Ambivalent usage examples. Personality ambivalence: pathology or norm? Is it possible to overcome the fear of female beauty

Love and hate. Get angry and stretch. Desire and fear. Man is a contradictory being. In psychology, this is called ambivalence. Emotions, desires, ideas, plans - all this can be contradictory. That is why a person often behaves ambiguously in relationships, at work, in solving any issue. In the article, we will consider some examples of ambivalence in order to understand what it is.

What is ambivalence?

What is ambivalence? Ambivalence is understood as a contradictory attitude of a person to one object or phenomenon. In other words, this is called duality. A person has two conflicting feelings, thoughts, plans at the same time. One excludes the other, but they are in the person right now.

For the first time this concept was introduced by E. Bleuler, who perceived this duality as one of the factors indicating the presence of schizophrenia. That is why ambivalence is divided into 3 types:

1. Emotional - when a person simultaneously experiences two conflicting feelings for a particular object or phenomenon. It manifests itself very clearly in parent-child or love relationships.
2. Volitional (ambition) - when a person simultaneously wants two opposite results (goals). Since he cannot make a choice, this causes him to refuse to make a decision at all.
3. Intellectual - when a person jumps from one idea to another, which contradict each other.

Z. Freud perceived ambivalence as natural phenomenon human nature when there is a desire to live and a craving for death.

Modern psychologists consider ambivalence to be quite normal. It is natural for a person to be ambivalent about some partners or objects that play a significant role in his life. How more people attracted to someone, the more he wants to push away, because attraction is akin to losing one's integrity, individuality, uniqueness. Imagine two planets that are attracted to each other. They both attract themselves and attract each other, not wanting to collide, to leave their orbit. Duality is quite normal for people who are holistic personalities, however, at the same time they feel cravings for certain partners, things, phenomena.

At the same time, psychologists note that the unipolarity of feelings, when a person experiences only positive or only negative emotions towards specific objects, indicates the idealization or devaluation of this phenomenon. Either a person does not have enough information, or ignores, or demands too much, or does not notice something. Thus, exclusively positive or negative emotions (unipolarity) indicate the lack of information about this object.

Ambivalence of feelings

The main feature of the ambivalence of feelings is that a person does not alternately experience some emotions, but simultaneously experiences them. A person at a given second can experience love, and after 5 minutes - jealousy, but inside the individual they are always present at the same time. It is necessary to distinguish ambivalence from the usual phenomenon, when experiences arise as a result of some event. For example, a man loves his partner. He does not even think about any other feelings. However, a specific event occurs (a partner flirts with another person) that causes jealousy. This feeling was not present before, it just appeared. In the future, ambivalence may develop when a person will both love and be jealous of his partner.

The main factor that plays a role in the formation of ambivalence is the importance of a partner, thing or phenomenon. To some extent, a person should be attracted, dependent, drawn to something for which he simultaneously feels hatred, anger, aggression.

Often in the nature of the ambivalence of feelings, such a concept as transference can be traced. A person projects his feelings on the one to whom he experiences them in a dual form. On the one hand, he loves what he does not talk about, on the other hand, he hates what he vividly expresses, manifests and thinks that the partner experiences such experiences.

Ambivalence manifests itself in almost every person in a situation of internal conflict. Age does not play a big role: both children, especially adolescents, and adults can experience the ambivalence of feelings. The role of internal conflict lies in dissatisfaction with what is happening. On the one hand, a person sees positive benefits in a partner, object, phenomenon. On the other hand, this object is not controllable, not ideal, not understood, etc.

Feelings stop contradicting each other when a person can rule over an object, understand, control, manage it. Unipolarity of feelings negative character also arises when a person renounces the possession of a partner or an object. It becomes unimportant to him (depreciation). If idealization occurs (when a person embellishes, adds non-existent properties to an object), then his emotions become extremely positive.

Ambivalence in relationships

Love is a feeling that has many secrets and mysteries. What it is? How to understand that you or you are loved? There is no other feeling about which there were so many questions, because often partners can still hate each other ..

Love can be called a feeling when you are drawn to a person. You want to be with him not “because”, but “I don’t understand why”. Your feeling is incomprehensible. You seem to understand how you like a person, but this knowledge is incomplete.

Separate from love passion, when a person is attracted by the body of a partner. He just wants to have sex, then leave. It's not love, it's just passion.

