What affixes are considered productive and unproductive. affixes

The vocabulary of modern English is replenished mainly through word formation and borrowings. Productive ways of word formation in modern English are:

1) Phrasing.
2) Affixation.
3) Abbreviations.
4) Conversion.
5) The formation of verbs by adding post-verbal derivational elements (Nikishin http://www.pglu.ru).

First, consider productive ways of forming new words.

1. Compounding is one of the most ancient, universal and widespread ways of word formation in the English language. The word formation process is a fusion of two bases - homonymous word forms, for example, "carryback" (transferring losses to more early period), "think-tank" (collective brain).

In cases where words are combined that end and begin with the same vowel or consonant, one of them is omitted:

"net" + "etiquette" = "netiquette" (unwritten generally accepted rules for communicating or posting information on the Internet).

The number of complex derivative units is increasing. The main productive suffix is the suffix - "er": "page-turner" (extremely interesting book); "all-nighter" (something that lasts all night, such as classes during a session).

Among the complex units, a significant proportion are words formed with the help of particles and adverbs, this is especially true for adjectives and verbs:

"laid-back" (relaxed), "buttoned-down" (conservative), traditional, "turned-on" (agitated), "switched-off" (disconnected, not feeling anything).

One of the most common multicomponent models has become in recent times model with the word line, which is on the verge compound words and phrases:

"straight-line responsibility" (direct responsibility);

"dotted-line responsibility" (responsibility divided between two);

"bottom-line" (final);

"top-of-the-line" (the best).

This model is limited in use to situations of informal communication by representatives of business circles.

Very often, with a similar method of formation, neologisms have a satirical connotation, especially in the press:

"... that they taste the same in Peking as they do in London or New York, and so it was that world burgernomics was born by McDonald's"

(http://www.independent.co.uk).

In this case, the author of the article wants to draw the reader's attention to the significant development of the McDonald's restaurant chain, the fast food industry, which has its own laws and phenomena. And like other economic laws, they operate in the same way in different countries:

(... that they taste the same in Beijing as they do in London or New York, that's how McDonald's created the world's hamburgernomics).

In general, multicomponent units used in informal communication are more characteristic of the American version, for example:

"to nickel-and-dime" (to give great attention little things),

"meat-and-potatoes" (basic),

"nuts-and-bolts" (basic),

"quick-and-dirty" (bar, cafe where you can have a quick bite).

2. Affixation is another productive way of forming new words in the English language. At different stages of the development of society, the language prefers different ways of word formation and, in particular, different affixes. The popularity of certain word-building means is determined by the needs of society at a certain point in its development.

For example, in the 80s and 90s of the XX century. appeared in English great amount words formed with the suffixes -ist, -ism, which have become unusually productive in the field of political correctness to denote different ways verbal and non-verbal discrimination: "alphabetizm", "sexist".

Negative connotations have the following suffixes:

eer ("profiteer" (speculator), "racketeer" (racketeer));

ster ("funster" (clown, wimp); "schoolster" (teacher, bad teacher));

nik ("neatnik" (cleansing), "noodnik" (bore));

hop ("to jobhop" (change jobs often));

er ("do-nothinger" (loafer, gimp)) (Zemskaya, 1992).

The "ness" suffix continues to be one of the most productive in modern English ("hawkishness" (aggressiveness)).

Affixes are characterized by the following common features:

All affixes are semantically relevant morphemes with more or less abstract meaning.

The affix must have a sign of free identification, i.e. taken as part of a word.

Affixes should be used to form words from stems of different origin; borrowed affixes must generate new words based on the language that borrowed them.

affixes must have certain frequency use; at the same time, the data of neologism dictionaries can serve as evidence of their productivity and belonging specifically to the category of affixes (and not components of compound words).

3. Abbreviation is the most productive among the irregular ways of forming morphological neologisms, which reflect the tendency to rationalize the language, to save language efforts. Despite the fact that abbreviations make up only a small percentage of the total number of neologisms, their number is growing.

Of the four types of abbreviations (abbreviations, acronyms, truncations, mergers), truncated words predominate, for example:

anchor< «anchorman» (обозреватель новостей, координирующий теле- или радиопрограммы).

The word is limited in use to the American version (in the British version it corresponds to "presenter", "lib"< «liberation»).

A feature of truncations is their limited use in colloquial speech. Truncation is most characteristic of various types slang (school, sports, newspaper). Among the examples cited above, newspaper clippings predominate. So, "upmanship" often appears on the pages of English newspapers and is used in advertisements, in recommendations on how to achieve success:

“Upmanship is the art of being one up on all the others. hospital management:

My Doc is better'n yours."

(Levashov, 2007).

Abbreviations and acronyms occupy a large place among abbreviations. "VCR" (video-cassette recorder), "TM" (transcendental meditation), "PC" (personal computer), "MTV" (Music Television). As a rule, abbreviations are spelled. When an abbreviation occurs only in writing, it is read as full word. What is new is the absence of dots after each letter of the abbreviations, which makes them closer to acronyms. Acronyms are pronounced like full words:

"IMHO" (in by humble opinion) (In my opinion humble opinion) youth slang;

"CAD" (computer-aided design) (Computer-aided design) in medicine.

The acronyms used in the field of education deserve special attention: “TEFL” (Teaching English as a Foreign Language); everyone knows international organization teachers of English as a foreign language "IATEFL" (International Association of Teachers English as a Foreign Language) and the American organization "TESOL" (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages); in the field of security environment: "UNEP" (United Nations Environmental Program).

4. Conversion is the transition of a word from one part of speech to another. So, for example, now on the Internet you can often see "E-mail me / us to ..." Understanding the meaning of such a neologism is not difficult. The syntactic context makes it possible to determine whether the word belongs to transitive verbs, and knowing the meaning of the word "E-mail" (electronic mail), we translate: Send messages by e-mail to the address ...

Conversion as a way of creating new words has significantly reduced its activity and is inferior to all other types of word formation.

Among converted nouns, there is an increasing tendency to form from verbs with postpositions: "rip-off" (fraud) (from "to rip-off" (fraud)). A significant number of new nouns are formed by conversion from adjectives, for example:

"collectbles" (objects to be collected, especially obsolete or rare);

"cool" (self-control, restraint) is often used in the phrases "to lose one`s cool", "to keep one`s cool" (to lose control, restrain).

Especially productive is the formation of nouns from adjectives ending in - "ic", for example: "acrylic", "transuranic, tricyclic". Nouns can be formed from verb phrases, for example: “work-to-rule” (performance by workers with demands to comply with all clauses of the employment contract).

When nouns are formed from adjectives at the semantic level, the seme “quality” is muted and the seme “subject” is added, which becomes the center of the meaning of the substantiated unit: “acrylic” (acrylic) (synthetic material).

