Accentuation of personality traits with impaired emotions. Character accentuations

ACCENTATION OF CHARACTER

(English) character accentuation) - high degree expressiveness of individual features character and their combinations, representing an extreme variant bordering on psychopathy. Wed .

Large psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .

character accentuation

   ACCENTATION OF CHARACTER (with. 31) - excessive expression of individual character traits and their combinations, representing an extreme version of the mental norm, bordering on psychopathy. According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard (he proposed this term), in 20-50% of people some character traits are so pointed (accentuated) that this, under certain circumstances, leads to the same type of conflicts and nervous breakdowns. With character accentuation, a person becomes vulnerable not to any (as in psychopathy), but only to certain traumatic influences addressed to the so-called “place of least resistance” of this type of character while maintaining resistance to others. Accentuation can be expressed in different ways - there are obvious and hidden (latent) accentuations that can turn into each other under the influence various factors, among which important role play features of education, social environment, professional activity, physical health.

Taking shape by adolescence, most accentuations, as a rule, are smoothed out over time, compensated, and only in difficult, traumatic situations that affect the “weak link” of character for a long time can not only become the basis for acute emotional reactions, neuroses, but also be a condition for the formation of psychopathy.

Based on various classifications, the following main types of character accentuations are distinguished:

1) cycloid- alternation of phases of good and bad mood with a different period;

2) hyperthymic- constantly high spirits, increased mental activity with a thirst for activity and a tendency to scatter, not bringing the matter to the end;

3) labile - a sharp change in mood depending on the situation;

4) asthenic- fatigue, irritability, tendency to depression and hypochondria;

5) sensitive- increased susceptibility, timidity, a heightened sense of one's own inferiority;

6) psychasthenic- high anxiety, suspiciousness, indecision, tendency to introspection, constant doubt and reasoning;

7) - isolation, isolation, introversion, emotional coldness, manifested in the absence of empathy, difficulties in establishing emotional contacts, lack of intuition in the process of communication;

8) epileptoid- a tendency to an angry-dreary mood with accumulating aggression, manifested in the form of attacks of rage and anger (sometimes with elements of cruelty), conflict, viscosity of thinking, scrupulous pedantry;

9) stuck (paranoid)- increased suspicion and painful resentment, persistence of negative affects, the desire for dominance, rejection of the opinions of others and, as a result, high conflict;

10) demonstrative (hysterical)- a pronounced tendency to repress unpleasant facts and events, to deceit, fantasy and pretense, used to attract attention; behavior characterized by adventurism, vanity, "flight into the disease" with an unsatisfied need for recognition;

11) distimic- the predominance of low mood, a tendency to depression, a focus on the gloomy and sad sides of life;

12) unstable- the tendency to easily succumb to the influence of others, the constant search for new experiences, companies, the ability to easily establish contacts, which, however, are superficial;

13) conformal- excessive subordination and dependence on the opinions of others, lack of criticality and initiative, a tendency to conservatism.

Unlike "pure" types, mixed forms of character accentuations are much more common - intermediate (the result of the simultaneous development of several typical features) and amalgam (layering of new character traits on its existing structure) types. I

Accounting for character accentuations is necessary for the implementation of an individual approach to the upbringing of children and adolescents, career guidance, choice suitable forms individual and family psychotherapy.

Popular psychological encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo. S.S. Stepanov. 2005 .

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Character accentuations are strongly pronounced character traits that are on the border with. With accentuations, certain features are so pronounced in relation to other characteristics that they seem disproportionate to the overall picture of the personality.

For the first time, Leonhard K, a German psychiatrist, spoke about the concept of accentuations, who understood this term as the excessive severity of personality traits that, under adverse conditions, take pathological forms. AT domestic practice receiver German school became Lichko A.E., who, on the basis of the works of Leonhard, developed his own classification of accentuations and introduced into practice the very concept of “character accentuation”.

Of course, any type of accentuation should not be considered a disorder, but it should be borne in mind that accentuation is fertile ground for the development of psychoses, neuroses and psychosomatic disorders.

In truth, the line between “normal” and pathology is so thin that it is extremely difficult to squeeze borderline accentuations between it. It takes a long time to diagnose accentuation.

Accentuations can be conditionally divided into hidden and explicit. An explicit form is just a borderline state that runs like a red thread through a person’s entire life.