Love is a constant desire to be with a person. And here it doesn’t matter whether you understand why you are attracted to a partner or not. There are two types of love here:

1. Reasonable.
2. Crazy.

Reasonable love is a feeling of calm at the sight of a loved one. You want to be with him, build relationships and have a future together, but you don't worry, you don't get jealous, you don't run to him because you're afraid of something. Your love is calm. You are confident in yourself, your feelings, partner, relationships. You can both be together and apart - in any situation you feel calm.

Crazy love is passion, jealousy, resentment, worries, fears, etc. A person in such love simply does not control himself. He becomes crazy. He performs the most diverse acts, because he is subject to fear that he is deceived, betrayed, betrayed, not loved. Here someone can say that this is not love, but a sense of possessiveness. In fact, this is also love, just mixed with mistrust and fears.

Love is the desire to be with another person, to build relationships and a future with him. But the feeling itself can be calm or exciting, frightening. Depending on what a person is still experiencing, in addition to love, he performs certain actions, feels himself in one way or another.

It is very difficult to combine love with those periodic experiences that a person suppresses in himself. Dissatisfaction with a spouse, inability to establish communication with loved ones, unresolved conflicts - everything causes negative emotions. Once upon a time, relationships were born on one love, but over time it is saturated with negative feelings that periodically arise as various events occur.

It may seem that a person in a state of ambivalence is indifferent to the needs of a partner. However, one should not confuse ambivalence, in which a lot of conflicting ideas and feelings are spinning in a person’s head, and the complete absence of any desires and emotions.

Jealousy, hatred, rejection, pain, disappointment, the desire to be alone (alone) - all this echoes love feelings. It seems that people cannot love and hate at the same time. However, psychologists say that ambivalence in relationships is normal.

Examples of ambivalence

Ambivalence is multifaceted and manifests itself not only in the relationship between loving people. Where two or more people meet, or a person with a particular phenomenon, ambivalence can arise. Consider her examples:

• Love for the parent and the desire for his death. As the saying goes, "it's good with parents, but when they live far away."
• Love and hatred for a partner, which is often mixed with a feeling of jealousy and even envy for the resources or benefits he has.
• Unlimited love for the child, but the desire to briefly give him to his grandparents, take him to a kindergarten / school. Here, the parents are tired.
• The desire to be close to parents, but at the same time not to face their moralizing, guardianship, desire to help.
• Experiencing feelings of nostalgia (positive memories) and loss at the same time. A person warmly recalls the past, but is experiencing the loss of something important.
• The desire to achieve the goal, but the fear of what the result of all his actions will lead a person to.
• A combination of fear and curiosity. When scary sounds come from the room in the dark, the person keeps walking to see what is happening there.
• Combination of understanding and criticism. A person can understand the actions of a partner, but is dissatisfied with the fact that they were committed by him.
• Sadomasochism - when a person loves his partner, but is aroused by causing him pain. This can be seen not only in sexual relations, but also in love, when, for example, a woman suffers from her alcoholic husband, but does not leave him.
• Choice between two candidates. Both are good in their own way and bad at the same time. I want to combine them into one whole in order to get what I really dream about.

When a person hates and gets angry, but does not leave, this is a prime example ambivalence - an overflow of feelings and desires, inconsistency of aspirations and an understanding of what needs to be done and how it does not agree with desires. It is quite normal for an adult to be in a state of ambivalence, which can easily be associated with standing at a crossroads - “Which way to go?”, which a person cannot decide.

Outcome

The variability of opinion regarding a particular object is called high ambivalence. A person's desire for a specific result, regardless of what negative emotions arise along the way, is called low ambivalence. However, ambivalence itself is always present in a person's life, since the world in which he lives is dual: there is good and evil, hope and despair, success and defeat. The result of ambivalence depends entirely on the decisions that a person still makes in a state of "being at a crossroads."

• You can devalue the situation, that is, reject it.
• You can fight to have more positive emotions.
• It is possible to take a decision from the two available ones and go along a path that will not suit you in the same way as if it happened when choosing another solution.
• You can stand still and not move anywhere. Then a person will face the fact that his problem will not disappear anywhere, and he will always be in a state of weightlessness and oscillation between two conflicting feelings/opinions/desires.

