In what form is the fairy tale the sleeping princess written. V. A. Zhukovsky: childhood and the beginning of creativity. The story of the sleeping princess. Heroes of a literary fairy tale. general description of work

For 14 years (1831-1845) Zhukovsky wrote 6 fairy tales. They are inspired different sources- fairy tales by Charles Perrault ("The Sleeping Princess", "Puss in Boots"), the Grimm brothers ("The Tulip Tree"), ancient Greek epic ("The War of Mice and Frogs"), Russian folklore ("The Tale of Tsar Berendey", "Ivan prince and the gray wolf).

The epic cycle of works by V. Zhukovsky begins with fairy tales. In the summer of 1831, he, Pushkin and Gogol lived in Tsarskoye Selo - Pushkin worked on his Tales, Gogol wrote Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka. As if competing with Pushkin, Zhukovsky writes his fairy tale "The Sleeping Princess". Using a French source, he remakes the tale in a Russian way. Both the “hospitable” Tsar Matvey and the description of the palace way of life are very reminiscent of Russian folk tales:

The king, having issued such a law,

Started drinking and eating and sleeping

Started to live and live

As far as without worries.

The portrait of the princess also goes back to Russian folk tales:

Black stripe curls

Wrapped around the forehead ...

On an airy, thin camp

A light sarafan is thrown;

Scarlet lips are burning ...

Compressed in light boots

Legs are a miracle of beauty.

Throughout the story, a slight irony, a sly mockery persists:

And, to take away trouble,

He gives this command:

"Forbidden from us

Sow flax in our kingdom,

Spin, twist, so that the spindles

The spirit was not in the houses;

So as soon as possible straight

Send everyone out of the kingdom."

Zhukovsky departs from the French fairy tale. They forgot to invite the last 8 fairy (Zhukovsky has 12 sorceresses), but here they couldn’t or didn’t want to:

The king has twelve dishes

Precious, golden

It was in the royal storerooms;

Prepared dinner;

And there is no twelfth

(Who stole it,

Not aware of this).

“What is there to do? - the king said. -

So be it!” and did not send

He invites the old woman to the feast.

A truly simple, but "wise" decision was made - no dish, no guest. Yes, and the magic dream of the princess Zhukovsky extended up to 300 years (instead of a hundred). 300 years have passed - but nothing has changed in the way of life of Tsar Matvey, so humorously described by the poet:

The king goes to the stairs;

Walking, leading

He is the queen in their rest;

Behind the retinue is the whole crowd;

Guards with guns knock;

Flies fly in flocks;

Lovely dog ​​barks;

The stable has its own oats

The good horse is eating...

Everything that has happened…

In his fairy tale "The Sleeping Princess" (as in other fairy tales), Zhukovsky deliberately renounces romantic daydreaming. In his fairy tale, written in four-foot trochee with only male rhymes (there is also an internal rhyme: “moths dance, sparkle”; “curl, foam, murmur”) Zhukovsky introduces folklore motifs(“began to live and live”, “honest old woman”, “a long time ago”, “child daring royal son”); colloquial speech(“and they didn’t let her swear without a way”, “so that the spindles of the spirit were not in the houses”, “not behind the princess’s foot”); folk fairy-tale formulas (“what can neither be told in a fairy tale, nor described with a pen”, “wine ran down the lips, not a drop fell into the mouth”), but the general color of the fairy tale cannot be called “common folk”, Russian.

As a rule, we know the portrait of Pushkin made by Kiprensky, but the portrait of Zhukovsky is no less successful. He is depicted as it should be depicted by a romantic poet: in a natural pose, with eyes dreamily turned to heaven, against the backdrop of a free landscape (cloudy sky, carelessly drawn trees, ruins - a romantic landscape with the stamp of antiquity). Zhukovsky's hairstyle in this portrait is also romantic, thoughtfully shaggy. This is not by chance. The image of a romantic is just that - standing against the backdrop of ruins, looking at the sky, is somewhat disheveled.

