The division of land into categories is a consequence of the zoning of territories and the definition state strategy. For example, agricultural lands include areas with fertile soil, forest lands should be covered with forest vegetation, and specially protected natural areas should be of great value for science and preserving the optimal properties of the ecological environment.

In accordance with the norms of the Land Code, the belonging of land to a category is the legal regime for its use. From this we can conclude that the category of land is a legally established description of standard properties.

1. Settlements (settlements);
2. agricultural purposes (agricultural);
3. special purpose(for example, lands occupied by industrial and energy facilities, communications, country security facilities, etc.);
4. specially protected natural areas(SPNA);
5. forest fund;
6. water fund;
7. state reserve.

The last category is distinguished not so much by the principle of use as by underuse. IN big country there will always be lands that are not in demand in the system National economy is the country's land reserve. The greatest turnover of land is typical for the categories of agricultural purposes and settlements. In addition, the opportunity has arisen to transfer ownership of forest lands, but citizens are in no hurry to take advantage of it.

What is the type of permitted land use (WRI)

The concept of permitted use of a land plot is of a clarifying nature within the framework of the intended purpose. The introduction of this concept is a consequence of more detailed zoning of the territory on the scale of a subject of the federation, region or other territorial division. However, a land plot owned by a farmer may have a different permitted use within the same intended purpose.

In addition, there is a division of the permitted use into the following types:

1. basic;
2. conditionally permitted;
3. auxiliary.

Conditionally permitted type of land use

The conditionally permitted type of use of the land plot serves as a supplement within the category and permitted use. This addition occurs when it is not possible to create a classifier for all occasions.

In order to establish an additional standard, it is necessary to go through a special procedure for approvals and public hearings at the Land Use and Development Commission. Such an expansion of the VRI is possible only if it is provided for by local urban planning regulations.

Auxiliary permitted uses

Ancillary types of permitted use specify the actions performed within the framework of other types of use. A clarifying nature may consist, for example, in the placement of some small objects - garages, transformer box, fence, etc. Thus, a potential developer needs to fit into the intended purpose and main type of permitted use of its territory.

Other types of permitted use can be changed in the official dialogue between the potential and existing owner of the site with state or municipal authorities.

Example

A plot of land in SNT will have the following characteristics:

• Category (purpose) - agricultural land;
• Type of permitted use - for gardening and horticulture;

Now let’s look at each category and the types of permitted use included in it in more detail.

Lands of settlements

1. Placement of multi-storey residential buildings. Objects can be located chaotically, forming streets, or in territorial blocks, forming microdistricts;
2. Land allocated for individual housing construction (individual housing construction, individual railway);
3. Recreational areas. They can be located both inside the settlement itself and in the suburban area. In accordance with Art. 98 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, recreational lands include lands intended and used for organizing recreation, tourism, physical education, recreational and sports activities of citizens. Clause 2 art. 98 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation establishes the composition of recreational lands, which includes land plots on which rest houses, boarding houses, campsites, and facilities are located physical culture and sports, tourist centers, stationary and tent tourist and health camps, children's tourist stations, tourist parks, educational and tourist trails, trails, children's and sports camps, other similar objects. Clause 5 Art. 98 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation prohibits activities that do not correspond to the intended purpose of such a law. Recreational lands are intended for recreational functions of both citizens and conservation natural properties, you can build on them, but only what is specified in Art. 98 Land Code of the Russian Federation. In addition, Art. Art. 285 - 286 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for improper use of a land plot. In the event that the use of the site is carried out with gross violation rules rational use land established by land legislation, in particular if the plot is not used in accordance with its intended purpose, this land plot can be seized from the owner;
4. Plots built up industrial facilities, administrative buildings, public utilities, food and non-food supplies, etc.;
5. Land allocated for transport hubs - train stations, airports, river and sea terminals, etc.;
6. Location of power supply facilities;
7. Lands that are part of a populated area, but occupied by bodies of water;
8. Areas allocated for the placement of roads, canals, piers, pipelines, air, ground and underground communication facilities, etc.;
9. Specially protected natural areas within the boundaries of a populated area. Typically these include: parks, natural monuments, nature reserves, objects of special cultural and historical value, botanical and zoological gardens, open-air museums, etc.;
10. Land intended for agriculture economic use. Despite the consonance with the name of one of the categories, these lands are still within the intended purpose of settlement lands. These include personal subsidiary plots (LPH);
11. All other lands that can be represented by the space of streets, squares, reserve areas, special objects that are out of circulation, rights-of-way, security zones, etc.;
12. Settlement development reserve zones.