Ambivalence can both help and hinder a person. Often we are talking about some misinformation, misunderstanding of the situation, inability to understand own desires or to see an object in relation to which ambivalence of feelings is manifested, in real world. Often a person wants something that cannot be realized in the existing situation using the resources achieved. It happens that ambivalence is a consequence of an internal conflict in which a person is.

Sometimes you just need to wait, and sometimes you need to act very quickly. How to do the right thing, the person must decide for himself. However, it is important to understand that it is quite normal to have conflicting desires, feelings, thoughts and ideas in a dualistic world.

The rate of change in modern life is continuously growing. This reduces the ability to calmly comprehend what is happening. Perhaps that is why modern psychology is becoming more and more popular, especially its practical aspects: all kinds of tests, short articles about human characteristics. After all, sometimes the situation in which a person finds himself has no unambiguous definition - is it good or bad. An ambivalent attitude to the world is observed in humans quite often when perceiving the environment.

A term from Wikipedia: ambivalence is a condition that denotes a duality of attitude towards any object or event, that is, something or someone causes two mutually opposite feelings in a person. For example, own child evokes a feeling of great tenderness and at the same time feeling tired or irritated by his actions.

The definition of ambivalence at the beginning of the twentieth century was introduced by Eigen Bleuler, Swiss psychiatrist, known for his contributions to the creation of psychiatry and the study of various disorders, including schizophrenia. Considering duality as a manifestation of this disease, he identified three types of it:

Sigmund Freud, no less famous Austrian psychoanalyst, the father of psychoanalysis, who lived in the same era as Bleyer, gave the definition of ambivalence a different meaning. He considered it the basis of coexistence in man there are two of his deepest motives, the desire for death and the desire for life.

The idea of ​​duality is present in the work of Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist (1875–1961), the founder of depth or analytical psychology. Collaborated with Z. Freud and also made a huge contribution to the development of the theory and practice of psychology as a science.

In his works, he characterized duality with such concepts:

• When combining positive and negative sensations during perception a certain object or phenomena.
• Showing interest in many objects or phenomena at the same time, fragmentation mental state and inconstancy.
• Universality, since many phenomena are accompanied by duality.

K.G. Jung noted that ambivalence is inherent in life as such, because success is often punctuated by defeat, good closely borders on evil, and despair lurks next to hope. In the literature on psychology, one can read in sufficient detail examples from the practice of well-known specialists about the manifestation of such feelings.

However, not all manifestations of the dual relationships are signs of mental disorders.

Duality in relation to the situation or specific person people experience different ages, both adolescents and adults, because the main reason is internal conflict due to dissatisfaction with what is happening. Freud believed that up to certain limits, an ambivalent attitude towards someone can be considered the norm.

After all, sometimes, seeing a person in different situations, really appear and different impressions from it. For example, a girl likes a young man, he is polite and cultured, and suddenly certain situation she sees completely different manifestations of him, and now he causes conflicting feelings, sympathy does not go away instantly, and his behavior frightened or disappointed so much that it led to an emotional outburst.

Spouse, lived with his wife for many years, erupts in response to her words or behavior almost daily, however, this does not prevent him from taking care of her when she is sick.

The Western world is more characterized by an unambiguous assessment of a person or event, while the Eastern philosophy is that the world is dual from the very beginning, and both good and bad are present in it. Therefore, the manifestation of such ambivalence in feelings rather speaks of an adequate perception of reality. Another thing, if emotional states relationships bring significant discomfort. Then it’s worth thinking about and understanding why this person hurts so much, what caused the conflicting emotional reaction to him? Perhaps the contradiction is not caused by the duality itself, but rather by a misunderstanding of what kind of feeling arose for a person.

Causes of manifestation

Having understood a little what ambivalence is, it is worth adding that manifestations of duality do not always have pathological roots. So, infantilism, indecision and severely low self-esteem can also lead to the appearance of conditions, which describes ambivalence:

Modern psychology considers moderate ambivalence, which is not pathological, a sign of maturity. With age, a person sees the picture of the world more fully and differently evaluates everything that happens around, whether it is relationships with people or behavior in any situations.

Some people easily enter into intimate relationships and get married after a month of dating, while others spend hours choosing socks or products.

