Grouping and interpretation of proverbs and sayings about language, speech and culture of speech behavior. Russian speech etiquette and its reflection in proverbs and sayings

“Etiquette for Children” - Each individual develops as a representative of a particular gender. Children's literature offers different models of behavior for girls and boys. Games are the main activity of a preschooler. Practical exercises. Fostering a gender culture of behavior in preschoolers based on teaching the rules of modern etiquette.

“Rules of Politeness” - Thank you. Hello. Politeness manifests itself in relationships with people. Don't respond to rudeness with rudeness. Train yourself to constantly remember about those around you. Let's be polite! Goodbye. Have a good day. Magic words. Please. I'm sorry. Sorry. Now let's watch a cartoon about politeness: Tiger Cub in a Teapot.

“Good manners” - Who needs it good manners? XIV – XVII centuries “CODE OF KNIGHT HONOR”. Does it really matter how it is? 1. Would you like to feel free in any society? 2. Would you like to please yourself and others? 3. Would you like to have good manners, a wide circle of interesting acquaintances and be the “life of the party”? Answer the questions:

“Rules of good manners” - Why should we study the rules of etiquette? Politeness Mutual respect Responsibility Sensitivity Sense of honor Sense of duty. Politeness, mutual respect, responsibility. How to behave at the table? Rules of good manners. "Only after you". Etiquette in public transport. What is etiquette? What motivates people to act according to the rules of etiquette and not otherwise?

“Table etiquette” - It is advisable to serve sweets in a box, and a full one at that. I wish you success in preparing for the holiday! ETIQUETTE at the festive table. Literature. The cake fork or spoon should be to the right of the plate. It's a holiday for you!... Secrets of serving: How to quickly and beautifully make a festive table? Tea table setting.

“Telephone etiquette” - Speak louder, it’s hard to hear you. 5. You need to speak briefly and clearly. 14. I send you greetings to starting moment communication - greeting. 9. I'm listening to you. 2. 4.

There are a total of 14 presentations in the topic

By grouping proverbs and sayings, I deliberately gave their interpretations, limiting myself, where necessary, to only brief explanations, keeping in mind the instructions of V.I. Dal: “one must interpret and explain proverbs with extreme caution,” and “interpret a witticism or a hint that the reader himself understands.” - vulgar and cloying." If you try to create a set of rules speech behavior according to Russian proverbs and sayings, it could look something like this.

Rules for the speaker

1. Remember that the tongue (word) is a great power that can be directed for good and evil.

The tongue is small, but it controls the whole body.

A small tongue makes a great man move.

Language moves kingdoms.

Language also talks with God.

The tongue is a banner, it leads the squad.

Without a tongue and the bell is mute.

The language will take you to Kyiv.

The tongue will not bring you any good.

Your tongue is the first adversary.

The tongue is as lascivious as a goat (like a cat).

The tongue leads to a sin.

The tongue will lead you to the tavern.

My tongue is my enemy (he speaks before his mind).

My tongue is my enemy: it prowls before the mind, seeks trouble.

The tongue feeds and waters, and spanks the back.

The tongue feeds bread and spoils the matter.

The tongue is a millstone: it grinds whatever hits it (whatever hits it).

The tongue is soft: it babbles whatever it wants.

Language is an anchor to the body.

A word to the word rose: with a word the Lord created the world, with a word Judas betrayed the Lord.

2. Handle your tongue (word) carefully so as not to cause trouble to yourself and others.

Don't be afraid of the knife, but of the tongue. Fear the Most High, do not say too much.

It does not defile the mouth, but defiles it from the mouth. Through the mouth (through the mouth) disease enters, and trouble comes out.

The word is lost, but people die from it.

The word is not a blow, but worse than a blow.

The word is not an arrow, but more powerful than an arrow (it strikes).

The razor scrapes, but the word cuts.

Think first, then speak.

The word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you won’t catch it.

Once you shoot, you can’t grab the bullet; when you say a word, you can’t turn it back.

You can't intercept spit, you can't turn back your attention.

You can hold the horse on the reins, but you can’t take the words out of your mouth.

Speak up and look back.

Speak, but don't talk.

And I would give dearly for a word, but you won’t be able to redeem it.

If you say it, you won’t turn it back, if you write it, you won’t erase it, if you chop it off, you won’t put it back.

What is written with a pen cannot be cut out (cannot be cut out) with an axe.

One word can lead to a quarrel forever.

3. Remember that a person is judged by his speeches.

As are the properties, so are the speeches.

Know a magpie by its tongue.

You won't hear from the dashing kind words.

Storytellers are not suitable as clerks.

Strength is silent, weakness screams.

A short mind has a long tongue.

A wise man is silent when a fool grumbles.

The smart one will judge, and the stupid one will judge.

Evil Natalya's people are all crooks.

4. Don't be talkative or verbose.

Keep your mouth shut.

Eat the mushroom pie and keep your mouth shut.

Keep your tongue on a leash (on a string).

Keep your tongue short.

A tongue that is short will be stretched out, but a tongue that is long will be shortened by being smart.

In a smart conversation you gain your intelligence, in a stupid conversation you lose yours.

In someone else's conversation, everyone will buy wisdom.

Talk to a smart guy about drinking honey. Smart speeches are pleasant to listen to.

5. Be the master of your word, fulfill your promise.

He didn’t give the word - be strong, but he gave it - hold on.

Keep your word, don't run with the wind.

He said the word, so at least put some luggage on it.

The word is tin (i.e. weighty).

He doesn't waste words.

The word is given like a bullet is fired.