Thus, during the conversion, the content of the concept is enriched.

In terms of territorial dimension, the new converted units are limited mainly to the American variant and, to a lesser extent, to the British variant of the English language (Zemskaya, 1992).

Unproductive are the methods of plural formation, which are the remnants of ancient paradigms or borrowed from other languages, for example: suppletive forms with alternating vowels (man - men, tooth - teeth), archaic suffix -en (ox - oxen), some individual suffixes of the singular and plural numbers from borrowed nouns (antenna - antennae, stratum - strata, nucleus - nuclei, etc.); in addition, for some nouns, the plural form is homonymous with the singular (sheep, fish, deer, etc.). The singular number of nouns is in most cases unmarked (has a "zero exponent").

There are a number of suffixes that are used in non-productive word formation:

-hood - neighborhood, childhood
-ment - judgment, development
-ance - importance, appearance
-ence - dependence, difference
-ly - slowly, lively
-ity - curiosity, clarity.

Unproductive prefixes include: -in- and its phonetic variants - im-, il-, ir-, resulting from regressive assimilation with the initial consonant of the root. The prefix in is of Romanesque origin; occurs mainly in the composition of borrowed words; gives meaning to negation:

"incorrect" (wrong, incorrect) - "correct" (correct); "improbable" (incredible, implausible) - "probable" (probable, plausible); "illegal" (illegal) - "legal" (legal);

"irregular" (non-standard) - "regular" (standard).

En is a prefix of Romance origin; in combination with the stems of nouns and adjectives forms verbs:

"enlarge" (increase), "enslave" (enslave), "enrich" (enrich);

sometimes gives them the meaning of inclusion in something: “enchain” (put on a chain, shackle), “encircle” (surround).

Some linguists distinguish so-called dead prefixes in English. These include the prefixes for- and a- of Germanic origin. In Old English, the prefixes for- and a- had a meaning: for- the meaning of destruction, cancellation, a- amplifying meaning. In modern English, the prefixes for- and a- have lost their meaning and merged with the root; for example, "forgive" (forgive), "forbid" (prohibit), "arise" (arise, appear), "awake" (wake up, awaken).

In some cases, they even partially retain the Latin inflection forms (formula pl. formulae, memorandum pl. memoranda).

Also, unproductive methods include changes in stress at the root of the word. Verb converted to noun (See Appendix)

findings

After analyzing the information provided, we can conclude that neologisms appear in the language constantly as a result of the development of science, technology, culture, social relations, etc.

New words appear in the language in two ways: they either come by borrowing, or they are formed in the language itself in productive ways.

It should be noted that new words are perceived as neologisms only until the concepts they express become familiar, after which they are firmly included in the vocabulary and are no longer perceived as new.

In English, there are productive and unproductive ways of forming words.

Productive ways of word formation in modern English are: 1) Composition. 2) Affixation. 3) Abbreviations. 4) Conversion. 5) The formation of verbs by adding post-verbal derivational elements.

Unproductive ways of word formation include:

one). Vowel alternations at the root. 2). Change of accent.

Asanova Zera Aripovna, Seydametova Nariye Seidmametovna

NON-PRODUCTIVE DERIVATIVE AFFIXES OF ADJECTIVES IN THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

The article reveals the features of derivational affixation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, namely, the derivational types of adjectives, in the formation of which are involved unproductive affixes. The number of adjectives functioning in this moment in the language system of the Crimean Tatar language, with unproductive affixes, which allows us to talk about their unproductiveness. Non-productive derivational morphemes are identified by comparing derivatives and generating stems, based on their formal semantic correlation. Article address: www.gramota.net/materials/2/2017/10-2712.html

Source

Philological Sciences. Questions of theory and practice

Tambov: Diploma, 2017. No. 10(76): in 3 parts. Part 2. C. 44-47. ISSN 1997-2911.

Journal address: www.gramota.net/editions/2.html

Information about the possibility of publishing articles in the journal is available on the website of the publisher: www.gramota.net Questions related to the publication of scientific materials, the editors ask to be sent to: [email protected]

^BY 1997-2911. No. 10 (76) 2017. Part 2

UDC 8P.512.19 "373.6P: 8G367.623

The article reveals the features of derivational affixation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, namely, the word-forming types of adjectives, in the formation of which unproductive affixes are involved, are considered. The number of adjectives that currently function in the language system of the Crimean Tatar language with unproductive affixes is determined, which allows us to speak about their unproductiveness. Non-productive derivational morphemes are identified by comparing derivatives and generating stems, based on their formal semantic correlation.

Keywords and phrases: adjective; Crimean Tatar language; word formation; derivational type; unproductive affix.

Asanova Zera Aripovna, Candidate of Philology n. Seydametova Nariye Seidmametovna, Candidate of Philology n.

Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University, Simferopol [email protected] gee; [email protected] gee

NON-PRODUCTIVE WORD-FORMING AFFIXES

NAMES OF ADJECTS IN THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

For the Crimean Tatar word-formation, at present, the object of considerable attention is the unproductive word-formation affixes that stand out in the composition of derivative words of the Crimean Tatar language. Determination of the derivational status and semantics of affixal morphemes, analysis of word-building models is an integral part of the study of adjective names, since, due to the fact that the adjective in the Turkic languages does not have special morphological indicators, word-building affixes of adjective names act as one of the classification criteria of the adjective as part of speech.

The purpose of this article is to determine the word-building types of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, in the formation of which unproductive affixes are involved. The object of the study was the derivative suffix adjectives, which have in their composition unproductive derivational affixes, extracted by continuous sampling from the Crimean Tatar-Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary.

As a way of word formation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language, affixation is most actively used. This way of forming adjectives is described in all available grammars of the Crimean Tatar language.

According to the degree of activity of participation in the derivational process, affixes are characterized as productive and unproductive. Unproductive affixes are such auxiliary morphemes that once formed words in a small amount, but at the present time they do not form new words and forms of words or form very rarely. The need to study unproductive affixes is clearly recognized by researchers of word formation, since such a study allows one to know the word-formation system of the language both in diachrony and in synchrony. The productivity or unproductivity of an affix is determined by comparing the number and composition of the words containing it in a given language system with what was observed in the language in previous periods of its development. Various internal and external factors generate language changes and contribute to the displacement of weak links language system and sometimes lead to their complete disappearance. In the past, productive affixes at the next stages of language development became less productive or lost their productivity altogether. In the Turkic languages, many unproductive affixes, as well as productive ones, etymologically correlate with independent words. The reasons for the transition of productive affixes to unproductive ones can be different. Some unproductive affixes have been preserved in single words, i.e. in this case, we can talk about the archaization of the corresponding word-formation model: shishman (full, obese)< шиш- (пухнуть, тучнеть), къаравул (ссторож) < къара- (смотреть), къытмыр (скупой) < къыт- (скупиться, экономить) и др. . Другой вид непродуктивных служебных морфем представлен аффиксами, возникшими в результате различных морфонологических процессов в структуре слова : толу < толуг (полный), тышары < ташкъару (наружный, внешний), сарылтым < саргылт (желтоватый) и др. Иногда непродуктивность аффикса объясняется узостью круга тех основ, с которыми он может соединяться в процессе словопроизводства. В ряде случаев аффиксы могут становиться непродуктивными в результате вытеснения их из числа продуктивных служебных морфем другими, синонимичными им: акъчиль - акъча (беловатый), кокчиль - кокче (голубоватый, сероватый) и др.

