Natural forms in architecture. Nature is the best source of inspiration for architects

Elena Maslennikova
Consultation "Early teaching English to children"

Early education of children in English.

Foreign language today it is becoming more of a means of life support for society. Role foreign language increases with the development economic ties, with the internationalization of public diplomacy. Study of foreign language and foreign language literacy of our citizens contribute to the formation of a worthy image of a Russian abroad, allow to destroy the barrier of distrust, provide an opportunity to carry and spread their culture and master another. So foreign language became a mandatory component learning not only in schools and universities, but also in many preschool institutions.

Early foreign language teaching creates excellent opportunities to arouse interest in linguistic and cultural diversity of the world, respect for languages and cultures of other peoples, contributes to the development of communicative and speech tact. Role foreign language at an early stage of education especially invaluable in terms of development.

Study of foreign language at an early age age is especially effective, since it is children preschool age show great interest in people of a different culture, these childhood impressions persist for a long time and contribute to the development of internal motivation to study the first, and later the second foreign language. Generally, early learning non-native language has a huge pedagogical potential in terms of linguistic and general development.

Early English teaching more preferable, since a small child has lesser speech needs, he does not have to solve complex communicative tasks, which means that by mastering foreign language, he does not feel such a huge gap between the possibilities in his native language and foreign, and his sense of success will be more vivid than that of older children.

Do you remember the poems and songs you learned as a child? It doesn't matter which language they were, in native or foreign, it costs only one line - and the whole poem will immediately pop up in memory. This is because a small child has a well-developed long-term memory, but worse operational. Time will pass, before the child learns to retrieve information from memory on demand, before he from recognizing units language turn to their meaningful use. In this case, you should use the advantages of children's memory, for example, the strength of memorization.

The child is able to memorize the whole material "blocks", which, as it were "imprinted" in his memory. The easiest way to do this is in the game. The game is a way of familiarization with the world of adults, a way of learning.

Success teaching young children- This emotional coloring lessons. Babies are inquisitive and inquisitive, so early childhood education age should be built in such a way that it would be interesting to them. They have a special property of memory - longevity, so the result learning doesn't show up right away.. Words on foreign language will appear gradually and unexpectedly. The child can speak English, for example, in the family circle, on a walk or at a party.

The little ones children prevails involuntary appearance memory, in which there is no consciously set goal. The child's memory is directly related to interest, so to interest means to increase the chances of success.

When it comes to working with kids, every little thing counts. If there is a lesson "magic" pencil - they don’t take an enthusiastic look away from it because it is magical.

AT younger age it is important that children like to speak in a foreign language language. Since they are still struggling to build their own statements, then on foreign language children can reproduce (songs, poems, tongue twisters, games, which determines the degree of mastery foreign language.

The game is a very pleasant and productive activity for the baby. Each game has rules, the child is required to perform certain tasks, overcome difficulties.

The game is both a form of organization and a method of conducting classes in which children accumulate a certain reserve English vocabulary , memorize a lot of poems, songs, counting rhymes, in addition, teaching English to children preschool age through the game is also a fascinating process of learning new things. Developing games in a direct and unconstrained way, incredibly broaden the horizons of the child, liberate and give the opportunity to express themselves in many other areas.

This form of training creates favorable conditions for mastering linguistic skills and language skills. The ability to rely on gaming activity allows you to provide natural motivation for speech on foreign language to make even the most elementary statements interesting and meaningful. game in foreign language teaching does not resist learning activities but is organically linked to it.

Related publications:

Consultation "Physical minutes as a means of developing the cognitive activity of preschoolers in teaching English" Probably, each of us dreams that his child is healthy, intelligent, intellectually developed, sociable, etc. In our information.

Learning Present Simple. English grammar game for kids Purpose: consolidation of grammatical material, the use of the present simple tense when constructing sentences. Material: cards 3.

Consultation "When and how to teach children English" This is a question that worries many parents, and everyone answers it in their own way. I propose to look at it from the point of view of development.

Abstract of a lesson on teaching children English in the preparatory group "Autumn Harvest" Abstract of a lesson on teaching children English in preparatory group on the theme "Autumn Harvest" Tasks: 1. Teach children to understand.

Consultation for teachers

early learning foreign languages- it is first of all play activity, aimed at the development and upbringing of the child, is a way of socializing the baby, as well as a process whose purpose is to unlock the potential of the child, taking into account his individual characteristics.