Do not confuse permitted use with land ownership. Objects that are federally owned, privately owned, owned by a municipality, or a subject of the federation can be located on the lands of settlements.

In addition, do not confuse the placement individual buildings with populated areas. For example, a forester's house, an apiary, industrial and residential premises at mining enterprises cannot be part of a populated area until the land under them changes its category.

Agricultural land

Agriculture is the basis of existence of any society and state. All this forced legislators to allocate lands suitable for agricultural use into a separate category.

The category of agricultural land includes land plots located outside settlements, the economic function of which is to produce agricultural products. However, like the human settlements category, agricultural land includes whole line lands that have their permitted use.

Within agricultural lands there may be the following types of permitted use:

• Areas occupied by roads along with rights-of-way;
• lands occupied by forest vegetation (forest belts serving the function of protecting fields, forest areas for other purposes);
• plots occupied by outbuildings;
• arable land;
• hayfields;
• pastures;
• gardens;
• fallow lands.

The deposit may have the character special use, for example, in order to increase soil fertility, or it may be forced when the owner or user for some reason stops cultivating the land in accordance with its permitted use. Typically, a deposit means last case. The deliberate transfer of land to fallow land is usually carried out when the economic and environmental value of the sites is lost due to natural and man-made disasters, long-term pollution, soil erosion.

Subcategories of agricultural land

As the name suggests, agricultural work must be carried out on these lands, and the agricultural lands themselves must be located outside the settlements. The categorical division of land determines the purpose and content of use. For agricultural land, the legislator distinguishes two subcategories:

1. agricultural;
2. and non-agricultural land.

Despite the apparent opposition, both types of land are subordinated to the same goal - to provide conditions for agricultural production.

Agricultural grounds

These include land plots used only for the purposes of agriculture or livestock raising. In turn, agricultural land is divided into arable land, hayfields, pastures, fallow land (temporarily uncultivated land), and areas with perennial tree plantations. Moreover, this division is not arbitrary; all types of farmland have a special legal status that cannot be changed arbitrarily.

Areas that have undergone reclamation have a special status. This is due to the fact that in order for them to acquire the necessary resource properties, costly measures were taken to drain, water, restore soil fertility, and minimize erosion. Often such lands require uninterrupted reclamation work.

Non-agricultural land

Non-agricultural land is occupied by various auxiliary structures. These may include: roads, communications, protective forest belts, reservoirs, buildings that support agricultural production.

This non-agricultural status is subject to urban planning regulations, while agricultural land is not subject to its regulations.

Differences between the first and second

It should be noted that there is a difference between agricultural lands and residential areas where farming is permitted. Agriculture. In the first case, the land is a category and has a designated purpose, in the second, it is located within the boundaries of a populated area and has a specific permitted use.

Agricultural land is heterogeneous and has its own divisions based on the cadastral value principle:

• Land with low and medium value. These usually include lands of long-term fallow, areas of low fertility, subject to erosion, pollution, etc.;
• Land with a cadastral value significantly higher (50% or more) than the average for a given territorial unit;
• Land of special value. Their cadastral value far exceeds average values. Typically these include arable lands that have long been involved in agricultural production and have high fertility.

Lands of forest and water fund

• Forestry is carried out on forest fund lands, which most often involves forest management zoning. According to its results, all lands in this category are divided into areas where logging is carried out and into areas where the forest is restored;
• Water fund lands are territories with water bodies, water protection zones of natural reservoirs, zones of water intakes and other water management structures.

Reserve lands and protected areas

These two categories of land are withdrawn from circulation. Lands of specially protected natural areas are, as a rule, state property, although the law allows these areas to be privately owned. There have simply been no such precedents in Russia.

Lands recognized as particularly valuable to society are transferred from one category to another and withdrawn from circulation and economic use. Their transfer back to another category is not provided for by law. Reserve lands cannot be used for economic purposes, but can be transferred to another category and with a certain permitted use.