The latent form manifests itself only in conditions of psychotraumatic or stressful situation and is generally normal. It is important to note that accentuations are dynamic, they change throughout life, but the same factor remains at the core.

Now consider personality accentuations according to Lichko A.E.:

It is worth noting that Lichko built his classification on adolescents, while his german teacher worked with a wider audience. Therefore, it seems necessary to classify according to Leonhard:

There is another modification of the Leonhard model, which we will touch on in passing. Shmishek proposed to divide character accentuations into subtypes: in fact, features of character and temperament.

To temperamental he attributed:

• hyperthymia;
• distimity;
• anxiety;
• emotivity;
• cyclothymism;
• exaltation.

As for character accentuations:

• jam;
• pedantry;
• excitability;
• demonstrativeness.

We now turn to the reasons for the formation of these changes in character.

Reasons for development

Accentuations develop due to the influence of many factors, the key role among which is played, most likely, by heredity. The manifestation of such hereditary burden is facilitated by:

The accentuations of character are most pronounced at puberty, when the whole world of a teenager changes. Over time, they often turn into a latent form.

For the most part, it is shown that heredity plays a leading role in the formation of such a character. social conditions by themselves, they cannot turn a person into a hysteroid, although they can teach an overprotective child to use hysterical behavior as a means to achieve goals. In addition, most people with character traits find mixed and dynamic complexes of manifestations, which suggests that accentuations tend to change.

Important Notes

It should be understood that the above classifications are only a supporting structure, an abstraction that rarely really works in practice. Of course, all these accentuations of character exist, but their "pure" forms are not found - except in the case of gross pathologies.

For children in whose behavior traits of changes in character are clearly revealed, it is extremely important to build special conditions for education that level the readiness for the development of explicit forms. Moreover, a clear understanding of the characteristics of character is extremely important in determining the professional affiliation of a person. After all, pronounced accentuations automatically exclude certain types of professions from consideration.

Often, character accentuations are close to psychopathy, so it is extremely important to take into account the only difference: the manifestations of accentuations are not permanent, they are situational and, in principle, predictable. Moreover, most people are aware of their characteristics and seek to control them.

Psychopathies, on the other hand, constantly affect a person’s life, negatively affecting his social contacts, roles in society and close relationships. Psychopathies practically do not smooth out and do not change over time, and even more so - they do not disappear. They are beyond human control.

Accentuated people have the ability to reveal strengths of their nature, psychopathic changes are negative and, in principle, have a destructive effect on the individual, and on the social environment.

If we touch on the topic of prevalence among adolescents, then this is a very pressing problem. Approximately 82% of children aged 12 to 18 have problems of this kind. Of course, such features are assessed as related to age, but inadequate response on them from adults and education systems are able to “fix” such behavior.

At the same time, the problem of character accentuations can be corrected during this period. Left out of control characteristics A teenager's behavior, on the contrary, can evolve into serious psychological problems in the future.

Treatment

In principle, unexpressed accentuations do not require treatment. However, the accentuation of character, which interferes with the conduct of a full-blooded social life may require some adjustment.

In particular, it is worth paying attention to people with character accentuations who have suffered head injuries. After TBI, a serious exacerbation of the severity of certain character traits can follow.

If exacerbations are associated with some other diseases (infections, injuries, paralysis), then first of all it is worth treating the primary disease, and then starting psychotherapeutic work.

We also note that accentuations are not considered by psychiatrists as pathologies, but their proximity to psychopathy requires psychotherapeutic treatment. The usual course of therapy is aimed at teaching a person more control over their conditions and literally enlightening about their own characteristics. As a rule, people who understand their behavior better control it more successfully.

Accentuations of character are diagnosed through filling out a battery of tests and talking with a doctor, and sometimes through an additional collection of anamnesis. Treatment is psycho-correctional in nature and is carried out in a group, individual or family form.

Pharmacological agents are extremely rarely used, but their use may indicate an incorrect diagnosis - probably, it concerns psychopathy.

In general, character accentuations lend themselves psychological correction and overcome by people.

They are pointed. One has only to create certain conditions, and conflicts of the same type may arise.

Personality accentuation is a hypertrophied development of some character traits against the background of others, which leads to disruption of relationships with others. In the presence of such a symptom, a person begins to show excessive sensitivity to some factors that cause stressful condition. This is despite the fact that the rest is relatively stable.