On the present stage in most cases, the selection of unproductive derivational affixes in the structure of derivative words presents certain difficulties. A.N. Kononov noted that the structure of the Turkic word - in terms of division into root and affixal morphemes - is extremely difficult to analyze "due to dynamic nature affixal morphemes". To words with unproductive

affixes can apply the main features of derived stems given by E. A. Zemskaya: they have generating stems, are semantically motivated by them, are divided into generating stems and affixes, with the help of which they are formed.

The application of the formal-semantic approach to the study and description of word-formation processes allows us to consider the problems associated with the allocation of unproductive affixes in the structure of the word in the aspect of semantic-word-formation relations of derivatives and producing words.

As a result of the analysis of the word-formation structure of derivative names of adjectives of the Crimean Tatar language, the identification of the meanings of word-formative affixes, the following unproductive word-formative affixes were identified:

1. -chan / -chen (10 units). The generating stems of this affix are nouns and, in isolated cases, verbs.

Type + -chan / -chen" expresses the derivational meaning "prone to action or process indicated in the generating stem": yashav + chan (survivable), talap + chan (demanding), areket + chen (mobile), from + chen (sequential ), musafir + chen (hospitable), ish + chen (active, active), oy + chan (thoughtful), khalk + chan (people-loving), laf + chan (talkative) (hereinafter examples are compiled by the authors of the article).

The type "V + -chan / -chen" expresses the derivational meaning "inclined to action or process indicated in the generating stem": ashik + chan (hurried).

2. -chak / -check (6 units). The semantics of the affix is revealed as follows: “forms an adjective with a predominance of what is indicated in the verb stem, with the meaning of a propensity for an action or process indicated in the generating stem” .

The type “V + -chak / -check” has a derivational meaning “characterized by what is indicated by the generating base”: utan + chak (forgetful), tartyn + chak (timid, shy, indecisive), utan + chak (shy), erin + check (lazy), checkin + check (shy), maktan + chak (boastful), etc.

3. -chyk (4 units) genetically goes back to the affix chak, because with a similar material appearance, their derivational meaning, the nature and structure of the generating bases completely coincide. Generating stems are only common Turkic words.

The type "V + -chyk" conveys the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": kuvur + chyk (curly), chyl + chyk (finicky), aylan + chyk (winding).

4. -gych (1 unit) is attached, as a rule, to the stems of verbs. In the modern Crimean Tatar language, the morpheme -gych forms nouns and only in one case - an adjective.

The type "V + -gych" expresses the derivational meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": bashlan + gych (initial).

5. -gach/-gech, -kach/-kech (3 units) in the modern Crimean Tatar language occurs only in isolated cases. It has an etymological connection with the morpheme -gych [Ibid., p. 162-168]. The generating stems are adjectives and verbs.

The type “AD] + -ґач /-ketch, -гъач /-gech” conveys the meaning “resulting from the action indicated by the generating basis”: yalan + ґач (naked).

The type "V + -kach / -kech, -gach / -gech" has a derivational meaning "resulting from the action indicated by the generating basis": tyurt + kech (vigorous), art + kach (superfluous).

6. -gyn/-gin, -kyyn/-kin, -kun/-kyun (30 units). An unproductive, regular affix is etymologically elevated to an indicator of the participial form -gan, which has lexical and grammatical semantics [Ibid., p. 212]. The generating stems are verbs. In isolated cases, pronouns can be used as a generating basis: oz + gun (peculiar).

The type "V + -gyn / -gin, -kyyn / -kin" forms adjectives with the derivational meaning of "predominance of quality", indicated verb stem: kes + kin (sharp), ker + gin (stretched), without + gin (apathetic, lethargic, pessimistic), az + gyn (thin), dal + gyn (thoughtful), tal + gyn (tired, slow), chyl + gyn (frantic), zyp + kyyn (nimble), shash + kyyn (stunned), gift + gyyn (offended), kyyz + gyyn (1) hot; 2) wallowing; 3) angry), shish + kin (puffy), josh + kun (1) intoxicated; 2) gambling; 3) passionate), er + kin (free), fool + gun (1) established; 2) calm, quiet), yor + gun (tired), etc.

7. -yn / -in, -н (10 units) is attached to the stems of nouns.

Type + -yn / -in, -n" expresses the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating basis": chet + in (extreme), mouth + yun (superior), etc.

This affix is also found in indecomposable words: akryn (quiet), butyun (whole, whole), kyiyn (difficult), yakyn (close), tegin (quiet), chirkin (ugly), yalyn (naked), kalyn (thick) and others

8. -inki - a complex affix, consisting of the elements -in + ki, is attached to the verb stem.

The type “V + -inky” has the derivational meaning “being in a state resulting from

the action indicated by the producing basis ": koter + Inca (ses) (raised, raised (voice)).

9. -ysh /-ish, -sh (5 units) joins the stems of verbs and adjectives.

The type “V + -sh /-ysh /-ish” expresses the derivational meaning “characterized by what is indicated by the generating base”: tany + sh (familiar), er + ish (naughty), yanl + ysh (erroneous).

^EY 1997-2911. No. 10 (76) 2017. Part 2

The type "Af + -sh / -ysh" conveys the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": ken + ish (wide).

This affix is also observed in the words yuvash (quiet), kyyysh (curve) and is no longer singled out as an independent morpheme.

10. -ysh + -yk (2 units). The affix is attached to the verb stems.

The type "V + -yshhyk" expresses the derivational meaning "which is the result of what is indicated by the generating base": kyy + ysh + yk (bent, bent), al + ysh + yk (used).

11. -myr /-mer (2 units) is attached to the stems of nouns and verbs.

The type "V / N + -myr / -mer" has a derivational meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": kat + mer (puff), kyt + myr (stingy).

12. - gift (9 units) borrowed from Persian. It joins the stems of nouns.