Such an image of the world and the poet was introduced into Russian poetry by Zhukovsky himself, largely with the help of his Western colleagues - the Germans, the British, whom he willingly translated.

In order to be engaged in translations, it was necessary to get a good education, but Zhukovsky was not born either. an educated person, nor a poet. His childhood was not quite normal. Zhukovsky's father is the Russian landowner Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin (Fig. 2), and his mother is a captive Turkish woman Salha, whom the serf Bunina brought from the war.

Rice. 2. Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin ()

The story of Zhukovsky's birth is quite romantic. Zhukovsky was an illegitimate child, and his last name, by which we know this person, is not real. He was adopted by a friend of his father, a man dependent on him, a poor landowner Zhukovsky. Despite the fact that at that time Vasily was considered illegitimate, he was treated very well in the family, they took care to give him good upbringing and education.

Zhukovsky studied at the Moscow Noble Boarding School at Moscow University (Fig. 3). Subsequently, Lermontov, for example, studied there.

Rice. 3. Moscow University Noble Boarding School ()

Zhukovsky learned languages ​​there, learned drawing and some other disciplines that were obligatory for a noble youth.

After graduating from the boarding school Zhukovsky on a very a short time was in service. He was an office worker, as they would say now. This work was completely contraindicated for such a poetic and independent person what was Zhukovsky. All this ended rather quickly: the boss was rude to him - Zhukovsky answered sharply. So abruptly that he was put under arrest. After that, he immediately resigned, went to the village and since then has been engaged in literature. To be precise, in later life he was not only engaged in literature. There was also teaching work, and his students were members royal family, which he has become close to for some time.

The work of Zhukovsky's life, his main work is a literary work. Zhukovsky's mentor in literature was Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, a poet, historian, prose writer, the head of Russian sentimentalists (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin ()

He became an older friend of Zhukovsky.

Mine literary path Zhukovsky began with translations and alterations. In his creative heritage quite a lot of translations. He was made literary famous by the "Elegy", which is an arrangement of the "Elegy written in the rural cemetery" English poet Gray. A few years after the release of "Elegy", Vasily Andreevich became a serious literary figure - the editor of an authoritative literary magazine. The first translations of his ballads are published there. German language, and later his own original ballads.

In 1812, Zhukovsky became very famous thanks to the poem “A Singer in the Camp of Russian Soldiers” written during the war with Napoleon (Fig. 5). Zhukovsky himself was also in the army at that time, in the ranks of the militia.

Rice. 5. F.A. Roubaud. Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" ()

This poem made him famous throughout the country, because it was patriotic and presented everything that happened in sublime, poetic, attractive colors. Thanks to this poem, Zhukovsky became a poet, beloved by the authorities, close to the royal family.

Vasily Zhukovsky was gentle man and in every way he tried with his poems and other deeds to soften morals, to make the life of Russia less cruel. He succeeded. For example, he was the tutor of the heir to the throne - the future Tsar Alexander II (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Alexander II in his youth ()

He followed him curriculum. He taught him, tried to ensure that Alexander had fewer military subjects and more humanitarian ones (history, literature, etc.).

Zhukovsky traveled with the heir in Russia and beyond. They spent quite a lot of time together. Zhukovsky, of course, influenced the boy. Becoming sovereign, Alexander II canceled serfdom spent a few more liberal reforms which sufficiently thoroughly softened the cruelties of Russian life and improved the situation of the country.

It would be an exaggeration to say that all this happened thanks to Zhukovsky, that if the tsar had not had communication with him and such an upbringing, none of this would have happened. History went on as usual, and Alexander II (Fig. 7) had to abolish serfdom. But still, it is often said that much of the details could have been different, that Zhukovsky, with his upbringing, inspired the tsar to do what he did.