It has been observed that those with difficulty making decisions can be very helpful if the decision itself is not simple, while they are thinking, then assessing the situation with different sides, then the answer turns out to be more reasoned, and the time spent on the choice did not allow making a mistake with a hasty action.

Its useful to note, that feelings and emotions are very subjective and depend on other aspects of the personality. In addition, emotions are not stable and change like glare on water from everyone. external influences. The human condition is very plastic and changeable. Feelings are longer in time of manifestation, but they do not exist on their own, but only in relation to a specific object. Therefore, the manifestation of ambivalent feelings is often quite normal reaction to external stimuli.

In people with unambiguous reactions, attitudes towards work are formed on the basis of one sign, for example, the level of salary or the disposition to just such an activity. A person with ambivalent thinking will remember the negative after the remark of the boss, however, good relations in the team will make him rather stay and adapt to the circumstances. There are a lot of such examples of the manifestation of ambivalent feelings, they speak of the ability to see different sides of a person.

Methods of correction and treatment

Being one of the mental characteristics of a person, the state of duality does not always need to be corrected. Only if there are obvious deviations or discomfort in daily actions, one should turn to specialists.

There is no definite cure, the doctor will select pharmacological preparations based on the client's condition. Perhaps psychocorrection will be sufficient internal contradictions in conviction and emotional reactions to an object or event. Since our reactions are largely due to the upbringing and pressure of a certain cultural environment laid down from childhood, it is useful to revise outdated concepts from time to time, because everything changes and the changed reality requires new reactions to change.

1. emotional: both positive and negative feeling to a person, object, event (for example, in relation to children to parents).
2. strong-willed: endless fluctuations between opposing decisions, the inability to choose between them, often leading to the refusal to make a decision at all.
3. intellectual: the alternation of contradictory, mutually exclusive ideas in human reasoning.

Modern interpretation

There are or external references in this article or section, but the sources of individual statements remain unclear due to the lack of footnotes. Statements not , may be questioned and removed. You can improve the article by adding more precise references to the sources.

In modern psychology, there are two understandings of ambivalence:

• In psychoanalysis, ambivalence is usually understood as a complex range of feelings that a person experiences for someone. It is assumed that ambivalence is normal in relation to those whose role in the life of the individual is also ambiguous. The unipolarity of feelings (only positive or only negative) is interpreted rather as a manifestation of idealization or devaluation, that is, it is assumed that feelings are actually most likely ambivalent, but the individual is not aware of this (see also reactive formation).

• In clinical psychology and psychiatry, ambivalence is understood as a periodic global change in the attitude of an individual towards someone: just last night, the patient experienced only positive feelings for a certain person, this morning - only negative, and now - again only positive. In psychoanalysis, this change in attitude is commonly referred to as "ego splitting".

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Webster's New World Collegiate Dictionary, 3rd Edition.
• Van Harreveld, F., van der Pligt, J., & de Liver, Y. (2009). The agony of ambivalence and ways to resolve it: Introducing the MAID model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 45-61.
• Sigmund Freud :
  • Trois essais sur la théorie sexuelle (1905), Gallimard, collection Folio, 1989 (ISBN 2-07-032539-3)
  • Analyze d "une phobie d" un petit garçon de cinq ans: Le Petit Hans (1909), PUF, 2006 (ISBN 2-13-051687-4)
  • L "Homme aux rats: Journal d" une analyse (1909), PUF, 2000 Model: ISBN 2-13-051122-8
  • Cinq psychanalyse (Dora, L "homme aux Loup, L" homme aux rats, Petit Hans, Président Schreber), rééd, traduction revisées, PUF Quadige (ISBN 2-13-056198-5)
  • La dynamique du transfert (1912)
• Jean Laplanche, Jean-Bertrand Pontalis, Vocabulaire de la psychanalyse, Paris, 1967, ed. 2004 PUF-Quadrige, No 249, (ISBN 2-13-054694-3)
• Alain de Mijolla et coll. : Dictionnaire international de la psychanalyse, Ed.: Hachette, 2005, (ISBN 2-01-279145-X)
• José Bleger: Symbiose et ambiguité, PUF, 1981, (il y distingue l "ambiavalence de la divalence, (ISBN 2-13-036603-1)
• Paul-Claude Racamier: Les schizophrènes Payot-poche, (est notamment envisagée la distinction entre l "ambivalence névrotique et la paradoxalité psychotique), rééd. 2001, (ISBN 2-228-89427-3)
• Michèle Emmanuelli, Ruth Menahem, Félicie Nayrou, Ambivalence: L "amour, la haine, l" indifférence, Ed .: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005, Coll .: Monographies de psychanalyse, (ISBN 2-13-055423-7)
• Ambivalenz, Erfindung und Darstellung des Begriffs durch Eugen Bleuler, Bericht 1911 vom Vortrag 1910 und Veröffentlichung 1914
• Jaeggi, E. (1993). Ambivalenz. In A. Schorr (Hrsg.), Handwörterbuch der Angewandten Psychologie (S. 12-14). Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag.
• Thomae, H. (1960). Der Mensch in der Entscheidung. Bern: Huber.
• Bierhoff, H.W. (1996). Neuere Erhebungsmethoden. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld, T. Meiser & G. Rudinger (Hrsg), Handbuch quantitative Methoden (S. 59-70). Weinheim: Psychology Verlags Union.
• Jonas, K., Broemer, P. & Diehl, M. (2000). Attitude ambivalence. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 35–74). Chichester: Wiley.
• Glick, P. & Fiske, S.T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
• Glick, P. & Fiske, S.T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109-118.

