When the Ruriks began to rule. The last of the Rurik family
The history of the foundation of Russia in the 9th century AD is shrouded in a dense veil of secrets, which sometimes contradict the statements official history Russian state. The name of Prince Rurik is associated with many hypotheses and studies that are trying to restore the chain of true events of that distant time.
Perhaps these hypotheses would have been fewer if not for one main circumstance: the foundation of the ruling dynasty is associated with the name of Rurik, whose representatives occupied the Russian thrones until 1610, until the Time of Troubles, before the change of the Rurik dynasty to the Romanov dynasty.
So, Rurik.
Official data:
- the year of birth is unknown, from the Varangian princely family, the family coat of arms is a falcon falling down.
- Called by the Slavs to suppress civil strife with the Finno-Ugric tribes in 862 AD.
- becomes the prince of Novgorod and the ancestor of the princely, royal dynasty of Rurik.
- died in 879 AD.
The arrival of Rurik with the tribal squad, in historiography, is usually called the "Vocation of the Varangians." Brothers Sineus and Truvor came with Rurik. After the death of the brothers in 864, Rurik becomes the sole ruler of the Novgorod principality.
Versions of the origin of Rurik:
- The Norman version claims that Rurik comes from Scandinavian Vikings. Some researchers associate Rurik with Rorik of Jutland from Denmark, and others with Eirik from Sweden.
- The West Slavic version claims that Rurik is from the Wagrs or Prussians. This theory was followed by M.V. Lomonosov.
After the death of Rurik in 879, he was succeeded by his son Igor. Raised Igor Prophetic Oleg, whose involvement in the genus Rurik is doubtful. Most likely, Prophetic Oleg was one of Rurik's squad, or at least he was in a distant relationship.
The influence of the Rurik dynasty began to spread to all Slavic lands south of Novgorod.
The direct line of succession after Rurik continued. After Igor followed Svyatoslav Igorevich, Vladimir Svyatoslavich (Great), Yaroslav (Wise). After the death of Yaroslav the Wise (1054), the process of branching of the genealogical line of Rurikovich began.
The division was caused by the Ladder Order and the growing feudal fragmentation of Russia. Separate descendants of the senior princes became sovereign princes of the separated principalities. The sons of Yaroslav the Wise led the so-called "Triumvirate":
- Izyaslav ruled Kyiv, Novgorod and the lands to the west of the Dnieper.
- Svyatoslav ruled Chernigov and Murom.
- Vsevolod reigned in Rostov, Suzdal and Pereyaslavl.
Of these three branches, the branch of Vsevolod and his son Vladimir Monomakh turned out to be the strongest. This branch was able to expand its possessions at the expense of Smolensk, Galich and Volhynia. In 1132, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the Great, died. At this time, Kievan Rus completely disintegrated. The formation and strengthening of local dynasties began, which, however, were also Rurikovich.
We will concentrate on the Rurik dynasty from the main branch - Monomakhovichi.
Such well-known princes belonged to this branch: Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei Bogolyubsky, Alexander Nevsky, Ivan the First Kalita, Simeon Ivanovich Proud, Ivan the Second Red, Dmitry Donskoy; hereditary princes: Vasily the First Dmitrievich, Vasily the Second Dark, Ivan the Third Vasilyevich, Vasily the Third Ivanovich; Moscow tsars: Ivan the Fourth the Terrible, Fedor the First Ioannovich.
The reign of Fyodor Ioannovich, the third son of Ivan the Terrible, was the last in a long line of offspring of the semi-legendary Varangian prince Rurik. With the death of Fyodor Ioannovich, a bloody Time of Troubles for Russia, which ended with the capture of Kitay-gorod in Moscow on November 4, 1612 and the election of a new tsar.
In March 1584, after a serious illness, one of the most merciless rulers of the Russian state, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, died. Ironically, his heir turned out to be the exact opposite of his tyrant father. He was a meek, pious man and suffered from dementia, for which he even received the nickname Blessed ...
A blissful smile never left his face, and in general, although he was distinguished by extreme simplicity and imbecility, he was very affectionate, quiet, merciful and pious. Most he spent his days in church, and as entertainment he liked to watch fistfights, jesters' amusements and fun with bears ...
Born for the cell
Fedor was the third son of Ivan the Terrible. He was born on May 11, 1557, and on that day the happy tsar ordered the foundation of a temple in honor of the heavenly patron of the son of St. Theodore Stratilat in the Feodorovsky Monastery of Pereslavl-Zalessky.
It soon became clear that the boy, as they say, "is not of this world." Looking at his growing son, Ivan the Terrible even once remarked:
- He was born more for a cell and a cave than for sovereign power.
Fyodor was small, plump, weak, pale-faced, with an unsteady gait and a blissful smile constantly wandering on his face.
