What emergencies happened this week? Man-made accidents: concept, classification, examples

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15:51 31.07.2018

More than half of Sweden's territory is covered with coniferous and deciduous forests, i.e. over 230 thousand square kilometers. One can talk a lot about the Swedes’ prudent attitude towards nature in general and towards their own in particular, but a few numerical data will suffice. In the Scandinavian country, 55-60 million cubic meters of wood are harvested every year, 10-15% less than the annual increase green spaces. That is, the forest cover of Sweden is increasing, and the wood itself is being high degree processing and increases national income. By

11:07 15.05.2018

Yamal reindeer herders are sounding the alarm. Activist Eiko Serotetto appealed to the Governor of Yamal Dmitry Kobylkin with a request to introduce a state of emergency in the Yamal region due to the mass death of animals. The appeal was published in the well-known public website of indigenous peoples, Voice of the Tundra. The author of the appeal claims that the death began a long time ago. Now it has reached a critical point. Some of the reindeer herders lost up to 70% of their herd. Serotetto asks to help reindeer herders get to summer pastures so that the animals do not die of hunger, and to dispose of the corpses of already dead reindeer

04:22 28.03.2018

A state of emergency due to flooding has been declared in seven districts of the Altai Territory, the regional administration website reports. Due to melting snow, rivers overflowed their banks and water flooded vast areas. More than a thousand people were evacuated from the most dangerous places. As of March 27, the state of emergency is in effect in Krasnoshchekovsky (within the borders of the villages of Ust-Kozlukha and Maralikha), Altai, Petropavlovsk, Tretyakovsky, Soloneshensky, Soltonsky, Ust-Kalmansky (within the borders of the villages of Ust-Kalmanka, Ogni and Mikhailovka) districts, the statement says. message from regional authorities.

17:24 24.03.2018

Governor of the Altai Territory Alexander Karlin introduced a state of emergency in the Krasnoshchekovsky district, where about 200 residential buildings and more than 500 household plots were flooded due to flooding. This was reported by the press service of the regional government. According to her, the most difficult situation has developed in the settlements of Ust-Kozlukha, where more than 150 household plots and 98 residential buildings were flooded, as well as in the village of Maralikha, where 420 household plots and 106 residential buildings were damaged. According to the head of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation for Altai region Igor

07:21 14.12.2017

At the very beginning of winter. In one of the districts of the Omsk region, a state of emergency has been introduced since Wednesday, December 13. It has been established that in the Kolosovsky district there is only enough supply of solid fuel for 2-3 days, what will happen next is unknown. The introduction of an emergency regime due to a lack of fuel at the district boiler houses was reported to IA Gorod55 by the deputy head of the Kolosovsky district, Sergei Adamov. According to the official, the ambiguous situation arose due to the fact that the Omsk Fuel Company (coal supply company) ceased its work. We only have enough coal for 2-3

17:55 24.06.2017

Messengers will have to warn users about emergency situations. This was stated by a representative of Roskomnadzor and confirmed by one of the authors of the bill on the regulation of instant messengers, which is currently being considered by the State Duma. You and I have all witnessed how various kinds of provocative messages about terrorists in Moscow and similar things were sent through instant messengers. And things that people need, such as alerts in emergency situations, unfortunately, are not sent out,” he said at a round table in the Parliamentary newspaper

03:20 25.05.2017

In connection with the fires, a state of emergency at the federal level was introduced in the Irkutsk region and Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as in Stavropol region due to rain flooding, RIA Novosti reports with reference to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. In connection with the emergence of a federal emergency, the decision working group The government commission for emergencies has introduced an emergency regime for the Krasnoyarsk and Stavropol territories and the Irkutsk region since May 24, and a federal level of response has been established, the department said. It is noted that at the federal level

03:32 03.05.2017

A gas leak occurred in the center of Canada's capital due to the fault of construction workers, TASS reports citing CBC TV channel. Bank, O'Connor, Sparks and Albert streets, where business centers, banks, souvenir shops, and a reception area are located, are closed prime minister Canada Justin Trudeau. Large ones have arisen in the area traffic jams. There was a gas leak, and for this reason several streets were closed, emergency services are working to resolve the accident, the local police department confirmed. There were no victims of the gas leak, no one turned to doctors for help

02:43 28.04.2017

On Spitsbergen, nine Russians on snowmobiles fell through the ice, media reported. According to the data, six people were lifted from the water, four of them were hospitalized, two are on board the Norwegian coast guard vessel. According to the Norwegian Rescue Coordination Center, all nine Russians have now been found, three of them taken to Longyearbyen.