Accentuation can be so pronounced that its symptoms will be barely noticeable to loved ones, but its level of manifestation may be such that doctors may think about making such a diagnosis as psychopathy. But the latter disease is characterized by constant manifestations and regular relapses. And it can eventually smooth out and become close to normal state.

As practice shows, this symptom is most often found in adolescents and young men (in about 70% of cases). The accentuation of the personality is not always manifested clearly, therefore it can be determined using specially designed psychological tests. During their conduct, people can behave in a specific way, and it is important for the doctor to be able to anticipate such a reaction.

There are such types of personality in psychology, which depend on the degree of manifestation of accentuation:

1. The hyperthymic type is characterized by high spirits, increased talkativeness, contact. People with this form of the disease, as a rule, very often lose the initial thread of the conversation, do not respond to the comments made and deny all kinds of punishment. They are very energetic, mobile, non-self-critical, they love unreasonable risk.
2. Personality accentuation can be of a dysthymic type, which is the exact opposite of the previous one. The representative of this species is constantly depressed, sad and is a closed person. He is burdened by a noisy society, he does not get close to employees, does not like communication. If he becomes a participant in conflicts (which is extremely rare), then he acts as a passive side in them.
3. characterized by frequent mood swings. If it is elevated, the person actively communicates, which becomes similar to a representative of the hyperthymic type. If a person is in a more depressed state, his behavioral responses resemble people of the dysthymic type.
4. Emotional Accentuation of personality in this case is manifested by excessive sensitivity of character, vulnerability. A person begins to deeply experience even minimal troubles, perceives remarks and criticism very painfully, is sensitive if he fails, therefore he is often in a dull mood.
5. Demonstrative type always in the spotlight and achieves the goal at any cost.
6. A person of an excitable type is often unrestrained, quick-tempered, prone to rudeness and too conflicting.
7. Stuck type. Representatives are fixated on their feelings and emotions, in conflicts they act as an active party, they are prone to protracted disputes.
8. The pedantic type is characterized by "nerdiness" in everything, from everyday life to professional activities.
9. fear for themselves and for those around them, they are not confident in themselves, they are hard at defeat.
10. The exalted type is characterized by variability of mood, vivid emotions and talkativeness.
11. Schizoid personality accentuation, as a rule, manifests itself in isolation, immersion in oneself, restraint and coldness in communication.
12. The last type in this classification - extroverted - is characterized by an increased degree of talkativeness, lack of personal opinion, disorganization, and lack of independence.

Accentuations are overly pronounced character traits related to the extreme version of the norm, bordering on psychopathy. With this feature, some traits of a person's character are pointed, disproportionate in relation to the general personality type, leading to a certain disharmony.

The term "personality accentuation" was introduced in 1968 by a German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, who described this phenomenon as overly pronounced individual personality traits that tended to turn into pathological condition under the influence of unfavorable factors. Later this question was considered by A. E. Lichko, who, on the basis of the works of Leongrad, developed his own classification and introduced the term "character accentuation" into everyday life.

And although the accentuated character is by no means identified with a mental illness, it is important to understand that it can contribute to the formation of psychopathologies (neurosis, psychosis, etc.). In practice, it is very difficult to find the line to separate "normal" from accentuated personalities. However, psychologists recommend identifying such people in teams, because accentuation almost always determines special abilities and psychological disposition to specific activities.

Classifications

Accentuations of character in terms of severity can be explicit and hidden. Explicit accentuation is an extreme version of the norm, when certain character traits are expressed throughout life. The manifestation of hidden accentuations is usually associated with some kind of traumatic circumstances, which, in principle, is the usual version of the norm. During a person's life, the forms of accentuations can change from one to another under the influence of various external and internal factors.