Links

• in the Sociocultural Dictionary]

An excerpt characterizing Ambivalence

The prince has grown very old this year. Sharp signs of old age appeared in him: unexpected falling asleep, forgetfulness of the nearest events and memory of long-standing ones, and the childish vanity with which he assumed the role of the head of the Moscow opposition. Despite the fact that when the old man, especially in the evenings, went out to tea in his fur coat and powdered wig, and, touched by someone, began his abrupt stories about the past, or even more abrupt and sharp judgments about the present, he aroused in all his guests the same sense of respect. For visitors, this whole old house with huge dressing tables, pre-revolutionary furniture, these lackeys in powder, and the last century itself, a tough and smart old man with his meek daughter and pretty Frenchwoman, who were in awe of him, represented a majestically pleasant sight. But the visitors did not think that in addition to these two three hours, during which they saw the owners, there were another 22 hours a day, during which there was a secret inner life Houses.
AT recent times in Moscow, this inner life became very difficult for Princess Marya. She was deprived in Moscow of those of her best joys - conversations with God's people and solitude - which refreshed her in the Bald Mountains, and did not have any benefits and joys of metropolitan life. She did not go out into the world; everyone knew that her father would not let her go without him, and he himself, due to ill health, could not travel, and she was no longer invited to dinners and evenings. Princess Marya completely abandoned hope for marriage. She saw the coldness and bitterness with which Prince Nikolai Andreevich received and sent away young people who could be suitors, who sometimes came to their house. Princess Marya had no friends: on this visit to Moscow, she was disappointed in her two closest people. M lle Bourienne, with whom she could not be completely frank before, now became unpleasant to her and for some reason she began to move away from her. Julie, who was in Moscow and to whom Princess Mary wrote for five years in a row, turned out to be a complete stranger to her when Princess Mary again met with her personally. Julie at this time, on the occasion of the death of her brothers, having become one of the richest brides in Moscow, was in the midst of social pleasures. She was surrounded by young people who, she thought, suddenly appreciated her virtues. Julie was in that period of an aging socialite who feels that it has come the last chance marriage, and now or never her fate must be decided. Princess Mary, with a sad smile, recalled on Thursdays that now she had no one to write to, since Julie, Julie, from whose presence she had no joy, was here and saw her every week. She, like an old emigrant who refused to marry the lady with whom he spent his evenings for several years, regretted that Julie was here and she had no one to write to. Princess Mary in Moscow had no one to talk to, no one to believe her grief, and much new grief has been added during this time. The deadline for the return of Prince Andrei and his marriage was approaching, and his order to prepare his father for that was not only not fulfilled, but the matter, on the contrary, seemed to be completely spoiled, and the reminder of Countess Rostova pissed off the old prince, and so already most time of the former is not in the spirit. A new grief that has recently been added for Princess Marya was the lessons that she gave to her six-year-old nephew. In her relations with Nikolushka, she recognized with horror in herself the quality of her father's irritability. How many times she told herself that she should not allow herself to get excited when teaching her nephew, almost every time she sat down with a pointer at the French alphabet, she so wanted to quickly, easily pour her knowledge out of herself into a child who was already afraid that here was her aunt she would be angry that, at the slightest inattention on the part of the boy, she shuddered, hurried, got excited, raised her voice, sometimes pulled his hand and put him in a corner. Putting him in a corner, she herself began to weep over her evil, bad nature, and Nikolushka, imitating her sobs, would come out of the corner without permission, come up to her and pull her away from her face. wet hands and consoled her. But more, more than anything else, the princess was distressed by her father's irritability, which was always directed against her daughter and had recently reached the point of cruelty. If he had forced her to bow down all night, if he had beaten her, forced her to carry firewood and water, it would never have occurred to her that her situation was difficult; but this loving tormentor, the most cruel because he loved and for that he tormented himself and her, deliberately knew how not only to insult and humiliate her, but also to prove to her that she was always and in everything to blame. Recently, it has appeared new feature, which tormented Princess Mary most of all - this was his greater rapprochement with m lle Bourienne. The thought that came to him, in the first minute after receiving the news of his son’s intention, was the joke that if Andrei marries, then he himself marries Bourienne, apparently liked him, and with stubbornness lately (as it seemed to Princess Mary) only in order to offend her, he showed a special kindness to m lle Bourienne and showed his displeasure to his daughter by showing love to Bourienne.