Many parents ask themselves: At what age is it appropriate to teach foreign languages? Methodists, psychologists, speech therapists and educators respond differently to this question. Japanese teacher Masaru Ibuku believes that everything a child can learn, he receives up to three years. But at the same time, most educators and psychologists note three years old, as the best for starting classes. The reason for this opinion is the fact that school-age children are much more difficult to master foreign speech, a preschool child is “open” to receiving any information, there is even an expression that small children absorb everything like “sponges”. Children on this stage developments are very inquisitive and inquisitive, they are characterized by an inexhaustible need for new impressions and therefore it is necessary to use psychophysiological features in training.

It is also necessary to note the fact that there is a difference in the education of three-year-old children and four-five years old, and this is primarily due to age characteristics. Children at the age of three perceive information primarily by ear, and verbally they can reproduce only individual words or simple sentences. While the children four years they reproduce all the information they heard very well, imitate the speech of the teacher, try to analyze and systematize. So When choosing a particular technique, it is very important to take into account the age characteristics of the child. At the moment there is a large number of methods of teaching English, the most successful are based on the principle of gradual formation and development speech action when the simpler precedes the more complex. At all levels of material presentation, the principle of communication is implemented, that is, everything serves to achieve certain result in communication.

Children like the game technique, it is interesting and effective. The teacher conducts games during which children improve their language skills. The advantage of this technique is the ability to adapt it for any age (from one year old), with its help you can develop both oral speech, and knowledge of grammar, spelling, etc. Zaitsev's technique is suitable for children from three years old. It has recently been adapted for learning English - on the famous Zaitsev cubes you can now see English letters. The Glenn Doman technique was developed for babies and is designed for the visual memory of the child, so that the pictures and the words written on them will be remembered and will simplify learning to read and write in the future. You can use cards not only with babies, but also with children up to middle school age. The project method is suitable for children from 4-5 years old. The teacher chooses a topic and dedicates a series of lessons to it. It offers different types of activities with the help of which the guys learn something interesting about the topic of the project, gives tasks for independent work(or with parents, depending on age). At the final lesson, children bring creative, large-scale works for their age on a given topic. Mixed methodology combines other methods, its main advantage is diversity.

Since the main activity in the preschool period is the game, it is natural that the game method is used in teaching. With the help of a system of games, children repeat the material, learn new things, and analyze. In the game, children create statements very naturally, take into account psychological features children given age (fast fatiguability, instability of attention). Children like vigorous activity, outdoor games, songs, counting rhymes. In the course of classes, children develop such personality traits as sociability, looseness, and the ability to interact in a team. Bright things attract children, so learning takes place using visual aids. All vocabulary and speech patterns are introduced with the help of toys, heroes of fairy tales and cartoons. Highly important element training is to conduct classes on English language using gestures, facial expressions and visual material. Fascinating plot of the lesson, game communication tasks, bright visualization activate memorization and make it durable.

Innovative technologies in the production of building materials and the wide possibilities of 3D design allow modern architects to create projects that are unusual in concept and aesthetic value. - one of the progressively developing areas of postmodernism, a distinctive feature of which is the use of organic forms and their natural integration with the environment. Originating in ancient times, the trend of borrowing architectural lines and volumes from nature has acquired a new facet, manifesting itself with extraordinary force in the style of modern public and private buildings.

Origins of organic architecture

In the 20s of the 20th century in Germany and the Netherlands, a new architectural trend arose - expressionism, which was characterized by distorting the generally accepted form of buildings with a completely impractical purpose - only to achieve spectacularity and strong emotional impact. Volumes of expressive architecture - mountains, hills, forests and perfectly fit into the existing landscape. These were some of the first attempts to introduce bionics into modern architecture.

The Chilihaus building in Hamburg (architect Fritz Heger) has a second name - the "bow of the ship" and bears clear signs of architectural expressionism

However, buildings in this style were characterized by incompatibility with traditional rectangular shape internal premises, so that the champions of this trend had to be content with small architectural forms and applied projects - the construction of temporary exhibition pavilions, theatrical and cinematographic scenery. The building, which is a vivid example of the direction of expressionism in architecture, is the Lutheran Grundtvig Church in Copenhagen (Denmark), designed by local architect Peder Klint.