Lichko classification

The most common and understandable classifications of character types include the aforementioned systems developed by Leonhard and Lichko. Lichko in more studied character accentuations that can be observed in adolescence, and in its classification the following types are distinguished:

View	Characteristics
Hyperthymic	This type is characterized as "overactive", with its inherent increased vitality and mood. Personalities with such accentuations cannot endure any monotony and loneliness, crave communication, are prone to frequent changes in hobbies and activities, as a result of which they rarely finish what they started
Cycloid	Hyperthymia alternates with a subdepressive phase with characteristic cyclic mood changes
Labile	Emotional lability is expressed in frequent and causeless mood swings. People with this character trait are extremely sensitive, tend to openly demonstrate positive emotions in relation to others, are distinguished by social responsiveness and sociability
sensitive	Often, sensitive accentuations are manifested in an inferiority complex, shyness, and increased impressionability. The interests of such personalities often lie in the intellectual and aesthetic spheres.
Astheno-neurotic	Manifested in capriciousness, suspiciousness, increased irritability, fatigue with any mental work
Schizoid	Individuals of the schizoid type are usually very reserved, preferring solitude. If we talk about teenagers, then they may not be drawn to their peers at all, preferring to be in the company of adults. With external indifference inner world such personalities are often filled with a variety of fantasies and hobbies
Psychasthenic	People with a psychasthenic type accentuation are prone to introspection, long-term hesitation when it is necessary to make a decision, fear of responsibility, self-criticism
epileptoid	The characteristic features of the individual are determined by authoritarianism, increased excitability, tension, irritability with bouts of anger.
hysterical	Hysteroid personalities always want to be in the center public attention, they are self-centered, afraid of becoming the object of ridicule, prone to demonstrative suicide
Conformal	The individual tends to mindlessly obey any more authoritarian person, strives not to differ from others in any way, in fact, being an opportunist
Unstable	People of this type often have a craving for various kinds of entertainment, laziness, lack of reflection on the future and professional interests.

Classification of Leongrad

In many ways, the classification of character types proposed by Leongrad, who studied character accentuations mainly in adults, is similar and identified the following types:

View	Characteristic
Hyperthymic	Talkativeness, readiness to always make contact, pronounced facial expressions and gestures, energy and initiative, sometimes conflict, frivolity and irritability
distymny	The opposite of the previous type, characterized by low contact and a generally pessimistic attitude and passivity
Cycloid	Frequent mood swings, which affect the behavior and manner of communication with other people
Excitable.	It is characterized by delayed non-verbal and verbal reactions, however, in a state of emotional arousal, irritability and even aggression are possible.
stuck.	Boredom, a tendency to instruct, touchy, and sometimes even vindictive
Pedantic	In conflicts, such an individual usually participates as a passive observer, is distinguished by conscientiousness and accuracy, but is prone to formalism and tediousness.
alarming	Depression, self-doubt, performance
emotive	Such individuals feel comfortable only in the circle of selected close people, are able to empathize and sincerely rejoice in someone else's happiness, are tearful and hypersensitive.
Demonstrative	There is a pronounced desire for leadership, artistry, non-standard thinking, selfishness, hypocrisy, a tendency to boast
Exalted	Talkativeness, altruism, a tendency to commit impulsive acts
extroverted	Personalities of this type usually make contact easily, have many friends, are non-conflict, but quite easily succumb to other people's influence, sometimes commit rash actions, have a tendency to spread gossip
introverted	From previous given type has low contact. Introverted personalities show a tendency to philosophize, loneliness, adherence to principles, restraint, stubbornness

One of the modifications of the Leongarad classification is the Shmishek system, which proposed to divide the types of accentuations into accentuations of temperament and character. So, he attributed hyperthymia, distimism, cyclothymia, anxiety, exaltation and emotiveness to accentuations of temperament. But the author ranked excitability, stuckness, demonstrativeness and pedantry directly as accentuations of character.

Examples

As brightest examples types of character accentuations can be popular heroes of modern animated films and literary works endowed with pronounced personal characteristics. Thus, an unstable or dysthymic type of personality is well illustrated in the hero of the famous children's work "The Adventures of Pinocchio" by Piero, whose mood is usually bleak and depressed, and his attitude to surrounding events is pessimistic.

The donkey Eeyore from the cartoon about Winnie the Pooh is best suited to the asthenic or pedantic type. This character is distinguished by unsociableness, fear of disappointment, concern for one's own health. But the White Knight from the famous work "Alice in Wonderland" can be safely attributed to the extroverted schizoid type, characterized by intellectual development and unsociableness. Alice herself belongs rather to the cycloid type, which is characterized by alternating increased and decreased activity with corresponding mood swings. The character of Don Quixote Cervantes is revealed in a similar way.