Table of main types of permitted uses

Number in the classifier

VRI

CLASSIFICATION OF LAND, LAND. GROUPS OF LAND SETTLEMENTS

Of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics of land as a commodity is the classification of land into categories depending on the intended purpose, which allows ensuring differentiated approach to carry out market transactions.

The land legislation of Russia establishes a division land resources into certain categories in accordance with the intended purpose and legal regime of use and protection:

1. 3 agricultural lands provided for agricultural needs and intended for these purposes. They are owned by agricultural enterprises, organizations, institutions, farms, cooperatives and citizens for the production of agricultural products with the right of use, ownership, ownership and lease.

2. Lands of populated areas (settlements) represented by the territories of cities, urban-type settlements and rural settlements. They are located within the boundaries of the settlement, which separates them from lands of other categories and are under the jurisdiction of city, town and rural administrations. The main purpose of these lands is to serve the needs of settlements and the population living in them.

3. Lands for industry, transport, communications, defense and other special purposes are necessary for the implementation of special national economic tasks of a non-agricultural nature by industrial and transport organizations, communications enterprises, radio broadcasting, television, computer science, space support, energy, defense, etc. For this category of land, geological and architectural and planning qualities are essential.

4. Lands of environmental conservation, health, recreational and historical and cultural purposes- these are government nature reserves, national, dendrological and memorial parks, territories of botanical gardens, reserves, natural and archaeological monuments, resorts, as well as other land plots with natural healing factors, intended for organized mass recreation and tourism. They are characterized by a strictly targeted mode of use.

5. Forest fund lands are owned, possessed and used by citizens, forestry and other enterprises, institutions and organizations. They are covered with forest, trees and shrubs, or not covered with forest (clearings, burnt areas, open spaces, swamps, clearings), but provided for the needs of forestry and the forest industry.

6. Water fund lands include territories occupied by reservoirs, glaciers, swamps, hydraulic engineering and other water management structures, as well as lands allocated for right of way, and water protection zones along the banks of reservoirs, main inter-farm canals and collectors.

7. Land reserves– state and municipal lands not provided for ownership, possession, use and lease to citizens, cooperatives, enterprises, institutions, organizations. They are usually characterized by remoteness, low quality, low fertility.

The country's land fund is divided into plots.

Land - These are plots of land that are systematically used or suitable for use for certain economic purposes and differ in their natural and historical characteristics. Agricultural and non-agricultural land is distinguished.

Agricultural grounds- lands actually or potentially used for agricultural production.

These include: arable land, land occupied by perennial crops, hayfields, pastures and fallow land.

To the arable land include land plots systematically cultivated and used for crops and fallows.

For perennial plantings include land plots occupied by artificially created tree, shrub or herbaceous perennial plantings capable of producing fruits and berries, technical or medicinal products.

These include: gardens, vineyards, berry fields, fruit nurseries, mulberry fields, hop fields, tea plantations and essential oil crops.

To the hayfields include areas covered with perennial herbaceous vegetation systematically used for haymaking.

Pastures refers to lands covered with perennial herbaceous vegetation, systematically used for grazing, not suitable for haymaking and not fallow lands.

Deposits considered lands that were previously plowed, but have not been used for sowing crops for more than a year and have not been prepared for fallow.

Non-agricultural land – lands not used in agricultural production, but necessary for the implementation of economic activity. These include: lands occupied by trees and shrubs, forests, swamps, water sources, roads, runs, streets, squares, communications, buildings and structures; disturbed lands and others not used for agriculture.

When assessing the lands of settlements, it is very important to take into account the composition of the lands within the boundaries of the settlement, allocated in accordance with their intended purpose:

1. Urban (rural) development land, including residential and public, industrial and municipal-warehouse. Residential and public development lands - built up and intended for development with residential, cultural, administrative, religious and other buildings and structures. Lands for industrial and municipal warehouse development - occupied by industrial, municipal, warehouse and other production facilities.

2. Earth common use – occupied by squares, driveways, streets, roads, embankments, parks, forest parks, public gardens, ponds, beaches and other objects intended to meet the needs of the population.

3. Land for agricultural use - occupied by arable land, orchards, vineyards, berry fields, hayfields, pastures and other productive lands.