The building of the Lutheran Church in Copenhagen (architect Peder Klint) is organically integrated into the environment

Despite its impracticality, it continued its march around the world, reflected in the works of German structuralists, who managed to combine architectural and powerful emotional response with functionality. Originating in the 50s in Germany, this architectural trend has taken deep roots in northern countries, most clearly manifested in the work of the Finns - Alvara Aalto and Ero Saarinen. The most outstanding buildings in the style of structuralism, which have already become architectural monuments, are the Sydney Opera House by Jorn Utzon and the temple, built by Fariborz Sahba.

The Bahai Temple in the capital of India - New Delhi was built by the architect Fariborz Sabha and is complex structure from marble fragments - stylized lotus petals

Patterns of development of modern architecture

Following historical tradition, architectural styles have always been at war with each other - complex "lace" Gothic buildings have replaced the laconic and squat Romanesque buildings, reminiscent of stone blocks. Lush baroque, the main motif of which was a sea shell, was replaced by strict classicism, which was distinguished by straightforwardness and proportionality of forms. And, finally, the last historical style - ornate and organic-vegetative Art Nouveau, arose as a counterweight to the emasculated classics, completely devoid of natural roots.

The Catholic Church in Barcelona Sagrada Familia (Sagrada Familia, architect Antonio Gaudí) was built according to all the canons of the Gothic church, but due to the decor and organic architecture it belongs to the Art Nouveau style

Gothic, Baroque and Art Nouveau are classical styles that early stages The development of architecture already carried some features of bionics - they operated with lines and, sometimes even to the detriment of the functionality of the building. While in Romanesque, Classical and Antique buildings the construction was always clear and simple, organic architecture masked the frame of the structure with a complex decoration, stylized as a plant.

Park Güell, designed by Antoni Gaudi in the suburbs of Barcelona, ​​is an outstanding monument of Art Nouveau in architecture with an abundance of organic decor and details.

Having come a long way bionics in architecture now belongs to the eco-friendly style direction - it does not violate the balance of the natural environment and. An eminent representative of this trend is an American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, which was alien to functionalism, deliberately highlighting the building from the natural environment. Wright did not welcome the dominance of the structure over nature, on the contrary, he believed that the structure should be a logical continuation of the natural relief, but not to the detriment of its practicality.

Waterfall House (architect Frank Lloyd Wright) is an example of organic architecture that fits perfectly into the surrounding landscape

At the beginning of the 21st century, bionics in architecture is on a new round of evolution due to the development of construction technologies and the emergence. Turning to organic forms nature, modern architecture combines the features of futurism, structuralism, biotech and is characterized as postmodern architecture.

Conceptual and realized projects of organic architecture of the 21st century

The Belgian architect Vincent Callbout developed a peculiar " green City"- a group of eco-skyscrapers, which is a "stack" of glass modules, similar in shape to sea pebbles. The system of organic skyscrapers includes farms for growing crops and, according to the concept, everything necessary for the life of the inhabitants of the houses will be produced within one giant building. This approach rethinks the current structure of metropolitan areas with suburbs - a source of food. Based on the architect's intention, the power supply of skyscrapers will be produced only using the energy of the sun and wind.

Conceptual design of a skyscraper-garden (architect Vincent Callbout)

Eco-skyscrapers by Belgian architect Vincent Callbout

Another project of this prolific architect is a helical skyscraper, which bears the features of bionics in its architecture and evokes associations with the DNA chain. A skyscraper garden will be built in Taipei, Taiwan in 2016. The twenty-level building consists of a central rod, around which two spirals of separate volumes are twisted. Each floor has an orchard and a vegetable garden, a rainwater collection and organic waste recycling system, as well as its own solar power plant. Low energy consumption and the formation of an eco-friendly system are the main components of Vincent Callbout's concept for housing construction in the 21st century.

Institute molecular biology in Australia (architect Lyons Architects)

Private houses built for the originals are often distinguished by unusual organic architecture - shells, leaves, - complex natural forms inspire modern architects to create . It is believed that it is more comfortable for a person to stay in rounded rooms, and the chopped outlines of houses can cause aggression. There is a study that says more high level crime is observed in densely populated microdistricts with box houses that practically do not differ from one another in architecture. Bionics in modern architecture is just the style that surprises and amazes, but does not depress human consciousness.