Type<<№ + -дар» выражает словообразовательное значение «характеризующийся тем, что обозначено производящей основой»: вефа + дар (верный, преданный), гъад + дар (лютый, зверский, жестокий), хабер + дар (1) уведомленный; 2) компетентный), алякъа + дар (причастный), махсул + дар (плодовитый, плодородный), миннет + дар (благоверный, благодарный, признательный), дин + дар (набожный, верующий) и др.

13. -kyar (12 units) is borrowed from the Persian language. The generating stems are nouns.

The main part of adjectives in -kyar is substantiated: aveskar (lover), ijlekar (deceiver), etc.

Type<<№ + -кяр» передает словообразовательное значение «характеризующийся тем, что обозначено производящей основой»: лютуфкяр (любезный), исьянкяр (бунтующий, упрямый), макъсаткяр (целеустремленный), эсапкяр (расчетливый), зиянкяр (зловредный), хулюс + кяр (искренний, добродушный), феда + кяр (самоотверженный) и др.

14. -unch/-ch (3 units). Verbs are the generating stems.

The type "V + -nch / -ch" expresses the word-formation meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": kyzgan + ch (greedy), igren + ch (squeamish), tyn + ch (calm).

15. -gyr / -gir, -kyir / -kir, -kyur (6 units) is attached, as a rule, to verbs. In some cases, its generating bases can be words of other parts of speech.

The type “V + -gyr / -gir, -kyir / -kir, -kyur” has a derivational meaning “capable of action indicated by the basis”: chalysh + kyyr (hard-working, diligent), sez + gir (sensitive), tap + kyir (resourceful, quick-witted), ot + kur (sharp, penetrating), etc.

Type + -gyr / -gir, -kyir / -kir, -kyur" has a derivational meaning "characterized by what is indicated by the generating base": ish + kir (active, active, hardworking), etc.

The affix -gyr is also found in other words, the structure of which in the modern state is not divided into components: kyngyr (curve).

16. -rak / -rek joins the bases of adjectives in a comparative degree: uzunja (longer) > uzun + jarak (longish).

The type “AD] + -rak / -rek” expresses the word-formation meaning “weakening of the main feature”: esli + dzherek (oldish), yuksek + cherek (high), etc.

17. -ы /-и, -у (4 units) goes back to the morpheme -ыгъ. Attaches to the stems of verbs.

The type “V + -ы / -и, -у / -ю” conveys the word-formation meaning “resulting from the action indicated by the generating base”: tol + y (full), kur + y (dry), air + y (separate), ol + yu (dead), katty (solid).

18. -or /-yly (4 units) forms derived adjectives directly from the verb.

The type “V + -or / -yly” expresses the meaning of “a sign obtained as a result of an action indicated in the generating basis”: kes + or (cut off), as + yly (hanged), kap + ali (closed), sayyly (read ) and etc.

19. -man/-men (2 units) is added to the verb.

The type “V + -man / -men” has a derivational meaning “resulting from the action indicated in the generating base”: kojaman (huge), shishman (fat, full, obese).

20. -py in the modern Crimean Tatar language is found in only one adjective.

The type "V + -py" expresses the derivational meaning "resulting from the action indicated by the generating basis": sal + py (droopy).

21. -msi (2 units), -tim, -(l)tym / -(l)tim, -(ul)tym / -(yul)tim (6 units), -chyl / -chil (2 units), -mti / -mty + -ly / -li (1 unit). Affixes are used extremely rarely and are attached only to adjectives of color designation and taste: ak (white) > akchil (whitish), kyzyl (red) > kyzyltym (reddish), sary (yellow) > sarymtyly (yellowish), ekshi (sour) > ekshimsi (sour), etc.

The type "AD] + -msi" has a derivational meaning "having an incomplete feature indicated by the generating basis": mav + msi (bluish).

The type "AD] + -tim, - (l) tym / - (l) tim, - (ul) tym / - (yul) tim" conveys the derivational meaning "having an incomplete feature indicated by the generating base": sary + ltim (yellowish ),

yeshil + tim (greenish), kara + lym (blackish), kok + yultim (bluish), mavy + lym (bluish).

The type "Adj + -mti / -mty" conveys the word-formation meaning of "incompleteness of a sign (or weakened quality)": sary + mtyly (yellowish).

The type "Adj + -chyl /-chil" has the word-formation meaning "weakening of the main feature": akj + chil (whitish), kok + chil (bluish).

So, the study of the word-formation connection of affixes of adjectives with different bases made it possible to reveal the different degree of their productivity in the formation of adjectives in the Crimean Tatar language. Comparison of derivatives and generating bases on the basis of their formal semantic correlation also gave grounds for highlighting unproductive word-building morphemes.

The least productive and irregular affixes are -man, -chil, -ltim, -shyn. The affix -gyn / -gin, -kyyn / -kin, -kun / -kyun, in the past a productive, regular affix, does not form adjectives in the modern Crimean Tatar language.

As the study showed, the majority of unproductive affixes form single stems. This indicates that they are already at the stage of complete disappearance from the system of adjective word formation of the Crimean Tatar language. An essential distinguishing feature of the system of affixal formation of adjectives is that it reveals certain restrictions in the syntagmatic connections of root and affixal morphemes or shows selective compatibility, that is, affixes are attached to a limited number of generating bases.

List of sources

1. Ganiev F. A. Modern Tatar literary language: suffixal and phonetic word formation. Kazan: House of Press, 2005. 360 p.

2. Zemskaya E. A. Unifixes (on one type of morphemes of the Russian language) // Questions of Philology: Scientific Notes of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute im. V. I. Lenin. M., 1969. No. 341. S. 4-5.

3. Kononov A. N. On fusion in the Turkic languages // Structure and history Turkic languages: Sat. Art., dedicated. memory of Corresponding Member USSR Academy of Sciences, prof. N. K. Dmitrieva / editorial board: Dr. Philol. Sciences E. V. Sevortyan (responsible editor) and others. M .: Nauka, 1971. S. 108-120.

4. Kotvich V. Research on the Altai languages. M.: Publishing house of foreign literature, 1962. 372 p.

5. Crimean Tatar-Russian-Ukrainian dictionary: in 3 volumes / comp. S. M. Useinov. Simferopol: Odzhak, 2006. Vol. 1. 416 p.; T. 2. 328 p.; T. 3. 432 p.

6. Kurkchi U. Tatars or Grammar of the Synnyn Esaslars. Simferopol: 1st State. type. Crimeapolygraphtrest, 1934. 32 p.

7. Kurtmollaev E. A. Tatar tilinin grammar. Simferopol: Kyrymdevneshr, 1940. 1 kysym. Phonetics and morphology. 212 p.

8. Memetov A. M. Zemanevy kyrymtatar tili. Simferopol: Kyrymdevokjuvpedneshir, 2006. 320 p.

9. Memetov A. M. Crimean Tatar language. Simferopol: KRP "Publishing house" Krymuchpedgiz "", 2013. 576 p.

10. Memetov A. M. Kyrymtatar tili: Yukary sons of talebeleri ve philology facultylerinin ashagy course student ichyun derslik. Akmesdzhit: Qyrymdevokjuvpedneshir, 1997. 176 p.

