is ...
+: simple monographic
-: group
-: simple list
-: analytical
-: attributive
102. A discrete sign of a group is...
+: number of family members
-: wages of workers
-: per capita income
-: cost of fixed assets
103. A continuous sign of grouping is...
+: wages of workers
-: shoe size
-: level of difficulty of work
-: number of family members
104. A quantitative characteristic of a group is...
+: salary
-: gender of person
-: nationality
-: profession
105. An attributive sign of a group is...
+: nationality
-: enterprise profit
-: person's age
-: size of sown area
-: wage
106. Typological groupings are used for...
+: division of a heterogeneous population into qualitatively homogeneous types
-: characteristics of structural changes
107. Structural groupings are used for...
+: characteristics of the population structure
-: characteristics of relationships between individual characteristics
108. Analytical groupings are used for...
+: characteristics of relationships between individual characteristics
-: dividing the population into qualitatively homogeneous types
-: characteristics of the population structure
109. The subject of a statistical table is...
+: totality, list of units of the totality or their groups
-: number of groups into which observation units are divided
-: system of indicators characterizing units of observation
110. The predicate of a statistical table is...
+: system of indicators characterizing the subject of the table
-: list of observation units
-: list of groups into which observation units are divided
-: table header containing characteristics of observation units
111. A statistical table object characterized by numbers is called...
+: subject
-: attribute
-: predicate
-: header
112. The system of indicators characterizing the object of study is called...
+: predicate
-: attribute
-: subject
-: statistical table
113. The division of a population according to an attribute with clearly defined requirements and conditions for assigning elements to a particular group is called ...
+: classification
-: grouping
-: summary
-: statistical table
114. Grouping, with the help of which a heterogeneous population is distributed into qualitatively homogeneous groups, is called ...
+: typological
-: structural
-: analytical
-: attributive
115. A statistical table is...
+: table characterizing the population by gender and age
-: multiplication table
-: sociological survey questionnaire
116. A statistical table represents...
+: form of the most rational presentation of the results of statistical observation
-: information about something, arranged in lines and columns
-: numerical characteristics, placed in the columns of the table
-: distribution range
117. The basis of a group can be...
+: both qualitative and quantitative attribute
-: continuous quantitative characteristic
-: discrete quantitative characteristic
118. Statistical tables based on the nature of the development of the predicate are...
+: complex
-: monographic
-: list
-: structural
119. A grouping in the form of a table is...
+: structural
-: analytical
-: typological
-: complex
120. A grouping formed by a table is...
+: combined
-: structural
-: analytical
-: simple
121. Grouping, with the help of which a homogeneous population is distributed according to the values of a varying characteristic, is called ...
+: structural
-: typological
-: analytical
-: attributive
122. The predicate of a statistical table is
-: object under study
+: indicators characterizing the object under study
-: information located in the top headings of the table
-: the basis of the group
123. A grouping in the form of a table is
-: typological
-: analytical
-: simple
+: combinational
124. A group is called complex
+: in which the division of the population into groups is carried out according to two or more characteristics taken in combination
-: which is intended to study the composition of homogeneous
aggregates according to some varying characteristic
-: revealing the relationships between the phenomena being studied and their
signs
-: allowing to distribute a heterogeneous population into qualitatively homogeneous groups
125. Grouping, which allows us to identify the relationship between characteristics, is
-: typological
-: structural
+: analytical
126. Grouping, which makes it possible to distribute a heterogeneous population into qualitatively homogeneous groups, is
+: typological
-: structural
-: analytical
-: attributive
127. A method that makes it possible to bring into a comparable form two groups that are incomparable due to various numbers selected groups is
+: secondary grouping method
-: building a complex grouping
-: primary grouping method
-: building a combinational grouping
128. The subject of group statistical tables contains
-: list of units of the population
+: grouping of population units according to one characteristic
-: grouping of population units according to several characteristics
-: indicators characterizing the object under study
129. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are
+: absolute values
-: indexes
-: coefficients
130. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are expressed ... in units of measurement.