18:01 13.02.2017

A live video broadcast from the site of the destruction of the dam on Lake Oroville in the USA has appeared on the Internet. Residents of California began to evacuate due to the destruction of the dam YouTube users were able to watch the flow of water from the lake overflowing the edge of the tallest dam in the United States. Nearby roads and buildings are already flooded. Let us remind you that the threat of dam collapse arose due to the fact that a hole appeared in the main drainage system, and the reserve channel was damaged by erosion. California authorities have announced an evacuation

08:18 19.11.2016

Central TV channels say that Poroshenko ruined everything, and that the trouble in the Moscow region is not interesting photo: Svetlana Logvinova V Dmitrovsky district The Moscow region has been without electricity for eight days. People are really freezing. The true scale of the disaster is reflected on the public website Dobrodel near Moscow. Freezing people keep statistics of those without power on their own settlements. This morning there were 146. During the day, the monstrous figure is updated. People from different villages and SNT sometimes write: God, I can’t believe it, but they gave us light! Then their

19:45 15.11.2016

The accident, which left the residents of Uralmash without electricity, occurred due to abnormal frosts. 110 thousand citizens were left without electricity Photo: Lenochka Lenusichka/VK 110 thousand citizens were left without electricity. Energy workers promised to eliminate the accident by 13:30 [photo, video] Power outage at Uralmash local residents already ironically called the end of the world. And it’s no coincidence. Early in the morning, townspeople were forced to have breakfast, wash and brush their teeth by candlelight. It gets worse. On the street, residents of the neighborhood were no less disappointed. Due to power failure

19:03 09.11.2016

The roof of the workshop collapsed at ZiK: we are publishing lists of victims. Online report https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm4lqqugFv4 Photo: Typical Yekaterinburg The incident happened at the Kalinin plant. Rescuers, investigators and prosecutors are working on the spot. Four people were killed and 14 were injured. At the Kalinin plant in Yekaterinburg, the roof of one of the production workshops collapsed. This information was confirmed to Portal 66.ru by the press service of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia for the Sverdlovsk Region. Firefighters are working at the scene of the incident

20:14 08.11.2016

Media: the whole of Murmansk was left without electricity. There is no official confirmation of this information yet. A power outage occurred in Murmansk. As FlashNord news agency reports, power outages in the city of 300,000 people began around 5:20 p.m. (the time coincides with Moscow). Light a short time blinked, and then it disappeared altogether. It is noted that there is also no light in the local government building, including in the office of Governor Marina Kovtun. According to preliminary information, an accident occurred at the Kolenergo substation. In turn, in

05:14 04.11.2016

Metropolitan police are investigating reports of bomb threats at several sites, including the Kremlin. This was reported by the Moscow City News Agency on Thursday, November 3. A source in the emergency services said that service 02 received calls about the mining of the Kremlin, the American embassy, the Yaroslavsky station, the police station on Leninsky Prospekt, as well as a call center located in the Zelenograd district. Later, TASS, citing a similar source, reported that the Kursky and Kazansky railway stations were also under threat. For all objects

10:06 03.10.2016

As it became known from the country's Meteorological Department, a powerful typhoon Chaba is approaching the island of Okinawa. The recorded wind speed currently reaches 70 m/s in some places. Heavy torrential downpours, which can trigger landslides and floods, also pose a great danger. Due to the dangerous situation, the Okinawa prefectural authorities decided to evacuate almost 130 thousand people not only from the main territory, but also from the smaller islands adjacent to it. First of all, the order concerns children, as well as

In the Primorsky Territory, the head of the regional Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Oleg Fedura, died; an officer drowned in the Chuguevsky district while saving his subordinates. The head of the State Emergency Management Directorate for Primorye V died regional Ministry of Emergency Situations reported that a KamAZ truck with rescuers was traveling to the village of Uborka in the Chuguevsky district, which suffered from a typhoon that hit the Primorsky Territory. While passing the bridge over the Pavlovka River, the truck fell into the water. In total, there were nine employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations in the car, among them was the chief regional administration. "The head of the main department died while saving to the last

10:10 02.09.2016

Probably, many saw the news about the typhoon "Lionroc" that passed over the Primorsky Territory and that it has now flooded most the edges. People are scared because the elements have run rampant. How much human suffering has happened, how much damage and tragedies... By the way, the precipitation was not caused by a typhoon, as they say on TV, but by a cyclonic whirlwind from the Sea of Japan. The typhoon arrived on the very last night after two days of rain and after it had broken up heavily over Japan. If you don't believe me, check out the Japanese tracking site.

06:42 24.08.2016

As a result of the earthquake in Amatrice, Italy, houses collapsed and people were crushed under the rubble August 24, 2016, 06:27 Mayor Italian city Amatrice said that the earthquake that occurred in the central part of the country caused serious destruction in the populated area. About 2,700 people live in the city. Twitter According to mayor Sergio Pirozzi, there are people under the rubble of buildings, RIA Novosti reports. Roads leading into and out of the city are blocked. Half the city disappeared. People are under the rubble. Happened

April 18 in the American city of West (Texas). From 5 to 15 people were killed, about 160 people were injured. In total, dozens of houses were destroyed. Due to the explosion, power supply in the area was disrupted.

August 25 on the territory of the largest oil refinery in Venezuela, Paraguana Refining Center. A propane vapor fire occurred in the oil storage area. Later, two tanks caught fire. The fire spread to a nearby barracks, pipelines and cars parked nearby. The fire engulfed the third oil tank on the night of August 28. It was only on the afternoon of August 28 that the fire was completely extinguished. As a result of the disaster, 42 people were killed and 150 were injured.

February 28 at a chemical plant in the Chinese province of Hebei, killing 25 people. An explosion occurred in the nitroguanidine production workshop at the Hebei Care chemical plant in Zhaoxian County, Shijiazhuang.