Tsar Fedor I Ioannovich
In 1580, when the prince was 23 years old, Ivan IV decided to marry him. At that time, brides for royal people were chosen at special bridesmaids, for which girls from the most noble families came to the capital from all over the state.
In the case of Fedor, this tradition was broken. Grozny personally chose his wife - Irina, the sister of his favorite former guardsman Boris Godunov. However, the marriage turned out to be happy, since Fedor adored his wife until his death.
The only contender
Despite the fact that Fedor was completely unsuited to become the head of state, after the death of Ivan the Terrible, he turned out to be the only contender for the throne. Two of the king's sons, Dmitry and Vasily, died in infancy.
A worthy successor to Ivan the Terrible could be the second son, the namesake of his father, Tsarevich Ivan, who helped his father to rule and participated in military campaigns with him. Yes, only he died unexpectedly three years before the death of Ivan IV, leaving no offspring. There were rumors that in anger, without wanting it, the king killed him.
Another son, who, like the one who died in infancy, was named Dmitry, was not even two years old by the time of Grozny's death, of course, he still could not accept power. There was nothing left but to put the 27-year-old on the throne blessed Fedor.
Realizing that his son was not capable of ruling, Ivan the Terrible, before his death, managed to appoint a regency council to govern the state. It included Grozny's cousin Ivan Mstislavsky, the illustrious military leader Prince Ivan Shuisky, the tsar's favorite Bogdan Belsky, and Nikita Zakharyin-Yuriev, the brother of Ivan IV's first wife.
However, there was one more person, although not included in the number of regents of the new blessed tsar, but also thirsty for power - Boris Godunov.
Council power
The reign of the regency council began with repression. Ivan the Terrible died on March 18, 1584, and the very next night the Supreme Duma dealt with all the former tsar's associates objectionable to the new government: some were imprisoned, others were expelled from Moscow.
Meanwhile, a rumor swept through the capital that Ivan the Terrible did not die a natural death. It was rumored that Bogdan Belsky poisoned him! Now the villain, being the regent of Fedor, wants to exterminate his son in order to put his son on the throne best friend- 32-year-old Boris Godunov.
Portrait of Boris Godunov
A rebellion broke out in Moscow. It got to the point that the rebels laid siege to the Kremlin and even rolled up cannons, intending to take it by storm.
- Give us the villain Belsky! the people demanded.
The nobles knew that Belsky was innocent, however, in order to avoid bloodshed, they convinced the "traitor" to leave Moscow. When the people were informed that the criminal had been expelled from the capital, the rebellion ceased. Nobody began to demand the head of Godunov. Still, he was the brother of the queen herself!
Fedor was horrified at the sight of a popular uprising. He sought support and found it - next to him was Boris, the brother of his beloved wife Irina, who, without any malicious intent, contributed to his friendship with the young tsar. Soon Boris became perhaps the main figure in the state.
"God's Man"
On May 31, 1584, as soon as the six-week prayer service for the repose of the soul of Ivan IV ended, Fedor was crowned king. On this day at dawn, Moscow suddenly collapsed terrible storm with a thunderstorm, after which the sun suddenly shone again. Many regarded this as "an omen of future disasters."
The regency council appointed by Ivan the Terrible was in power for a short time. Shortly after the flight of the first regent Belsky, Nikita Zakharyin-Yuriev fell seriously ill. He retired and died a year later. The third regent, Prince Ivan Mstislavsky, contacted the conspirators, dissatisfied with Godunov's rise.
Alexei Kivshenko "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich puts a golden chain on Boris Godunov." 19th century painting
Mstislavsky agreed to lure Boris into a trap: invite him to a feast, but in fact bring him to assassins. Yes, as soon as the plot was revealed, and Prince Mstislavsky was exiled to a monastery, where he was forcibly tonsured a monk.
So, of the regents appointed by Ivan IV, only one remained - Prince Ivan Shuisky. However, he did not have much power. By that time, everyone understood that only Godunov, who was already openly called the ruler, was at the head of the state.
And what about the king? Ascension to the throne did not affect Fedor's attitude to state affairs. He "avoided worldly fuss and dokuki", relying entirely on Godunov. If someone addressed a petition directly to the tsar, he sent the petitioner all to the same Boris.
Tsar Fedor Ioannovich. Sculptural reconstruction of the skull.
The emperor himself spent his time in prayers, walked around the monasteries on foot, and received only monks. Fyodor loved the bell ringing and was sometimes seen personally ringing the bell tower.
Sometimes in the character of Fyodor, the features of his father were still traced - despite his piety, he liked the contemplation of bloody games: he liked to watch fistfights and fights between people and bears. However, the people loved their blessed tsar, because in Russia the feeble-minded were considered sinless, "God's people."
Childless Irina
Years passed, and hatred for Godunov, who had usurped power, grew more and more in the capital.