11. Memetov A., Musaev K. Crimean Tatar language. Simferopol: Krymuchpedgiz, 2003. 288 p.

12. Samoylovich A. N. The experience of a brief Crimean Tatar grammar. Pg.: Type. I. Boraganskaya, 1916. 104 p.

13. Khabichev M. A. Karachay-Balkar nominal word formation (an experience of comparative historical study). Cherkessk: Stavrop. book. publishing house. Karachay-Cherkess. Department, 1971. 302 p.

14. Choban-zade B. Kyrymtatar ilmiy sarfi. Simferopol: Share, 2003. 240 p.

15. Shansky N. M., Tikhonov A. N. Modern Russian language: in 3 parts. M .: Education, 1981. Part 2. Word formation. Morphology. 270 p.

16. Jankowski H. Gramatyka jezyka krymskotatarskiego. Poznan: Un-t im. Adama Mickiewicza, 1992. 455 s.

NON-PRODUCTIVE WORD-FORMATIVE AFFIXES OF ADJECTIVES IN THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE

Asanova Zera Aripovna, Ph. D. in Philology Seidametova Narie Seidmametovna, Ph. D. in Philology Crimean Engineering Pedagogical University, Simferopol [email protected] ru; [email protected]

The article reveals the peculiarities of word-formative affixation of Crimean Tatar language, namely, those word-formative types of adjectives are examined, in the formation of which non-productive affixes participate. The number of adjectives with non-productive affixes functioning at the moment in the language system of the Crimean Tatar language is determined, which makes it possible to talk about their non-productivity. Non-productive word-formative morphemes are identified by comparing derivative and productive stems on the basis of their formal-semantic correlation.

Key words and phrases: adjective; Crimean Tatar language; word formation; word-formative type; non productive affix.

Regularity of morphemes. Regularity - the ability to repeat, if one phenomenon is repeated at least twice, it is considered regular.

Regularity and root. The property of regularity is not necessary for roots. May be repeated in a significant number of words or in a small number of words.

Regularity and affixes. Regularity is a must for affixes. Regular affixes occur in different words and combine with different morphemes. The degree of regularity of affixes is different: OST (suffix) has a very high regularity; for ISN (suffix) - small.

The repetition of an affix makes it possible to determine what value this affix contributes to the transformation of new words.

Due to repetition, the language gets by with a small set of affixes compared to the root.

Roots - several thousand. In some words, such structural components are singled out that are not found anywhere else - these are unique affixes - unifixes (combined with one specific root).

Unique suffixes are more common: GLASS (suffix YARUS), CHILDREN (suffix THIEF), POSTMAN (suffix ALLION), GROOM (suffix THEM), Miserly (suffix ERDYAY), WHITE (suffix YOS), LOWER (suffix MEN).

There are much fewer unique prefixes: Snub-nosed (KUR prefix), RAINBOW (RA prefix), GARBAGE (MU prefix)

There are two types of unifixes:

1) unique only in form, in meaning - synonymous with ordinary morphemes: POPADYA (prefix PO, ADJ - suffix) - ADJ expresses that the regular suffix Sh. is the wife of the one who is named in the generating stem.

2) It expresses meaning in form and meaning, there are no other suffixes with this meaning: GLASS (suffix YARUS).

Differences between unifixes and regular affixes:

1) singularity;

2) inferiority (separability by residual trait);

3) with the help of unifixes, new words are not formed in the language.

Sometimes unifixes can be full-fledged affixes: OLYMPIAD (suffix IADA): SPARTAKIAD, UNIVERSIADE.

20. The basis of the word. A grammatical sign of the basis. Possible baseline changes. Types of bases: continuous - intermittent, segmented - non-segmented, derivative - non-derivative. Correlation of the concepts of articulation - derivative of the foundations.

The stem of a word is a constant element of the morphemic structure of a word, which is a part of a word without an ending and a formative suffix, and expresses lexical meaning the words.

If the word is not changed, then the stem is equal to the root: METRO.

The first level of articulation of the word form consists in highlighting the ending and stem.

Sometimes, during word formation, it is possible to change the basis:

Truncation of the base: FAR (FAR - base) à FURTHER (FAR - base)

Extension: ZNAMIA (ZNAMI - base) à BANNER (BANNER - base)

Suppletivism: SMALL (SMALL - base) à LESS; WE à US

The bases of most words are continuous (this is a complex of morphemes that are directly related to each other). Some words may have a broken stem:

At reflexive verbs and with SYA: LAUGH (base - LAUGH_SHA)

For words with a different postfix: SOMETHING (stem - HOW TO)

By structure: segmented (consisting of two or more morphemes) and non-segmented (the base, which consists of one morph, for example, DOM)

Derivatives are distinguished (the basis of a derivative word, which is motivated - DOMIShKO) and non-derivative bases (DOM).

Correlation between the concepts of articulation, derivativeness of bases. If the stem is derivative, then it is, as a rule, articulating and includes those affixes that took part in its formation.

The derivational suffix can also be zero: SILENCE (zero suffix) ß QUIET.

There are also derivative indivisible stems: the stems of words that are formed by the truncation method: SPECIAL ß SPECIALIST; FAN ß FANATIC.

If the basis is articulating, then it can be derivative and non-derivative. A non-derivative articulating stem is observed in words with related roots: ADD (DO - prefix, BAV - root, I - suffix)

21. Morphemic articulation of the base. Degrees of segmentation of the base.

Degrees of segmentation of the stem: in some words, the stems are easy to dismember, others are difficult.

Articulation scale: 1 degree - observed in words with free roots and regular affixes. The stems of such words are included in double rows of comparison - single-root and words with the same affix: DOMIKA DOMA DOMACHNIYA DOMUSHNIK; HOUSE GARDEN COMODIC.

2nd degree is observed in words with a free root and a unique affix, which have synonyms: POSTMAN - MAIL - POST OFFICE; POSTMAN - NEWSPAPER - BATHMAN.

3rd degree - in words in which the roots are free and unique affixes in form and meaning - does not have meanings, only one-sided comparability: BUGLE.

4th degree - with a unique associated root and a regular affix. There are no single-root words, but a comparative series with the same suffix is possible: NEEDERà PORKà HORSE MEAL.

5th degree - a unique associated root and a regular affix that does not combine with a free root: RASPBERRYà CURRANTà KALINA - only because the names of different berries are repeated.

We cannot compare with a similar derivative.