Ambivalence

1. emotional: simultaneously positive and negative feeling towards a person, object, event (for example, in relation to children to parents).
2. strong-willed: endless fluctuations between opposing decisions, the inability to choose between them, often leading to the refusal to make a decision at all.
3. intellectual: the alternation of contradictory, mutually exclusive ideas in human reasoning.

Modern interpretation

In modern psychology, there are two understandings of ambivalence:

• In psychoanalysis, ambivalence is usually understood as a complex range of feelings that a person experiences for someone. It is assumed that ambivalence is normal in relation to those whose role in the life of the individual is also ambiguous. The unipolarity of feelings (only positive or only negative) is interpreted rather as a manifestation of idealization or devaluation, that is, it is assumed that feelings are in fact most likely ambivalent, but the individual is not aware of this.

• In clinical psychology and psychiatry, ambivalence is understood as a periodic global change in the attitude of an individual towards someone: just last night, the patient experienced only positive feelings for a certain person, this morning - only negative, and now - again only positive. In psychoanalysis, this change in attitude is commonly referred to as "ego splitting".

Notes

see also

Links

• Ambivalence at the National Encyclopedia of Psychology

Literature

• Webster's New World Collegiate Dictionary, 3rd Edition.
• Van Harreveld, F., van der Pligt, J., & de Liver, Y. (2009). The agony of ambivalence and ways to resolve it: Introducing the MAID model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 45-61.
• Sigmund Freud :
  • Trois essais sur la théorie sexuelle (1905), Gallimard, collection Folio, 1989 (ISBN 2-07-032539-3)
  • Analyze d "une phobie d" un petit garçon de cinq ans: Le Petit Hans (1909), PUF, 2006 (ISBN 2-13-051687-4)
  • L "Homme aux rats: Journal d" une analyse (1909), PUF, 2000 Model: ISBN 2-13-051122-8
  • Cinq psychanalyse (Dora, L "homme aux Loup, L" homme aux rats, Petit Hans, Président Schreber), rééd, traduction revisées, PUF Quadige (ISBN 2-13-056198-5)
  • La dynamique du transfert (1912)
• Jean Laplanche, Jean-Bertrand Pontalis, Vocabulaire de la psychanalyse, Paris, 1967, ed. 2004 PUF-Quadrige, No 249, (ISBN 2-13-054694-3)
• Alain de Mijolla et coll. : Dictionnaire international de la psychanalyse, Ed.: Hachette, 2005, (ISBN 2-01-279145-X)
• José Bleger: Symbiose et ambiguité, PUF, 1981, (il y distingue l "ambiavalence de la divalence, (ISBN 2-13-036603-1)
• Paul-Claude Racamier: Les schizophrènes Payot-poche, (est notamment envisagée la distinction entre l "ambivalence névrotique et la paradoxalité psychotique), rééd. 2001, (ISBN 2-228-89427-3)
• Michèle Emmanuelli, Ruth Menahem, Félicie Nayrou, Ambivalence: L "amour, la haine, l" indifférence, Ed .: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005, Coll .: Monographies de psychanalyse, (ISBN 2-13-055423-7)
• Ambivalenz, Erfindung und Darstellung des Begriffs durch Eugen Bleuler, Bericht 1911 vom Vortrag 1910 und Veröffentlichung 1914
• Jaeggi, E. (1993). Ambivalenz. In A. Schorr (Hrsg.), Handwörterbuch der Angewandten Psychologie (S. 12-14). Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag.
• Thomae, H. (1960). Der Mensch in der Entscheidung. Bern: Huber.
• Bierhoff, H.W. (1996). Neuere Erhebungsmethoden. In E. Erdfelder, R. Mausfeld, T. Meiser & G. Rudinger (Hrsg), Handbuch quantitative Methoden (S. 59-70). Weinheim: Psychology Verlags Union.
• Jonas, K., Broemer, P. & Diehl, M. (2000). Attitude ambivalence. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 35–74). Chichester: Wiley.
• Glick, P. & Fiske, S.T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
• Glick, P. & Fiske, S.T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109-118.

