Personal potential and its features in youth. systems thinking

Each of us has heard such a word as “potential” more than once. This is a concept in psychology, which is given more than one or two definitions. Moreover, a lot of scientific papers and studies are devoted to this topic. It is indeed of some interest, so it is worth delving into its study.

Research by Erich Fromm

It is generally accepted that the potential is a person to multiply their internal capabilities, to develop, to be productive, to interact effectively with other people and the world around them. The well-known German sociologist Erich Fromm devoted his life to this quality, as well as to the study.

The scientist believed that each person is unique in his own way. He assured: it was the realization of his internal capacity and personal development is the main goal of each of us. If a person strives to manifest his "I", not paying attention to obstacles, external stimuli and temptation, then he gains real positive freedom and gets rid of anti-social aspirations. What does it mean? Positive freedom is the most complete realization by the individual of his abilities and parallel management active image life.

About activities

Potential is a topic in psychology that contains a lot of important nuances. It is important to note that the inner strength inherent in each person is focused on certain types activities. In the course of his life, a person sets priorities, sets goals for himself and subsequently achieves them.

Many believe that under certain circumstances, the potential can be fully revealed. This is usually observed when a person overcomes life's difficulties, trials and obstacles. By suppressing his own fears, the individual realizes such abilities that he could not even suspect.

Potential is the same in psychology as in philosophy. But sociology considers this concept not only as the inner strength and energy of the individual. Potential is considered to be a set of material and spiritual capabilities that can contribute to the achievement of certain goals.

Personal potential

I would like to talk about this quality in more detail. If to speak scientific language, then this is the name of the integral characteristic of the level of personal maturity and the manifestation of the phenomenon of self-determination. The latter means the ability of a person to make his own choice.

The Austrian psychologist Viktor Frankl believed that a powerful personal potential (LP) is determined by free attitude person to his physicality and needs. This means that motives and circumstances can only dominate him as much as he wants to. In addition, this quality reflects the successful overcoming of given circumstances by a person.

LP characteristic

It is also generally accepted that personal potential includes both the abilities of the individual and the system of constantly multiplying resources (volitional, psychological, intellectual, etc.). This is very important quality. It is it that helps the individual in all his adaptation periods in various areas, influences the formation of professional skills, self-realization, career, development of abilities.

The concept of LP successfully reveals the idea of personality transformation in a changing world. A person with a powerful LP is not only able to adapt to certain conditions. He can change them so that they play into his hands and contribute to the achievement of goals. The ability of an individual to carry out his plans, no matter what, - most valuable quality which helps not only in professional activities, but also in everyday life.

Creative aspect

Above, a little was told about such a thing as personal potential. Psychology, in addition to it, distinguishes another type of this quality - creative (TP).

In each of us there is a beginning that gives birth to fantasy, imagination in the mind. It pushes a person to improve, to move forward. Developmental psychology creativity personality proves that the implementation of TP leads to hyperactivity of the brain, to the predominance of the unconscious over consciousness. Often the combination of intellect and creativity gives rise to genius in a person.

An individual with a powerful TP, as a rule, has a pronounced initiative, self-confidence, the ability to complete what has been started, the desire to constantly improve and learn something new. Such people constantly motivate themselves, personally create the conditions for achieving their goals, control the quality of the work performed (which is perfectionism), and analyze problems in detail before solving them, if any. All these qualities characterize a person with AFL only with better side. Not surprisingly, these are the people who perform best in the workplace.

Creativity

Another aspect deserves attention. Psychology singles out the creative potential as a separate topic. This quality determines the ability of a person to carry out creative activity, to express himself and go beyond standard knowledge. "Creativity" in this case involves the behavioral, emotional and cognitive aspects.

If we talk about the potentials of the individual in psychology, then it is worth noting that CP is the most valuable and practical quality. A person with creative potential is able to realize himself extraordinary not only in any activity, but also in feelings, sensations, behavior. Such people are able to change and go against stereotypes. Gives them out out of the box thinking, the ability to formulate original ideas, as well as ignoring the usual framework and boundaries. They have diverse interests, they are always happy to learn new skills and knowledge. Such people make others want to get to know them and communicate better.

work area

A few words must also be said about labor potential. This is a definition in psychology, which is displayed in a separate category. This is the name of a set of qualities that characterize the labor abilities of a person.