The accentuation of the character of the demonstrative type is clearly manifested in Carlson - narcissistic a character who loves to show off, striving to always be the object of everyone's attention. Winnie the Pooh from the children's book of the same name and the cat Matroskin can be safely attributed to the excitable type. These two characters are similar in many ways, as both are distinguished by an optimistic warehouse, activity and immunity to criticism. An exalted character can be observed in the hero of the modern cartoon "Madagascar" King Julian - he is eccentric, inclined to exaggerate own emotions, does not tolerate inattention to himself.

The labile (emotional) type of character accentuation is revealed in Tsarevna-Nesmeyana, but the fisherman from A.S. Pushkin "On the Fisherman and the Fish" is a characteristic representative of the conformal (extroverted) type, who finds it easier to adapt to the opinions of others than to defend his point of view. The paranoid (stuck) type is typical for most purposeful and self-confident super-heroes (Spider-Man, Superman, etc.), whose life is a constant struggle.

Formation factors

The accentuated character is formed, as a rule, under the influence of a combination of various factors. There is no doubt that one of the key roles in this is played by heredity, that is, some innate personality traits. In addition, the following circumstances may influence the appearance of accentuations:

• Appropriate social environment. Since character is formed from an early age childhood The greatest influence on the development of personality is exerted by the people surrounding the child. He unconsciously copies their behavior and adopts their features;
• Destructive upbringing. Lack of attention from parents and other people around, excessive guardianship or severity, lack of emotional closeness with the child, excessive or conflicting demands, etc.;
• Dissatisfaction of personal needs. With an authoritarian type of management in the family or school;
• Lack of communication in adolescence;
• Inferiority complex, high self-esteem or other forms of disharmonious self-image;
• Chronic diseases, especially those affecting nervous system, physical handicaps;
• Profession. According to statistics, character accentuations are more often observed in representatives of such professions as actors, teachers, medical workers, military personnel, etc.

According to scientists, the accentuation of character is more often manifested in the puberty period, but as they grow older, it turns into a latent form. As for the genesis of the phenomenon under consideration, a number of previous studies show that, in general, education itself cannot create conditions in which, for example, a schizoid or cycloid personality type could be formed. However, with certain relationships in the family (excessive indulgence of the child, etc.), it is quite possible that the child will develop a hysterical character accentuation, etc. Very often, people with a hereditary predisposition have mixed types accentuations.

Peculiarities

Accentuations of character are found not only in their "pure" form, easily classifiable, but in a mixed form. These are the so-called intermediate types, which are the result of the simultaneous development of several different features. Taking into account such personality traits is very important when raising children and building communication with adolescents. It is also necessary to take into account the features of an accentuated character when choosing a profession, when identifying a predisposition to a particular type of activity.

Very often, an accentuated character is compared with psychopathy. It is important to take into account the obvious difference here - the manifestation of accentuations is not permanent, since over time they can change their severity, smooth out or even disappear. With favorable life circumstances personalities with an accentuated character are even able to reveal special abilities and talents in themselves. For example, a person with an exalted type can discover the talent of an artist, actor, etc. in himself.

As for the manifestations of accentuations in adolescence, this problem is very relevant today. According to statistics, almost 80% of adolescents have character accentuations. And although these features are considered temporary, psychologists talk about the importance of their timely recognition and correction. The fact is that part of the pronounced accentuations under the influence of certain unfavorable factors can be transformed mental illness already in adulthood.

Treatment

excessive pronounced accentuation character, leading to a clear personality disharmony, may indeed require some treatment. It is important to emphasize that therapy for the problem under consideration should be inextricably linked with the underlying disease. For example, it has been proven that with repeated craniocerebral injuries against the background of an accentuated character, the formation of psychopathic disorders is possible. Despite the fact that in themselves character accentuations in psychology are not considered as pathologies, they are quite close to mental disorders for a number of indications. In particular, the accentuated character is one of the psychological problems in which it is not always possible to maintain normal behavior in society.

Explicit and hidden character accentuations are diagnosed during special psychological tests using appropriate questionnaires. Treatment is always prescribed individually, depending on the specific type of accentuation, its causes, etc. As a rule, correction is carried out with the help of psychotherapy in an individual, family or group form, but sometimes additional drug therapy may be prescribed.