12-th of September at Centraco's radioactive material processing facility in Marcoule, France. One person died, four were injured. The incident occurred in a furnace for transporting metal waste that was weakly irradiated at nuclear facilities. No radiation leaks were detected.

On August 9, 320 kilometers west of Tokyo, on the island of Honshu, an accident occurred at the Mihama nuclear power plant. An extremely powerful release of hot steam (about 200 degrees Celsius) occurred in the turbine of the third reactor. Severe burns All nearby employees received it. At the time of the accident, about 200 people were in the building where the third reactor is located. Four people were killed and another 18 employees were injured.

On November 13, off the coast of Spain, the oil tanker Prestige was caught in a strong storm, with more than 77 thousand tons of high-sulfur fuel oil in its holds. As a result of the storm, a crack about 50 meters long appeared in the ship's hull. On November 19, the tanker broke in half and sank. As a result of the disaster, 64 thousand tons of fuel oil ended up in the sea.

Complete cleanup of the water area cost $12 billion, but it is impossible to fully assess the damage caused to the ecosystem.

On September 21, an explosion occurred at the AZF chemical plant in Toulouse (France), the consequences of which are considered one of the largest man-made disasters. 300 tons of ammonium nitrate, which were in a finished goods warehouse, exploded. According to the official version, the blame for the disaster was placed on the management of the plant, which did not ensure the safe storage of the explosive substance.

As a result of the emergency, 30 people died, total number the number of wounded exceeded 3.5 thousand, thousands of residential buildings and many institutions were destroyed or seriously damaged, including 79 schools, 11 lyceums, 26 colleges, two universities, 184 kindergartens, 27 thousand apartments, 40 thousand people were left homeless, 134 enterprises actually ceased operations. Authorities and insurance companies received 100 thousand claims for compensation. The total damage amounted to three billion euros.

In July, a disaster at the Petrobras oil refinery in Brazil spilled more than a million gallons of oil into the Iguazu River. The resulting stain moved downstream, threatening to poison drinking water for several cities at once. The liquidators of the accident built several barriers, but they managed to stop the oil only at the fifth one. One part of the oil was collected from the surface of the water, the other went through specially built diversion channels.

The Petrobras company paid a fine of $56 million to the state budget and $30 million to the state budget.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Russian Economic University named after. G.V. Plekhanov

Department of Chemistry and Physics

Essay

Discipline: “Life Safety”

On the topic: “Emergencies in Russia for 2011-2015. Lessons and conclusions"

Completed by a 1st year student, gr. 414

Kuleshova Daria Dmitrievna

Checked by: Georgy Vasilievich Osetrov

Moscow 2015

Introduction
1. The concept of emergency and classification
2. Statistics on emergency situations in 2011
2.1 General indicators emergency situations for 2011
2.2 The largest emergencies in 2011 in the technosphere
3. Statistics on emergency situations in 2012
3.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2012
3.2 The largest emergencies in 2012 in the technosphere
3.3 Natural emergencies
4. Statistics on emergency situations in 2013
4.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2013
4.2 The largest emergencies in Russia in 2013
5. Statistics on emergency situations in 2014
5.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2014
5.2 Major man-made emergencies and incidents that occurred in 2014 in Russian Federation
5.3 Major natural emergencies that occurred in 2014 in the Russian Federation
6. Statistical data on emergency situations for 6 months of 2015
6.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2014
6.2 Major natural emergencies that occurred in 2015 in the Russian Federation
6.3 Major man-made emergencies that occurred in 2015 in the Russian Federation
7. Lessons and conclusions
Conclusion
Bibliography
Application

Introduction

Russia constantly lives in emergency situations, when in a certain territory violations normal conditions life and activity of people, there is a threat to their life or health, damage is caused to the property of the population, the economy and the natural environment.

Work aimed at carrying out measures to predict and prevent emergency situations is of great social and economic importance. Unfortunately, the industrialization of modern society and the complication of technological production processes inevitably lead to the emergence of negative phenomena associated with the occurrence of emergency situations. Destruction of buildings, structures, industrial facilities, as well as loss of life and loss of material assets occur not only during war, but also in Peaceful time as a result of industrial accidents and disasters.

Over the past five years, many emergency situations have occurred in Russia, and indeed throughout the world: various wars, catastrophe, calamity. This is enough actual topic our time. This problem needs a careful approach and solution, since it has a global international character. The task of the work is to understand what an emergency situation is, find out its main causes, as well as review and analyze large-scale emergency situations over the past five years and assess their consequences.

1. The concept of emergency and classification

An emergency situation (ES) is a situation in a certain territory that has arisen as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster, which may result or has resulted in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, as well as significant material losses and disruption of living conditions.

Hemergency situationsby origin are classified into:

Natural;

Technogenic;

Environmental;

Biological-social.

Table 1 . Classification of emergency situations according to the scale of distribution and severity of consequences Source: Prevention and response to emergency situations: Tutorial for RSChS management bodies / Under general. ed. Yu.L. Vorobyova. M.: Kruk-Prestige, 2002.