Labor potential (TP) is expressed in the ability of the individual to maintain normal relations in the team and take part in its activities. A person with TP is able to generate and analyze innovative ideas, and also has the necessary practical skills and theoretical knowledge to carry out work duties. It distinguishes good health, the presence of moral principles, activity, education, competence, the ability to organize one's time in a practical way, accuracy, discipline. People who know how to realize their labor potential are valuable employees.

Self improvement

Psychology studies the development of the potential of the individual in the most thorough way. The same topic is of interest to people who want to engage in the formation of their inner strength and realization of hidden opportunities.

To improve your potential, you need to form a powerful motivating motive for yourself. He will become an active force that will help awaken hidden possibilities. A person is capable of many things if he becomes obsessed with what he strongly desires.

You can be inspired by the success of a person who has achieved impressive achievements in the field of interest. Moreover, it is worth getting acquainted with their strategy, advice and try to understand the way of thinking, and then apply the knowledge gained in your own practice.

It is also recommended to divide the goal into several stages. The more there are, the better. They will connect the current state of affairs with the desired one. This is about the same as conquering the top. Overcoming a certain distance daily, in the end it will be possible to reach the very top. The technique is effective, but the most important thing is desire. A person who is thirsty for something is capable of such actions, the implementation of which he himself did not expect from himself.

The collective monograph covers a wide range of issues of personality psychology through the prism new concept personal potential - a system of personality characteristics that underlie successful self-regulation in various fields vital activity. Addressed to psychologists.

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The following excerpt from the book Personal potential. Structure and Diagnosis (Authors, 2011) provided by our book partner - the company LitRes.

A.Zh. Averina, L.A. Alexandrova, I.A. Vasiliev, T.O. Gordeeva, A.I. Gusev, O.E. Dergacheva, G.V. Ivanchenko, E.R. Kaliteevskaya, M.V. Kurganskaya, A.A. Lebedeva, D.A. Leontiev, E.Yu. Mandrikova, O.V. Mitina, E.N. Osin, A.V. Plotnikova, E.I. Rasskazova, A.Kh. Fam, S.A. Shapkin

The work was done at financial support Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, project 06-06-00449а "Structure and diagnostics of personal potential"

The publication was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, project 10-06-16004d

All rights reserved. No part of the electronic version of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including posting on the Internet and corporate networks, for private and public use, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Introduction: personal potential as an object of study

YES. Leontiev

Modern psychology Personality is a very eclectic area, the specific subject content and boundaries of which are very vaguely defined. If you open almost any of the textbooks called "Psychology of Personality", "Theories of Personality" or "Personal Development", we will find everything there - from the constitution to the meaning of life. It is the lack of a clear idea of the specific content of the personality, in addition to mental processes, states and others constituent parts subject of psychology, and is, in my opinion, the main obstacle to the development of this area scientific knowledge which is moving now very rapidly, but the direction of this movement is not entirely clear.

A number of authors in different time and in quite different contexts they tried to isolate the specific content of the personality. You can refer to the idea of A.N. Leontiev (1983) about the personality as a special dimension, irreducible to the one in which the study of mental processes is carried out, on the idea of V. Frankl (1990) about the noetic, spiritual dimension, which is built on top of the actual psychological dimension, the idea of B.S. Bratusya (1988) about the separation of personality in the narrow sense of the word, characterized by a special content, and personality in broad sense the words. In all these cases, the specific content of the personality meant its semantic dimension (semantic fabric, inner world), which was reflected in the overlapping variants of understanding the personality structure ( Asmolov, 1990; bratus, 1988; Leontiev D.A., 1993), which are quite close: in all three models, the semantic sphere of the personality is singled out as its specific tissue.

