Why Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy. Unexpected turn of events

Two facts prompted me to write this note. The first - now appeared on the network latest translation"Romeo and Juliet" directed by Ivan Didenko, which I listened to with pleasure, and, I must say, this is the best thing that has happened to a Shakespearean tragedy in the last 100 years.

Secondly, by social networks the post about “how old we all are” began to walk again, where it is mentioned that Juliet’s mother was 28 years old, and this is absolutely not true. Note - 12 quick facts about the tragedy "Romeo and Juliet", after reading which, I hope, you will want to get acquainted with the new translation of the play, since it is incredibly good. So let's go!

1. First and most important. Shakespeare did not create a play about two unfortunate lovers from Verona from scratch. By the time the tragedy was staged at the Globe Theatre, the whole of Europe already knew this story. First in literary form it was embraced by the Italian writer Luigi da Porto. In 1530, he published The Newly Found Story of Two Noble Lovers, but the novella was most famous in the interpretation of Matteo Bandello, another Italian writer who reworked da Porto's plot in his own way. By the way, Bandello is also the author of short stories, which later formed the basis of the plays "Much Ado About Nothing" and "Twelfth Night", so the researchers, not without reason, believe that Shakespeare was inspired by his version of the tragedy.

Romeo and Juliet by Franco Zeffirelli

2. If we talk about Luigi da Porto, then, according to many literary critics, the plot of "Romeo and Juliet" is based on the writer's autobiography. Luigi was in love with his cousin, 16-year-old Lucina Savornian from Italian city Udine, and it was she who became the prototype of Juliet. The lovers were involved in family feuds and as a result, Lucina married another. To this day, many Udine guides call this city the place where the plot of the well-known tragedy was born.

3. Another point on the map of Italy, associated with Romeo and Juliet, is the town of Montecchio Maggiore, located near Vicenza, where Luigi da Porto lived and worked. There are two castles on the neighboring hills - former fortresses scaligers, erected for defensive purposes. Today, everyone calls them “the castles of Romeo and Juliet”, they say, Luigi da Porto, who described the confrontation between the two families, was inspired by just these fortresses. Besides, the title locality Montecchio is consonant with the name of Romeo Montecchi, which, of course, is no accident. Today, restaurants are open in the castles and, for obvious reasons, they are most often rented for weddings. In the courtyard of the “Castle of Juliet”, the current owners even installed a white statue of Romeo for some reason with an apple in his hands.

OUR VIDEO ABOUT "ROMEO AND JULIET" CASTLES

4. Juliet's surname "Capuleti" is a distorted version of the Italian surname "Cappelleti", which means "Shlyapnikova". So, translated into Russian main character Shakespeare's tragedy is simply called "Yulia Shlyapnikova".

5. The play takes place between 1301 and 1304. Where is this accurate information? It's simple: the text of Luigi da Porto indicates that at that time Bartolomeo I della Scala was Verona's underling, and he ruled the city from 1301 to 1304.

6. It is possible to determine with relative accuracy the month when the tragic events. Most likely, they met, fell in love, got married and Romeo and Juliet died in late April - early May. Everything is also very simple here: during the wedding night, they hear the birds singing, and brother Lorenzo in the scene, when Romeo asks to marry him to Juliet, collects spring flowers and herbs for potions.

7. Juliet's mother is believed to be 28 years old. This is not so, most likely, she is only 25. Calculate for yourself: at the time of the tragedy, Juliet “is not yet fourteen years old”, while her mother mentions that she “had given birth to her before”, that is, at 12. By the way, this particular age was considered in the fourteenth century "the age of the first youth". 12 + 13 \u003d 25. Or 24 if Juliet's mother was not at all lucky.

8. The name "Juliet" indicates two aspects at once. Firstly, that the girl is very young, because in Italy this is a childish appeal to a female person named "Julia". At the same time, in the story of Luigi da Porto (the first version of this story), the main character is already 18 years old, but in Shakespeare she is only 13. Secondly, the name Juliet tells us that the girl was born in July. For the doubters: The Nurse mentions that Juliet will turn fourteen on Peter's Day - July 29th.