4. Lands for environmental, health, recreational and historical and cultural purposes –- occupied by natural monuments, forests, natural (national) and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, nature reserves, landscape areas; lands with natural healing factors, intended and used for organized mass recreation and tourism; lands on which historical and cultural monuments and places of interest are located.

5. Lands of transport, communications, engineering communications– occupied by structures of railway, road, river, sea, air and pipeline transport, highways of engineering infrastructure and communications.

6. Lands of reservoirs and water areas - occupied by rivers, natural and artificial reservoirs and water areas, water protection zones, hydraulic engineering and other water management structures.

7. Lands of military facilities and sensitive zones.

8. Reserve lands– not involved in urban planning activities and others.

Geography land closely related to the characteristics natural environment, the history of economic development and settlement of the territory.

Based on the study of monuments material culture It has been established that already in the Bronze Age, ancient tribes lived on the territory of our country and were engaged in cattle breeding and hoe farming. Archaeological excavations settlements were discovered along the shores of the lake, river. Volkhov, lake Chudskoye, near Suzdal, in the upper throughout the Cis-Ural region, as well as in the valley of the river. Kama, i.e. in the forest zone of the European part of Russia.

In Siberia during the Bronze Age, hoe farming and cattle breeding were widespread along the river. Ob, in the forest-steppe Irtysh region.

The beginning of the arable era was the 1st millennium AD. In the VI-IX centuries. in the north-west and north-east of the European part of Russia in the forest zone (southern taiga, zone) the slash-and-burn farming system, widespread at that time, led to significant changes in the natural environment. Abandoned areas of arable land (after 2-3 years of use) were overgrown with birch, aspen, and hazel (black forest). Such forests were called "crop forests" in contrast to undisturbed "wild" forests.

First of all, lake shores were developed for arable land, river valleys, partially watersheds, as well as opoles (spaces with gray forest soils) - Suzdal, Vladimir, Pereyaslav, Rostov, Yuryev, Dmitrov, Uglich, Kostroma. The Vladimir-Suzdal region was the breadbasket of ancient Rus'.

In the northern and middle taiga subzones, agricultural development was of a strip nature. All settlements were built along rivers. The valley type of development has been preserved even now in the northern taiga subzone. Along the Northern Dvina, Onega, Vychegda, Sukhona, and Pechora, forests were cut down on terraces and floodplains to form meadows and develop cattle breeding on their basis.

In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, nomadic horse breeding, cattle breeding and sheep breeding dominated.

In subsequent centuries and especially in the XIV-XV centuries. Significant areas of “wild” forests were reduced to arable land. Forests of oak, elm, and linden with more fertile soils were selected.

The strip of Russian arable settlement ran along the Moscow Highway and the lines of Cossack fortifications, and subsequently along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Minusinsk forest-steppe basin was developed only in the 18th century.

Development zone in Western Siberia covered part of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. The Baraba forest-steppe was not plowed up, but served as pasture land for dairy farming. The development of forest-steppe spaces was difficult due to the resistance of cattle breeders. For example, agricultural development of the steppe foothills of Altai began in the first half of the 18th century. and was associated with the mining industry. The peasants assigned to the factories were engaged in agriculture. After the reform of 1861 and in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the influx of settlers increased sharply and agricultural development began at a fast pace. By 1914, the area under cultivation had doubled. The intermountain steppe basins were not covered by development due to unfavorable climatic conditions - the sharp continental climate inherent in them.

In the 20th century The general picture of the geography of land has undergone, except for some areas, minor changes. In the western part of the Non-Chernozem zone, there was a reduction in arable land due to the outflow rural population to cities, as well as the unprofitability of mechanized cultivation of small plots of arable land and hayfields in forests.

In the 50s, in connection with the development of virgin and fallow lands, the arable wedge in the dry steppe zone sharply increased. For example, in Altai, 3 million hectares of land that were previously used as pastures were plowed. Subsequently, due to the development of deflationary processes and salinization, some of the new arable land was tinned.

The problem of optimizing the spatial structure of land is differentiated by natural areas extremely important from both environmental and economic points of view. For the forest zone, the following ecological rational structure of nature management was proposed: agriculture - 65% (arable lands, hayfields and pastures); - 15%; recreation – 12%; cities and industrial-urban zones – 4%; nature reserves – 4%. In this case, forests would occupy about 1/3 of the territory, since forest lands are usually allocated for recreation and nature reserves.