-: natural
-: labor
-: cost
+: natural, labor and cost
131. Indicators characterizing the quantitative relationships of phenomena are quantities
-: absolute
+: relative
-: natural
-: labor
-: cost
132. Indicators characterizing the quantitative relationships of phenomena are calculated by
-: divisions of quantities of the same name
-: addition of like quantities
-: subtraction of quantities of the same name
-: divisions of opposite quantities
+: divisions of like and/or unlike quantities
133. The ratio of opposite indicators are relative values:
+: intensity
-: coordination
134. By dividing indicators of the same name, relative values are calculated:
-: intensity
+: structures and coordination
-: intensity and structure
-: intensity and coordination
135. The relative value of intensity is
-: GDP structure
+: GDP per capita
-: share of men in the city population
-: percentage of plan completion
136. Number of marriages per 1000 inhabitants, if
-: more in region A
+: more in region B
-: same in both regions
-: no conclusion can be drawn
137. The relative magnitude of dynamics is
+: percentage increase in investment in the oil industry over the year
-: volume of increased oil production per year (million tons)
-: percentage of completion of the oil production plan for the year
-: volume of increased investment in the oil industry over the year
138. Production declined faster... in 2002 compared to 2001.
-: reduction rates are the same
-: no conclusion can be drawn
139. The relative magnitude of dynamics is
+: percentage increase in real wages per year
-: volume of reduction of the budget deficit (billion rubles)
-: percentage of production plan fulfilled
-: volume of increase in production output (million tons)
140. Growth rates were higher
-: debt amounts
-: debt payments
+: the rates are the same for both indicators
-: the pace is incomparable
141. The relative value of spatial comparison is
-: housing provision for the population in each region
-: cost of 1 m 2 of housing in each region
-: difference in cost of 1 m 2 of housing in regions A and B
+: ratio of the cost of 1 m 2 of housing in regions A and B
142. The relative value of comparison is the ratio
+: minimum wage to subsistence level
-: budget expenditures for health protection to the annual budget
143. The relative value of a structure is the ratio
+: budget expenditures on health protection to the annual budget
-: health care costs to the cost of utilities
-: the cost of utilities to the purchasing power of the ruble
-: subsistence level to minimum wage
144. The relative value of coordination is the ratio
-: number of employees in national economy region to the number of people with higher education
-: number of men married to total number men
+: total number of men to total number of women
-: number of persons with higher education to population
145. The relative value of spatial comparison is the ratio:
-: volume of cargo transportation by road to volume of transportation by railway
-: the cost of transporting goods by road to the cost of transporting by rail
-: capacity of automatic telephone exchanges in cities to capacity in villages
+: population of region A to population of B
146. The relative value of coordination is the ratio
+: parts of a whole to each other
-: parts of a whole to a whole
147. The relative value of comparison is the ratio
+: auction price of shares to their par value
-: the value of shares put up for auction to the total value of shares
-: the value of shares in the current period to their value in the base period
148. The relative value of a structure is the ratio
-: parts of a whole to each other
+: parts of a whole to a whole
-: quantitative characteristics phenomena to the environment of its distribution
-: achieved level to planned
149. Share rural population is equal to ... if 5 million people lived in the region, including 2 million people in cities.
150. There are ... urban residents per 100 rural residents, if 8 million people live in the region, including 3 million people in cities.
151. Correspondence between types of relative quantities
L1: share of employed people in the total economically active population
L2: food consumption per capita
L3: ratio of men to women in the total number of unemployed
R4: relative plan indicator
R6: relative comparison index
152. Correspondence between types of relative quantities:
L1: share of men in the total number of unemployed
R1: relative structure index
L2: milk consumption per capita
R2: relative intensity index
L3: ratio of men to women in the total population
R3: relative coordination index
R4: relative indicator of plan implementation
R5: relative dynamics indicator
R6: relative plan indicator
153. Relationship relative indicators dynamics (OPD), plan (OPP) and implementation of the plan (OPPR) is expressed by the ratio:
+: OPD=OPP´OPRP
-: OPD=OPP:OPRP
-: OPD=OPP+OPRP
-: OPD=OPP-OPRP
154. Relative indicator of the production plan
= ###%, if the plan is fulfilled by 120%, and the increase in production compared to last year was 26%.
155. Relative indicator of implementation of the production plan = ###%, if production output decreased by 4% compared to the base year
and according to the plan it was supposed to increase by 20%
156. Product output compared to last year..., if OPP = 110%, and OPP = 90%.
+: decreased by 1%
-: increased by 1%
-: increased by 20%
-: decreased by 20%
-: did not change
157. The plan was implemented on..., if production output did not change compared to last year, but it was planned to reduce it by 20%.
158. Product output in 2004 compared to 2002 amounted to ....% (with an accuracy of 0.1%) provided:
159. Sales volume in 2000 was equal to ... million rubles, if in 2001 it increased compared to 2000 by 7% and amounted to 256.8 million rubles.