However, this still does not allow us to talk about the immanent dynamics of the personal dimension itself: about personal development - in contrast to the development of the personality, about personal health - in contrast to the health of the individual (the concepts of maturity, development and health describe practically the same thing from different angles). Personal development does not coincide with mental, moral, intellectual development. There is a lot of evidence that the cognitive sphere, intellect, moral orientations, the semantic sphere, etc. differ in immature and mature people, personally healthy and unhealthy, unformed as a person and formed, but these deep differences are not primary. They cannot be used as an explanation for why this person is the way they are and not the other.

To indicate this base measurement- actually personal in a person - I consider it appropriate to introduce the working concept of "personal potential" (LP), which does not directly correlate with intellectual development, with depth and content inner world and with creativity. Already everyday experience gives us an intuitive idea of such a basic individual characteristic, the core of personality. Among people recognized as undeniable geniuses, we can meet sensitive, vulnerable, painful natures, such as, for example, Van Gogh, Dostoevsky, Kafka and Mandelstam. But among them we also see people who were well in control of themselves and built their lives productively and creatively - albeit sometimes under extremely unfavorable conditions - for example, Michelangelo, Picasso, Bernard Shaw or Solzhenitsyn; they are characterized by the ability to confidently structure not only cultural, aesthetic material, but also the material of their own lives.

Phenomenology reflecting the effects of the severity of LP or its insufficiency, in different approaches in psychology denoted by such concepts as will, the strength of the ego, internal support, locus of control, action orientation, resilience and some others. Best of all, perhaps, it corresponds to the concept of "hardiness", introduced by S. Maddy ( Maddie, 1998) as an operational analogue of "the courage to be" according to P. Tillich (1995). Muddy defines resilience not as personal quality, but as a system of attitudes or beliefs, to a certain extent amenable to formation and development - attitudes towards inclusion as opposed to alienation and isolation, attitudes towards control over events as opposed to a feeling of powerlessness, and attitudes towards accepting a challenge and risk as opposed to the desire for security and minimizing stress . Having developed a hardiness test and carried out with its help a large number of studies, Muddy confirmed that resilience is that basic personality characteristic that mediates the impact on the consciousness and behavior of a person of all kinds of favorable and unfavorable circumstances, from somatic problems to social conditions(for more details see this edition, pp. 178–209).

At the same time, all the mentioned concepts, although they are most directly related to LP, however, describe only its individual facets. When we talk about personal potential, we are talking not so much about basic personality traits or attitudes, but about features systemic organization personality as a whole, about its complex architectonics, based on a complex scheme of mediation. For example, V.A. Ivannikov (1991) convincingly showed that the will reveals itself not so much as a force, but as a technique of self-regulation through the mediation of motivation. The path to solving the problem of personal potential, in my deep conviction, lies through the link, on the one hand, with existential psychology, which today pays most attention phenomenology of personal potential and attempts to conceptualize it, and, on the other hand, the cultural and historical psychology of L.S. Vygotsky. Vygotsky's main contribution to personality psychology lies in the clear and detailed formulation of the idea that the essential psychological characteristic personality is the mastery of one's own behavior through its mediation ( Vygotsky, 1983). Although Vygotsky did not leave the theory of personality, what he said about personality allows us to consider personality as the most integral higher mental function (see. Leontiev D.A.., 2001), and the main characteristic of higher mental functions is, as is known, arbitrariness.