9. Apparently, Juliet's father and the Nurse had an intimate relationship in the past. The Nurse herself hints at this: in the scene of preparations for the wedding of Juliet and Paris, she calls Senor Capulet "an old debauchee." By the way, if you turn to the realities Northern Italy XIV century, it is quite likely. The former “civil wives” of influential seniors often became breadwinners here, that is, mistresses from the bottom, who instructed young people of the upper class in art family life and love. Relations with them, as a rule, ceased after the marriage of the lord on the level. Then the girls got married, gave birth, and then moved into the category of nurses: you won’t trust your blood to an unfamiliar woman?

10. Everyone knows the famous scene on the balcony: when Romeo and Juliet first declare their love to each other and agree on marriage. In fact, neither Shakespeare nor other versions of the tragedy have any balcony at all. Juliet stands at the window, which is closed with shutters, then opens them, looks at the stars, and then Romeo, sighing under the window, makes himself felt, after which their famous dialogue begins.

This is especially noticeable if you read the text in the original. Not without reason, the balcony does not appear in the scene of the wedding night either: Romeo climbs in and climbs out through the window. Where did he come from? Here, the theatrical tradition is to blame for everything, which eventually took hold, and everyone began to associate the scene of a declaration of love with a balcony, on which Romeo, of course, must climb, risking his life, according to the laws of the genre.

In the photo: Juliet's balcony in Verona

11. If we talk about Shakespeare's text, then, you know, everything that we read today is just a pirated version of the play. Shakespeare's works were not published, just competitors who came to the Globe Theater recorded the action by ear, so the same Hamlet today exists in a very different versions. Another important point: the play was written for the crowd, so it unimaginable amount all sorts of obscenities and jokes below the belt of some Pavel Volya. But, starting from the 18th century, when the theater began to be perceived as more, as a sublime and noble art, the directors began to systematically erase obscenities from original text. In the classical Russian translations of the tragedy, there are no indecencies at all.

12. Filmmakers and directors theatrical productions most often they throw out the same scene from Shakespeare's play. It takes place in the cemetery, when Romeo, heading to the tomb of Juliet, meets Paris on his way, and a duel takes place between the young people. As a result, Romeo kills the groom of his beloved, after which he takes his body to the crypt. This episode is not in the classic Zeffirelli film, nor in the modernized adaptation of the tragedy with Leonardo DiCaprio, nor, of course, in the musical. Apparently, the directors are diligently getting rid of the ambiguity of the image of Romeo, and besides, they do not want to distract the audience's attention from the story of two lovers, which brings the play closer to pre-Shakespearean versions: texts by Luigi da Porto and Matteo Bandello.

To the question Why did Romeo and Juliet die? given by the author Nastya:D abc the best answer is Youth and stupidity.

Answer from Sock[master]
From love, out of stupidity and because of the discrepancy with the time of resurrection.
Lovers: check your timings and check your watches before you get pissed!; about)

Answer from cane[active]
From strong love and stupidity!

Answer from flush[guru]
By misunderstanding. Some kind of messenger somewhere there did not have time ... That's what the lack of mobile communication means. By the way, in the movie "Romeo and Juliet" Romeo had a mobile phone, but he threw it away at the wrong time. Total non-perk, in a word, ruined them!

Answer from Radical Dreamer[guru]
Because of the dogmatic ancestors that prevented them from being together, dividing them with details and traditions ... but Shakespeare knew that love WILL find the answer on its own... .
And so it happened...
Romeo couldn't live without Juliet... Juliet couldn't live without Romeo... and they were more important to each other than traditions, laws and rules ...