Scale of emergency	Number of victims, people.	Number of people whose living conditions are impaired	Amount of material damage, (min) min. wage rate	Boundaries of distribution zones damaging factor(PF)
Local				The emergency zone does not extend beyond the territory of the production facility.
				The emergency zone does not extend beyond our borders. point, city, district
Territorial				Within a subject of the Russian Federation
Regional			0.5 million-5 million	Within two subjects of the Russian Federation
Federal			More than 5 million	The emergency zone extends beyond the borders of more than two constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Cross-border				PF emergencies go beyond the borders of the Russian Federation, or emergencies abroad affect the territory of the Russian Federation

2. Statistics on emergency situations in 2011

2.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2011

On the territory of the Russian Federation in 2011, 297 emergency situations (ES) occurred, including local - 153, municipal - 118, intermunicipal - 10, regional - 10, interregional - 6. As a result of the emergency, 791 people died, 23,716 were injured Human.

Largest quantity The emergency occurred in Privolzhsky (54), Siberian (52) and Yuzhny (46) federal districts.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, there are no man-made emergencies associated with explosions, accidents on main pipelines and inside oil field pipelines, on heating networks in the cold season, accidents with the release of radioactive substances (RS), as well as natural emergencies associated with hazardous geological phenomena. marine hazardous hydrological phenomena and snow avalanches.

Rice. 1. Structure of quantitative indicators by type of emergency for 2011.

In terms of the nature and type of sources of man-made emergencies in 2011, the following prevailed: road traffic accidents (RTA) with serious consequences (88); aviation accidents (47); accidents, crashes of freight and passenger trains (11); accidents of cargo and passenger ships (9).

The largest number of man-made emergencies was registered in:

Central Federal District, including Moscow - 32 emergencies;

Volga Federal District - 28 emergencies;

North Caucasus Federal District - 27 emergencies;

Siberian Federal District - 27 emergencies.

2.2 The coolest emergency situations in 2011 ode in the technosphere

Terrorist attack at Domodedovo International Airport, Moscow (190 people were injured, including 35 killed). An unidentified explosive device exploded in the international hall of the airport.

Plane crash near Petrozavodsk (52 people were injured, 47 of them died).

Plane crash at the Tunoshna airfield, Yaroslavl (44 people died, 1 person was injured). While taking off from the airport, the Yak-42 plane fell into the water near the confluence of the river. Volga and r. Tunoshna, following the route "Yaroslavl - Minsk", with a fire.

The wreck of the motor ship "Bulgaria" (122 people died, 201 people were injured, 79 people were saved). A double-deck diesel-electric ship was sailing from the city of Bolgar to Kazan and sank three kilometers from the coast. One of the factors that allegedly led to the disaster is the ship's overload.

The collapse of the floating drilling platform "Kola" (17 people died, 14 people were rescued, 36 people were missing).

The main sources of man-made emergencies in 2011 were:

Violation of rules and requirements during the operation of railway, sea and air transport;

High level of wear and tear on fixed and production assets and protection systems;

Low level of preparedness and practical skills of service personnel;

Insufficient level of surveillance of the condition technical means emergency protection;

Deterioration of material and technical support, decrease in the quality of routine maintenance, increased wear and destruction of equipment;

Violation of rules and techniques fire safety, careless handling of fire and intentional arson;

High level of resource depletion of main technological equipment and unsatisfactory condition of fixed assets in general;

Breaking the rules traffic, as well as rules and requirements for the operation of all types of transport.

3. Statistics on emergency situations in 2012

3.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2012

On the territory of the Russian Federation in 2012, 437 emergency situations (ES) occurred, including local - 198, municipal - 196, intermunicipal - 19, regional - 22, federal - 2. As a result of the emergency, 819 people died, 95,105 were injured Human.

The largest number of emergencies occurred in the Siberian (112), Southern (86) and Volga (84) federal districts.

No man-made emergencies related to the discovery (loss) of unexploded ordnance have been registered on the territory of the Russian Federation. explosives, accidents with the release (threat of release) of dangerous biological substances(OBV), hydrodynamic accidents, as well as natural emergencies with rising groundwater levels, snow avalanches and marine hazardous hydrological phenomena.

Rice. 2 Structure of quantitative indicators by type of emergency for 2012

The number of man-made emergencies in 2012 compared to 2011 (excluding fires in communications, technological equipment of industrial facilities, in buildings and structures for residential, social and cultural purposes) increased from 185 to 228 (by 23%).

In terms of the nature and type of sources of man-made emergencies in 2012, the following prevailed: road traffic accidents (RTA) with serious consequences (109); aviation accidents (38); accidents, derailments of freight and passenger trains (14); explosions in buildings and structures for residential, social and cultural purposes (10); accidents on main gas pipelines (9); accidents on electrical power systems (9).

3.2 The largesteEmergency in 2012odein technosphere

Plane crash 45 km from Tyumen (12 people were injured, 33 people died);

Plane crash near the village of Palana in Kamchatka (14 people were injured, 10 people died);

Plane crash at Vnukovo airport, Moscow (4 people were injured, 4 people died).

On railway transport There were 14 emergencies associated with accidents, derailments of freight and passenger trains (in 2011 - 11 emergencies). The death toll was 1 person. (in 2011 - 6 people); 4 people were injured. (in 2011 - 3 people).

In 2012, 38 man-made emergencies related to aviation accidents occurred in air transport (in 2011 - 47 emergencies), with 93 people killed. (in 2011 - 162 people) and 152 people were injured. (in 2011 - 149 people).