There is a saying about those whose words do not match their deeds: Generous in words, but stingy in deeds.

6. Don't lie. Yesterday I lied, and today I am called a liar.

Once you lie, you become a liar forever.

The villain needs a lie, but the world loves the truth.

It’s a lie, like a small coin: you won’t live long on it.

It is harmful for the young to lie, but it is indecent for the old.

What is false is rotten. 13. Don’t flatter, don’t be a hypocrite.

Where there is praise, there is blasphemy.

Speeches of praise that the waters are healing: they both heal and cripple. People have a lot of proverbs and sayings about a hypocrite and a flatterer:

It crumbles into a small demon.

Lays down softly, but sleeps hard.

With words that spread like leaves, and with deeds that with needles, they prick.

He speaks with a cross, but looks with a pestle.

He speaks to the right, but looks to the left.

He speaks straight, but acts crookedly.

Calls him a friend, but robs him all around.

There is honey on the tongue, and ice under the tongue.

There is honey on the tongue, and ice in the heart.

Speeches are like honey, but deeds are like wormwood.

Quiet in speech, but fierce in heart.

Warm greetings, but cold consequences.

Speeches are like snow, but actions are like soot.

If I knew where you were having lunch today, I would know whose song you are singing.

7. Do not judge anyone behind their backs, especially in the presence of others.

Whoever scolds someone behind his eyes is afraid of him.

Don't flatter in your eyes, and don't scold behind your eyes.

When you talk about strangers, you will also hear about your own.

He who says what he wants will hear what he doesn’t want.

About someone who is always dissatisfied with everything, grumbling, scolding, they say:

Scolding does not stop you, praising does not hire you.

Caws like a crow.

8. Don’t snitch, don’t snitch.

Whoever denounces will not have his head cut off.

The informer gets the first whip.

9. Do not slander yourself, and do not believe the slander of others.

Slander is like coal: if it doesn’t burn, it gets dirty.

Easy to denigrate, not easy to whitewash.

Easy to say, not easy to prove.

You can’t escape the language, it can be found everywhere.

10. Be polite, do not skimp on kind, friendly words addressed to your interlocutor and his loved ones.

Nothing is expensive, courtesy is expensive.

Hello is not complicated, but it wins hearts.

Have some bread for lunch and say hello.

A kind word will not dry out your tongue.

Bowing will not make your head fall off (it will not hurt).

Friendly words will not dry up your tongue.

A kind word is better than a soft pie.

A homeless person is rich with a kind word.

For a kind word, who wouldn’t thank you?

A kind (kind) word also pleases the cat.

And the dog sweet Nothing understands.

And when you say a gentle word to a dog, he wags his tail (it won’t bite so soon).

Hello and the dog runs.

An affectionate word makes a bone ache.

A kind word is more powerful than a club.

An honest (courteous) word calms a violent head.

An affectionate word is not difficult, but quick.

An affectionate word that it’s spring day.

A kind word in pearls.

Please does not bow, and thank you does not bend your back.

Bowing forward will come in handy.

Bowing won't hurt your back, won't make your neck go crazy.

Bowing will not break your lower back.

Don’t be picky about people, be friendly at home.

An affectionate calf sucks two queens.

It’s not all drag and play and affection.

Thank you great deal.

Don’t regret your own thanks, and don’t expect someone else’s.

11. Don't be rude or impolite to anyone.

Pray to God, and don’t be rude to the devil.

Ignorance angers God too.

For bad words even your head will fly off.

Don’t fight with prison or with the official prison.

Don't swear: your mouth won't be clean.

Do not give free rein to your tongue at a feast, in conversation, or to your heart in anger.

It’s a sin to argue, but it’s a sin to scold.

Swearing is not proof.

People dry up with abuse, but with boasting they get fat.

12. Be especially friendly with guests.

Honor to the guest, honor to the owner.

A guest on the doorstep brings happiness to the house.

No matter how small a piece of bread or a quarter of millet is, this is a treat from the kind owner.

Honor beer is better (more expensive).

To be honest, I call you like that, so you greet me on the threshold.

Glad or not glad, but say: you are welcome.

Feed him first, and then ask around.

Give him something to drink, feed him, and then ask questions after (the news).

They don’t ask: whose and who and where, but sit down to dinner.

Not to the host's guests, but to the host to thank the guests.

13. Respect the customs and rules of behavior established in society. Be polite and modest when visiting.

An unusual person cannot live with people.

They don’t go to someone else’s monastery with their own rules.

Place the cross in a written way, bow in a learned way.

At home as you wish, and at a party as you are told.

At home, as I want, and in people, as they are told.

They don’t indicate in someone else’s house.

In someone else's house, do not be noticeable, but be friendly.

Such is the honor.

Guest are guests, but I'm sorry, I'm off.

They don’t pay for bread and salt, except thanks.

Bow in a new way, but live in the old way.

14. Avoid conflict situations; If a dispute occurs, try to resolve it peacefully, do not end the conversation with a quarrel.

Speak, but don’t argue, and even if you argue, don’t be nonsense.

Scold, scold, and leave your word to the world.

Come together - fight, disperse - make peace.

With whom I fight, I will make peace with.

By the way, scold, but not by the way make up.

Make peace with people, but fight with sins.

The first scolding is better than the last.

A bad fight is better than a squabble.

Every quarrel is red with peace.

Don't be quick to argue.

It is easier to avoid a quarrel than to stop it.

Tastes could not be discussed. In a dispute, be restrained, do not give free rein to your hands.

Don't pierce with a spear, pierce with your tongue.