Answer from DAN[guru]
Romeo and Juliet died stupidly. They did not know that Love is the continuation of life, not death.
There are many solutions to the issue, misunderstanding of the mutual attraction of children, their parents. That's what it is
solution of the question "Fathers and sons"

Answer from Anastasia Rookie[guru]
In another period of reconciliation between the parties of Cappelletti and Montague, a carnival was arranged, at which a young man from the Montecchi family named Romeo first meets the young Juliet Cappelletti. The feeling that seized them at the first meeting gradually becomes stronger and in the end leads to the fact that, having secretly married in the presence of the monk brother Lorenzo, they become husband and wife. By the will of fate, the almost frozen enmity between the two clans is resurrected, and one day, in a street fight, Romeo kills Tybalt, Juliet's brother.
By the verdict of justice, Romeo is forever banished from Verona, and Juliet suffers bitterly in separation. Her parents, not knowing the true reason for their daughter's tears and wishing Juliet well, want to marry her off. Unbearable torments force her to turn to her brother Lorenzo, from whom she asks for poison. Instead of poison, Lorenzo gives Juliet a powder, after drinking which she will fall into a dream like death, but will wake up unharmed in two days.
Overjoyed, Juliet comforts her parents and drinks sleeping pills the very first night. In the morning they cannot wake her up; the doctor who arrives declares that she is dead, and she is buried in the family crypt.
Brother Lorenzo gives the letter that Juliet wrote in advance for Romeo to one monk to give it to Romeo, but this does not happen by an unfortunate accident, and Juliet's servant, Pietro, confident in the death of his mistress, decides to tell this sad news to Romeo himself. Shocked Romeo wants to die and enters the ancient tomb of the Cappelletti family in order to see his beloved for the last time.
Shedding tears, he drinks the poison and, embracing Juliet, says: “O beautiful body, the limit of all my desires! If, after parting with your soul, you still retain at least a drop of feeling, if your soul, having parted with your body, sees my bitter death, I beg you to be merciful to me: I could not live openly with you in joy, now I secretly I am dying beside you in sorrow and suffering.
Meanwhile, Juliet wakes up from her long sleep, recognizes Romeo and tries to understand why he is in the crypt. Finally, a tragic mistake is revealed, and a dying Romeo begs Juliet not to despair after his death. Brother Lorenzo comes for Juliet, but to his horror, he sees her distraught with grief next to the lifeless Romeo. Juliet asks Lorenzo "to beg our unfortunate parents to kindly allow us to lie in the same grave, not separating those whom love burned with one fire and together led to death." And turning to his beloved - “How can I be now without you, my lord! What can I do for you now but follow you on the road of death? No, there is nothing left for me! Only death was able to separate me from you, and now she can’t do that either!” , Juliet dies.
Lorenzo tells the whole story to the sovereign, and the parents of the dead are reconciled over the bodies of their children.

symbol of faithfulness and pure love, according to most people, is considered the timeless work of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. The writer wrote many plays and a sonnet on this subject, but the most memorable is still the story of two heroes who, despite their young age, were able to know this true feeling and save it to the "gravestone".

Eternal work of love

The main characters of this story are Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Members of two families that have long been at enmity with each other. The action of the tragedy takes place in Verona, a town that brings together two young heroes of the play at one of the balls.

Young Romeo immediately notices the sweet and truly beautiful Juliet, feelings for which flared up in him like a fiery flame. And this flame could no longer be extinguished either by the enmity of families, or by time, or by death. The same feelings flare up in a young person in the very first minutes of meeting with her Romeo. But what is Juliet Capulet really like, what true feelings was she capable of?

Brief description of Juliet

A sweet, pure and carefree creature - this is how you can describe the young lady who plays the main role in the work. From birth, the girl was surrounded by love and care from both her parents and her nurse. Juliet was only fourteen years old, and all that she could spend her free time, so it's for holidays and balls, which her noble family constantly arranged. The rest of the time she spent at home, accompanied by her servants. This characterizes Juliet as a modest and pure girl.

The girl treated her family and friends with love and deep respect. Juliet fulfilled all the wishes and instructions of her mother and father. She also admitted that she would soon need to get married, although she did not want to think about it. The thought of marriage for love did not leave her, despite the fact that this feeling had not yet visited her.

The external characteristics of Juliet are practically not described in the play, but from the context of the work it can be assumed that the girl was very fragile, charming and beautiful. And it fits perfectly with her inner world and feelings.

The birth of love

Juliet also accepted the fact that her family had long been at enmity with the Montagues. Although hatred for them was instilled in her own family from childhood, the girl did not want to enter into conflicts between the warring parties and remained neutral on this topic. In the opinion of the young lady, it would be foolish to harbor a grudge against them just because they are Montagues.