- Boris left Fedor only the title of king! - both the nobility and ordinary citizens grumbled.
It was clear to everyone that Godunov took such high position only due to kinship with the wife of the king.
“Let’s remove the sister, we’ll remove the brother as well,” Boris’s opponents decided.
Moreover, Irina herself did not suit many. After all, she did not sit in the chamber with folded arms, as it should be for a queen, but, like a brother, she was engaged in state affairs: received ambassadors, corresponded with foreign monarchs, and even participated in meetings of the Boyar Duma.
However, Irina had a serious drawback - she could not give birth in any way. During the years of marriage, she became pregnant several times, but she could not bear the child. This fact and decided to use the opponents of the Godunovs.
The wife of the most quiet and humble Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, Tsarina Irina Fedorovna Godunova.
In 1586, a petition was delivered to the palace: “ Sovereign, for the sake of childbearing, accept a second marriage, and let your first queen go to the monastic rank". This paper was signed by many boyars, merchants, civil and military officials. They asked to send childless Irina to a monastery, as his father had done with one of his childless wives.
The Moscow nobles even picked up a new bride they liked for the tsar - the daughter of Prince Ivan Mstislavsky, the very regent whom Godunov exiled to a monastery. However, Fedor flatly refused to part with his beloved wife.
Godunov was furious at this news. He quickly revealed the names of those who were plotting evil. As it turned out, the conspiracy was headed by the last of the royal regents, Prince Ivan Shuisky, as well as his relatives and friends. As a result, not Irina, but her opponents were forcibly sent to the monastery.
End of the line
Meanwhile, another heir to Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, was growing up in Uglich. It was he who should have taken power if Fedor did not have children.
And suddenly, in 1591, a tragedy occurred. Eight-year-old Dmitry played with his friends “poke” - they threw a sharp nail into the ground from behind the line. As eyewitnesses later claimed, when the turn came to the prince, he had an epileptic attack, and he accidentally hit himself in the throat with a nail. The wound proved fatal.
Since then, Fedor has remained the last of his family. And since, apart from Irina, he refused to accept another woman, all the hope of the state was on her. A year after the death of Tsarevich Dmitry, she still managed to give birth to a child, however, not an heir, but an heiress.
The granddaughter of Ivan IV was named Theodosia. However, she did not live long. Blessed Fyodor never had any other children. Therefore, when at the end of 1597 the 40-year-old tsar became seriously ill and in January next year died, along with his departure, the famous family of Moscow rulers was interrupted.
Thus ended the rule of the Rurik dynasty, which ruled Russia for 736 years.
Oleg GOROSOV
All Rurikoviches were descendants of previously independent princes, descended from two sons of Yaroslav the Wise: the third son Svyatoslav (Svyatoslavichi with branches) and the fourth son - Vsevolod (Vsevolodovichi, who are better known along the line of his eldest son as Monomakhovichi). This explains the severe and prolonged political struggle in the 30-40s of the XII century. it was between the Svyatoslavichs and the Monomashichs at the grand-ducal table after the death of Mstislav the Great. The eldest of the sons of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - Yaroslav became the ancestor Ryazan princes. Of these, as part of the Russian boyars of the XVI-XVII centuries. only the descendants of the specific princes remained Ryazan land- princes Pronsky. Some editions of genealogical books consider the descendants of the Ryazan princes of Yeletsky, others derive them from another son of Svyatoslav, Oleg, who reigned in the Chernihiv lands. childbirth Chernigov princes descend from the three sons of Mikhail Vsevolodovich (great-great-grandson of Oleg Svyatoslavich) - Semyon, Yuri, Mstislav. Glukhovsky prince Semyon Mikhailovich became the ancestor of the princes Vorotynsky, Odoevsky. Prince of Tarusa Yuri Mikhailovich - Mezetsky, Baryatinsky, Obolensky. Karachaevsky Mstislav Mikhailovich-Mosalsky, Zvenigorodsky. Of the princes of Obolensky, later many princely families emerged, among which the most famous are the Shcherbatovs, Repnins, Serebryany, Dolgorukovs.
More births descended from Vsevolod Yaroslavovich and his son, Vladimir Monomakh. The descendants of the eldest son of Monomakh - Mstislav the Great, the last Grand Duke of Kievan Rus, were numerous Smolensk princes, of whom the Vyazemsky and Kropotkin families are most famous. Another branch of the Monomashich descended from Yuri Dolgoruky and his son Vsevolod Big Nest. His eldest son, Konstantin Vsevolodovich, bequeathed to his sons: Vasilka - Rostov and Beloozero, Vsevolod - Yaroslavl. From the eldest son of Vasilko Konstantinovich - Boris come Rostov princes(Of these, the Shchepin, Katyrev, Buynosov families are the most famous). From the second son of Vasilko Konstantinovich - Gleb went the birth of Belozersky princes, among them - the princes of Ukhtomsky, Sheleshpansky, Vadbolsky, Beloselsky. The only heir of the Yaroslavl prince Vsevolod Konstantinovich, Vasily, had no sons. His daughter Maria married Prince Fyodor Rostislavich from the family of the Smolensk princes and brought the Yaroslavl principality as a dowry, in which a change of dynasties (different branches of the Monomashichs) took place in this way.