That. 1,2,3 degrees - real articulation, 4 and 5 - potential articulation. Not everyone considers the foundations of the 4th and 5th degrees to be segmentable.

22. Historical changes in the morphemic structure of the word. Types of historical changes. Simplification phenomenon.

Morphemic composition words during historical development language may change.

Reasons for change:

1) change in the lexical meaning of a derivative or producing word;

2) the disappearance of the generating word from the language, the loss of related words;

3) phonetic processes, as a result of which the sound composition of morphemes changes.

Types of changes:

1) Simplification is the process of changing an articulated basis into an indivisible one. A stem consisting of several morphemes turns into a single morpheme, i.e. equal to the root. As a result of simplification, the language is replenished with new roots.

The main cases of simplification:

change of bases with non-derivative and indivisible suffixes: CAPITAL (root of CAPITALS, basis of CAPITALS), historically - TABLE + IC.

A number of words that were formed from words with diminutive suffixes now have an indivisible stem: MATCH (Suffix K). Historically - a knitting needle.

change with prefixes, non-derivative, indivisible: HI (root HI), historically - PRI (prefix) VET (root).

Reasons for simplification:

Semantic - a change in the lexical meaning of the generating word: COMB - ROW (original: comb hair; now - collect with a rake).

Disappearance from the vocabulary of the language of the original, historical derivative word: COMFORT. Historically: UT (roof).

Phonetic processes: OAR. Historically - VEZSLLO. There was assimilation by glasnost and contraction.

Historical processes in the Russian morpheme are studied within the framework of historical word formation and etymology. Installing modern structure words, one should rely only on really existing family relations between words.

23 . Processes of re-decomposition, complication of the basis of the word. Signs of historical changes in the morphemic structure of the word.

Re-decomposition is a change in the word boundaries between morphemes. As a result, the base remains articulating, but in a different way than before.

at the junction of the generating base and the prefix: REMOVE (C - prefix, NY - root). Historically: REMOVE (SN - prefix, I - root)
at the junction of the generating base and the suffix: MALYUTKA (MAL - root, YUT - suffix, K - suffix). Historically: MALUTA (MAL - root, UT - suffix)

Result: the emergence of new prefixes and suffixes. For example, OST (suffix), OBES (prefix)

Loss of the historically producing word from the vocabulary of the language: FEMININE (FEMALE - root, STVENN - suffix) - characteristic of a woman.

Historically: Femininity (women - root, sv - suffix)

Complication - the transformation of a non-derivative, indivisible basis into a derivative, articulated.

This process is typical for the history of borrowed words: UMBRELLA (Dutch. Yaz) - had an indivisible stem, later the suffix IK was singled out by analogy with the words SHARFIK (suffix IK), etc.

Sometimes the process of complication is called rederivation.

Reasons for the complication: 1) the presence in the Russian language of single-root words with this borrowed word: GRAVYURA. At first there were no words with this root. The base was indivisible, then the words ENGRAVING, ENGRAVING appeared.

2) the presence of word-building affixes that coincide in their sound composition with the corresponding morphemes in borrowed words: HANDLE, LEG.

24. Processes of decorrelation, substitution, diffusion.

N.M. Shansky added to the classification and highlighted the following changes:

1) Decorrelation is a process in which a morpheme structure with outside stays the same. During decorrelation, the following change: generating base: decorrelation of generating words is formed with the help of suffixes: LOVE (LOVE - root, OB - suffix) - formed from love. Historically - from LYUB// decorrelation of generating words formed with the help of the prefix: VKOSS - OBLIQUE// decorrelation formed with the help of the suffix and the prefix: VTOROPYAH (prefix B, suffix YAH). Historically: from the basis of the noun haste.

With decorrelation, the meaning of morphemes can change: FROZES (suffix K) - objectivity. Historically: diminutive suffix K.

Decorrelation changes the function of morphemes. Formative morpheme can turn into a word-formation. This is how the word-building suffixes of adjectives appear: UCH, ACH, L. By origin, these are formative participle suffixes: SITTING (from sitting); ossified (from ossified).

Adverbs appear with suffixes OY, OM, OY (HORSE, SPRING, SPRING) - about the origin - these are the endings of nouns.

Reasons for decorrelation:

Loss of historically producing words in the language, replacing them with other producing words.

2) Substitution - replacement of one morpheme with another without changing the general lexical meaning of the word: SOLYANKA (root SOL) - salt. Historically: SELYANKA (rural food) - there was a replacement of the root. The lexical meaning is the same.

Reason for replacement:

Folk etymology, i.e. convergence in the minds of native speakers of words that are not homogeneous.

3) Diffusion - Diffusion is a historical process in which morphemes are interchanged while maintaining their independence - Take care (root BEREG, suffix TI) - BEREGCHI (root BEREG, suffix CHI) - BEREGI (root BEREG, suffix I).

Cause: phonetic changes in the structure of the word.

25. Morphonology as a branch of linguistics. Morphonological alternations of consonant and vowel phonemes. Alternations in borrowed words. Productive and unproductive alternations.

Morphonology is a branch of linguistics that studies the phonemic composition of morphemes and the mutual adaptation of morphs in the composition of a word.

Morphonological phenomena word formation. In the sound composition of a derived word, changes can occur at the border between morphemes - this is due to the fact that the connecting morphs must adapt to each other. Sound changes at the junction of a combination of morphs are called morphonological.

1) Historical alternations of morphemes;

2) The imposition of morphemes;

3) Truncation of the generating base;

4) Interfixation.

Historical alternations of phonemes. These alternations are not determined by phonetic position. The result of alternation is a change in the phonemic composition of morphemes.

The alternation of consonant phonemes occurs on the border of the derived stem and suffix: SCIENCE - SCIENTIFIC.

The alternation of vowels can occur within the morpheme: RUB - GRADE.

Alternations are productive and unproductive. Productive are expressed in the formation of new words: FOOT - FOOT; INTRIGA - AN INTRIGUE.

Unproductive alternations are found in those words that already exist in the language: CAMEL - CAMEL.

Alternation of consonant phonemes.

1) alternation of posterior lingual with anterior lingual hissing (+ others. Accord.)

g//w//z: PRINCESS-PRINCE-PRINCE

c//h//c: RYABAK-FISHER-FISHER

g//h: BEREGU-SAVE

x//w: EAR-EAR

x//s: SHAKE-SHAK

2) alternation of front-lingual with other consonants (+ combined. Agreed.)

t//h//w: LIGHT-CANDLE-LIGHTING

d//f//train: WALK-WALK-WALK

d / / s: LEAD-VEST

t//s: METU-REVENGE

s//w: INCREASE-INCREASE

s / / w: KNIT-KNIT

c//h: RING-RING

3) alternation of combinations of consonants with other consonants

sk//n: Crack-Crack

st//n: GUST-DOWN

4) labial and consonant combinations with L

w//vl, s//pl, m//ml: MELTING-MELTING

5) consonant phonemes, paired on TV./soft.

l//l’: EAGLE-EAGLE

r / / r ': NORTH-SEVERYANIN

Changes in vowel phonemes.