In Moscow, on January 9, 2012, on the first floor of the Il Pittore restaurant building, a gas cylinder exploded, followed by fire and partial collapse of the building structures on the first and second floors. As a result of the explosion of a gas cylinder, 43 people were injured, including 2 people. died.

In Astrakhan, on January 27, 2012, a gas cylinder exploded, as a result of which one of the building’s six entrances collapsed in a 9-story residential building (10 people were killed, 18 people were injured, 26 people were saved).

3.3 Natural emergencies

Flood in Krasnodar region in 2012, a natural disaster caused by heavy rains. During July 6-7, 2012, more than three to five months' worth of precipitation fell. The number of victims is more than 34 thousand people, 171 people died. Russian specialists assigned this flood the status of outstanding, foreign countries classified it as a “flash flood”.

In 2012, there were 162,510 fires in Russia, which is 3.6% less than in 2011. The death toll was 11,570, down 3.7% from 2011.

4. Emergency statistics in 2013 Gode

4.1 General emergency indicators for 2013God

On the territory of the Russian Federation in 2013, 332 emergency situations (ES) occurred, including local - 155, municipal - 123, intermunicipal - 11, regional - 39, federal - 4. As a result of the emergency, 631 people died, 208,439 were injured Human.

The largest number of emergencies occurred in the Volga (121), Southern (51) and Central (50) federal districts.

There are no man-made emergencies registered on the territory of the Russian Federation related to accidents with the release (threat of release) of hazardous biological substances, accidents on heating networks in the cold season, hydrodynamic accidents, sudden collapse of industrial buildings, structures, rocks, hydrodynamic accidents, as well as natural emergencies with rising groundwater levels.

In 2013, 62,195 explosive objects were discovered on the territory of the Russian Federation, including 294 aerial bombs.

Rice. 3 Structure of quantitative indicators by type of emergency for 2013, units.

4.2 The largest emergencies in Russia in 2013 od

A Boeing 737 aircraft, operating a regular flight Moscow - Kazan, with 50 passengers and crew members on board, crashed on the runway of the Kazan international airport on November 17, 2013. All passengers and crew on board were killed.

For 2013, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations predicted an increase in biological and social emergencies compared to previous years. The largest number of such situations, according to experts, is due to further dissemination African swine fever. This infection does not pose any danger to humans, but it is extremely dangerous for livestock because it cannot be treated.

In August, a state of emergency was introduced in Khabarovsk due to the rise in the level of the Amur River to critical levels. Also in Yakutia, Amur Region, Primorsky Territory, European Autonomous Region. The most difficult situation developed on Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, where the evacuation of the population continued for a long time and significant forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations were concentrated.

The situation is especially difficult in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, where the water level has exceeded nine meters. And 250 thousand people live in the city.

More than 135 thousand people were affected by the flood. people, 14 thousand houses, 1.6 thousand kilometers of roads, 174 bridges and 825 social facilities.

32 thousand people were evacuated from flooded areas.

Rice. 4 Levels of potential dangers to the life of the population caused by terrorist acts, man-made, natural and biological-social emergencies in 2013.

5. Statistics on emergency situations in 2014

5.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2014

On the territory of the Russian Federation in 2014, 262 emergency situations occurred, including local - 146, municipal - 76, intermunicipal - 10, regional - 27, interregional - 1, federal - 2. As a result of the emergency, there were deaths 567 people, 129,869 people were injured, 34,735 people were saved. The largest number of emergencies occurred in the Central (58), Southern (52) and Volga (44) federal districts (FD).

In 2014, 46,463 explosive objects were discovered on the territory of the Russian Federation, including 550 aerial bombs.

emergency man-made natural consequence

Table 2 Source: State report “On the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergencies in 2014” / - M.: EMERCOM of Russia. FSBI VNII GOChS (FC), 2015, 352 p.

	Quantity, units	Gain (^), % Decrease (v), %	Material damage (million rubles)	Gain (^), % Decrease (v), %

Technogenic
Major terrorist attacks
Natural
Biological-social

Rice. 5 Structure of quantitative indicators by type of emergency for 2014

5.2 Major man-made emergencies and incidents that occurred d sewed in 2014 In Russian federation

Accident inMoscow metro. At 08.39 on July 15, 2014, as a result of an emergency activation of the brake system of an electric train on the stretch between the metro stations “Park Pobedy” - “Slavyansky Boulevard” on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line of the Moscow Metro, three head cars of the rolling stock derailed. As a result of the accident, 24 people died, 175 people were saved. 1,100 people were evacuated from the metro in the emergency area.

Truck accidents andpassenger trains. On May 20, 2014, on the Bekasovo - Naro-Fominsk section of the Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region, a railway container fell from the platform of a freight train, followed by a collision with a carriage of a passenger train traveling on the Moscow - Chisinau route. As a result of the train collision, 6 people died, 25 people were rescued.

Man-made fires. On February 13, 2014, at the Ryazan Oil Refining Company CJSC, a train consisting of 14 tanks with petroleum products spontaneously “rolled out” towards the loading and unloading rack, which led to a collision and deformation of the tanks, resulting in a spill and intense burning of petroleum products over an area of more than 12 thousand m2. Shock wave the technological pipelines of the overpass were destroyed, from which oil products flowed under pressure. As a result of the fire, two pumping stations, two warehouse buildings, a railway overpass were destroyed, seven tanks were destroyed, the thermal insulation of three “three-thousander” tanks was damaged, 1500 m 3 of vacuum gas oil was burned, etc.