Juliet had to feel all the hardships of this enmity of families only after the first meeting with Romeo. That's when she first thinks about it. The author endowed this young creature not only with a big heart, but also with a mind that tells her that love should be above parental decrees and someone's enmity.

Juliet's Love Character

Having confessed their feelings, the lovers decide on a secret wedding, which, according to the priest, was supposed to rise above all insults and reconcile the warring families. It was able to prove the true feelings of the young, all their purity and integrity.

Love for the young Romeo so obscures the mind of a young person that all other troubles and hardships fade into the background for her. She easily accepts the death of her brother, who died at the hands of Montecchi. As she herself admits, she would have survived a thousand more such deaths, but not the news about the expulsion of her beloved from the city. Juliet is ready to sacrifice anyone to her feelings, if only her Romeo was next to her.

The tragic end of a love story

The turning point in the fate of the young lady is the desire of her parents to marry her to a noble count. Juliet's heart breaks from the imagining of her impending marriage and the betrayal of her eternal and only love. Then the girl goes for help to the local priest, who offers to drink a special drug that can put her to sleep.

The courage shown in this scene can turn all thoughts about Juliet's softness and carelessness. The characterization of the hero shows all her courage and determination, in the name of saving love. She knows that she can die if the priest gives her poison instead of sleeping pills, but she still takes this act for the sake of getting closer to her chosen one.

All fears and doubts are dispelled by the death of Romeo. Ready to sacrifice everything to be reunited with her beloved, she sacrifices herself. Juliet Capulet dies in her family vault after stabbing herself with Romeo's dagger. True love, living in the hearts of young heroes, cannot bear the thought of later life without your other half. Courage, devotion and endless loyalty personify Juliet in the final scene of the work.

The tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" shows the significance of true love in the destinies of people. Such a feeling is capable of any feat and sacrifice. Even if that sacrifice is one's own death. Shakespeare endows Juliet Capulet with all the qualities of a real woman: fidelity, devotion, care and eternal love.

The plot basis of the tragedy was the events of the XIV century, which were told in an old folk legend. This legend was repeated many times in Italian short stories, from where it migrated to other European literatures. Shakespeare knew the poem of the Englishman Arthur Brooke "The Tragic Tale of Romeo and Juliet" (one thousand five hundred and sixty two). Even before Shakespeare, there was a play of the same name on the London stage, which was forgotten over time. The creator of the famous tragedy used these materials widely and freely, as was customary at that time. The greatness of the playwright lies not in the novelty of the plot taken, but in artistic skill its processing: the depth of the formulation of the problem, the vitality and brightness of the created characters, the exciting transmission of the intensity of feelings, the passions of the characters, the construction of the tragedy, keeps the intense and sympathetic attention of viewers and readers.

Juliet is at first a carefree girl. She does not think to object to her mother when she first offers her Paris as a suitor. The struggle for love turns her into an independent and heroic woman. Romeo in the opening scenes gives himself up to far-fetched sighs for the beautiful Rosalyn. Only having learned the strength of a real feeling, he matures, and his love acquires heroic strength. The characters in the tragedy are depicted deeply and versatile. Juliet is not only overwhelmed by love. She is witty, decisive, courageous, possesses the will, possesses strong character. Romeo is characterized by stormy impulses, incontinence of feelings. With Mercutio he is witty and mocker, with Lorenzo he is a respectful student, with a nurse he is businesslike and energetic, with Tybalt he is a determined avenger.

Shakespeare's tragedy is full of lyricism. Love is expressed in it with great poetic power. The feelings of the lovers are especially subtly revealed in the scene of Juliet's confession from the balcony, when Romeo unexpectedly hears her that he made his way into the garden, and in the farewell scene of Romeo and Juliet. However, Shakespeare tends to show life in contrasts: lyrical scenes boldly alternate with tragic scenes, sublime - with purely everyday, even comical, sometimes rude. Jokes and jokes are found in the darkest tragedies. There are many of them in the tragedy "Romeo and Juliet".