1) alternation of individual vowels

e//o: FIR-YOLKA

o//a: CARRY-BEARING

o//s: REST-REST

o // zero sound: PIECE-PIECE

e// sound zero: LION-LIONS

and// sound zero: FOX-FOX

2) vowels with a combination of vowel and consonant

PLEASE-JOY; GRIVE-GRIEF.

a//im//om: REMOVE-REMOVE-REMOVABLE

a//in: BEGIN-START

3) full-voiced and dissonant combinations

DRAG-DRAG; CITY-URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Alternations in borrowed words.

1) when forming from the bases of foreign nouns, adjectives in IC: CHAOS-CHAOTIC; SCLEROSIS-SCLEROTIC.

2) In words with an associated root:

t//s’: REFLECTIVE-REFLECTION

c//c: PROJECT-PROJECTION

s//nd: DIFFUSION-DIFFOUND

3) in consoles

n//r//m: INNOVATION – IRRATIONAL-IMMORAL

CSR No. 3 Topic: “Morphemic structure of the word. Morphemics"

Morphemics- a branch of linguistics that studies the system of morphemes of a language and the morphemic structure of words and their forms.

word formation- a section of linguistics that studies the formal semantic derivative of the words of a language, means and methods of word formation.

The basis of the word and its types.

Foundation (linguistics)- an invariable part of a word that expresses its lexical meaning.

In inflected words, the stem is defined as part of a word without an ending and a formative affix: pines -a, desert -I, eight -oh, our -a, entertaining th,chita -l. In immutable words, the stem is equal to the word: high , dreaming . In some cases, the basis may be intermittent:

§ verb forms, containing a postfix -sya/ -ss

learning-ie-Xia ;

§ bases of indefinite pronouns containing postfixes -then/ -or/ -someday

as-oh-then ;

§ stems of some compound nouns

closet-a-coupe ;

§ bases of complex numbers

sem-and-ten -and.

Depending on the structure, the bases are derivatives and non-derivatives. non-derivative are stems that consist of one morpheme - the root: city ,table , yellow th. Derivatives are the stems, which include two or more derivational affixes. It is usually a root combined with one or more suffixes: bread n -th; with one or more prefixes: flight ; with a suffix and a prefix at the same time: no-home-n -th). New words can be formed from both non-derivative and derived stems.

From derivative and non-derivative bases should be distinguished producing bases- bases from which new words are formed. For example, the non-derivative stem of the word forces -a is generating for the word strong th.

Change in the morphemic structure of a word

The word is historically changeable (its phonemic composition, meaning, morphemic appearance changes). Modern morphemic and word-formation structures may not coincide with historical correspondence, as evidenced by morphemic and word-formation analyzes of words.

The main reasons for such phenomena are the following processes:

simplification- a linguistic process, as a result of which a word with a derivative base becomes non-derivative. At simplification there is a transformation of a word with a complex structure into a single morpheme. In Russian, different parts of speech and different morphemic structures are subject to simplification. These can be historical suffix structures: after all-m-a - witches, prefixed in origin words: za-kon - law, suffix-prefix derivatives: on-rech-y-e, words formed by adding bases: vel-m-a. Reasons leading to simplification, this is: a change in the lexical meaning of the motivating word (the word porch was originally formed from the word wing), the disappearance of the motivating word from the vocabulary ( yard in the meaning of "persons surrounding the king"), the loss of words from the vocabulary (the word mitten was formed from the word varega), change in the sound composition of the word: word cloud came from the word envelop and used to be pronounced like cloud;

re-decomposition- the process, as a result of which there is a movement of boundaries between morphs. Redecomposition can occur if the word has historically been derivative and remains derivative, but other morphs are now distinguished in its composition. So, originally the word vehemence derived from the adjective hot (hotness), but now, after the disappearance of such an adjective, the structure of the word looks like hotness, and we consider the adjective as its producer hot;

complication of the base- this is a complication of the generating basis, as a result of which indivisible, non-derivative words become segmented, derivative. This process is the opposite simplification. For example, the word umbrella it was in this form that it came to us from the Dutch language, but now we single out both the root and the suffix in this word: umbrella.

Historical changes in the morphemic structure of words

The morpheme composition of a word is not constant. In the course of the development of the language, changes could occur in it.
For example, the word sheet was formed from the adjective simple, the suffix -yn’-(a) was once distinguished in it. Thus, once this word consisted of three morphemes - a root, a suffix and an ending. Now, only two morphemes stand out in it - the root and the ending: prostyn’-a. Consequently, the morphemic structure of the word has become simpler. And this phenomenon - the merging of two morphemes into one, that is, the reduction in the number of morphemes in a word - is called simplification. Another example of simplification is the word sour cream.
But in the language you can find examples of the opposite phenomenon. It is called the complication of the morphemic structure of the word. As a result of complication, one morpheme begins to divide into two. Examples are the words umbrella and flask. Both of these words are loanwords, one from Dutch (zonnedek), the other from Polish (flaszka), so neither originally had a suffix. Later, these borrowings were perceived as diminutive and the words umbrella and flask were formed for them.
Finally, the third type of change in the morphemic structure of a word is re-decomposition. The number of morphemes remains the same, but the boundary between morphemes changes: one or more sounds go from one of the morphemes to another morpheme. For example, in Old Russian there were prefixes vn-, sii- and the corresponding prepositions vn, kn, sn. If the root of the word began with a consonant sound, the prefixes v- and s- were used, for example: v-brother, s-brother, but if the root began with a vowel, then a variant of the prefix ending in -n- was used, for example: vn-imati , son-imati (cf. the colloquial verb imat 'grab; take'). In the same way, the use of prepositions in front of pronouns was distributed: to that, to that, to tem, but to him, to em, to remove them. Later, the consonant n went to the root. So, now we are highlighting morphemes with-him-a-t; in-him-ah-be. The root nim-, by analogy with these words, also appeared in those single-root verbs where it was not in this form in the Old Russian language: pri-im-a-t (other Russian pri-im-a-ti); behind-him-a-t (other Russian for-im-a-ti). Similar origin and combination of prepositions with forms of pronouns in him, to him, with him, cf .: I greet him, but I am pleased with him.

Types of affixes by function.

Word-formative, formative and syncretic affixes

Word-forming prefixes, suffixes and postfixes are called, which serve to form new words: language - parent language; soup - soup; to achieve - to achieve.