160. Turnover in 2001 was equal to ... million rubles, if it increased in 2001 compared to 2000 by 7%, which amounted to 28 million rubles.
161. Products produced in 2004 are more than in 2003 by ...%, if 26 thousand tons were produced in 2004, and 25 thousand tons in 2003.
162. The relative indicator of plan implementation is equal to ..., if in 2004 products worth 230 million rubles were produced, which is 20 million rubles. less than planned.
163. The relative indicator of the plan is equal to ..., if in 2005 products worth 400 million rubles were produced, and in 2006 it is planned to produce products worth 416 million rubles.
164. For every million rubles. of manufactured products account for ... million rubles. net taxes on products, if in 2004 products were produced for 320 million rubles, and net taxes on products were collected for 50 million rubles.
165. For every 100 unemployed men there are... unemployed women, if 256 men and 316 women are registered at the labor exchange.
166. The share of unemployed women in the total number of unemployed is equal to ... if 260 men and 240 women are registered at the labor exchange.
167. The share of unemployed women in the total population is ###%, if 580 women are registered at the labor exchange, and total number population is 14,500 people.
168. The share of imports in total trade turnover is equal to ###%, if goods worth 25 billion rubles are imported, and the total trade turnover is 500 billion rubles.
169. Total trade turnover is equal to ### billion rubles, if goods worth 24 billion rubles are imported, and the share of imports in total trade turnover is 12%
170. Goods worth ### billion rubles were imported, if the total trade turnover is 300 billion rubles, and the share of imports in the total trade turnover is 24%
171. Relative values are:
-: difference of two statistical quantities
-: sum of statistical quantities
+: quotient of two statistical quantities
-: product of two statistical quantities
172. The relative size of the structure characterizes:
-: development of a phenomenon in a certain environment
+: composition of the population being studied
-: development of a phenomenon over time
-: ratio of parts of the totality
173. The relative size of the structure is defined as
-: the ratio of two opposite quantities;
+: the relationship of individual parts to the entirety;
-: the ratio of two indicators of the same phenomena for different periods or points in time;
-: the ratio of two indicators of the same name belonging to the same population;
174. The relative intensity indicator is the ratio
-: one part of a population to another part of the same population
-: the level of the process or phenomenon under study for this period time and level of the same process or phenomenon in the past
The studied indicator to the size of its inherent environment
-: one and the same absolute indicator characterizing different objects (enterprises, districts, regions, countries)
175. Relative quantities represent ... two statistical quantities
-: difference
Private
-: work
176. The sum of relative indicators of the structure, calculated for one population, should be
+: strictly equal to 100
-: less than or equal to 100
-: greater than or equal to 100
-: less than, greater than or equal to 100
177. The ratio of opposite indicators is the relative value
+: intensity
-: speakers
-: structures
-: spatial comparison
178. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are quantities
+: absolute
-: relative
-: coefficients
-: indexes
179. Indicators characterizing the volumes and dimensions of socio-economic phenomena are expressed in units of measurement
+: natural, labor, cost
-: coefficients, percentages
-: indexes
-: relative values
180. average value is a general characteristic of a varying characteristic:
+: in a qualitatively homogeneous population
-: in any aggregate
-: in a qualitatively heterogeneous population
-: in a quantitatively heterogeneous population
181. The value of the average depends
-: from the volume of the statistical population
-: only from the weights of individual attribute values
-: only from individual characteristic values
+: both from the individual values of the characteristic and from their weights
182. Average score investment risk is calculated using the formula ... if the estimates of four groups of experts of 5 specialists each are known.
+: arithmetic simple
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
183. The average investment risk score is calculated using the formula ... if the estimates of four different groups of experts are known.
-: arithmetic simple
+: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
184. The average tax... if the tax for all producers is increased by 3%.
-: Will not change;
+: will increase by 3%
-: will increase by 9%
-: will increase by 6%
185. General level population mortality...if mortality in age groups population has not changed, but the proportion of older people in the entire population has increased.
+: increased;
-: decreased
-: change cannot be predicted.
-: did not change
186. The average score of business activity of entrepreneurs is ..., if
187. Average costs of raw materials are equal to ..., if
188. Attitude total value of the averaged characteristic to the volume of the population is equal to
-: variations in attribute values
-: median
+: average value of the characteristic
189. The average value of a characteristic in an ungrouped population is calculated using the formula for the average...
+: arithmetic simple
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic
-: geometric
-: chronological
190. The average value of a characteristic in a grouped population with groups of different sizes is calculated using the formula for the average...