Talk with your tongue, but don’t give free rein to your hands.

You can't tell it with your tongue, you can't spread it with your fingers.

15. In a dispute, boldly defend the truth.

Speak (stand) boldly for a just cause.

Eat the pie (bread and salt), but cut the truth.

Don't speak bluntly, cut the truth with your tongue.

However, remember: it is not safe to tell the truth.

Everyone trumpets the truth, but not everyone loves it.

Don't believe every rumor, don't tell every truth.

16. They talk about the debater:

You give him his word, and he gives you ten.

He won’t reach into his pocket for a word (he has a word, and he has ten).

Seven dogs will be discarded.

17. Don't insist that you're right.

If you made a mistake or did something wrong, apologize.

Guilty, but guilty - God is not disgusted.

Whoever obeys will be judged by God.

The sword does not cut off a guilty head(s). To submit is to pray to God.

18. Do not remember your previous guilt to another.

Whoever remembers the old will be punished by the devil.

Whoever remembers the old, look out.

19. Do not offend anyone, patiently endure insults yourself.

Make jokes, make jokes, but don’t bother people.

If you love jokes on Foma, then love jokes on yourself.

It is better to be offended than to be the offender.

20. Don’t boast, don’t brag, don’t be arrogant.

Whoever boasts will come to his senses.

What we boast about is why we fail.

Don't say "hop" until you jump over.

Hero, don’t boast when you go to battle, but boast when you go home.

Do not boast when you go to the army, but rather boast when you leave the army.

People dry up with abuse, but with boasting they get fat. They praise - don't be proud; they teach - don't be angry. I am the last letter in the alphabet.

21. Don’t complain about your troubles, patiently endure adversity and difficulties.

Wear a dress - don’t wash it away, endure grief - don’t tell it. God (Lord, Christ) endured and commanded us.

Don't cry, God will love you better.

Rules for the listener

22. Try to listen more than talk.

Listen more and talk less.

He who speaks sows, he who listens reaps.

God gave two ears and one tongue.

Talk less, hear more.

Good silence is better than bad grumbling.

A mouth that is tightly closed will not allow a fly to fly into it.

Speech is beautiful through listening (and conversation through humility).

23. In a dialogue, do not interrupt your interlocutor.

It's good to sing together, but talk separately.

One says red, two say motley.

If they don’t ask, don’t dance.

If you don’t like it, don’t listen (and don’t bother lying).

Don't interrupt other people's words.

Speech is made by listening, and conversation is made by humility.

24. Don’t find fault with your interlocutor’s words, don’t be too demanding of him.

Not every bastard (word) fits into a line.

For whom the pronunciation does not live.

A mistake in a word is not a problem.

The conversation is not without words.

Every story is not without embellishment.

We say everything, but not everything comes out as said.

How many heads, so many minds.

Word after word clings.

Whoever is in pain talks about it.

Whatever makes someone happy, that’s what he talks about.

25. Don’t take everything they say to heart.

Worldly rumor that sea ​​wave.

A lot of things are said, but not everything is useful.

You can't sew buttons on someone else's mouth.

You can't put a scarf over someone else's mouth.

Don't believe every rumor.

Don't believe other people's words - believe your own eyes.

The tongue is a millstone: it grinds anything. The tongue is soft: it babbles whatever it wants.

26. Do not trust flattering speeches.

He who flatters well is also good at taking revenge.

Flattery and revenge are friendly.

A flatterer under words is a snake under flowers.

Love knows no revenge, and friendship knows no flattery.

They beckon: goat, goat, but they lure: the wolf will eat you!

Don’t get angry at a rude word, don’t give in to a kind word.

Don’t be angry at scolding, don’t give in to affection.

Don’t rush at a kind word, don’t get angry at a rude word.

The affectionate word is like spring ice (unreliable).

A kind word seduces many.

Don't love a bully, love a debater.

Not the well-wisher who has honey on his lips.

From whom they expect, they call them names.

A nightingale falls for a cockroach, and a man for flattering speeches.

Folk proverbs about speech etiquette

Ringing is not prayer, screaming is not conversation.

In verbosity, not without idle talk.

Think first, and then say it.

It's better to understate than to overstate.

The field is red with millet, and speech is with listening.

Kind silence is not the answer?

Talk without thinking, shoot without aiming.

My tongue is my enemy, it speaks before my mind.

Live among neighbors, be in conversations.

If you watch your tongue, it will protect you.

A heartfelt word reaches the heart.

Red speech is beautiful to listen to.

To be in an intelligent conversation is to gain intelligence, but to be in a stupid conversation is to lose yours.

A good word is half the battle.

The field is red with millet, and the conversation is with the mind. Smart speech is good to listen to.

Talk to a smart guy about drinking honey.

In good times to speak, and in bad times to remain silent.

The tongue will not wither from polite words.

A kind word is not difficult, but soon.

Don’t give in to a kind word, don’t be offended by a nasty word.

The word is not an arrow, but stings in the heart.

An unkind word that fire burns.

1. Speech etiquette in the traditional culture of the Russian North: semantics, structure, functioning (based on the archive “spiritual culture of the Russian North in folk literature”)

   Essay

   Expressions folk etiquette. People's cult of saints." Chapter II. People's speech etiquette and communication culture 2.1. Situations folk speech etiquette... V Proverbs Russian people V.I. Dahl, in the SRNG, as well as in the Russian Dictionary speech etiquette: ‘ ...