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Synonyms:

See what "Ambivalence" is in other dictionaries:

Ambivalence... Spelling Dictionary

ambivalence- The coexistence of antagonistic emotions, ideas or desires in relation to the same person, object or position. According to Bleuler, who coined the term in 1910, momentary ambivalence is part of the normal mental ... Big psychological encyclopedia

- (from Latin ambo both and valentia strength), duality of feelings, experiences, expressed in the fact that the same object evokes two opposite feelings in a person at the same time, for example, pleasure and displeasure, love and ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Ambivalence- Ambivalence ♦ Ambivalence The coexistence in the same person and in his relation to the same object of two different affects - pleasure and pain, love and hate (see, for example, Spinoza, "Ethics", III, 17 and scholia) ,… … Philosophical Dictionary Sponville

- (from the Latin ambo both and valentia strength), the duality of experience, when the same object evokes opposite feelings in a person at the same time, for example, love and hate ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (from Latin ambo both and valentia strength) the duality of experience, when the same object evokes opposite feelings in a person at the same time, for example. love and hate, pleasure and displeasure; one of the senses is sometimes subjected to ... ... Large encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Greek amphi around, around, on both sides, dual and lat. valentia force) dual, contradictory attitude of the subject to the object, characterized by the simultaneous orientation of opposite impulses, attitudes towards the same object ... The latest philosophical dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 3 duality (27) ambiguity (2) ambiguity ... Synonym dictionary

Initially, the term duality was widely used in medicine. Ambivalence was first made known by the French psychiatrist Bleuler in the 1900s. Over time, this concept began to be used in the theories of a psychoanalytic nature and in the works of Sigmund Freud.

What is ambivalence?

Ambivalence is a bifurcation in the mind of a person of an attitude towards something, and this may be associated with experiences, or a two-sided attitude towards an object, person, and so on. A state in which 2 opposite feelings can coexist. In order to fully explore the concept of ambivalence, it is necessary to consider it from the point of view of psychology and psychiatry.

What is ambivalence in psychology?

If you do not take into account the fact that the term ambivalence was originally used only in the field of medicine, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcoexistence is completely different feelings in human mind became widely popular in psychoanalysis. With psychological point vision, an ambivalent person is not sick, because given state can affect absolutely any person, the difference is only in the degree of manifestation of such a state. In general, ambivalence in psychology is a feeling ambivalence to anything.

Sigmund Freud argued that a vivid manifestation of duality can be expressed in different neurotic states, appear in certain period personality development. Why do psychoanalysts give such great attention this feature? The basis lies in the very structure of the human superego. There are two inherent instincts of life and death that have already coexisted in the mind of a person from his very appearance, which is a more obvious indicator of ambivalence.

Based on this, it cannot be argued that this phenomenon can be acquired or caused by certain factors, but it should be noted that in the presence of conditions conducive to duality, this condition can become much more dangerous and cause nervous disorders and, as a result, negative consequences. Favorable factors may include:

• an attempt to change consciousness, or expand it;
• the use of psychotropic drugs, anesthesia, alcohol consumption;
• circumstances that traumatize the human psyche;
• various negative stress, depression.