Rice. 7. Tsar Alexander II ()

Nevertheless, our idea of ​​Zhukovsky is not so much an idea of ​​a patriotic poet, although he certainly was such, but of a poet who brought extraordinary colloquial ease to Russian poetry. In this he followed Karamzin. But they had opponents. There was a struggle for what Russian literature should be like. Opponents, who are called archaists, that is, supporters of antiquity, walked in the wake of Lomonosov (Fig. 8) and Derzhavin.

Rice. 8. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov ()

They wanted the Russian verse to be slow, strict, majestic, so that there was no colloquial words and borrowings from foreign languages. Karamzin, Zhukovsky, and later Batyushkov and Pushkin thought differently. They believed that poetry has the right to be outwardly light, that the verse should be flexible, mobile, similar to speech. ordinary people. Of course, not for conversations somewhere in a tavern or in the market, but for how educated nobles talked in their natural environment. They did not see anything wrong with borrowing words from French or some other language, as long as the verse was meaningful, even, harmonious, harmonious.

That is, one can speak of Zhukovsky as an innovator. And not as a theoretician, but as a very successful practice. Karamzin also wrote good poetry, but not bad. Zhukovsky was like a poet a class above. He showed in practice what others were talking about: a verse can be light, uninhibited.

Rice. 9. V.A. Zhukovsky. Portrait of Bryullov ()

We are accustomed to thinking that Pushkin or Konstantin Batyushkov began to write this way, but this is not so. Zhukovsky's poems are already light, already very readable. Reading 18th-century poetry usually requires a certain amount of effort, a certain amount of reading effort. Zhukovsky's poems are read easily and naturally, like Pushkin's poems.

Zhukovsky was 16 years older than Pushkin. When people are young, it makes a huge difference. Zhukovsky influenced Pushkin (Fig. 10) both as a senior writer and as a friend.

Rice. 10. A.S. Pushkin ()

Zhukovsky had to outlive Pushkin and bury him. Relations between them developed quite harmoniously. Zhukovsky tried to nurture and cultivate the talent of the young Pushkin, to pass on to him worldly and other useful advice.

Poets often compete: ambition, wounded pride. But Zhukovsky was indeed a very harmonious person. He did not envy Pushkin's growing powerful talent at all. Moreover, Zhukovsky calmly recognized Pushkin's primacy at some point and told him: "Now you are the first poet of Russia". Once Zhukovsky wrote to Pushkin: "To the winner-student from the defeated teacher". When Pushkin was dying from a mortal wound, Zhukovsky was near him, passing the notes from Pushkin to the tsar and vice versa (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Death of Pushkin ()

Zhukovsky's life after Pushkin showed that it is not necessary for a poet to be necessarily young, to die young, that even if you are surpassed in some way, this is not a reason for despondency or for stopping your activity.

The last years of Zhukovsky were also harmonious. He got married, had two children and wrote many more beautiful poems, including a translation of Homer's Odyssey.

Read the beginning of the fairy tale "The Sleeping Princess":

“Once upon a time there was a good king Matvey;
Lived with his queen

He has been in agreement for many years;
And there are still no children.
Once the queen is in the meadow,
On the green coast
There was only one stream;
She wept bitterly."

It may seem to us that the first two lines are the lines of a Russian folk tale. But this is a translation from French. This fairy tale was composed by Charles Perrault, everyone is well famous writer(Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Charles Perrault ()

Zhukovsky took only the first part of this tale and translated it into Russian verses in a Russian, partly folk style, using funny elements. One of these funny elements is that, for example, at first Tsar Matvey and his wife suffer from the fact that they do not have children. And the news comes to them that they will have a child (girl) cancer, which, as you know, whistles on the mountain. That is, in this case, indeed, something wonderful happens - a girl is suddenly born, and on the other hand, a comical situation arises - cancer comes and tells something. In this vein - a combination of wonderful and funny - the plot of the tale develops further.