Another son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, Yaroslav, became the founder of several princely dynasties. From his eldest son Alexander Nevsky, through his son Daniil Alexandrovich, the dynasty of Moscow princes went, who later became the central link in the unification process. The brothers of Alexander Nevsky - Andrei Suzdalsky and Yaroslav of Tverskoy became the founders of these princely families. Of the Sudal princes, the most famous are the Shuisky princes, who gave Russia in early XVII in. king. Tver princes the whole 14th century. waged a fierce struggle with representatives of the Moscow house for the grand prince's table, with the help of the Horde, physically exterminating their opponents. As a result, the Moscow princes became ruling dynasty and had no family formations. The Tver branch was cut short after the flight to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of its last Grand Duke, Mikhail Borisovich (1485), and the inclusion of these lands in the national territory. The composition of the Russian boyars included the descendants of the specific princes of the Tver land - the princes Mikulinsky, Telyatevsky, Kholmsky. The youngest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Ivan received Starodub Ryapolovsky (east of capital Vladimir) as an inheritance. Of the descendants of this branch, the most famous are the Pozharsky, Romodanovsky and Paletsky families.
Gediminovichi. Another group of princely families were the Gediminoviches, the descendants of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gedimin, who ruled in 1316-1341. Gedimin led an active policy of conquest and was the first to call himself "King of Lithuanians and Russians." Territorial expansion continued under his sons, Olgerd was especially active (Algirdas, 1345-77). In the XIII-XIV centuries. the lands of the future Belarus and Ukraine were conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, and here the sovereignty of the hereditary lines of the Rurikoviches was lost. Under Olgerd, as part of the Great Principality of Lithuania included Chernihiv-Seversky, Kyiv, Podolsk, Volyn, Smolensk lands. The Gediminovich family was quite branched, his descendants were on thrones in different principalities, and one of his grandsons, Jagiello Olgerdovich, after the signing of the Kreva Union in 1385, became the founder of the Polish royal dynasty of the Jagiellons. The descendants of Gediminas, who settled in the reigns in the lands that were previously part of Kievan Rus, or transferred to the Moscow service in the process of forming the state territory of Russia, are called Russian Gediminoviches. Most of them come from the two sons of Gediminas - Narimant and Olgerd. One of their branches came from the eldest grandson of Gediminas - Patrikey Narimantovich. Under Basil I at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Two sons of Patrikey, Fedor and Yuri, transferred to the Moscow service. The son of Fedor - Vasily on the estates on the river. Khovanke received the nickname Khovansky and became the ancestor of this princely family. Prominent politicians Vasily and Ivan Yurievich were called the Patrikeyevs. The sons of Vasily Yuryevich were Ivan Bulgak and Daniil Shchenya, the founders of the princes Bulgakov and Shchenyatev. The Bulgakovs, in turn, were divided into Golitsyns and Kurakins - from the sons of Ivan Bulgak, Mikhail Golitsa and Andrei Kuraki. His distant descendant Fyodor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky left for Russia in 1526. The Trubetskoy and Belsky descended from the famous Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd. The great-grandson of Dmitry Olgerdovich Trubetskoy (in the city of Trubetskoy) Ivan Yuryevich and his nephews Andrei, Ivan and Fedor Ivanovich in 1500 passed into Russian citizenship along with their small principality. The grandson of the brother of Dmitry Olgerdovich - Vladimir Belsky - Fedor Ivanovich went to the Russian service in 1482. All the Gediminoviches took high official and political position and played a significant role in the history of the country.
The origin of the princely families of Rurikovich and Gediminovich is more clearly shown in the diagrams. (Tables 1, 2, 3)
Table 1. Scheme of the origin of the main princely families of Rurikovich
Table 2. Rurikovich
Table 3. Scheme of the origin of the main princely families of the Russian Gediminids
The saying “all people are brothers” has a genealogical basis. It's not just that we are all distant descendants of the biblical Adam. In the light of the topic under consideration, another ancestor stands out, whose descendants constituted a significant layer in social structure feudal Russia. This is Rurik, the conditional ancestor of the "natural" Russian princes. Although he had never been to Kyiv, and even more so to Vladimir and Moscow, everyone who occupied up to late XVI centuries, grand ducal tables, considered themselves his descendants, justifying their political and land rights. In the increase in offspring, new princely branches appeared already from real ancestors, and in order to distinguish them from each other (including from the standpoint of tribal possessions and priority rights to it), they first appear generic nicknames and then last names.