There is also a version that at one moment existing conflicting feelings or thoughts can enter into a conflict situation, as a result of which one state can displace another in the subconscious. Because of this, not every person is able to show the ambivalence that is present in the mind, against which unpleasant situations develop.

Ambivalence in philosophy

The concept of duality in philosophy is considered as mirror reflection in the human mind processes that contradict each other. The ambivalence of being lies in the constant struggle between good and evil, in birth and death, love and hate. Every second a person is exposed to several drives at the same time, making a choice, feeling and creating this or that. Man's life is filled large quantity ambivalent feelings and decisions.

Ambivalence and ambivalence

Ambition refers to a complex violation of motor behavior, which is characterized by duality in the sphere of spontaneous actions, resulting in inadequate, strange behavior. Similar phenomenon, mainly manifested in people who are sick with schizophrenia with a catatonic syndrome. That is, the ambivalent process can lead to the ambivalence of a person with a psychomotor disorder.

Reasons for ambivalence

The main causes of duality are special factors that manifest themselves in a person.

1. Inability to make any decision. A choice arises before a person throughout life, and each of his decisions entails a number of consequences, both good and bad. People who try to avoid making decisions face conflicts on an internal psycho-emotional level, which leads to ambivalence.
2. Uncertainty and subconscious fear of making a mistake can also cause ambivalence.
3. Prolonged depression, stress - all this can cause an ambivalent disorder.

Ambivalence in relationships

Man is a complex being in which there is no coherence between thoughts, actions and desires. Human feelings, in general, do not have coherence and unity. We can experience two conflicting feelings for the same person at the same time. It’s not for nothing that they say: “I love and hate” - it would seem, how can one experience this at the same time?

An ambivalent attitude can manifest itself in the simultaneous experience of a mother's tenderness for her child and feelings of anger and irritation from fatigue, or love for her spouse and hatred caused by jealousy. The duality of feelings can be the norm if conflicting emotions are provoked by something and arise for a short time, while there are certain well-established feelings for a certain object, person or action.

Sexual ambivalence

Dual experiences in sexual life can be caused by established norms of sexual life, from which there may be a feeling provoked by sexual thoughts. In addition, ambivalent feelings can be caused by the simultaneous presence of tenderness and thoughts of sexual rudeness. At one moment, a person may want something “sweet”, and the next second, give him “peppercorn”.

Gender ambivalence

The problem is the insecurity of a person in his kind and orientation of a sexual nature. There is no specific certainty in the human mind - for some reason, it can rush between its definitions, not realizing which path it should take. Ambivalence of behavior can also be caused by sexual attraction to both female and male persons.

Ambivalence in attachment

Ambivalent attachment is a type of attachment in which the child is not sure of his feelings for his mother, he hesitates, either trying to attract her attention, or, on the contrary, pushing her away. A similar manifestation may occur as a result of a lack of trust between a mother and her child. Raising children in strictness, with constant restrictions and limits, without the manifestation of warmth, affection and attention, leads to the subsequent duality of feelings in the child in relation to his parents.

The consequence of this phenomenon may be, on the contrary, excessive parental guardianship, intrusion into the child's personal space and constant attention, without any restrictions. As a consequence of such upbringing, ambivalence may appear. At the same time, with age, a person will become:

• more self-critical;
• insecure;
• distrustful of the outside world;
• dependent in a relationship.

Ambivalence - how to get rid of?

Ambivalence is a phenomenon that often occurs in the mind of a person imperceptibly and does not entail any consequences. However, if the ambivalence of emotions, manifestations of feelings, brings discomfort in communicating with other people and in general in life, then you should contact a specialist. The treatment of ambivalence lies in the right remedies, based on the general condition of the person and the causes of duality.

In therapy, drugs can be used whose task is to suppress pathological condition psyche and stabilization of the state. There are cases when the disease progresses, a threat to the life of the patient himself and others is possible, then the treatment must be carried out in psychiatric hospitals. At the first signals of ambivalence, as a manifestation of a pathological condition, there is no need to self-medicate, since this may not only not give positive results, but also significantly aggravate the condition.

Given that ambivalence is a trait of a person, it is necessary to monitor your psyche, pay attention to any changes. If they start visiting you obsessions from which you are unable to get rid of yourself, then you need to seek help from a doctor. This will make it possible to determine the disease on early stages which will greatly facilitate subsequent treatment.