In the land registry Russian Federation land area is divided into categories according to their functional purpose and types of land. Land is allocated according to its functional purpose: agricultural enterprises; cities, towns and rural settlements; industrial and transport enterprises; forest fund; water fund and State Land Reserve. Since 1990, for the first time, an independent category was introduced into land registration - lands for environmental purposes. It included reserve lands (29.4 million hectares) and national parks(6.4 million hectares). The State Land Reserve includes lands under ravines, sands, glaciers, and rocky deposits.

Long-term use of arable land without soil-protective agricultural technology has led to the development of erosion processes. Neglect of agrotechnical measures on slope arable land or when plowing erosion-hazardous lands leads to planar washout and deflation. The greatest planar washout on arable land (10-15 tons per hectare per year) is observed in the Kirov, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod regions, in Udmurt Republic and in the Stavropol region.

Linear erosion develops most in areas with significant dissection of the relief - Smolensk-Moscow and. Highest density networks in the Urals. There are 1.7 million hectares under the ravines. Over the past 10 years, the area of ​​ravines has increased annually by 8-9 thousand hectares.

Deflationary processes on arable land develop in the dry steppe zone. They received the greatest development in the Krasnodar Territory, Stavropol Territory, and in the steppe part of Altai (50-100 tons per hectare per year).

Erosion processes have covered vast areas of arable land and natural forage lands.

As anti-erosion measures, protective forest plantings (forest belts) and forest plantings in the upper reaches of ravines and along river banks are used. From 1994 to 1997, 120 thousand hectares were planted for these purposes. tree and shrub plantings.

The loss of humus is closely related to erosion processes, which has an impact on decisive influence on soil fertility. The humus content largely determines the resistance of soils to anthropogenic impacts. The greatest losses of humus (up to 30-50%) were recorded in the Kirov, Perm, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Voronezh, Rostov and Pskov regions. Catastrophic losses on red soils and yellow soils Black Sea coast under the tea plantations. Unsatisfactory soil condition in the southern taiga subzone of soddy-podzolic soils.

Such physical characteristic Soil compaction determines the water-air regime, which affects the yield of agricultural crops. Soil compaction occurs due to the use of heavy agricultural machinery. The greatest overcompaction is typical for soils Volgograd region, Stavropol Territory, Saratov region. According to forecasts, as a result of soil compaction, up to 10-15% of arable land may be lost in the near future.

Natural forage lands are also subject to degradation processes. In the tundra and forest-tundra zones on reindeer pastures, due to overgrazing by reindeer, digression of the vegetation cover occurs. Unregulated roadless passage of vehicles, exploration and exploitation of mineral deposits disturb the soil and vegetation cover and pollute the natural environment.

As a result of overgrazing, catastrophic destruction or digression of vegetation occurs, soil salinization, and the formation of large areas dune sands. In the Republic of Kalmykia, 82.7% of pastures are subject to desertification.

In the forest zone, natural forage lands are overgrown with small forests and shrubs (9.6 million hectares) due to their underutilization.

Russia's forests make up one fifth of the world's forests. They play an important role in regulating global climate processes in the global carbon cycle and in preserving the biodiversity of fauna and flora.

In the process of forestry use and fires, for the most part anthropogenic origin, taiga forests mainly in the European part of Russia have undergone changes: indigenous and conditionally indigenous forests were replaced by derivatives - birch-aspen small-leaved ones. Such forests began to predominate (50-70%) in Kaluga, Smolensk, Yaroslavl regions, in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan) and the Republic of Bashkortostan. More than 40% of small-leaved forests are occupied in the Novgorod, Vologda, Kostroma, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Moscow and Ryazan regions. Less than 40% of derived forests in Pskov, Perm and Leningrad regions. In the northern and middle taiga zones, derived forests occupy no more than 20%.

The replacement of native species with derivatives reduces the landscape-stabilizing role of forests, their productivity and the possibility of timber use.

According to estimates from the Forestry Department of the Ministry natural resources In the Russian Federation, about 2 million hectares of forest are damaged annually. At the same time, it is underway active work By . From 1994 to 1996, 5.03 million hectares of forest were restored.