Carl Leonard - German neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, developed a widely popular in psychiatry and medical psychology the concept of "accentuated personalities". Accentuation of the character of a person means an excessive expression of individual character traits, which can be hidden or explicit, pass from each other under the influence of various factors: the characteristics of family education, social environment, professional activities and studies, psychophysiological characteristics and physical health.

The nature of human reactions to the environment is multivariate in the sphere of aspirations and inclinations; on the basis of such variations, individualities arise that differ from each other. According to K. Leonard, accentuated character traits tend to turn into pathology and are not as numerous as variant traits. At the level of a generally recognized norm, they leave an individual imprint on a person's personality, but at the same time they retain essential feature- the possibility of becoming overly pronounced. This does not mean that accentuated personalities should be classified as abnormal, just that they individual characteristics clearly differ from the average and generally accepted standard. Having assessed the character of a person with average manifestations of individual qualities, it can be argued that he is not inclined to develop not only in a negative, but also in a positive manifestation of his traits. A feature of an accentuated personality is readiness for a special, both socially positive and socially negative development. Abnormal personalities should be called only those people who deviate from the average norm to such an extent that even in the absence of external adverse conditions have difficulty adapting to daily life.

K. Leonard and A.E. Lichko give the following description of ten "pure" (with a specific pathological manifestation) types of accentuated personalities, noting that mixed types are much more common.

1. Hyperthymic type- a constantly elevated background of mood, combined with a thirst for activity, high activity and entrepreneurial spirit. There is a tendency to scatter, not to finish what has been started .. Self-esteem is somewhat overestimated, easily forgives mistakes and shortcomings, usually blames others. At the same time, he easily forgives, is not vindictive, is not very reliable, promises a lot, but does little. He has a cheerful disposition, loves changing places, communication, new experiences, full of plans and ideas, attracts others to himself, life "boils" around him.

2. Stuck (rigid) type- excessive persistence of emotional excitement, passion, combined with a tendency to form overvalued ideas. Characterized by increased suspicion, resentment, persistence of negative experiences, the desire to dominate others, rejection of other opinions and, as a result, conflict. People of this type are neat, purposeful, proud, make significant volitional efforts to achieve their goals, strive for power and leadership.

3. Emotive (labile) type- sensitivity and impressionability, deep feelings, richness of feelings and emotions, high spirituality. Characteristic such people - this is sentimentality, manifested in hypersensitivity to the events that happen to them. They understand well and feel the attitude of others around them, changeable in mood, able to plunge into despondency and gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles and failures.

4. Pedantic type- inertia mental processes, inflexibility of thinking and behavior. Such people make high demands on themselves and others, on the quality of work, are able to keep their word, often suffer under the burden of responsibility, always doubt, suspicious, suspicious, concerned about their own health. They are usually taciturn, quiet, easily embarrassed, long experiencing failure, respect logic, rationalism, systematization to the detriment of intuition. They are distinguished by a tendency to analyze their thoughts, feelings and actions, which sometimes leads to an inadequate perception of reality.

5. Anxious-fearful type- tendency to negative emotions, fears, increased shyness and fearfulness, high level anxiety. People of this type are characterized by increased impressionability, a heightened sense of their own inferiority, indecision, a tendency to self-flagellation, constant doubts and lengthy reasoning.

6. Cyclothymic type- change of hyperthymic and dysthymic (type 9) types of behavior and experience, i.e. alternation of phases of good and bad mood with different period.

7. Demonstrative type- a pronounced tendency to oust unpleasant facts and events, one's own mistakes and shortcomings from the consciousness, which manifests itself in deceit, fantasizing, pretense. Such personalities are also characterized by adventurism and vanity. They are extremely selfish, crave attention, often wishful thinking, cunning, adaptable, artistic, gifted with a rich imagination, prone to hysteria.

8. Unbalanced (excitable) type- increased impulsivity, weakening control over drives and urges. These people are irritable, constantly avoid difficulties, often fall into anger and rage, are gloomy in appearance, in a conversation they discuss only what lies on the surface, they answer sparingly.

9. Dysthymic type- low mood, fixation of attention on the gloomy aspects of life, lethargy, a tendency to depression.

10. Affectively - exalted type- a wide range of experiences emotional states. People of this type are characterized by delight from joyful events and complete despair from sad ones. They love pleasure and entertainment, life's pleasures, but they develop a sense of duty and higher values ​​​​with difficulty. AT social environment they need firm but not rigid control, which is necessary throughout life.