Form-building are such affixes that serve to form the form of a word: smart - smarter, smarter (with the help of -ee-, -eysh- are formed simple shapes comparative and superlative degree of an adjective); throw - throw, brew - brew (suffixes -a-, -i-, -iva- form the specific forms of verbs); run - ran (with the help of the suffix -т- the infinitive form is formed, -l- is the past tense form of the verb); chitajut - reading, read - reading (suffixes -usch-, -vsh- form forms of real participles).

In some cases it is difficult to draw a line between these two types of affixes, for example: in which cases the postfix -sya is formative, and in which cases it is word-formative. In order not to be mistaken in the function of such affixes, it is necessary to refer to the explanatory dictionary.

Syncretic affixes are such morphemes that simultaneously perform formative and word-forming functions, for example: write - rewrite, sign (when prefixes are added, the lexical meaning of the word and its form also change: write - non-sov. form, rewrite - sov. form). Inflections can also be syncretic, cf.: spouse - spouse. Spouse. 1. The same as the husband. 2. pl. Husband and wife. Spouse (obsolete, now official and simple). The same as the wife (in 1 character). (Quoted by: Ozhegov, S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov. - M., 1972 - P. 717.). With the help of inflection -a, not only a new word is formed, its form also changes. This morpheme indicates that it is a noun female, is in the nominative singular.

Affixes regular and irregular, productive

And unproductive

Regular affixes are reproduced constantly in the composition of words and form certain word-forming or formative models, for example: suffixes -tel-, -n-(th) (teacher, teacher; frosty, cold); prefixes not-, from- (ugly, not bad, expound); inflections -y, -eat, -ish (chitaju, readajesh).

Not regular affixes rarely found in words, for example:

suffix -k- with the meaning of action, distinguished only in the word fight, inflection -m, found only in the words ladies, eat, create.

So, speaking of the regularity / irregularity of affixes, we mean how often or rarely they are currently found in words.

When determining the productivity / unproductivity of affixes, we pay attention to their different productivity in the formation of new words or forms.

Productive are such affixes that serve to form numerous groups of words in modern Russian, for example, the suffixes -ist-, -nick-, denoting a male person by occupation (driver, defender); suffixes -sk-, -n- in the formation of relative and qualitative adjectives (Gorno-Altai, harmful); prefixes without-, not- (safe, timid).

Between the concepts of regular / irregular, productive / unproductive affixes exist close connection: all irregular affixes are unproductive, and regular ones can be both productive and unproductive.

Not all affixes are equally common: some of them take an active part in the word-formation process, while others, on the contrary, do not participate in modern word-formation. From the point of view of usage and activity in word production and form formation, affixes are divided into productive and unproductive.

Productive - these are morphemes that actively participate in modern word production and give new formations. These morphemes are easily distinguished in words. So, For example, in the formation of the name of males in Russian, there are over 50 different suffixes. But in modern word formation, four are the most productive: -schik- (-chik-), -ik-(-nick-), -u-, -ist-. Their boundaries in the word are clear: gas welder / box, concrete / box, rocket / chip, apparatus / chip, evening / nickname, part-time / nickname, mass / ik, advanced / ik, atomic / ik, Leningrad / ets, bulldozer / ist.

An important condition for the emergence of a new word is the presence productive model, according to which a new lexical unit is created. If certain affixes are involved in new formations, then we can assume that these morphemes are productive and are living linguistic realities.

Unproductive - these are affixes with the help of which new words and forms are not currently formed. Unproductive affixes are often found in long-formed, everyday and very common words, but they are no longer word-building models ( herald, frequenter, spy, intercessor). Here, perhaps, all the words with the suffix - tai-, available in Russian. This suffix no longer gives new formations. The same applies to suffixes: -ev-( about) ( brew, glow), -hell- ( a) ( blockade, clowning, colonnade), -spruce- (death, drops, cradle, blizzard), -e-( I) ( witch, reaper, seamstress), -zn- (sickness, fear, life), -yash- (round, curly, tribal), -them- (stepfather, brother) and others, which have already ceased to be a means of word production and only retained the property of separability.

The productivity of affixes, and primarily suffixes, is influenced not only by linguistic, but extralinguistic(or extralinguistic) factors, in particular, we change social needs in certain groups of vocabulary. It is known that suffixes have become unproductive in the modern language. -w- (a), -them- ( a) denoting wives according to the husband's profession (professor). For us, the social quality of a person is more important, therefore, in the modern Russian language, methods of forming names of persons according to the spheres of production activity, according to actions or states that characterize the social appearance of a person, his social status, on ideological grounds, in relation to the social direction, scientific, ideological, artistic movement, etc.

Now consider the cases of loss of productivity of suffixes due to purely language reasons. Sometimes the use of a particular suffix is limited by the number of bases with which this suffix can be combined. For example, using the suffix -at- limited by the number of words denoting parts of the body of humans and animals, since only with these bases can this suffix be combined ( bearded, nosy, hairy, tailed, horned and etc.).

Sometimes one or another word-formation model is archaic, for example, the use of a multiplicity suffix -yva-, -iva- in non-prefixed verbs ( read, speak and etc.).

A characteristic feature of productive affixes is manifold and the breadth of their connections, which makes it possible to actively form new words and new forms.

In addition to productivity - unproductivity, affixes differ in their regularity. Those affixes that are repeated in the language and form a certain derivational or formative type are called regular. So, in Russian the derivational type of nouns male with suffix -ist- (communist, tractor driver, activist) and a feminine correlative with the suffix -to -( a) ( commun / ist / k / a, tractor / ist / k / a, asset / ist / k / a) is certainly a regular type of word formation.

Regular affixes are opposed to irregular ones, which occur in words from time to time (sporadically), most often singly. They are incomprehensible outside a specific word and do not form a reproducible type of word formation and inflection. Let's give examples. Suffix -Enek - in the word hubby unit; in Russian there are no words in which this suffix would be repeated. The same applies to suffixes. -ate- in the word goat, - anek- in the word kumanek, -avets- in words beautiful / avets, merz / avets, - unok- in the word picture, -yuh- in the word horse / yukh.

Regularity and productivity are diverse, but correlative concepts. When they talk about the regularity of affixes, they mean their repetition. For example: write - writer - writer; read - reader - reader; love - amateur - amateur, etc.; agitate - agitation, liquidate - liquidation, argue - argumentation, etc.

If these regular affixes are actively involved in new formations, then we are dealing with productive derivational affixes. Therefore, all irregular affixes - are simultaneously unproductive, but not all regular affixes are productive.

The word-formation system of the language is constantly changing. This can explain the presence in the language of productive and unproductive, regular and irregular affixes. Consequently, derivational types are not given once and for all.