The most important land uses, according to specialists from the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources, are recognized as: violation of the land use regime in specially protected areas; land disturbance and reclamation, degradation soil cover and failure to implement programs to restore soil fertility; pollution and littering of land, including toxic waste.

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Agricultural lands are lands allocated for agricultural needs and other lands intended for these purposes in accordance with territorial planning. In agricultural economics, instead of the term “Land,” the term “Land” is used, since each piece of land is qualitatively different from the other.

Land can be divided into two groups: agricultural and non-agricultural.

Agricultural land is land that is systematically used to obtain one or another type of agricultural product, which is the main means of production. These include arable land, perennial plantings, fallow lands, hayfields and pastures (without deer). They differ among themselves in the types of cultivated groups of plants and the method of cultivation of the land and plants, that is, in the complex of agrotechnical measures used. The area of ​​agricultural land in Russia is more than 168 million hectares.

Lands not directly used for agricultural production include forests, shrubs, and swamps; lands under water, roads, runs, buildings, courtyards, squares, etc.; sands and other lands not used in agriculture (pits, ravines, ridges, salt marshes, etc.).

The main land users in the country are agricultural enterprises and organizations, which account for over 80% of all agricultural land. They are obliged to effectively use the land, treat it with care, and increase fertility.

The most intensive type of agricultural land is arable land, which accounts for over 50.0% of their total area. Arable land (arable land) is agricultural land that is systematically cultivated and used for sowing crops. Pure fallow also applies to arable land. All plowed and newly developed lands belong to arable land. Growing crops cultivated on arable land requires labor, seeds, fertilizers, petroleum products, etc. These costs must be recouped by the resulting products.

Product yield per 1 hectare of arable land is the highest compared to other types of agricultural land. As a result of this, it is necessary to use it most effectively, avoiding a decrease in size, and, if possible, take measures to increase them.

Perennial plantings are lands occupied by woody, shrubby or herbaceous perennial plants intended for the production of fruits and berries, technical or medicinal products, as well as for decorative design of territories. This type of farmland includes gardens, berry fields, fruit nurseries, and plantations.

Hayfields are agricultural lands constantly occupied by perennial grasses that are systematically mowed for hay production. Subtypes of hayfields: flooded dry lands, wetlands. Flood and dry hayfields can be improved: after radical (with cutting the turf) or surface (without cutting the turf) improvement. Pastures are agricultural lands permanently occupied by perennial grasses and systematically used mainly for the removal of animals. Pastures can be upland and swampy, and both can be clean, covered with bushes and woody growth, hummocky, and upland pastures can also be improved. Long-term cultivated pastures are also used for grazing livestock - created on arable, hay and pasture lands after their radical improvement.

Fallow lands are agricultural land that was previously arable, but has not been used for sowing crops for more than a year and has not been prepared for fallow. Deposits are divided into erosion-prone, rocky, bushy, etc.

The transfer of agricultural land to the category of land for non-agricultural needs is allowed in exceptional cases in the manner established by the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

In addition to agricultural land, agricultural enterprises have significant areas of other types of land that are not used for production. Such lands include forests and other forested lands, shrubs, swamps, ponds, reservoirs, so-called inconvenient lands (salt licks, heavily leached and washed away lands, rocky, etc.).

Many of the listed lands have the potential to be converted into valuable types of agricultural land - arable land, orchards and vineyards, hayfields and pastures. To do this, swamps are drained, salt licks and salt marshes are cultivated, stones are removed, and a range of other cultural and technical activities are carried out.

The available types of land have certain influence for the organization of agricultural production. The presence of large areas of arable land on the farm makes it possible to successfully produce grain, potatoes and other crops. If a farm has significant areas of hayfields and pastures, it focuses its activities on the development of livestock sectors. With large areas of perennial plantings, gardening, viticulture, etc. are developed.



Agreeing with the immutable fact that land is the object of a purposeful organizational system for the management (and above all legal) of land resources in Ukraine, that a land plot is the main land cadastral unit and that it consists of lands of different quality in terms of properties, we inevitably come to the conclusion that the main element of the land cadastre should be considered the land.

The first free benefits of nature were hunting, fishing and other lands, and later agricultural land appeared. land. The variety of their properties showed that the main feature of the difference between agricultural products. land is determined by the nature of land use, and land is classified according to its main purpose and systematic use for certain production purposes.