But the enmity of families leads to victims - brother Juliet Tybalt kills Mercutio, one Romeo. And Romeo is forced to defend his honor and, in a fight with Tybalt, kills him ... This is what the senseless long-standing enmity leads to, the reasons for which no one remembers anymore ... For his crime, Romeo is from Verona, and Juliet's parents are preparing her for marriage with Paris. The lovers are in complete despair, however, the help of friends and the nurse allows them to spend the night together and inspires hope for the salvation of their love. Lorenzo gives Juliet a potion, after drinking which she will fall into a dream similar to death, and after forty-eight hours she will wake up in the family crypt. At this time, Romeo will have to arrive in time for Mantua and pick up his beloved.

I used to love this play. I was ready to recognize its undeniable virtues - the grace of form and the beauty of Shakespeare's language, but I did not like the plot at all. Not only because everything will end badly. It's just that the characters of the play lead the whole action somehow unnaturally and stupidly, they play with their lives and well-being. The feelings of Romeo and Juliet are somehow exaggerated and seem to blind them. Is this "good" love that covers the whole world? Somehow I don't believe this.

Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" is considered the saddest and great story love in world literature. Two young people, passionate and pure in heart, cannot unite their lives because their families are in a long-standing enmity. Two lovers, ready for the sake of their love for incredible deeds, and tragic ending - fatal confluence circumstances, causes tears in readers and an understanding of how prejudice can ruin a person's life. In addition, the play's fine, light composition (although I've only read it in translations), humor is appropriate, and the bright secondary characters make the work so beloved centuries after it was written.

Having accidentally met at a ball in the Capulet house, the children of the warring Verona families Romeo Montague and Juliet Capuleti fall in love with each other despite the strife of their parents, because feelings are not subject to any prohibitions. Romeothykom wandered into the festivities in a mask, trying to forget about his former lover Rosalina, who had tormented him for a long time. However, the meeting with Juliet turned everything upside down and gave completely different feelings - pure, sublime, giving happiness. Cannot imagine life without each other and realizing that the parents never agree to their marriage, they secretly get married with the help of Romeo's friend brother Lorenzo.

The great English playwright several times referred to the story of the tragic death of two lovers belonging to the warring families of the Montagues and the Capulets, known to that from Italian sources. Probably the tragedy was written by Shakespeare in 1595. In 1597, its first edition appeared, which, in all likelihood, was a revision of a play by another author that had previously been on the English stage. Then the play was published under the title “The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is excellently invented. How often and with great success she publicly played the Right Honorable Lord Hanson as servants." In 1599, the next edition appeared, entitled "An excellent mourning tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Again corrected, enlarged and improved. How she has more than once played the Honorable Lord Chamberlain by servants." Another version of the play was published in 1609, indicating that the play was performed by the royal troupe at the Globe Theater, and, finally, the last one - in 1623. Later, researchers of Shakespeare's work used all these options, bringing them together, since they were not completely preserved.

Despite the apparent disproportion of the ratio of the main sections and the unusual modulation plan (the sequence of keys in the introduction is indicated above, the comparison of the B minor of the main and D-flat major of the side parts in the exposition), "Romeo and Juliet" is perceived as a very integral work, all parts of which are tightly soldered between themselves. Refusing to reproduce individual situations, from individual characteristics, the composer took only the central idea of ​​Shakespeare's tragedy, which is the core of the dramaturgical conflict, and found means of its independent musical development and interpretations. In this sense, Romeo and Juliet is one of the most striking and typical examples of Tchaikovsky's psychologically generalized program symphonism.