Private residence of Pierre Cardin in Theoule-sur-Mer (architect Antti Lovag)

Casa caracol or shell house in Mexico

Casa Nautilus or Submarine House in Mexico City (architect Senosiain Arquitectos)

In contact with

Bionic forms are characterized by complex designs and non-linear forms.

The emergence of the term.
The concept of "bionics" (from the Greek "bios" - life), appeared in the early twentieth century. In a global sense, it refers to the area scientific knowledge based on the discovery and use of patterns of construction of natural natural forms to solve technical, technological and artistic problems based on the analysis of structure, morphology and life biological organisms. The name was proposed by the American researcher J. Steele at the 1960 symposium in Daytona - “Living prototypes artificial systems-- key to new technology”, - during which the emergence of a new, unexplored field of knowledge was fixed. From this moment on, architects, designers, designers and engineers face a number of tasks aimed at finding new means of shaping.
In the USSR, by the beginning of the 1980s, thanks to the many years of efforts of the team of specialists from the TsNIELAB laboratory, which existed until the beginning of the 1990s, architectural bionics finally took shape as a new direction in architecture. At this time, the final monograph of a large international team of authors and employees of this laboratory was published under the general editorship of Yu. S. Lebedev "Architectural Bionics" (1990)
Thus, the period from the middle of the twentieth century. at the beginning of the XXI century. in architecture was marked by an increase in interest in complex curvilinear forms, the revival, already at a new level, of the concept of "organic architecture", which is rooted in late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, to the work of L. Sullivan and F. L. Wright. They believed that the architectural form, as in wildlife, should be functional and develop, as it were, "from the inside out."

The problem of harmonious symbiosis of architectural and natural environment.
The technocratic development of the last decades has long subjugated the way of life of man. Step by step, mankind has left its ecological habitat on the planet. In fact, we have become residents of an artificial "nature" made of glass, concrete and plastic, the compatibility of which with life natural ecosystem tends steadily to zero. And the stronger the artificial nature captures the living, the more obvious becomes the need of a person for natural, natural harmony. The most likely way to return humanity "to the bosom of nature", to restore balance between the two worlds is the development of modern bionics.

Cypress skyscraper in Shanghai. Architects: Maria Rosa Cervera & Javier Pioz.

Sydney Opera. Architect: Jørn Utzon.

Rolex Training Center. Architects: Japanese architectural bureau SANAA.

Architectural bionics is an innovative style that takes all the best from nature: reliefs, contours, principles of shaping and interaction with the outside world. All over the world, the ideas of bionic architecture have been successfully implemented by famous architects: the cypress skyscraper in Shanghai, the Sydney Opera House in Australia, the NMB Bank board building in the Netherlands, the Rolex training center and the fruit museum in Japan.

Fruit Museum. Architect: Itsuko Hasegawa.


The interior of the fruit museum.

At all times there has been a continuity of natural forms in the architecture created by man. But, unlike the formalist approach of the past, when the architect simply copied natural forms, modern bionics relies on the functional and fundamental features of living organisms - the ability to self-regulate, photosynthesis, the principle of harmonious coexistence, etc. Bionic architecture involves the creation of houses that are a natural continuation nature that does not come into conflict with it. Further development of bionics involves the development and creation of eco-houses - energy-efficient and comfortable buildings with independent systems life support. The design of such a building provides for a complex of engineering equipment. Environmentally friendly materials and building structures are used in the construction. Ideally, the house of the future is an autonomous self-sustaining system that organically fits into the natural landscape and exists in harmony with nature. Modern architectural bionics has practically merged with the concept of "eco-architecture" and is directly related to ecology.

Form-building, passing from wildlife to architecture.
Each creature on the planet is a perfect working system adapted to the environment. The viability of such systems is the result of the evolution of many millions of years. Revealing the secrets of the device of living organisms, you can get new opportunities in the architecture of buildings.
Formation in living nature is characterized by plasticity and combinatorism, diversity as the right geometric shapes and figures - circles, ovals, rhombuses, cubes, triangles, squares, various kinds of polygons, and an infinite number extremely complex and amazingly beautiful, lightweight, durable and economical structures created by combining these elements. Such structures reflect the complexity and multi-stage evolution of the development of living organisms.
The main positions for studying nature from the perspective of architectural bionics are biomaterials science and biotectonics.
The object of study in biomaterials science is various amazing properties of natural structures and their "derivatives" - tissues of animal organisms, stems and leaves of plants, cobweb threads, pumpkin tendrils, butterfly wings, etc.
With biotectonics, everything is more complicated. In this area of ​​knowledge, researchers are interested not so much in the properties of natural materials as in the very principles of the existence of living organisms. The main problems of biotectonics are the creation of new structures based on the principles and methods of action of biostructures in wildlife, the adaptation and growth of flexible tectonic systems based on the adaptation and growth of living organisms.
In architectural and construction bionics great attention given to new building technologies. So in the field of development of efficient and waste-free building technologies promising direction is the creation of layered structures. The idea is borrowed from deep-sea molluscs. Their strong shells consist of alternating hard and soft plates. When a hard plate cracks, the deformation is absorbed by the soft layer and the crack does not go any further.