Thus, land is plots of land that are systematically used, or suitable for use for specific economic purposes, and are distinguished by natural and historical characteristics.

According to modern classification Agricultural land includes land that is directly used for agricultural production. products: plowing, perennial plantings, hayfields, pastures, fallow lands.

Plowing is land that is systematically cultivated for agricultural crops. crops These do not include planting row spacing that is temporarily plowed, or pastures and hayfields that are plowed for the period of grass renewal.

Perennial plantations are land plots under artificially created tree plantations and perennial grasses. Of the total area of ​​perennial plantings, gardens, vineyards, fruit nurseries, hop gardens, tea plantations, essential oil plants, etc. are taken into account separately.

Hayfields are areas of land used for haymaking. They are upland, flooded and swampy. The first two of them are divided into hayfields for surface and radical improvement, and permanently highly moist lands are considered wetlands. All three types of hayfields are divided into clean, weakly bushy, medium and strongly bushy, slightly tussocked, or slightly saline, medium and heavily tussocked, or medium and heavily forested.

Pastures are lands that are constantly used for grazing (neither hayfields nor fallow lands). They are divided into dry and swampy. The first of them are divided into perennial and improved. The latter include those located in conditions of excessive moisture. From both types of hayfields, clean, weakly bushy, medium and strongly bushy, weakly bushed, lightly forested, moderately developed and heavily forested, mountain pastures are distinguished, for transhumance (summer, spring-autumn, winter year-round), as well as watered pastures.

Fallow lands are lands that were previously plowed and that have not been plowed or used for growing crops for more than one year. These include plowed areas of hayfields and pastures left for natural overgrowth with grass.

In addition to the above agricultural land, forest areas, tree and shrub plantations, swamps, lands under water, lands under roads, runs and clearings, buildings, lands under courtyards, streets, squares and lands not used in agriculture are subject to separate accounting.

Forest areas are areas covered with forest crops (closed, not closed, clearings, clearings, fires and dead plantings, cutting areas, clearings, wastelands, tree nurseries).

Tree and shrub plantings are land plots not included in the forest fund, occupied by forest belts and other tree and shrub plantings, trees on the lands of agricultural enterprises, organizations, institutions and citizens, strips along railways, roads and canals, trees in summer cottages. Forest belts include field and garden protection, ravine and ravine forest belts, ravine forest belts and strips on sand for protection against erosion.

Swamps are excessively wet land areas with the presence of decomposed and semi-decomposed peat deposits. I distinguish between raised, transitional and lowland swamps. The former are moistened by precipitation, the latter - by precipitation, soil

AND surface waters, others - mainly surface and water.

Underwater lands are lands occupied by natural and artificial reservoirs. In this case, lands with rivers and lakes, including freshwater ones, reservoirs, ponds, canals, collectors, etc., are subject to separate accounting.

Roads, runs and clearings are lands under railways, highways, country roads, on-farm roads, cattle runs and clearings.

Lands under courtyards, streets and squares are lands under production centers, field camps, streets and squares, and under public buildings - occupied by industrial, cultural, household and other houses and structures. Lands not used in agriculture include sands without vegetation, ravines deeper than 1 m, lands under landslides, screes, clayey, crushed stone and pebble surfaces and other unused lands.

The land fund of Ukraine has large land resources (60.3 million hectares), which effective management can provide its citizens with a decent life.

S.-kh. lands (not to be confused with agricultural lands) occupy 41.9 million hectares of the country, and about 10.2 million hectares are under forests. All settlements, including cities, occupy an area of ​​slightly more than 6.9 million. ha.

The denationalization of lands during the land reform (1991-1998) led to fundamental changes in the land fund of Ukraine. The ownership structure has changed from exclusively state property on land, inclusive of private property of individuals and legal entities.

The Constitution of Ukraine proclaims the right of ownership of land to millions of citizens of the country who have become owners, users, tenants and managers of the land.

In this regard, questions government controlled the country's land resources are not only not removed from the agenda, but are becoming increasingly acute, relevant and topical.

The country's economic and social problems urgently require improvement of land relations, the formation of a regulatory framework for defining and securing rights and responsibilities for the use of land.