In a letter to N. F. von Meck dated December 27/15, 1878, Tchaikovsky denies Laroche’s assertion that the program hampers the listener’s perception, “that music is capable of depicting specific phenomena of the physical and moral world, the program reduces it from one height accessible to it to others, below the arts, etc." It was in the program works of the 70s that many of the elements of his symphonic dramaturgy were produced and formed, they found a mature finished expression in the last three symphonies, which Asafiev called three acts of one tragedy. Turning to the great works of Dante and Shakespeare helped the composer find a way to understand the symphony as an acutely conflicting instrumental drama, in the center of which is a person with his passionate impulses for happiness, eternal insoluble contradictions, struggle, victories and defeats. In contrast to Berlioz's poetic narrative programming, Tchaikovsky's programming can be called generally dramatic. The program served for him not as a predetermined plot outline, but only as a source of the main idea and dramatic conflict: he did not seek to reproduce the entire plot structure in music. literary source, and borrowing from it the arrangement of the main active forces, them mutual relations, clashes and struggle, created on this basis an independent artistic concept, expressed by means of a logically consistent and intense symphonic development.

In 1884, "Romeo and Juliet" was awarded the prize for the best orchestral work, founded by the famous St. Petersburg philanthropist M. Belyaev to encourage Russian composers. Tchaikovsky was deeply satisfied with what he had created. Unlike many factors that he wrote and at first seemed successful, and then brought disappointment (this was the case, in particular, with the poem "Rock"), until the end of the composer's life, "Romeo and Juliet" remained one of his most favorite works. He conducted its performance twice in 1881 during a trip abroad in Berlin and Prague, and then in St. Petersburg in 1892. In St. Petersburg, it sounded before - February 28, 1887 in a symphony concert conducted by E. Napravnik. True, there is no information left about which edition E. Napravnik conducted, but it can be assumed that he took exactly the last, final edition, which had been issued by that time and gained fame.

Abstract open lesson Literature for 8th grade students

The theme of the lesson is Romeo and Juliet. Introduction to tragedy.

DURING THE CLASSES:

Love is always beautiful and desirable

Especially when it's unexpected.

W. Shakespeare

Organizing time.

Hello, check the readiness for the lesson.

Setting goals and objectives for the lesson.

Pay attention to the board. (Read the epigraph). What do you think we will talk about? (About love). What work did you read at home? (Romeo and Juliet).Who is author this work? (W. Shakespeare).

Primary assimilation of new knowledge. Learning new material

This is a work of the Renaissance. To feel the whole tragedy, I suggest you plunge into the Renaissance, and S. Suchkova and V. Sharpaeva will help us with this.

Renaissance (Renaissance) - a period in cultural development Western countries and Central Europe(in Italy ΧIV - ΧVI century, in other countries the end ΧV -Start ΧVII century), transitional from the Middle Ages to the culture of the New Age.

By the end ΧV - beginning ΧVI century, most countries Western Europe embark on the path of capitalist development. Initial period This process is characterized by the bright flowering of a new culture. This period is called the Renaissance. AT ΧV - ΧVI centuries of interest in life ancient heritage is rapidly growing, it is being intensively studied, works of ancient art and science are looked at as models. A new direction in ideological life is gaining strength - humanism. Man, his earthly life, his struggle for happiness becomes the main content of art. The humanistic literature of the Renaissance is entirely devoted to the theme of man and the struggle against everything that hinders his free development and happiness. Love, as a wonderful human feeling, becomes one of big topics literature. The art of the Renaissance is striking in the scale of the images. The desire to idealize the image is noticeable in the Madonnas of Raphael, and in the comedies of Shakespeare, and in the poetry of Petrarch. Renaissance culture originated in Italy. In England, this time was difficult and bloody. Inside the country there was a hard struggle with those who did not want her to be freed from the influence of the Vatican.

Teacher: The ideas of the Renaissance in England were most strongly embodied on the stages of theaters. Such strength and power over everything existing person did not feel either in antiquity or in the Middle Ages. I invite you to listen to a message about the theater of the Renaissance (Ivanova El.)

One of the favorite entertainments of that time was the theater, which was a truly folk art. There were no theaters in London itself, that is, within the City. All local affairs were decided by the municipality, and it was dominated by the bourgeois, who adhered to strict puritanical morality, which prohibited all kinds of entertainment. Music and theater were despised by the Puritans, considering them to be sinful deeds, distracting from the "holy" task of accumulating wealth.

Since the Puritans forbade performances within the City, the first London theaters sprang up outside the city. They were built in the suburbs, sometimes near bear-baiting pens or cockfighting arenas.