Two main stages can be distinguished. The first is the formation of princely branches, the assignment to them of names ending in -ich, -ovich (X-XIII centuries, ancient and specific Russia). It is not known how they called themselves, but in the chronicles they are called Monomashichi (Monomakhovichi), Olgovichi (Olegovichi), etc. In the first patronymic (from the name-nickname of the ancestor) names of the princely branches, belonging to princely family, and the seniority of the branch was determined by the name of the ancestor, which, first of all, with the ladder (next) right of inheritance, determined the ownership rights. A significant reason for the absence of toponymic surnames among the specific princes of the pre-Moscow period was that they passed by seniority from inheritance to inheritance. Surnames derived from the name of the area appear after the liquidation of the next right of inheritance. In this case, the carriers of toponymic surnames were, as a rule, from among the service princes, less often from the old Moscow boyars. In this case, the suffix -sky, -sky was used: Volynsky, Shuisky, Shakhovskoy, etc. At the same time, the surnames often did not reflect the former possessive rights, but simply the area from which their carriers transferred to the Moscow service, especially among the "outgoers" - Cherkassky, Meshchersky, Siberian, etc.
The second stage falls on the period of formation of the Russian centralized state. There is a growth of princely branches and the formation of new clans, each of which is assigned its own nickname, at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. turning into a surname. The specific hierarchy is replaced by localism - a system of service correspondence of clans in relation to each other and the monarch. Surnames appear at this stage, as if by official (hierarchical) necessity, are assigned to offspring, outwardly emphasizing belonging to a genus that occupied a certain social niche. V. B. Korbin believes that in Russia the design of princely surnames is directly related to the emergence of the category of “serving” princes (XV century). Already in the Moscow service, these princely families gave branches, each of which is assigned not only land holdings, but also surnames, as a rule, patronymic ones. So, Khilkovs, Tatevs stood out from the princes of Starodub; from Yaroslavl - Troekurovs, Ushatye; from the Obolenskys - Nogotkovs, Strigins, Kashins (for details, see Table 1).
In the 16th century, the process of forming surnames among the boyars was actively going on. Famous example- the evolution of the nickname of the family, which at the beginning of the 17th century gave a new royal dynasty. Five sons of Andrey Kobyla became the founders of 17 famous families of Russia, each of which had its own surname. The Romanovs began to be so called only with mid-sixteenth century. Their ancestors are Kobylins, Koshkins, Zakharyins, Yurievs. But even during this period central authority gave preference to surnames formed from personal nicknames. Sometimes territorial names were preserved as a kind of prefix. This is how double surnames appeared, while the first one pointed to the ancestor and was patronymic, the second one reflected the common affiliation, and, as a rule, toponymic: Zolotye-Obolensky, Shchepin-Obolensky, Tokmakov-Zvenigorodsky, Ryumin-Zvenigorodsky, Sosunov-Zasekin, etc. d. Double surnames reflected not only the incompleteness of the process of their formation, but also the peculiar policy of the great Moscow princes, aimed at interrupting tribal territorial ties. It also mattered when and how the lands recognized Moscow's supremacy. Rostov, Obolensky, Zvenigorodsky and a number of other clans retained territorial names in their offspring, but Starodubsky was not allowed to be called this generic name even in the middle of the 17th century, as evidenced by a petition addressed to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from Grigory Romodanovsky, who represented the interests of the older branch of this, once powerful but disgraced kind. Incidentally, possible cause The ban on the part of the Romanovs could be that toponymic surnames indirectly reminded of the tribal seniority of the Rurikovichs. Officially, the nobles were allowed to be called, in addition to the surname, the name land holdings. A charter to the nobility (1785). However, by that time the surnames had already settled down, the nature of land relations had fundamentally changed, and this tradition, popular in Europe, did not take root in Russia. Of the existing late XIX centuries of the birth of Russian "natural" princes Karnovich E.P. has 14 whose surnames were formed from the names of estates: Mosalsky, Yelets, Zvenigorodsky, Rostov, Vyazemsky, Baryatinsky, Obolensky, Shekhonsky, Prozorovsky, Vadbolsky, Sheleshpansky, Ukhtomsky, Beloselsky, Volkonsky.
Below are the main princely families of the Rurikoviches and the Russian branch of the Gediminoviches with the branches formed from them with the surnames assigned to them (Tables 4, 5).