2. An Yongpeng Speech etiquette in the field of business hospitality in Russian (against the background of Chinese)

   Essay

   The most famous dictionary in Russia proverbs- dictionary " Proverbs Russian people" V.I. Dalia... This dictionary reflects folk a mentality that conveys an attitude... one's own specific content speech etiquette. Speech etiquette every nation...

3. Explanatory note 5 content of psychological and pedagogical work on cognitive and speech development educational area “Cognition”

   Explanatory note

   Consolidate Russian knowledge - folk proverbs and sayings that glorify... To develop communication skills, speech and behavioral etiquette. Foster positive, value-based... Help master forms speech etiquette. Continue to develop your skills...

4. Work program for the course “Russian language” 2nd grade

   Working programm

   ... "); - exchange of opinions about the meaning proverbs, formulas speech etiquette; – explanations why the interlocutors are not... nationality. Observe the peculiarities of Russian folk speech: melody, rhythm, imagery. Find...

5. 26. Rassudova O.P. The use of verb types in modern Russian. 2nd ed., rev. and additional M.: Russian language, 1982. - 149 p.

   27.Russian grammar. Volume 1. Phonetics, phonology, stress, intonation, word formation, morphology. M.: Nauka, 1980. - 783 p.

   28. Tikhonov A.N. Pure species prefixes in the system of Russian species formation. // Questions of linguistics. 1964, no. 1. - P.42-52.

   29. Tikhonov A.I. Species correlations in modern Russian language. // Type typology: problems, searches, solutions. M.: Languages ​​of Russian Culture, 1998. - P.466-477.

   © B.N. Kovalenko, 2015

   L.V. Sokolova,

   K. philol. Sc., Associate Professor Faculty social work Russian state social university Cheboksary, Russian Federation Email: [email protected]

   RUSSIAN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS ABOUT LANGUAGE AND SPEECH ETIQUETTE

   annotation

   Proverbs and sayings express in concentrated form the essence of the worldview, the mentality of the people, the characteristics of culture, and speech etiquette. Russian proverbs and sayings through the centuries convey ideas about the moral ideal of the people. This is the encrypted wisdom of our ancestors, a testament to future generations.

   Keywords

   Language, speech, speech etiquette, mentality, speech culture.

   In Proverbs and sayings, in concentrated form, it is expressed the essence of attitude, mentality, culture, speech etiquette. Through the centuries Russian proverbs and sayings convey notions about the moral ideal of the people. It encrypted the wisdom of the ancestors, the covenant for future generations.

   Language, speech, speech etiquette, mentality, speech culture.

   All peoples, in all languages ​​of the world have proverbs and sayings about language. The moral and educational value of these short and succinct expressions is undoubted. It is in them that the moral consciousness, mentality, and spirit of the ethnic group are expressed. Knowing the history of our state, the peculiarities of our way of life Ancient Rus', the natural and climatic features of the territory where the ancient Slavs lived, the myths and legends of these tribes, we can understand a lot, explain a lot in their behavior, in the priorities that are reflected in proverbs and sayings. We can decrypt archetypal images, motives of behavior, including speech.

   In many cultures, language is highly valued and it is recommended to treat it with care. The Russian language is replete with proverbs and sayings about Russian speech and speech behavior in various situations. Proverbs and sayings emphasize the importance of language as the basis human existence. This is the core that shapes personality: Language is the anchor of the body. Without a tongue and the bell is mute. Without the ability to speak

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   a person cannot fully realize his individuality. Of all living beings, only man can speak and communicate with God: Language also talks with God.

   There are quite a lot of proverbs and sayings in the Russian language, in which the language appears as a guide, a commander, and the inspiring, leading role of the language is emphasized: Language will lead you to Kyiv. The tongue is like a lever. The tongue is the banner, it leads the squad. A small tongue makes a great man move. The tongue is small, but it controls the whole body. Language moves kingdoms.

   But a word can also destroy a person, in proverbs and sayings this is the very terrible weapon: The word is lost, but people die from it. A word is not an arrow, but it hits harder than an arrow. The word is not a blow, but worse than a blow. A word to the word rose: with a word the Lord created the world, with a word Judas betrayed the Lord. Don't be afraid of the knife, but of the tongue. Don't pierce with a spear, pierce with your tongue. The razor scrapes, but the word cuts.

   A person is sensitive to words, clearly reacts to various nuances of speech and behavior. None Living being the way a person does not react to speech. Therefore, a word can be destroyed, but at the same time: You cannot kill a mosquito with a word.

   Folk wisdom values ​​precise, well-aimed, clearly spoken words. Appreciates people who can insert a well-aimed word at the right time, who can encourage them with a kind, affectionate word: The word says that it will give you a ruble. He speaks as if a river is babbling. He sings sweetly, you can listen to him differently. Word by word that serves on a shovel. He speaks as if it were written. Weaves lace with his tongue. He says it's like he's sticking. He speaks rarely, but aptly. He won’t reach into his pocket for words. A kind word is worth hundreds of empty ones. A homeless person is rich with a kind word. A kind (kind) word also pleases the cat. A kind word is better than a soft pie. Hello is not complicated, but it wins hearts. A kind word in pearls.

   Continuous speech, without stumbling, is valued: It is better to stumble with your foot than with your tongue. Live, spontaneous, improvised speech is better than written: The Living Word more valuable than dead letters. Individuality is noted: It is good to sing together, but speak separately. People also encourage the ability to insert a proverb/saying at the right time: Speech is beautiful in a parable (saying).

   The inability to communicate was condemned and caused feelings of irritation and anger. They said about a person who has poor command of thought and speech: He mumbles like a capercaillie. He talks like dragging a collar onto a horse with pincers. He says he will give birth. He will utter a word and chew the cud. Formal, unemotional speech was condemned: He has a cloth tongue.