Personal potential appears as an integral characteristic of the level of personal maturity, and the main phenomenon of personal maturity and the form of manifestation of personal potential is just the phenomenon of self-determination of the personality, that is, the implementation of activities in relative freedom from the given conditions of this activity - both external and internal conditions, under which refers to biological, in particular bodily, prerequisites, as well as needs, character and other sustainable psychological structures. V. Frankl (1990) described in detail such a manifestation of human freedom as freedom in relation to one's own needs and to one's own corporality. This was remarkably expressed by Hegel (1971, p. 26): “Circumstances and motives dominate a person only to the extent that he himself allows them to do so.” This phrase contains the quintessence of personality psychology, containing two truths: (1) circumstances and motives can dominate a person, and (2) circumstances and motives can not dominate a person if he does not allow them to. In other words, there are different forms and mechanisms of regulation and determination of human behavior that can be "turned on" and "off", including the mechanisms of self-determination. Self-determination underlies such manifestations of personality, which, as M.K. Mamardashvili (1990), are perpendicular to everyday flow life. The key to the possibility of self-determination is the ability of a person, both in cognitive terms (in terms of consciousness and picture of the world), and in purely practical terms, to step back from the stream of life in which he swims. There is a system of factors constantly acting on each of us, and we have the opportunity to “sail” within its framework, adapting to it, but we also have the opportunity to transcend this system by turning on the mechanisms of self-determination. In this transcendent attitude to the flow of life, first of all, personal maturity is manifested as an expression of personal potential. As one client who came to a psychologist put it well, “the question is – do I live or is life living for me?” (I.K. Podchufarova, personal communication).

Personal potential reflects the extent to which a person overcomes given circumstances, and ultimately the person's overcoming of himself. I will refer to the general anthropological model of E. Fromm (1995), which seems to me to be very accurate and in full person. Fromm states the fundamental duality of man. On the one hand, man has emerged from the natural world and is being drawn along the path of least resistance outlined by it. This is the path of returning to the bosom of mother nature, the path of merging with the clan, clan, etc., the path of renunciation of independence, of one's own decision-making, and, ultimately, the path of renunciation of consciousness and escape from freedom. But since a person cannot return to this womb, since he is expelled from paradise, he must seek his own, already human path, in which no one can help him; he must walk along the border of two worlds, natural and human, and create the foundations for his life, since he is deprived of those foundations that all other living beings have. Strictly speaking, in the extent to which a person self-determines in relation to this dichotomy, the personal potential in the personality also finds its manifestation. In fact, personal potential reflects the extent to which a given individual is descended from a monkey, because one of the biggest illusions is to believe that we are already descended from a monkey. happened. Each person throughout his life continues to solve this problem, and the result of a variety of responses to this evolutionary challenge is a very large spectrum individual variations in the degree of humanity. Unfortunately, this image is not as metaphorical as it seems at first glance (see more Leontiev D.A.., 2009).

It would be even more correct to speak about overcoming by the individual the structure of individuality that develops during his lifetime (that which is set by the "external" and "internal" conditions of development). "Personality is not natural object, that's what the man in the process individual development makes of himself.<…>Personality is the global higher mental function progressive mastery of one's own behavior and the introduction of new higher patterns into the processes of interaction with the world and self-development based on social experience drawn from the world, and biological basis with which we come into this world" ( Leontiev D.A., 2006, p. 146).

Personal potential is an integral system characteristic individual psychological characteristics of the individual, which underlies the ability of the individual to proceed from stable internal criteria and guidelines in his life and maintain the stability of semantic orientations and the effectiveness of activity against the background of pressures and changing external conditions. This is the ability of a person to manifest himself as a person, to act as an autonomous self-regulating subject of activity, providing targeted changes in the external world and combining resistance to external circumstances and flexible response to changes in the external and internal situation.

The concept of LP meaningfully reveals the idea of "a changing personality in a changing world" ( Asmolov, 1990). It replaces the concept of adaptation, implying complex mechanisms for coping with changing reality - not only adaptation to given conditions, but also a willingness to change them and the ability to independently create necessary conditions. The ability of a person to carry out his plans, regardless of external conditions, including in adverse conditions, is an undeniable value both in many areas of professional activity and in everyday life.

AT recent times to understand this aspect of personality, the concepts of subject and subjectivity and the English analogue of the latter - the concept of “agency” are often used (R. Harre, J. Richlak, A. Bandura and others; see more about this Leontiev D.A.., 2010). We can agree with those views that connect the concept of the subject with certain a priori not guaranteed functional abilities to actually manage the course of one's activity, characterized by individual dispersion and the dynamics of formation in ontogenesis (A.V. Brushlinsky, V.V. Znakov, V.I. Morosanova, E.A. Sergienko and others). Indeed, not every one of us at every moment of his life acts as a true subject of what he does; acting on the basis of a stimulus-reactive or other impersonal mechanism, the individual does not realize a true subject-object relationship.