A girl is born, and the king invites eleven fairies who live nearby, but does not call the twelfth (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Fairy says wish ()

The motivation is the same as that of Charles Perrault - only eleven golden utensils from which you can eat at the feast turned out to be with the king and queen. There is no twelfth instrument. The twelfth enchantress - an evil, bad woman who was not called, nevertheless comes and says a terrible thing: she predicts that the girl will prick herself with a spindle and die. Here's what she says:

""I was not at the feast,
But she brought a gift:
In the sixteenth year
You will meet trouble;
At this age
Your hand is a spindle
Scratch my light
And you will die in your prime!"(Fig. 14)

Rice. 14. The prediction of the evil sorceress ()

Pay attention to the affectionate home turnover "my light". Zhukovsky introduces such phrases and phrases in abundance into his ballads and fairy tales, making lively home speech a part of literary speech. And since the time of Zhukovsky, for us, both of them - family, home, ordinary speech and fairy tales, ballads that can be read to children - are inseparable, this is a kind of single speech stream.

Tsar Matvey does not find anything better than to make a wise decision - to ban spindles.

Since there are no spindles, the princess will not prick and everything will be fine. Indeed, the first fifteen years of her life pass smoothly. But that is what the prediction is. It says that she will inject when she is 15-16 years old. The point is that this will happen when the girl turns into adult girl, that is, the time of marriage will come at that time. The meaning of the prediction is that she will live happy childhood, but adult life she won't have.

The girl turns 16, she is bored, she goes for a walk around the palace (Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. The princess climbs the stairs in the palace ()

And this is what she sees:

“She went through the palace:
Lush rooms are innumerable;
She admires everything;
Here it looks, it's open
door to peace; at rest
Winding staircase screw
around the pillar; by steps
Ascends up and sees - there
The old woman is sitting;
The comb under the nose sticks out;
The old woman is spinning
And sings behind the yarn:
"Spindle, don't be lazy;
The yarn is thin, do not tear;
Coming soon at a good hour
A guest awaited by us"(Fig. 16) .

Rice. 16. The princess pricked herself with a spindle ()

At first there was a description of how she walks and what she sees. This is typical. In this work of Zhukovsky there are very few events and many lines about events. The point here is not the development of the action. We already know how everything will happen, because we read Perrault. For Zhukovsky, the description of the action itself is more important. The author wants to show us how beautiful the world is, how many curiosities there are in it, rooms, gardens, forests, and how all this can be described in a flexible, understandable, beautiful verse.

The girl enters the door, behind which an old woman is waiting for her. It is clear that this is the same witch who took the form of a spinner. Immediately she gives the girl a spindle, she pricks herself and falls dead (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. The prediction of the evil sorceress came true ()

At this point, you need to return to the beginning of the work and remember that there was another fairy who did not have time to utter her prophecy before this evil old woman. And therefore the last word left for the good fairy. She said that it would be so: she would prick herself, she would fall, but she would not die - it would be a dream:

“A dream comes upon her;
Together with her he embraces
All huge royal house;
Everything calmed down all around;
Returning to the palace
On the porch her father
Staggered and yawned
And fell asleep with the queen;
The whole retinue sleeps behind them;
The royal guard stands
Under the gun in deep sleep
And on a sleeping horse
In front of her is the cornet himself;
Motionless on the walls
Sleepy flies sit;
At the gate the dogs sleep;
In the stalls, heads bowed,
Lush manes lowered,
Horses do not eat feed
Horses sleep deep sleep;
The cook sleeps in front of the fire;
And the fire, enveloped in sleep,
Doesn't burn, doesn't burn
It stands like a sleepy flame;
And will not touch him,
Having curled up in a club, sleepy smoke ... "

We again see a long description. And all this asks for a canvas, or a film, or a cartoon (Fig. 18).

There is a feeling that Zhukovsky chose this plot for poetry precisely because of sleep, because it is possible to depict sleeping objects, sleeping people and at the same time create fantastic, fascinating pictures: a frozen sleeping fire, a puff of smoke sleeping above it, sleepy flies on the walls, cornet. Please note that the introduction of cornet into the work is the moment of Russification, because there are no cornets in France.

cornet- first officer rank Cossack troops, which corresponded to a cornet in the cavalry or a second lieutenant in the infantry.