Technologies of architectural bionics.
Here are some of the most common modern directions in the development of bionic buildings as an example.
1. Energy Efficient House - a building with low energy consumption or zero energy consumption from standard sources (Energy Efficient Building).
2. Passive Building (Passive Building) - a building with passive thermoregulation (cooling and heating through the use of energy environment). Such houses provide for the use of energy-saving building materials and structures and there is practically no traditional heating system.
3. Bioclimatic Architecture. One of the trends in hi-tech style. Main principle bioclimatic architecture - harmony with nature: "... so that a bird, flying into the office, does not notice that it is inside it." Basically, numerous bioclimatic skyscrapers are known, in which, along with barrier systems, multilayer glazing (double skin technology) is actively used to provide sound insulation and microclimate support, coupled with ventilation.
4. Smart House (Intellectual Building) - a building in which, with the help of computer technology and automation optimized the flow of light and heat in the premises and enclosing structures.
5. Healthy Building - a building in which, along with the use of energy-saving technologies and alternative energy sources, natural building materials (mixtures of earth and clay, wood, stone, sand, etc.) are a priority. Technologies " healthy" houses include air purification systems from harmful fumes, gases, radioactive substances etc.

The history of the use of architectural forms in architectural practice.
Architectural bionics did not arise by chance. It was the result of previous experience of using in one form or another (most often associative and imitative) certain properties or characteristics of wildlife forms in architecture - for example, in the hypostyle halls of Egyptian temples in Luxor and Karnak, capitals and columns of ancient orders, Gothic interiors. cathedrals, etc.

The columns of the hypostyle hall of the temple at Edfu.

Bionic architecture often includes buildings and architectural complexes, which organically fit into the natural landscape, being, as it were, its continuation. For example, the buildings of the modern Swiss architect Peter Zumthor can be called such. Equal to natural building materials, he works with already existing natural elements - mountains, hills, lawns, trees, practically without modifying them. Its structures seem to grow out of the ground, and, sometimes, merge so much with the surrounding nature that they can not be immediately detected. So, for example, thermal baths in Switzerland from the outside seem like just a green area.

Baths in Wals. Architect: Peter Zumthor.

From the point of view of one of the concepts of bionics - the image of an eco-house - even village houses familiar to us can be attributed to bionic architecture. They are made of natural materials, and the structures of rural settlements have always been harmoniously inscribed in the surrounding landscape (the upper point of the village is a church, the lowland is residential buildings, etc.)

Dome of Florence Cathedral. Architect: Filippo Brunelleschi.

The emergence of this area in the history of architecture is always associated with some kind of technical innovation: for example, the architect of the Italian Renaissance F. Brunelleschi took an egg shell as a prototype for constructing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, and Leonardo da Vinci copied the forms of wildlife when depicting and designing construction, military and even aircraft. It is generally accepted that the first who began to study the mechanics of the flight of living models "from bionic positions" was Leonardo da Vinci, who tried to develop an aircraft with a flapping wing (ornithopter).

Gallery in Park Guell. Architect: Antonio Gaudi.

Portal of the Passion of Christ in the Sagrada Familia.

Advances in construction technology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. gave rise to new technical possibilities for interpreting wildlife architecture. This was reflected in the works of many architects, among whom, of course, Antonio Gaudi stands out - the initiator of the widespread use of bioforms in the architecture of the 20th century. The residential buildings designed and built by A. Gaudi, the Güell Monastery, the famous Sagrada Familia (Sagrada Familia, 170 m high) in Barcelona still remain unsurpassed architectural masterpieces and, at the same time, the most talented and characteristic example of the assimilation of architectural natural forms -- their application and development.