In 2001–2002 under my leadership at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, an informal research group on the study of the psychology of self-determination, which included mainly students and graduate students. We sought to find new approaches to the study of personality in the absence of an a priori research program, methods, etc., while not breaking with the established methodology and knowledge base, trying to find and fill gaps in them. The work of the group was guided primarily by an interest in those aspects of personality that were not studied by traditional psychology and traditional widespread methods, primarily due to the lack of adequate approaches and tools. Over the past time, disparate studies and initially disparate theoretical ideas have formed into a far from complete, but completely integral concept and research program. On the this moment the group has grown into an interdepartmental laboratory of the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University psychological study quality of life and personal potential; in line with her research program, a specialized laboratory for the problems of personality development of persons with disabilities was created at the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education and a laboratory for positive psychology and quality of life in high school economy; research is being conducted at MMA them. THEM. Sechenov, in universities and scientific centers other cities, from Smolensk to Kamchatka. As part of this program for last years Several PhD theses were defended (O.E. Dergacheva, E.Yu. Mandrikova, L.A. Aleksandrova, E.N. Osin), research projects, including: "Structure and diagnostics of personal potential" (Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation, 2006–2008); "Indicators and predictors of psychological well-being and personal potential of schoolchildren in the system general education» (FTP for the Development of Education, 2007–2009); " Personal Resources coping under conditions of chronic stress” (Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation, 2009–2010).

The purpose of this collective monograph, created by the participants of the interdepartmental (and today actually interuniversity and interdepartmental) research group for the study of self-determination and personal potential, is a modern formulation of the problem of personal potential and groping for approaches to its study and diagnosis at a new stage in the development of scientific knowledge. It includes four parts. The first part is of a review-theoretical nature and is devoted to posing the problem of personal potential, in particular, to the views in world psychology, which can one way or another be considered as attempts to solve this problem in different conceptual systems and on a different methodological basis: in terms of potential and opportunities, levels development of the ego, traits (strengths of character and virtues) and, finally, self-regulation. The second part is devoted to the components of personal potential, individual constructs that make a tangible contribution to its functioning. Among them are such personal characteristics as optimistic thinking, resilience, vitality, personal autonomy, tolerance for uncertainty, coping strategies, etc. A small third part is devoted to methodological aspects of the study of personal potential. Finally, the fourth part reflects some of the studies in which the explanatory possibilities of the concept of personal potential are revealed on the basis of empirical material. The concluding chapter summarizes the preliminary results and outlines the prospects for further work, which, of course, are much broader than what is presented in the monograph.

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The origin of the term "personality" was one of the earliest definitions: personality (face) is an external manifestation of individuality - how a person is perceived by others and how they are affected. Originally, this word referred to the masks worn by actors during a theatrical performance in ancient Greek drama.

Currently, a unified theory of personality has not been developed. So, back in 1937, G. Allport counted a total of fifty definitions of personality in philosophy, theology, sociology and psychology. There are a number different approaches to the definition of personality.

According to L. Kjell and D. Ziegler, most of the theoretical views on personality contain the following general provisions:

The meaning of individuality, or individual differences. The personality has such special qualities, thanks to which this person different from all other people.

Personality appears as a kind of hypothetical structure or organization. An individual's behavior that is directly observable, at least in part, is seen as organized or integrated by the individual.

Personality is characterized as subject to the influence of internal and external factors, including genetic and biological predisposition, social experience and changing environmental circumstances.

Personality is represented by those characteristics that are "responsible" for stable forms of behavior. Personality as such is relatively unchanging and constant through time and changing situations.

Personality is a characteristic of the social representation of a person who responsibly determines his position among others.

In this connection main functions personalities are:

autonomy - separating oneself from others;

self-presentation - presentation of one's features and capabilities;

reflection - analysis of one's actions in terms of their compliance with the goal and result;

socialization - entry into society, acceptance of its norms and values.