Table 4. Rurikovich. Monomashici
|
Genealogical branch. |
Principalities, specific principalities |
Surnames of princely families |
Founder of the clan |
|
Yurievichi. From Vsevolod the Big Nest, Prince. Pereyaslavsky, led. book. vlad. 1176-1212 |
Suzdal, Pereyaslavl-Zalesskoe. Destinies: Pozharsky, Starodubsky, Ryapolovsky, Paletsky, Yurievsky |
Pozharsky |
Vasily, Prince fireman, mind. 1380 Ivan Nogavitsa, Prince Ryapolovsky, late XIV - early XV centuries. |
|
Suzdal branch. From Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, Prince. Pereyaslavl-Zalessky 1212-36, Grand Prince. vlad. 1238-1246 |
Suzdal, Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod. Destinies: Gorodetsky, Kostroma, Dmitrovsky, Volotsky, Shuisky. In 1392 Nizhny Novgorod attached to Moscow, to the middle. 15th century all the lands of the former Suzdal Principality became part of the Moscow principality. |
Shuisky, Blidi-Shuisike, Skopin-Shuisky |
Yuri, Prince Shuisky, 1403-? Dmitry Nail, mind. 1375 |
|
Rostov branch. Yurievichi. The ancestor of the dynasty - Vasily Konstantinovich, Prince. Rostov 1217-1238 |
Rostov principality (after 1238). Destinies: Belozersky, Uglichsky, Galichsky, Sheleshpansky, Puzhbolsky, Kemsko-Sugorsky, Kargolomsky, Ukhtomsky, Beloselsky, Andomsky |
Sheleshpanskie |
Athanasius, Prince Sheleshpansky, Tue. floor. 14th century Roman, book. Beloselsky, n.XV century. |
|
Zaslva branch |
Principality of Zaslav |
Zaslavsky. |
Yuri Vasilyevich, 1500 Branch existing until the middle of the XVII century. |
|
Ostroh branch Yaroslavl branch. First Yaroslav. book. Vsevolod Constant. (1218-38) from Yuryevichi. Then his children Vasily (1239-49) and Konstantin (1249-57) reigned, after them the Yuryevich branch was cut short. New Yaroslav. the dynasty was established in Tues. floor. XIII century, comes from Smolensk Rostislavich from Fedor Rostislavovich Prince of Smolensk. Mind. in 1299 Smolensk branch. Rostislavichi of Smolensk. Rodonach. Rostislav Mstislavovich, Prince. resinous 1125-59, 1161, led. book. Kyiv. 1154, 1159-67. |
Principality of Ostrog Yaroslavl principality. Destinies : M Olozhsky, Kastoitsky, Romanovsky, Sheksnensky, Shumorovsky, Novlensky, Shakhovskoy, Shekhonsky, Smolensk prince-in Destinies: Vyazemsky th, |
Ostrozhsky Novlensky, Yukhotsky Zaozersky, Kubensky Shakhovskie Bristles, Dark blue, Sandyrevs, Zasekins (older branch) Zasekins (younger branch, Sosunovy Zasekins, Solntsev-Zasekins, Fat-Zasekins. Deeva Youth Prozorovskie Shumorovskys, Shamins, Golygins Kurbsky Alabishevs, Alenkins Troekurovs Vyazemsky, Zhilinsky, Vsevolozhsky, Zabolotsky, Shukalovsky, Gubastov, Kislyaevsky, Rozhdestvensky. |
Vasily Romanovich, Prince Slonimsky, 1281-82, Ostrozhsky, early. 13th century Ivan Zaseka Fedor Mortka Vasily, prince of Ugric, per.pol.XV Semyon, ser. XV century, book. Kurbian Mikhail Zyalo |
|
Tver branch. Ancestor Mikhail Yaroslavovich (younger), Prince. Tver 1282(85)-1319. Vsevolod the Big Nest. (Yurievichi.Vsevolodovichi) |
Tver Prince. Destinies: Kashinsky, Dorogobuzhsky, Mikulinsky, Kholmsky, Chernyatensky, Staritsky, Zubtsovsky, Telyatevsky. |
Dorogobuzh. Mikulinsky Kholmsky, Chernyatinsky, Vatutin, Punkov, Telyatevsky. |
Andrew, Prince Dorogobuzh, n.XV century |
|
RURIKOV |
OLGOVICHI. |
||
|
Mikhailovichi. |
Destinies: |
Osovitsky, |
|
|
Karachay branch. It stood out in the XIII century. from the family of Svyatoslavich Chernigov. Descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, prince of Chernigov. 1097, Seversky 1097-1115 Tmutarakansky 1083-1115, Volynsky 1074-77 . |
Destinies: Mosalsky, Zvenigorodsky, Bolkhovskaya, Yeletsky |
Mosalsky (Braslav and Volkoviysk branches) Satins, Shokurovs Bolkhovskiye Zvenigorodsky, Yeletsky. Nozdrovatye, Nozdrovatye-Zvenigorodsky, Tokmakov-Zvenigorodsky, Zventsov-Zvenigorodsky Shistov-Zvenigorodsky, Ryumin-Zvenigorodsky Paunches. |
Semyon Klubok, trans. floor. 15th century Dmitry Glushakov. |
|
Tarusian branch. Separated from Olgovichi ( Svyatoslavich Chernihiv) on Tue. half of XIII century |
Destinies: Obolensky, Tarussky, Volkonsky, Peninsky, Trostenetsky, Myshetsky, Spassky, Kaninsky |
Pieninsky, Trostenetsky, Gorensky, Obolensky, Eyed-Obolensky, Tyufyakin. |
Ivan Menshoy Tolstaya Head, Prince Volkons., XV century. Dmitry Schepa, From Vasily Telepnya |
|
RURIKOV |
IZYASLAVOVICHI |
(Turov) |
|
|