   The wit did not go unnoticed. The metaphor of the similarity of a sharp tongue/razor, needles emphasizes the effect of contact with sharp objects. Everything spicy invigorates, excites, but is also fraught with danger. We also remember that the word is a weapon: It has a tongue like a razor. With words that spread like leaves, and with deeds that stab with needles. Don't pierce with a spear, pierce with your tongue. You can’t escape the language, it can be found everywhere.

   A person who suffers from verbosity is condemned by the people. His abilities are associated with sin, with the devil’s machinations: He crumbles to pieces like a petty demon. The tongue leads into the sinus. A long rope is good, but a short speech. It’s not appropriate to talk too much. Talking too much will give you a headache. Short speech good, but long - dragging. Speak, but don't talk. To say too much is to harm yourself. Gossipers were condemned because they abused the power of the verbal element. Proverbs and sayings focus attention on the process of gossip, exaggerating its scope: If the hen knew, the neighbor would know. The pig will tell the hog, and the hog will tell the whole city. Know a magpie by its tongue.

   Initially, speech was characterized by magic and mystery. Otherworldly forces were privy to this secret. Among mortals, only a person endowed with special abilities could comprehend it. Proverbs and sayings recommended: Fear the Most High, do not say unnecessary things. Pray to God, and don’t be rude to the devil. Talking a lot is bad, sinful; talkativeness is akin to idleness: He who speaks little does more. He who interprets less is more sad. He plays well, but doesn’t know what he’s doing. He who storms with his tongue will fight little. Storytellers are not suitable as clerks. Quiet in speech, but fierce in heart.

   What is said can turn against the speaker, you need to be extremely careful, circumspect: Speak, but look back. For bad words even your head will fly off. Whoever says what he wants will hear for himself what he doesn’t want. Not everything is good, as they say. It is said - silver, it is not said - gold. Don't say everything you know. Not every word (bast) is in a line. I would say a word, but the wolf is not far away. The tongue will lead you to the tavern. The tongue will not bring you any good. You can’t take back what’s been said. The power of words and the irreversibility of consequences are emphasized

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   rash speech: You can hold the horse on the reins, but you can’t take the words out of your mouth. You can't intercept a spit, you can't turn back a word. It’s an idle word to say that it’s crazy to throw a stone. If you say it, you won’t turn it back, if you write it, you won’t erase it, if you chop it off, you won’t put it back.

   There are situations when speaking is dangerous, and silence is tantamount to spiritual meanness: Speaking is a problem, but remaining silent is another. Speak (stand) boldly for a just cause. Popular wisdom advises to remain silent if the situation allows. Silence is seen as a blessing. On the contrary, excessive talkativeness is a vice. The ability to listen is very productive. It is also recommended to experience grief on your own, without involving others in your affairs: Speech is beautiful through listening (and conversation through humility). By the way, keep silent big word say. Talk less, hear more. He who speaks sows, he who listens gathers (reaps). There is no shame in remaining silent if you have nothing to say. Not everything is out loud. Wear a dress - don’t sweep it away, endure grief - don’t tell it.

   It was recommended to praise a person in his absence, so as not to become proud. Discussion behind the scenes, in the absence of the culprit, was perceived as a sin, a bad deed: the culprit could not justify himself or give an answer. Moreover, the ability to speak the truth face to face was valued and was considered a brave act: Whoever scolds someone behind the eyes is afraid of him. Don't praise in front of you, don't blame behind your eyes. They had a negative attitude towards informers and sneaks: Whoever starts informing will not take his head off. It is ideal for a language when thoughts and the sound envelope coincide, but this happens extremely rarely, so proverbs and sayings pay attention to the fact that thoughts and words do not diverge from deeds: If you say what you think, then think what you say. Think first, then speak.

   In proverbs and sayings, language appears as a verbal element, natural in its essence, which a person often cannot cope with. Only the strong, the strong-willed can she submit: Lips and teeth are two constipations (fences), but I can’t hold back. Worldly rumor is like a sea wave. The tongue is a millstone: it grinds anything. My tongue is my enemy (he speaks before his mind). My tongue is my enemy: it prowls before the mind, seeks trouble. The tongue is soft: it babbles whatever it wants. Keep your mouth shut. Keep your tongue short. Keep your tongue on a leash (on a string). Eat the mushroom pie and keep your mouth shut. Do not give free rein to your tongue at a feast, in conversation, or to your heart in anger. People advise the speaker to turn to himself, to look at himself from the outside: Talk less to others, and more to yourself.

   The word was worth its weight in gold. In Rus' people who know how to keep their word have always been respected and trusted. Proverbs and sayings remind us of responsibility for what is said. The word must be supported by deeds: If you didn’t give a word, be strong, but if you gave it, hold on. No sooner said than done. The word is given like a bullet is fired. Keep your word, don’t run with the wind. He said his word, so at least put some luggage on it.