However, they played not only there. Comedians were often invited to perform in the homes of nobles and even in the palace of the queen. By the beginning of Shakespeare's activity in London, there were four buildings specially designed for performances.

The troupes were small, usually the core was six to eight actors. There were no actresses in Shakespeare's time, but boy actors had a training that turned them into exemplary female characters.

The profession of an actor was relatively new. As an independent profession, acting arises in ΧVI century.

And now let's get acquainted with the personality of W. Shakespeare (Nitochka S., Tsyganov A.)

On April 23, 1564, William Shakespeare was born in the city of Stredford-upon-Avon in the family of a wealthy citizen, a glove maker. By tradition, Shakespeare studied at the local Grammar School, where William studied Latin and Greek got acquainted with literature Ancient Greece and Rome (ancient). At 18, he married the daughter of a wealthy farmer. In 1587 he left for London, where he found work in the theatre. Around 1593 Shakespeare joined Burbage's company as an actor and playwright. In 1599, the Globe Theater was built, of which he became a shareholder, having already gained fame. In London, Shakespeare worked hard, composing an average of one to two plays a year, as well as supplementing his education. His dramas testify to his extensive knowledge in the field of history, natural science, jurisprudence and other sciences. As a shareholder of the theater, Shakespeare acquired a substantial fortune, which enabled him to return to Stratford, already a rich man, around 1612.

In 1616 the playwright dies. Shakespeare wrote 37 dramas: 17 comedies, 10 tragedies, 10 historical chronicles, - as well as 2 poems, 154 sonnets.

Teacher: There are names of heroes in the world of literature that are familiar to everyone, even if a person has not read the work itself. These names have become symbols of some eternal values: honor, nobility, devotion, love. Neither people nor death have power over them. At the endΧVIcentury, more precisely - in 1596, William Shakespeare created a play that became immortal. The most interesting thing is that Shakespeare did not come up with the plot of this play himself, but borrowed it from the ancient Roman poet Ovid, who told the story of Pyramus and Thisbe in the collection Metamorphoses (transformations). Few people remember Ovid and his heroes, but we use the names of Romeo and Juliet as symbols of devotion and selfless love.

(On the board: "Romeo and Juliet" - an optimistic tragedy. W. Shakespeare)

Why do you think Shakespeare called Romeo and Juliet an optimistic tragedy?(Assumptions of children). This is the question we have to answer today.

Initial test of understanding.

Conversation with the class on Shakespeare's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet"

Where does the play begin? Which character appears on stage?

(In the prologue, the choir enters the stage and briefly tells the plot of the whole play.)

Let's read the prologue.

a) Reading aloud the prologue

Teacher: In ancient times, in ancient tragedies there was such a character - a choir, consisting of a group of actors. He expressed the opinion of the author, expressed his attitude to what was happening, commented on the events. Shakespeare used this device of the ancient authors to immediately set the audience on the tragedy.

Determine the theme of the tragedy.(A work about the cruelty of the world, about the power of love, about growing up young heroes.)

Where is the action taking place?(In Italy, in Verona and Mantua.)

What do we learn about the life of Verona at the very beginning of the work?(Here for many years the enmity of two families has been going on, the reason for it long forgotten, the ruler of Verona and the inhabitants of this enmity is already tired for a long time, as it brings a lot of trouble and still

shedding blood.)

Remember what a plot is, name its elements.

(A plot is a system of events in a work. Plot elements: exposition, plot, climax, denouement.)

Highlight the plot elements in Shakespeare's tragedy. On the tables you have sheets with the task. Fill them out.

( exposition - Clash of Montagues and Capulets, conversation

Benvolio and Romeo, preparing for a ball at the Capulet house;

plot Romeo and Juliet meet at the Capulet's ball

the birth of love;

climax - the scene in the crypt, when each hero, counting

his beloved dead, decides to leave

life;

denouement - the story of Brother Lorenzo and the reconciliation of families.)

V . Primary fastening.

What is the way to characterize characters in a dramatic work?