Zhukovsky, on the one hand, transfers everything to Russian soil, and, on the other hand, gives us a fairy tale to admire the oddities of a sleeping, frozen world.

At the next stage of the plot, we again see long pictures of a sleeping colorful world.

At some point, naturally, a prince appears who must cast a spell on the girl. In Zhukovsky, he does this through a kiss. He kisses her, delighted with her beauty, she comes to life, and everyone wakes up (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. The kiss of the prince saves the princess ()

Perrault does not have a kiss in the fairy tale. He meets deadlines, and everything comes to life at the right time.

The prince finds himself in an enchanted palace. The most interesting thing in the fairy tale is not the prince and not his exploits (because in fact there is no feat - he just arrives), but a long colorful description:

"What appeared to the eyes
The king's son? Fence,
Enclosing the dark forest,
Not a thick blackthorn,
But the bush is young;
Roses are shining in the bushes;
Before the knight he himself
Parted as if alive;
My knight enters the forest:
Everything is fresh, red before him;
For young flowers
Moths dance, sparkle;
Bright snake streams
Curl, foam, murmur;
The birds are jumping and making noise
In the density of living branches;
The forest is fragrant, cool, quiet,
And nothing is terrible in it.
He rides the smooth way
An hour, another; finally
Before him stands a palace,
The building is a miracle of antiquity;
The gates are open;
He enters the gate;
He meets in the yard
The darkness of people, and everyone sleeps:
He sits as if rooted to the spot;
He walks without moving;
He stands with his mouth open
Sleep cut off the conversation
And silent in the mouth since then
Unfinished speech…”

Zhukovsky murmurs like a stream: very natural, organic. The pictures that he paints for us are very good for those people who are prone to contemplation and observation, and not just to action. Apparently, for the sake of this, Zhukovsky came to Russian poetry - in order to develop Russian speech, poetry and give us the beauty and magic of the structure of speech.

AT early XIX century, the famous German philologists, the Grimm brothers (Fig. 20), collected German folk tales and published them, having processed them literary.

Rice. 20. Brothers Grimm ()

One of the most famous is Snow White. This is a story quite similar to the fairy tale of Charles Perrault, only in it the girl is pursued by an evil stepmother. She goes to dark forest from this persecution, meets with seven dwarfs, who give her shelter. These stories are similar but different features. Perrault has no history of life in the forest and no gnomes.

A couple of years after Zhukovsky wrote The Sleeping Princess, for desk Pushkin sits down with the same plot. More precisely, it connects two plots - "Snow White" by the Brothers Grimm and a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. There is no doubt that Pushkin knew Perrault's tale even without Zhukovsky, but it was the work of Vasily Zhukovsky that influenced him. As a result, under the clear influence of Zhukovsky and previously read fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, Pushkin creates “The Tale of dead princess and seven heroes. Most likely, without the lesser-known fairy tale by Zhukovsky, there would be no well-known fairy tale by Alexander Pushkin for all of us.

Bibliography

1. Textbook-nick-hre-sto-ma-tia for grade 5 / under red. Ko-ro-vin-noy V.Ya. - M. "Pro-sve-shche-nie", 2013.
2. Akhmetzyanov M.G. "Literature in the 5th grade in 2 parts." Textbook reader. - Magarif, 2005.
3. E.A. Samoilova, Zh.I. Kritarova. Literature. Grade 5 Textbook in 2 parts. - M. Association XXI century, 2013.

1. Zhukovskiy.ouc.ru ().
2. Nsportal.ru ().
3. Nearyou.ru ().

Homework

1. What is the innovation of V.A. Zhukovsky?
2. What characteristic features does the tale of V.A. Zhukovsky “The Sleeping Princess” possess?
3. Spend comparative analysis fairy tales of Zhukovsky and Perrault.