The named functions, on the one hand, determine the areas and directions of the personality's activity, on the other hand, they are the criterion for the fulfillment by the personality of the tasks assigned to it.

1.2. The psychological potential of the individual

According to the modern psychological concept, the human personality has a huge, almost inexhaustible potential. In modern literature, there are various approaches to the classification of this phenomenon. The most common, including from the point of view of the professional activity of an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, is the approach where a person is characterized by 5 (five) potentials : cognitive, valuable, creative, communicative and artistic.

Gnoseological (cognitive) potential personality is determined by the volume and quality of information that a person has. This information is made up of knowledge about the outside world (natural and social) and self-knowledge. This potential includes the psychological qualities associated with human cognitive activity.

Axiologicalcue (value) potential personality is determined by the system of value orientations acquired by it in the process of socialization in the moral, political, religious, aesthetic spheres, that is, by its ideals, life goals, beliefs and aspirations.

Creative potentialpersonalities is determined by the skills and abilities acquired by her and independently developed, the ability to act creatively or destructively, productively or reproductively, and the measure of their implementation in one or another sphere (or several spheres) of labor, socio-organizational and critical activity.

Communication potential personality is determined by the measure and forms of her sociability, the nature and strength of the contacts she establishes with other people. In its content, interpersonal communication is expressed in a system of social roles.

Artpotential personality is determined by the level, content, intensity of her artistic needs and how she satisfies them. It manifests itself both in creativity, professional and amateur, and in the “consumption” of works of art.

Thus, a person is a person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself as a carrier of consciousness, possessing a unique, dynamic ratio of spatio-temporal orientations, need-volitional experiences, content orientations, levels of development and forms of implementation of activities.

In cases where consciousness, mentality, culture and other factors external environment do not interfere with the coordinated harmonious work of the internal levels of organization of the capsule of living matter called “man”, they implement the principle of diacosmic tendeza on the mechanisms of self-organization, that is, they unfold into psychophysiological tendencies through which the physiological and temperamental-psychological potentials of the individual are realized. But the realization of temperamental potencies occurs in a specific environment(environmental and social), which contributes or does not contribute to their development. It leaves a strong imprint on the forms and expression of temperamental psychological traits. Temperamental tendencies "socialize", acquire a national (mental) color, and as a result we get a functionally accentuated type of character. But in every character of any nationality, with natural inevitability, a typical basic temperamental basis is seen.

Functional-role genetically innate doom is not only an individual psychological doom, it is a mechanism of "genetic" doom of the collective (herd) level. Only the flock that has provided itself with a complete set of roles, starting from the genetic level, survives. Your family is the same flock!

Someone quite accurately said that character is a socialized temperament. Yes, modern man not the Mowgli that grows in the jungle; now it grows in stone jungle megacities. Yes, culture makes from each individual what is called a man, and each culture makes a man of precisely his own culture. Muslim culture makes a person a Muslim, Soviet culture gives birth to a "scoop", and the criminogenic environment makes a person a criminal. But in all these cases, with iron necessity, typical human behavior manifests itself, manifesting itself as archetypal functional complexes. Someone strives and takes the position of "leader", while someone passionately seeks a leader for himself and willingly obeys him; someone likes to work, and someone likes to talk about work; someone with high sensitivity eye and ear is engaged in art and applied aesthetics, and someone (and not only in the primitive community) should be able to kill the victim, no matter how unaesthetic it may look. The most terrible thing is that this functional, innate longing for "murder" is rationalized and in a rationalized form, without a deep understanding of meaning, actively and patriotically lives and acts among us.

You have no doubt that we have a genetic subroutine of sex-role behavior. Why then not be a subroutine of functional-role, typical behavior? Each of us is born with a functional purpose (or a set of them). If someone faithfully realizes his destiny, then he lives a long, healthy, happy and creative life. Illness and unhappiness are the retribution for self-misunderstanding. We are invited to play different, and predetermined roles for each of us (Shakespeare, of course, said this better than us).