(Their monologues and dialogues, actions, reviews of other characters about them and author's remarks)

Let's see how the images of the main characters are created, which change under the influence of their love. What does Romeo say about love at the beginning of the tragedy, before meeting Juliet?(act 1, scene 1 - three passages)

Why does the hero speak so much about love? What's the matter?(Romeo confesses that he is in love with a certain Rosaline, who does not return his feelings, and this makes him suffer.)

When do we first meet Juliet? About what in question? (During Juliet's conversation with her mother, who reports girl about the attention of Count Paris to her. mother asks daughter pay attention to the young groom, to which Juliet replies, “I don’t know yet. We need to make a test. But this is only just for you." - act 1, scene. The young heroine thought about love, about marriage, she is calm.)

Do you remember how old Juliet is?(Not yet 14 years old; her nurse says this.)

How and where does the feeling of young heroes flare up?(Occurs suddenly during chance meeting Romeo and Juliet at the Capulet's ball, where the hero appeared in the hope of meeting Rosaline.)

d) Watching a video clip from the movie "Romeo and Juliet" - meeting

Read passages from the text in which the characters talk about their impressions of each other.(act 2, scene 5)

What gets in the way of their love?(The enmity of their families.)

How do Romeo and Juliet behave before and after they meet?

(Romeo talks a lot before meeting Juliet and

beautifully about his love for Rosalina. When he meets

Capulet's daughter, he begins to act. From a dreamy young man he turns into a bold one, courageous man able to make decisions and take responsibility for their actions. Juliet changes even more: at first she was a submissive daughter, now she rises and fights for her love.)

Now I would like to invite you to move to the theater stage of the Shakespeare theater, the Renaissance theater and watch the dramatization of the scene on the balcony performed by your classmates.(staged by Ivanov An., Kuzmin O.)

How do the young heroes feel about the enmity of their families? What event played a fatal role in the fate of the heroes?(They do not understand this enmity. Due to the rudeness and bloodthirstiness of the heroine's cousin Tybalt, who killed Romeo's friend Mercutio, the hero is expelled from Verona.)

Did Romeo want Tybalt to die? Why?(No, because in Tybalt he sees a relative of his wife and does not wish him harm.)

What do the characters see as the meaning of life?(In love. They cannot remain without each other, so they choose death. Juliet, taking the drug given to her by the monk Lorenzo, exclaims: “And I drink to your health, Romeo!” Romeo before his death, drinking poison, says: “I drink for you love!)

Why do heroes die?

(The world they live in is not yet ready for harmony, reconciliation, kindness and love.)

Let's turn to the text: read the denouement of the tragedy.

e) Expressive reading denouement of the tragedy (the story of the monk Lorenzo)

Does it make sense for heroes to die?(Yes, since after the death of the heroes, the warring families are reconciled.)

f) Analysis of the epigraph to the lesson

Let's take a look at the epigraph. Does it match the content of our lesson?

(The young heroes of the tragedy joyfully met their love, which entered their lives unexpectedly. They could not live without each other, preferring death, but their death opened the eyes of their parents; Shakespeare showed that love is stronger than death.)

Information about homework.

At the end of the tragedy, the heads of both families promise to erect a monument to Romeo and Juliet. Try to design a monument to Romeo and Juliet. Do not forget to take into account the location of the monument, the material from which it will be created, the poses of the characters, the expressions on their faces, the inscription on the monument. Justify your choice briefly. This will be your homework.

Reflection. Lesson summary

Final word from the teacher.

Let's return to the main question. Why did Shakespeare call Romeo and Juliet an optimistic tragedy?(Thoughts of children).

Tragedy is dramatic work, which depicts the hero's collision with the world, his death and the collapse of the ideal. But in Shakespeare's play there is no tragedy of love, the feeling of the heroes triumphs, although they themselves die, leaving their ideal. The history of young heroes lives for centuries, leaving no one indifferent, and the names of Romeo and Juliet evoke the most enthusiastic feelings in us, respect for their stamina and loyalty.

A bright beginning triumphs, enmity comes to an end, which is why Shakespeare called Romeo and Juliet an optimistic tragedy.

There are colored sheets on the tables. Take them and fill them out.(Read the questions aloud.)