5.3 Major natural emergencies that occurred in2014 inRussian Federation

Flooding of populated areas on the territory of the Siberian Federal District. As a result of heavy rains in the period from May to June, 48 municipal districts, 250 settlements, more than 24.5 thousand residential buildings, 320 road bridges, and 141 socially significant objects were flooded in the Siberian Federal District.

All citizens affected by the flood received financial assistance totaling more than 5.9 billion rubles, and 376 state housing certificates were allocated.

Wildfires inFar Eastern, Siberian andCentral Federal District. Due to the abnormally high temperature regime, a difficult situation associated with natural fires arose in the Far Eastern, Siberian and Central Federal Districts from June to August.

With the active participation of aviation from the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, fires were extinguished on an area of about 3.7 million hectares; more than 56 thousand tons of fire extinguishing liquid were dropped on the fires, as a result of which the spread of fire towards populated areas was not allowed.

6. Statistical data on emergency situations for 6 months of 2015

6.1 General indicators of emergency situations for 2014

In the first half of 2015, 115 emergency situations occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation, including 60 local, 39 municipal, 5 intermunicipal, 11 regional, and 0 federal. As a result of the emergency, 323 people died. , 9630 people were injured.

Rice. 6 Structure of quantitative indicators by type of emergency for 6 months of 2015.

6.2 Major natural emergencies that occurred in 2015 in the Russian Federation

In April 2015, an emergency situation developed in Siberia due to large-scale fires. The most difficult situation was in the territories of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk and Trans-Baikal territories. As a result of the emergency, residential buildings, social infrastructure, agriculture, energy and communications facilities were damaged. The fires killed 34 people, and more than 7.5 thousand residents were injured.

In June, heavy rain began in Sochi, which rained all day with short breaks. As a result of heavy rainfall, storm drains in different parts of the city could not cope with the load, and streets, courtyards and roads were flooded. Residents were evacuated, and a state of emergency was declared in some areas.

6.3 Major man-made emergencies that occurred in 2015odein RhoWithSiysk Federation

In January, the Berlin Bridge was destroyed in Kaliningrad. The support of the old structure collapsed during dismantling, crushing the workers (6 workers were injured, 4 of them died)

In February, a gas explosion occurred in the Moscow region of Domodedovo, which destroyed the supporting structure and there was a threat of collapse (2 people died).

In March, an Mi-2 helicopter crashed in the Kamchatka Territory, killing 2 people - the commander and a technician.

Rice. 7 Subjects of the Russian Federation in which the value average size individual risk due to a combination of factors, more than 1% of the mortality index (highlighted in red)

1. With the development of the technosphere, man-made disasters have invaded human life - emergency situations of a man-made nature (accidents and catastrophes at economic facilities).

2. Analysis of man-made hazards and the causes of their occurrence indicates that they arise in the process economic activity person, and main reason their occurrence is due to the human factor, i.e. for the most part they are man-made.

3. Analysis of man-made hazards and their causes, carried out by specialists from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, allows us to conclude that the main causes of accidents and industrial disasters are due to the increasing complexity of production with the use of both new technologies that require high concentrations energy and substances hazardous to human life that have a significant impact on the environment natural environment; decreased reliability of production equipment, vehicles, imperfection and obsolescence of production technologies; the human factor, expressed in violations of production technologies, labor discipline, and a low level of professional training.

7. Lessons and conclusions

Any emergency situation has consequences. Which influence almost all areas of life human society and above all, this affects the livelihoods of people and, in large quantities, the natural environment.

Damage from disasters is varied. To measure it, various measurements are used, among which the main role is played by economic indicators. IN Lately The state attaches great importance to the allocation of funds for measures to prevent and eliminate possible and actual emergency situations, as well as to eliminate their consequences. This allocation of funds and implementation of activities helps protect the population from possible disasters, as well as reduce socio-economic damage and increase the level of safety.

The economic consequences of emergency situations in general include:

Reduction of main production mechanisms due to their complete or partial destruction;

Exit of agricultural, forest and water lands from economic use;

Destruction of social and cultural objects;

Reduction labor resources and labor force;

Declining living standards of the population;

Indirect losses and damages for lost profits in the field material production and services;

State expenses for liquidation of emergency situations.

When assessing economic damage, only direct material values are taken into account. With the adoption of the federal law “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” on November 11, 1994, Russia took the first steps towards standardizing the concept economic consequences from emergencies. One of the main goals of this law is to reduce damage and losses from emergency situations.

Conclusion

With the development of civilization, the frequency of extreme man-made and natural phenomena increases, accompanied by an increase in human casualties and material damage. Statistics of man-made and natural accidents and disasters that have occurred in Russia over the past 5 years show that their consequences are becoming increasingly dangerous for economic facilities, the population and the environment. Already at present, direct and indirect damage from them amounts to 4-5% of the gross national product. This state of affairs forces us to take into account possible economic damage when developing state economic policy, forecasts for the socio-economic development of the state and macroeconomics. economic programs. Taking it into account by enterprise managers allows them to develop more realistic strategic development plans.