-: arithmetic simple
+: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
-: geometric
191. Statistical characteristics, which quantitatively describes the distribution pattern, is
+: average
-: variation
-: asymmetry
-: the coefficient of variation
192. average cost of manufactured products (with an accuracy of 1 million rubles) for the 2nd quarter = ... million rubles, if
193. The average balance of working capital for the second quarter is calculated using the average formula.... given that:
-: arithmetic
-: harmonic
-: geometric
+: chronological
-: quadratic
194. Average number of employees (accurate to 1 person) for the 2nd quarter =### people, if
195. Average work experience is calculated using the average formula..., if
-: arithmetic simple
+: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
-: harmonic weighted
-: geometric
196. The calculation of the average share of export products is carried out in the form of average ..., if
-: arithmetic simple
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic simple
+: harmonic weighted
-: chronological
197. Average age student is... years old
198. The average age of a student is... years
199. Average value, if all weights are reduced by some constant value,
-: will increase
+: will not change
-: will decrease by the same amount
-: will change in an unpredictable way
200. The power average is
-: arithmetic mean
-: geometric mean
+: root mean square
-: median
201. The harmonic mean is used when calculating the average value if
-: indicators in aggregate are directly proportional
+: the indicators are inversely proportional, or one of the indicators is not specified, but acts as a factor in one of those available in the condition
-: when calculating the average annual growth rate in dynamics series
-: series is interval
202. The average wage of one worker in a team of 5 people is calculated based on the average ..., if
-: arithmetic weighted
-: harmonic
-: chronological
+: arithmetic simple
203. The average monthly population for the first quarter is determined by the average ..., if the population is given at 1.01, 1.02, 1.03 and 1.04.
-: arithmetic
-: harmonic
+: chronological
-: geometric
204. Average value..., if all variants of a characteristic are reduced by 1.5 times, and all weights are increased by 1.5 times.
-: Will not change
+: will decrease by 1.5 times
-: will increase by 1.5 times
-: will decrease by 3 times
-: will increase by 3 times
205. The average value is a general characteristic of a varying characteristic
+: only in a qualitatively homogeneous population
-: in any aggregate
-: in a quantitatively homogeneous population
-: in an aggregate that is homogeneous both qualitatively and quantitatively
206. Average value, if all weights are reduced by 20%,
+: will not change
-: will decrease by 20%
-: will increase by 20%
-: will decrease by 80%
-: will increase by 80%
207. The mode in the distribution series is:
+: most common characteristic value
-: highest frequency
-: average value of the characteristic
208. Fashion in discrete series distribution
-: always alone
-: does not exist
+: there may be one or more
209. The median in a distribution series is:
-: the most common value of the characteristic
+: attribute value dividing the series in half
-: highest frequency
-: module of the largest deviation from the average
210. Median in interval series distribution
+: always alone
-: may or may not exist
-: does not exist
-: there may be one or more
211. The median age of brokers is ... if
212. Mode of number of errors, if
213. Variation is:
+: diversity of values of a certain characteristic in a statistical population
-: differences in the values of different characteristics for an individual element of the population
-: the sum of deviations of the characteristic values from the average value
-: difference between maximum and minimum values characteristics in total
214. Variation in two populations with the same mean values
-: always the same
-: always different
-: differ by no more than 30%
215. Variation in two populations with different means
-: always the same;
+: may be the same or different
-: always different
-: differ by at least 30%
216. The average linear deviation is calculated using ... deviations of individual values of a characteristic from the average.
+: algebraic sum
-: sums of absolute values
-: sum of squares
217. Linear average and average standard deviation
-: always the same
+: can sometimes be the same
-: always different
-: always the same absolute value
218. Dispersion is ... deviations of individual values of a characteristic from the average.
+: middle square
-: work
219. Dispersion can be determined for a characteristic:
-: only high quality
-: quantitative and qualitative
-: only for quantitative
+: for quantitative and alternative
220. If all values of a characteristic are increased by a certain amount, then the variance:
-: will increase by the same amount;
-: will decrease by the same amount;
+: will not change;
-: will increase by the square of this value
221. The coefficient of variation can be calculated based on
+: standard deviation
-: average linear deviation
-: span variation
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