These issues have not yet been fully resolved; a number of laws have not been adopted (on the land cadastre, on land regulation, on registration land plots and ownership rights to them, on the protection of land, on the mortgage of land plots, etc.), which are fundamental for the definition and formation of land relations, as well as land management.

Land relations and land management in the context of regulation of a market economy are becoming important problems.

To reveal the essence of the concept of “land shortage,” it is appropriate to compare Ukraine with some countries.

Ukraine, among the five powers (Canada, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Belarus), has per 100 people. more than 50 hectares of arable land. After the USA, Russia and Canada, Ukraine ranks 4th (41.9 million hectares) in terms of the availability of agricultural products. land, of which is occupied by arable land (33.3 million hectares).

In terms of arable land, Ukraine ranks first among France, the USA, the Russian Federation and Canada (55.2%), but unlike highly developed countries that have the ability to reduce the arable land fund

Ukraine does not have such an opportunity. In modern conditions, Ukraine cannot stimulate a reduction in the arable land, but such a process still occurs due to the lack of

Possibilities for full cultivation of agricultural land. enterprises due to the difficulty of involving the necessary financial and material resources in the agricultural sector.

As of January 1, 1996, in Ukraine there were 0.80 hectares of land and 0.64 hectares of arable land per capita, which is much less than in Canada. Romania and Poland.

There are several factors for land shortage in Ukraine. First of all, this is the uneven distribution of the rural population, in particular in Western region Ukraine, as well as the underdevelopment of other industries in rural areas - light industry, service enterprises.

Nowadays, in land-poor regions of Ukraine, the dominant industry is agriculture, the crisis state of which can become a source social tension due to the need to dismiss a large number of workers from former collective and state farms. It is therefore clear that main problem In land-poor regions, it remains to stimulate the development of non-agricultural enterprises.

In post-socialist countries, which includes Ukraine, 20-30% of the population is employed in agriculture, and in countries with an industrial economy this figure was 10%.

The fact that in Ukraine the number of people employed in agriculture is greater than, say, in Austria and France, and the population density per 1 m2 is significantly less, indicates that in the rural areas of these countries non-agricultural enterprises are much better developed than in ours . It is they, and not agricultural enterprises, that play the leading role in these countries. In Ukraine, the opposite picture is currently observed.

Compared with European countries Ukraine ranks with Belgium, Denmark, Germany and France: in grains and legumes - 4th place, in sugar beets - 4th place, in sunflower - 2nd place (it is not grown in Belgium and Denmark), in potatoes - 2nd -th place.

Our actual per capita food consumption is generally lower than the standard (1990): meat - 80/69, milk - 69/367, eggs - 280/238, potatoes - 123/122, vegetables - 154/125, baked goods — 104/138, but this does not mean that our land and resource potential is insufficient. Both our soil potential and arable area per person are higher than in other countries Western Europe who have achieved prosperity through highly efficient land use.

The comparative efficiency of land use in Ukraine and other countries is: feeds 1.5 people per 1 hectare of plowed land. (more than the USA and Canada, less than Japan, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Denmark, Finland); feeds 19 people per agricultural worker (less than all the above countries).

It is clear that we need to improve forms of land use and organization of agricultural production.

Analysis of these forms shows that of the two types of farms (personal subsidiary and with socialized forms of production organization), the economic advantage was on the side of the former (their share in 1986-1990 accounted for about 26% of production volume).

In 1991-2001 Along with a change in the form of management, farms began to be created, in which in 1997 2.5% of agricultural products were used. lands.

There are alarming trends here. According to the Land Code of Ukraine, a farm plot should be up to 50 hectares of agricultural land. land and 100 hectares of all land, and in the regions of the Carpathian region, dwarf farm plots are about 5 hectares. The reason for their creation is primarily due to the introduction of private property and the delay in land privatization.

Given the above, it is very important to justify optimal sizes farms of different specializations.

At the same time, there is a decrease in the number of land holdings and land uses with new forms of management.

Questions for self-testing knowledge

1. Explain why a land plot is the main land cadastral unit.

2. Classify lands according to their intended purpose.

3. Characterize agricultural land.

4. Explain the difference between agricultural land and agricultural land.

5. Characterize the land and explain what fallow lands are.

6. Justify the level of modern use of land resources in Ukraine.