   Russian culture is characterized by traditionalism and patriarchy. Customs of the ancestors, moral rules are considered unwritten laws: Custom is (older) above the law. Proverbs and sayings demonstrate to us the norms of speech etiquette entrenched in Russian culture. If you are visiting, you are obliged to honor the traditions of your hosts and treat them with respect: In someone else’s house, do not be noticeable, but be friendly. They don’t indicate in someone else’s house. Honor to the guest, honor to the owner. At home, as I want, and in people, as they are told. The guest needs to be happy, at least outwardly portray cordiality. You need to thank the guests for their visit: Don’t be reserved for the guest, but be glad to see him. Glad or not glad, but say: you are welcome! Not to the host's guests, but to the host to thank the guests. Among many nations, before you start asking about something, you need to give the guest something to drink and feed. This ritual is also played out in Russian folklore (in fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, songs), it is associated with the beliefs of the Slavs that a person who has tasted food in your house will never harm you (V.Ya. Propp, A.N. Afanasiev). It has survived to this day. This is also reflected in proverbs and sayings: Feed in advance, and then ask. Give him something to drink, feed him, and then ask questions after (the news). They don’t ask: whose and who and where, but sit down to dinner.

   Special place are occupied by proverbs and sayings about praise and flattery. The people knew how to differentiate between them. Praise is welcomed, flattery is frowned upon. Weak, weak-willed, susceptible to flattery. A self-sufficient person who knows his own worth can easily distinguish flattery from praise, but there are few of them: A kind word seduces many. A kind word is more powerful than a club. An affectionate word that it’s a spring day. An honest (courteous) word calms a violent head. From whom they expect, they call them names. You won't hear a kind word from a dashing person. The affectionate calf of two queens sucks. Hello and the dog runs. Flattery is perceived sharply negatively in the popular consciousness and alarms the interlocutor. This is a kind of lie: A flatterer with words is a snake under flowers. A flatterer will always find a corner in the heart.

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   There is honey on the tongue, and ice under the tongue. There is honey on the tongue, and ice in the heart. A nightingale falls for a cockroach, and a man for flattering speeches. The bird is fed with food, and the person is deceived (lured) with words. They beckon: goat, goat, but they lure: the wolf will eat you! Don’t be angry at a rude word, don’t give up at a kind word. Proverbs and sayings advise saying “polite” words more often. It has long been noted that they have a positive effect on emotional condition interlocutor, smooth out conflicts: I went to lunch, say hello. A kind word will not dry out your tongue. People dry up with abuse, but with boasting they get fat. Please don't bow, and thank you don't bend your back. Bowing forward will come in handy. Bowing will not break your back. Don’t regret your own thanks, and don’t expect someone else’s. Bowing won't hurt your back and won't make your neck go crazy. They don’t pay for bread and salt, except thanks. Even a crust of bread and a quarter of millet, even that treat is from the kind owner.

   In European cultures, lying is condemned and punished. You can't lie even to your enemies. Among the peoples of the East, you cannot lie to your fellow tribesmen, enemies, or people of other faiths. Lies, cunning, resourcefulness, enterprise in folklore, in the heroic epic - the features that distinguish eastern peoples from Europeans (from the point of view of Europeans). In Russian proverbs and sayings, the attitude towards lies is sharply negative. Moreover, it speaks of the inevitability of punishment for lying, of its eventual exposure: Yesterday I lied, and today they call me a liar. Once you lie, you become a liar forever.

   Public opinion plays important role In human life. It establishes standards of behavior, punishes violators, making them famous throughout the world. We have to take into account the opinion of society. It is necessary to take care of your image, but it is not always possible to control public opinion: You cannot put a scarf over someone else’s mouth. You can't sew buttons on someone else's mouth. It’s curious that there are no proverbs or sayings about manipulation public opinion, about the possibility of managing it.

   Russian speech etiquette in proverbs and sayings prescribes that speech corresponds to the goals, conditions of communication, and audience. Violation of these norms is condemned: I started with satin stitch and ended with reptile. I started for health, and ended for peace.

   Proverbs and sayings establish rules of conduct during conversation, which are still observed today. You need to listen to your interlocutor, only then can you enter into a conversation: Don’t interrupt other people’s words. Without argument, quarrels, and swearing, human life is impossible. But even in a quarrel one must follow the rules of etiquette. We must remember that in a dispute, in a quarrel, we should leave the opportunity for reconciliation, we should not harbor resentment over a swear word spoken in our hearts, we must be principled: fight sins, and not the people who commit them: A bad fight is better than a squabble. One word can lead to a quarrel forever. The first scolding is better than the last. Come together - fight, disperse - make peace. Scold, scold, and leave your word to the world. With whom to bow, do not quarrel with. Make peace with people, but fight with sins. Every quarrel is red with peace. You give him his word, and he gives you ten. Speak, but don’t argue, and even if you argue, don’t be nonsense. It does not defile in the mouth, it defiles from the mouth. Don’t rush at a kind word, don’t get angry at a rude word. Swearing should be avoided, as it is from the evil one. Swearing is a sin. But if it comes to fighting, then resort to physical strength still shouldn't. Don't quarrel with the authorities: Don't swear: your mouth will be unclean. Don’t fight with prison or with the official prison. It’s a sin to argue, but it’s a sin to scold. Talk with your tongue, but don’t give free rein to your hands.

   People divided conversations and arguments into productive and unproductive. Intelligent conversation developed the interlocutors, talk with smart person- become a little smarter yourself. Listening smart speeches, a person received aesthetic pleasure: In a smart conversation, gain intelligence, in a stupid conversation, lose yours. Talk to a smart guy about drinking honey. In someone else's conversation, everyone accumulates intelligence. The field is red with millet, and the conversation is with the mind.

   Russian culture is characterized by collective consciousness. The individual dissolves in the collective, in the community. Yacking, selfishness, egocentrism in behavior and speech are condemned: I am the last letter in the alphabet. The idea of ​​living in peace, together still dominates the minds of Russians. Today she is faced with the desire to be individual, unique, not like anyone else, this is especially typical for younger generation, brought up under strong influence Western culture. Therefore, some ethical norms and patterns of behavior (including speech) embedded in our history are subject to transformation and rethinking.