Social damage to the population and territory as a result of the impact of emergency factors; have a negative impact on the physical, material and moral condition of people, reduce their well-being and livelihoods. One of important species The social consequences of emergency situations are a decrease in the quality of life, especially such indicators as: health status, the degree of satisfaction of the population's living requirements, loss of property, a sharp disruption of the usual way of life, personal adversity, physical and moral suffering.

The social consequences of emergency situations have a significant impact on the demographic situation in the country, expressed in a decrease in the population in disaster areas due to forced migrants from these areas, in changes in the professional structure of the population, its age composition etc. Social and other consequences may negatively affect the implementation of social and economic programs, thereby reducing the economic capabilities of the state. Impact Analysis major accidents and disasters shows that the costs of their elimination and the creation of acceptable conditions for the life of the population can significantly influence the socio-economic development of the state and even undermine its foundations.

Bibliography

1. Prevention and liquidation of emergency situations: A training manual for the management bodies of the Russian Emergency Situations Service / Under the general. ed. Yu.L. Vorobyova. M.: Kruk-Prestige, 2002.

2. State report “On the state of protection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from natural and man-made emergencies in 2014” / - M.: EMERCOM of Russia. FSBI VNII GOChS (FC), 2015.

3. Life safety. Textbook. Edited by E.A. Arustamov 10th ed., revised. And additional - M.: Publishing house "Dashkov and K", 2006 - 476s

4. Activities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia - Statistics of emergency situations for 2011-2015 http://www.mchs.gov.ru/activities/stats/CHrezvichajnie_situacii

5. Security and analysis portal - Statistics of emergency situations for 2011-2014 http://i-risk.ru/statistics/

Application

Rice. 8 Number of emergencies for the period from 2011 to mid-2015.

Rice. 9 Number of victims of emergency situations for the period from 2011 to mid-2015.

Rice. 10 Number of emergency deaths for the period from 2011 to mid-2015.

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15. Castle Bravo (March 1, 1954)

The United States carried out a test explosion in March 1954 nuclear weapons in Bikini Atoll, located near the Marshall Islands. It was a thousand times more powerful than the explosion in Hiroshima, Japan. This was part of a US government experiment. The damage caused by the explosion was catastrophic for the environment over an area of 11265.41 km2. 655 fauna representatives were destroyed.

14. Disaster in Seveso (July 10, 1976)

An industrial disaster near Milan, Italy resulted from the release of toxic chemicals into the environment. During the production cycle of trichlorophenol, a dangerous cloud of harmful compounds was released into the atmosphere. The release instantly had a detrimental effect on the flora and fauna of the area adjacent to the plant. The company hid the fact of a chemical leak for 10 days. The incidence of cancer increased, which was later confirmed by studies of dead animals. Residents of the small town of Seveso began to experience frequent cases of heart pathologies and respiratory diseases.

The meltdown of part of a nuclear reactor on Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, USA, released an unknown amount of radioactive gases and iodine into the environment. The accident occurred due to a series of personnel errors and mechanical problems. There was a lot of debate about the scale of pollution, but official bodies withheld specific figures so as not to cause panic. They argued that the release was insignificant and could not harm flora and fauna. However, in 1997, the data was re-examined and it was concluded that those who lived near the reactor were 10 times more likely to develop cancer and leukemia than others.

12. Exxon Valdez oil spill (March 24, 1989)

As a result of the accident on the Exxon Valdez tanker, great amount oil, which led to the pollution of 2092.15 km of coastline. As a result, irreparable damage was caused to the ecosystem. And to date it has not been restored. In 2010, the US government stated that 32 species had been harmed. wildlife and only 13 species were restored. They were unable to restore the subspecies of killer whales and Pacific herring.

Explosion and flooding of an oil platform Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico at the Macondo field led to a leak of oil and gas in the amount of 4.9 million barrels. According to scientists, this accident was the largest in US history and claimed 11 lives of platform workers. The ocean inhabitants were also harmed. Violations of the bay's ecosystem are still observed.

10. Disaster Love Channel (1978)

In Niagara Falls, New York, about a hundred homes and a local school were built on the site of an industrial and chemical waste dump. Over time, the chemicals seeped into the topsoil and water. People began to notice that some black swampy spots were appearing near their houses. When they did the analysis, they found the contents of eighty-two chemical compounds, eleven of which were carcinogenic. Among the diseases of the Love Canal residents, such serious diseases as leukemia began to appear, and 98 families had children with serious pathologies.

9. Chemical Contamination of Anniston, Alabama (1929-1971)

In Anniston, in the area where agricultural and biotech giant Monsanto first produced cancer-causing substances, they were inexplicably released into Snow Creek. The population of Anniston suffered greatly. As a result of exposure, the percentage of diabetes and other pathologies increased. In 2002, Monsanto paid $700 million in compensation for damage and rescue efforts.

During the Gulf War in Kuwait, Saddam Hussein set fire to 600 oil wells to create a toxic smokescreen for 10 months. It is believed that between 600 and 800 tons of oil were burned daily. About five percent of Kuwait's territory was covered in soot, livestock was dying of lung disease, and the country suffered an increase in cancer cases.