Izyaslavovichi Turov. Ancestor Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Prince. Turovsky 1042-52, Novgorod., 1052-54, Great Prince. Kiev.1054–78 |
Turov Prince. Destinies: Chetvertinsky, Sokolsky. |
Chetvertinsky, Sokolsky. Chetvertinsky-Sokolsky. |
|
|
RURIKOV |
SVYATOSLAVICHI |
(Chernihiv) |
|
|
Pron branch. Ancestor Alexander Mikhailovich mind. 1339. |
Principality of Pron. |
Pronsky-Shemyakins Pronskie-Turuntai |
Ivan Shemyaka, Moscow. boyar from 1549 |
|
RURIKOV |
IZYASLAVOVICHI |
(Polotsk) |
|
|
Drutskaya branch |
Drutsk Prince. Specific reign |
Drutsky-Sokolinsky. |
Table 5. Gediminovichi
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Genealogical branch. |
Principalities, specific principalities |
Surnames of princely families |
Founder of the clan |
|
Gediminovichi Ancestor Gediminas, led. book. Lithuanian 1316-41 Narimantovichi. Evnutovichi Keystutovichi. Lyubartovichi. |
Grand Duke of Lithuania. Destinies: Polotsk, Kernovskoe, Ladoga, Pinsk, Lutsk, Izheslav, Vitebsk, Novogrudskoe, Lyubarskoe |
Monvidovichi. Narimantovichi, Patrikeyevs, Shchenyatevs, Bulgakov Kurakins. Golitsyns Khovansky Izheslavsky, Mstislavsky |
Monvid, Prince. Kernovsky, mind. 1339 Patrikey Narimantovich Keystut, mind. 1382 Lubart, Prince of Lutsk, 1323-34, 1340-84; |
|
Olgerdovichi The ancestor Olgerd, Prince. Vitebsk, 1327-51, led. book. lit. 1345-77. |
Destinies: |
Andreevichi. Dmitrievichi.. Trubetskoy. Vladimirovichi. Fedorovichi. Lukomsky. Jagiellons. Koributovichi. Semenovichi. |
Andrei (Wingolt), Prince. Polotsk 1342-76, 1386-99. Pskov 1343-49, 1375-85. Constantine, d.1386 |
|
Other Gediminovichi |
Sagushki, Kurtsevichi, Kurtsevichi-Buremilsky, Kurtsevichi-Bulygi. Kroshinsky. Voronetsky. Voynich. Nesviz. Wars. |
Dmitry Bobrok (Bobrok-Volynsky), Prince. Bobrotsky, a service prince of Moscow. |
Milevich S.V. - Toolkit for a course in genealogy. Odessa, 2000.
Last update:
August 15, 2018, 18:05
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used in history. l-re the name of the descendants of the great prince. Igor, who, according to the chronicle legend, was considered the son of Rurik (pil. Rurik, Sineus and Truvor). R. were at the head of the Old Russian. state-va, as well as large and small principalities of the feudal period. fragmentation. In the 12th-13th centuries. some R. were also called by the names of the founders of the offshoots of the G. clan - Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, etc. R. were also considered the rulers of the Russian centralized state (descendants of the Vladimir-Uzdal Monomakh). The last king din. R. Fedor Ivanovich died in 1598.
ruling dynasty in Kievan Rus. It got its name and originates from legends, Prince Rurik, who is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years. The most famous of his heirs were the Grand Dukes Kievskie Igor(reigned 912-945), Svyatoslav the Brave (c. 945-972), Vladimir the Great (978-1015), Yaroslav the Wise (1019-54), Vsevolod (1078-93) Vladimir II Monomakh (1113-25), Mstislav Vladimirovich (1125-32). During the period of feuds, fragmentation, representatives of R. ruled in the encirclement. principalities (Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslav, Vladimir-Suzdal, etc.), where they founded the local. dynasty - Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Romanovichi and others. Roman Mstislavich, the founder of the Romanovichi dynasty, formed one thousand one hundred and ninety-nine one of the most powerful states in the territory. Kyiv. Russia - Galicia-Volyn principality. His son Daniil Romanovich of Galicia became the king of this state in 1254. Among the most famous Olgovichi, descendants of the Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky prince Oleg Svyatoslavich (died 1115), is his grandson Igor Svyatoslavich, sung in the "Lay of Igor's Campaign". Specific princes of the R. dynasty ruled in Ukrainian. lands to con. 15th c. One of the branches of G. (descendants of the Vladimir-Suzdal Monomakhoviches) subsequently became the grand-ducal (from the 14th century) and royal (from the 16th century) Dynasty in Moscow. state-ve. Rest Moscow tsar from the R. dynasty - Fedor Ivanovich - died 1598 In the 17th century. part of R. gradually merged with representatives of other genera, having led. influence under Russian. court (for example, the descendants of the Chernigov R.: Baryatinsky, Volkonsky, Gorchakov, Dolgorukov, Obolensky, Odoevsky, Repnin, Shcherbakov, etc.).