   List of used literature:

   1. Afanasyev A. N. Poetic views of the Slavs on nature: In 3 volumes - M., 1994.

   2. Balaklay A.G. Dictionary of Russian speech etiquette. - M.: Astrel: AST: Guardian, 2007. - 767 p.

   3. Dal V.I. Dictionary alive Great Russian language. T. 1 - M.: BUSINESSSOFT, 2004. - 700 p.

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   4. Mokienko V. M. Images of Russian speech. Historical, etymological and ethnolinguistic essays on phraseology. - L., 1986. - 280 p.

   5. Propp V. Ya. Historical roots fairy tale. - L., 1986. - 364 p.

   6. Sokolova L. V. Development of rhetorical skills and abilities among bachelor students of the specialty “Psychology”: Collection of materials of the II All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Youth and science: reality and development prospects”. - Makhachkala, 2015. - P.253.

   7. Sokolova L. V. Linguistic and cultural features business communications// Modern tendencies in fundamental and applied research: Second International Correspondence scientific-practical conference. April 30, 2015 - Ryazan, 2015.

   © L. V. Sokolova, 2015

   UDC 811.161.1

   T.M. Sokolova

   Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Philology, St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

   ABOUT CONDUCTING STUDY TOURS BY FOREIGN STUDENTS IN

   THE PROCESS OF THEIR TRAINING OF RFL

   annotation

   One of the forms of teaching Russian as a foreign language (RFL) to foreign students at the middle stage can be educational excursions (real or virtual) on historical and cultural topics. The fundamental feature of such excursions is that the preparation for them is led by the RFL teacher, and they are carried out by the students themselves. This type of lesson-excursion not only helps to satisfy the cognitive needs of students, but also facilitates the difficult process of entering a new linguistic and cultural reality, and also increases productivity educational activities students, since it involves regularly completing a system of various tasks based on the study of materials on the historical and cultural situation in Russia in different periods its development.

   Keywords

   Russian as a foreign language, study tour, linguistic and cultural.

   Foreign language education in modern conditions, including teaching Russian as a foreign language (RFL) at the middle stage, should be built on a broad cultural basis. IN last decade The pedagogical community managed to realize that the “cultural” component of a foreign language lesson is by no means secondary in its teaching potential. The cultural aspect (component) of training is not a “backdrop” for the formation of linguistic competence and speech skills in foreign language, and the same equal and integral part of the content educational complex, as well as traditional aspects of grammar, phonetics and what is often called “vocabulary” (or in other words: as well as teaching various interrelated types speech activity- writing, reading, speaking and listening). At the same time, in order to activate the hidden mechanisms of comprehending RFL at the middle stage, it is important to “immerse” students in cultural space one way or another historical era with the aim of teaching language and speech using carefully selected and methodically prepared material, where each lesson combines linguistic, historical and cultural information. In this case, in educational process the principle of co-study of language and culture is implemented. When teaching foreigners RFL in a Russian-speaking environment, teachers and students are the owners of an additional resource for teaching RFL, which is historical

   The article talks about such moral values as a courtesy. You will learn how to teach children this quality with the help of sayings and proverbs.

   All nationalities have proverbs, fairy tales, sayings that contain folk wisdom. Thanks to them, you can learn the rules of good manners, politeness, respect, and goodwill. The Slavs taught their children these qualities from an early age using examples from oral folk art.

   They read them fairy tales before going to bed, mentioned proverbs and sayings when a situation related to this topic arose. Parents and grandparents also explained to the kids the meaning of the sayings. The children grew up and adopted good qualities character from their older relatives. Further we'll talk about proverbs, sayings with themes about politeness and their semantic meaning.

   Proverbs and sayings about politeness for preschool age, kindergarten: a collection with an explanation of the meaning

   In order to teach politeness, many various methods. At school and kindergartens, children are taught the rules of communication in a team, discuss various situations, which are based on examples from fairy tales, sayings, and literature.

   People who are endowed with this quality have:

   • ability to tactfully communicate with others
   • ability to make compromise decisions in various conflicts
   • the talent to listen to an interlocutor who does not agree with certain judgments.

   Politeness - y different nations It has great friend from a friend concept. In one state, some manifestations may be considered rude and inappropriate, in another country it is the opposite.

   Leopold the cat is a model of politeness

   • Politeness costs nothing but brings a lot- when a person knows how to behave well in society, people willingly communicate with him, he can achieve a lot.
   • In someone else's house, don't be noticeable, but be friendly- you can’t dictate your terms while visiting and always turn it on yourself everyone's attention. It is better to be friendly with the owners of the house.
   • Bowing won't hurt your back, won't make your neck go crazy- when a person knows how to remain silent in a timely manner and not incite a conflict, then this is very much appreciated.
   • For all kinds of greetings you need to have answers— acquaintances do not always treat their friends cordially. Sometimes, instead of greeting, they can tell a person that he has recovered. You shouldn’t take this with hostility; it’s enough to just say hello and walk past without starting a conversation. Or you can take the conversation in a different direction and also begin to gently discuss this friend - point out his shortcomings.
   • Don’t rush to grab: dry your hands- the expression is used during a meal. You cannot sit at the table with dirty hands.
   • An affectionate word costs nothing to oneself, but gives a lot to others— try to give a compliment to your friend and you will see how his mood will improve.
   • Resin is not water, swearing is not hello— polite people try not to conflict.
   • Politeness made a prince out of a slave, bad character made a slave out of a prince— people always appreciate those who are good-natured and polite to everyone. If a person with high position does not have such quality, then there will be no trust in him.