7. Explosion at the Jilin Chemical Plant (November 13, 2005)

Several powerful explosions occurred at the Zilin Chemical Plant. A huge amount of benzene and nitrobenzene, which has a detrimental toxic effect, was released into the environment. The disaster resulted in the death of six people and the injury of seventy.

6. Times Beach, Missouri Pollution (December 1982)

The spraying of oil containing toxic dioxin led to the complete destruction of a small town in Missouri. The method was used as an alternative to irrigation to remove dust from roads. Things got worse when the city was flooded by the Meremek River, causing toxic oil to spread along the entire coastline. Residents were exposed to dioxin and reported immune and muscle problems.

For five days, smoke from coal burning and factory emissions covered London in a dense layer. The fact is that cold weather set in and residents started burning coal stoves en masse to warm their houses. The combination of industrial and public emissions into the atmosphere resulted in thick fog and poor visibility, and 12,000 people died from inhaling toxic fumes.

4. Minamata Bay Poisoning, Japan (1950s)

Over 37 years of producing plastics, the petrochemical company Chisso Corporation dumped 27 tons of metal mercury into the waters of Minamata Bay. Because residents used it for fishing without knowing about the release of chemicals, the mercury-poisoned fish caused serious damage to the health of babies born to mothers who ate Minamata fish and killed more than 900 people in the region.

3. Bhopal Disaster (December 2, 1984)

The whole world knows about radiation contamination as a result of a nuclear reactor accident and fire at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine. It has been called the worst nuclear power plant disaster in history. About a million people died due to the consequences of the nuclear disaster, mainly from cancer and due to exposure to high levels of radiation.

After the magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami hit Japan, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant was left without power and unable to cool its nuclear fuel reactors. This led to radioactive contamination of a large area and water area. About two hundred thousand residents were evacuated due to fears of serious illnesses as a result of irradiation. The disaster once again forced scientists to think about the danger atomic energy and the need to develop

When talking about man-made disasters, we mean oil spills, nuclear disasters, major incidents in factories. All of them had consequences for both the local population and the environment.

Nuclear and nuclear disasters

Nuclear energy remains the most dangerous during disasters and catastrophes. Accidents at such facilities are assessed on a seven-point scale.

Chernobyl disaster (Ukraine)

The largest disaster to date is considered to be the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster, which occurred in 1986. During the explosion at the station, the fourth reactor was completely destroyed. The fire lasted two weeks and could not be extinguished.

Radioactive substances released into the air led to the death of 56 thousand people. Belarus, western Russia and northern Ukraine were the most heavily infected.

Fukushima (Japan)

The most recent terrible nuclear disaster The accident that occurred in 2011 in Japan at the Fukushima nuclear plant was recognized. This happened after a magnitude nine earthquake. The disaster caused the death of more than 25 thousand people. But its main consequence is a global radiation threat associated with damage to a reactor at a nuclear power plant.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant (USA)

In the history of America, the worst accident in the state of Pennsylvania is considered to be the one in Pennsylvania in 1979. This happened at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant. Due to a malfunctioning cooling system, a partial meltdown of some reactor elements occurred.

The largest emergency situations at enterprises

Terrible incidents that have gone down in history also occurred at enterprises, which we will talk about in more detail.

Chemical plant "Mayak" (Chelyabinsk-40, Russia)

In 1959, a serious man-made accident occurred at a chemical plant in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40, which was declassified only after 1999.

The explosion raised them to a height of up to 2 kilometers. radioactive substances, which settled, polluting an area of 23 thousand square meters. km.

Medical Clinic (Goiania, Brazil)

The tragedy occurred in 1987. The medical clinic in the Brazilian city of Goiania was no longer operating. From this abandoned clinic, several people stole a container containing radioactive powder.

The owner of the landfill, who bought this container from looters, demonstrated the glowing powder contained in it to his friends. The area near the city turned out to be contaminated, and it will be possible to live on it again only after 300 years.

Major oil spills

More than a hundred states have faced the problem of oil spills, which have had significant environmental consequences, comparable to nuclear explosions.

Oil platform explosion (Gulf of Mexico)

The Deepwater Horizon oil rig became famous around the world in 2010 after it exploded, causing crude oil to leak into the Gulf of Mexico for three and a half months. Thus, 670 thousand tons of oil got into the water.

Tanker wreck (Brittany coast)

In 1978, a large oil spill occurred off the coast of Brittany, caused by the sinking of the Amoco Cadiz tanker. 23 thousand crude oil spilled into the sea. Coast France was polluted for two hundred miles.

The largest oil spill was not caused by an explosion, but was caused by man. We are talking about the spill in the Persian Gulf. During the 1990 war, Iraqi troops opened the oil terminal valves as they retreated.

Due to the ongoing hostilities, the fight against the consequences of this disaster began late: 600 km of coastlines were already polluted. A thousand square kilometers of the bay's surface was covered with oil.

The worst man-made disaster in human history

The worst man-made disaster in history is considered to be an explosion at a chemical plant in the Indian city of Bhopal. The tragedy occurred in early December 1984.

Approximately 20 thousand people died as a result of the disaster, and up to 600 thousand were injured. The water and area of the city and surrounding area remain contaminated to this day. There have been other terrible events in history, but not all of them are to blame for man. Sometimes enormous destruction and mass casualties occurred by the will of nature. The website has an article about the most terrible events of the 20th century.
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