+ additional material:
Rurikoviches are the descendants of Rurik, who became the first known chronicle prince ancient Russia. Over time, the Rurik family split into several branches.
Dynasty
The Tale of Bygone Years, written by the monk Nestor, tells the story of the calling of Rurik and his brothers to Russia. The sons of the Novgorod prince Gostomysl died in the wars, and he married one of his daughters to a Varangian-Russian, who gave birth to three sons - Sineus, Rurik and Truvor. They were called by Gostomysl to reign in Russia. It was with them that the Rurik dynasty began in 862, which reigned in Russia until 1598.
First princes
In 879, the summoned Prince Rurik died, leaving his little son Igor. At the time when he was growing up, Oleg, a relative of the prince through his wife, ruled the principality. He conquered everything Kiev principality and also built diplomatic relations with Byzantium. After the death of Oleg in 912, Igor began to reign until he died in 945, leaving two heirs - Gleb and Svyatoslav. However, the eldest (Svyatoslav) was a three-year-old child, and therefore his mother, Princess Olga, took the reign into her own hands.
Having become the ruler, Svyatoslav was more fond of military campaigns, and in one of them he was killed in 972. Svyatoslav left three sons: Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir. Yaropolk killed Oleg for the sake of autocracy, while Vladimir first fled to Europe, but later returned, killed Yaropolk and became the ruler. It was he who baptized the people of Kiev in 988, built many cathedrals. He reigned until 1015 and left behind 11 sons. After Vladimir, Yaropolk began to reign, who killed his brothers, and after him Yaroslav the Wise.
Yaroslavichi
Yaroslav the Wise reigned in total from 1015 to 1054 (including breaks). When he died, the unity of the principality was broken. His sons divided Kievan Rus in parts: Svyatoslav received Chernigov, Izyaslav - Kyiv and Novgorod, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl and the Rostov-Suzdal land. The latter, and later his son Vladimir Monomakh, significantly expand the inherited lands. After the death of Vladimir Monomakh, the disintegration of the unity of the principality is finally established, in each part of which a separate dynasty rules.
Russia specific
Feudal fragmentation is growing due to the ladder of succession to the throne, according to which power was transferred by seniority to the brothers of the prince, while the younger ones were given in cities of less significant importance. After the death of the chief prince, everyone moved by seniority from city to city. This order led to internecine wars. The most powerful princes launched a war for Kyiv. The power of Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants proved to be the most influential. Vladimir Monomakh leaves his possessions to his three sons: Mstislav, Yaropolk and Yuri Dolgoruky. The latter is considered the founder of Moscow.
Moscow's struggle with Tver
One of the famous descendants of Yuri Dolgoruky was Alexander Nevsky, under whom an independent Muscovy. In an effort to elevate their influence, the descendants of Nevsky begin to fight with Tver. During the reign of a descendant of Alexander Nevsky, the Moscow principality becomes one of the main centers of the unification of Russia, but the Tver principality remains outside its influence.
Creation of the Russian state
After the death of Dmitry Donskoy, power passes to his son Vasily I, who managed to maintain the greatness of the principality. After his death, a dynastic struggle for power begins. However, under the reign of a descendant of Dmitry Donskoy Ivan III ends Horde yoke and the Moscow principality plays in this decisive role. Under Ivan III, the process of forming a unified Russian state was completed. In 1478, he appropriated the title of "sovereign of all Russia" to himself.
The last Rurikovichs
The last representatives of the Rurik dynasty in power were Ivan the Terrible and his son Fyodor Ivanovich. The latter was not a ruler by nature, and therefore, after the death of Ivan the Terrible, the Boyar Duma essentially controls the state. In 1591 Dmitry, another son of Ivan the Terrible, dies. Dmitry was the last contender for the Russian throne, since Fyodor Ivanovich had no children. In 1598, Fedor Ivanovich also dies, with whom the dynasty of the first Russian rulers, who had been in power for 736 years, is interrupted.
The article mentions only the main and most prominent representatives of the dynasty, but in fact there were much more descendants of Rurik. The Rurikovichs made an invaluable contribution to the development of the Russian state.
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