   The best proverbs and sayings about politeness for primary and secondary school age: a collection with an explanation of the meaning

   Children should know that polite words work wonders. When you address others with dignity, your interlocutors respect your statements. Proverbs teach young diplomats exactly this.

   
   
   Polite children will not eat sweets without treating others
   • A kind word is better than a soft pie- one compliment can lift a person’s mood to the skies.
   • A kind word that a spring day— in the spring everything begins to bloom, nature smells fragrant, people feel the tide good emotions, this is precisely the feeling with which kind words are compared.
   • Say a kind word - give a stick in your hands- nothing lifts your spirits like good speeches, nice talking.
   • You can't buy education and politeness in a shop.— no good manners are for sale, they are developed over the years.
   • A kind word to a man is like rain in a drought- You can cheer up a gloomy person with affectionate speeches.
   • A homeless man is rich with a kind word- If a person is polite, it does not mean that he has a high status.
   • Those who could not take with affection will not take with severity.- when an individual does not have the talent to communicate with people, he will not be able to come to an agreement with them.
   • A kind word will open the iron gates— there are no boundaries for good-natured people; thanks to their talent for communication, you can find many friends.
   • A good word travels in pearls, but an evil word strikes like an arrow.- sometimes bad wishes and statements can negatively affect people, but good ones, on the contrary, will cause an upswing in all matters.
   • The big word is “please”- remember this word and always say it when it is appropriate.
   • “Thank you” is a great thing- this word cannot replace any money.
   • “Please” doesn’t bow, and “thank you” doesn’t bend your back.- use these sayings and you will be considered a cultured person.

   Popular Russian folk proverbs and sayings about politeness: a collection with an explanation of the meaning

   Russians folk proverbs They can very accurately notice that a person does not have a sense of politeness. Or vice versa - these expressions will become assistants in raising a respectable person if he diligently absorbs the material.

   
   
   If a child has a bad upbringing, then he will be treated poorly
   • The word burns worse than fire - if statements touch an individual’s heart, then peace of mind is disturbed and mental problems appear.
   • A good word heals, but an evil word cripples - the expression is clear even without explanation. It's about spiritual state person.
   • The bad word is dirty water - ill-mannered people can tell lies to others, and because of this, someone may get hurt.
   • A kind word will melt the ice - the most callous person wants to hear too pleasant words. After all, he also has feelings, only a polite person can reach his heart.
   • Politeness opens all doors - and indeed it is. If rude man will knock on the house, they will ignore him, they will not want any communication with him.
   • To a good greeting, a kind and answer - if they treat you with all their hearts, then you will reciprocate, proven by centuries-old wisdom.

   The most interesting proverbs and sayings about politeness for children: a collection with an explanation of the meaning

   If a child is not brought up, it means that little influence is given to him. Before it's too late, parents need to get involved in the process. Otherwise, an ill-mannered, already adult person will not be able to achieve much in life. Society values ​​the ability to communicate. You can't do without politeness here.

   
   
   Mom teaches child rules of behavior
   • Thank the one who does you a favor- if they help you Hard time, then thank these people, do not forget about them. Perhaps in the future they will also need your help.
   • Beneficence helps to control people- the ability to be good-natured and polite with others opens up a person’s great opportunities, including control of the masses, thanks to trust.
   • A noble man does not remember the old evil- vindictive individuals cannot be well-mannered.
   • A fragrant paradise is open to those who good deeds famous- only polite, noble, kind, decent people reach heights.
   • To the magnanimous the whole world is kin— good upbringing- a guarantee that you will have many well-wishers in your social circle, you will quickly be able to find friends.
   • To live in evil is to walk through the world- the evil one cannot find a place for himself anywhere, he is always looking for where it is better. But he can’t settle down anywhere because he doesn’t know how to communicate with people.
   • Everyone loves good, but not everyone loves it- everyone is drawn to kind people, but when a person is initially ill-mannered, they don’t want to be friends with him.
   • You will quarrel in the smoke - then you will burn with shame- any quarrel brings unpleasant sensations to both parties. That is why it is better not to allow this to happen. Cultured, polite people never quarrel and try to resolve the conflict peacefully.

   Small, short proverbs and sayings for children about politeness: a collection with an explanation of the meaning

   Below see sayings, proverbs about culture, politeness with explanations for children that are easy to remember, thanks to short text and understandable content.

   
   
   A good hello is a good answer.
   • They fear arrogance, but respect politeness- any person will not want to be rude to a cultured person, because he will never allow it.
   • Ask with thunder - they will answer with rain- rude greetings are answered in the same way.
   • They are not standing on the threshold— they talk about how friendly (in quotes) the owners are, that they don’t even let others in the door.
   • As it comes back, so will it respond- good always comes back, just like ignorance.
   • If you want to be a good guest, praise the hostess- when visiting, you should behave friendly with the owners of the house and not try to establish your own rules.
   • The affectionate body sucks two wombs, but the gloomy one sucks none- polite, good people are more likely to gain the favor of other individuals than rude people.
   • A kind word pleases the cat too- Even animals understand well when they are treated kindly. It is impossible to hide your violent temper and bad upbringing from either animals or people.

   Teach your children generally accepted standards of behavior. Discuss fairy tale heroes with them, read folk sayings, explain their meaning. Then your child, when he grows up, will be polite not only with others, but also with you.

   Video: proverbs about kindness, decency and culture of behavior for children