Attic ceiling Casa Mila. Architect: Antonio Gaudi.

Arched vault of the gallery in Casa Batlló. Architect: Antonio Gaudi.

A. Gaudi believed that in architecture, as in nature, there is no place for copying. As a result, his structures are striking in their complexity - you will not find two identical parts in his buildings. Its columns depict palm trunks with bark and leaves, stair handrails imitate curling plant stems, vaulted ceilings reproduce tree crowns. In his creations, Gaudi used parabolic arches, hyper-spirals, inclined columns, etc., creating an architecture whose geometry surpassed the architectural imaginations of both architects and engineers. One of the first A. Gaudi also used bio-morphological structural properties spatially curved form, which was embodied by him in the form of a hyperbolic paraboloid of a small flight of stairs made of bricks. At the same time, Gaudí did not just copy natural objects, but creatively interpreted natural forms, modifying proportions and scale rhythmic characteristics.
Despite the fact that the semantic range of protobionic buildings looks quite impressive and justified, some experts consider as architectural bionics only those buildings that not only repeat natural forms or are created from natural materials, but contain structures and principles of wildlife in their designs.

construction eiffel tower. Engineer: Gustave Eiffel.

Bridge project. Architect: Paolo Soleri.

These scientists would rather call protobionics such buildings as the 300-meter Eiffel Tower of the bridge engineer A. G. Eiffel, which exactly repeats the structure of the human tibia, the bridge project of the architect P. Soleri, reminiscent of a rolled leaf of cereal and developed according to the principle of redistribution of loads in plant stems, etc.

Cycling track in Krylatskoe. Architects: N. I. Voronina and A. G. Ospennikov.

In Russia, the laws of wildlife were also borrowed to create some architectural objects"pre-perestroika" period. Examples include the Ostankino radio and television tower in Moscow, Olympic venues - a cycle track in Krylatskoye, membrane coverings of an indoor stadium on Prospekt Mira and a universal sports and entertainment hall in Leningrad, a restaurant in Primorsky Park in Baku and its link in Frunze - the restaurant "Bermet" and others
Among the names of modern architects working in the direction of architectural bionics, Norman Foster (http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/ByType/Default.aspx), Santiago Calatrava (http://www.calatrava.com/#/Selected %20works/Architecture?mode=english), Nicholas Grimshaw (http://grimshaw-architects.com/sectors/), Ken Young (http://www.trhamzahyeang.com/project/main.html), Vincent Kalebo ( http://vincent.callebaut.org/projets-groupe-tout.htm l) etc.

If any aspect of bionics interests you, write to us and we will tell you more about it!
Architectural bureau "Intera".

organic architecture- a trend of architectural thought, first formulated by Louis Sullivan based on the provisions of evolutionary biology in the 1890s. and found the most complete embodiment in the works of his follower Frank Lloyd Wright in the 1920s - 1950s

Organics (Bionics)(from the Greek. biōn - an element of life, literally - living) - this is a science, borderline between biology and technology, decisive engineering tasks based on the analysis of the structure and vital activity of organisms. Simply put, if you remember Leonardo da Vinci, who tried to build an aircraft with flapping wings like birds, then immediately imagine what organic style is.

The first attempts to use natural forms in construction were made by Antonio Gaudi. And it was a breakthrough! Park Güell, or, as they used to say, "Nature frozen in stone" - Europe, spoiled by architectural delights, and the whole world, has not yet seen anything like it. These masterpieces of the great master gave impetus to the development of architecture in an organic style.

In 1921, bionic ideas were reflected in the construction Rudolf Steiner Goetheanum, and from that moment on, architects around the world took organic matter into "armament".

From the time of the Goetheanum to today in the organic style, a large number of both individual buildings and entire cities were built. The most influential representative of organic architecture in Europe was Finn Alvar Aalto.

Style Features:

● Organic architecture is defined by forms that are not based on geometry. They are dynamic, wrong arising as a result of contacts with reality. However, each form of organic architecture should be considered as organism which develops according to the law of its own existence, its own special order, in harmony with its functions and its environment, like a plant or other living organisms.

● In contrast to functionalism, organic architecture sees its task in creating buildings and structures that reveal the properties natural materials and organically inscribed into the surrounding landscape. A supporter of the idea of ​​the continuity of architectural space, Wright proposed to draw a line under the tradition of deliberate separation of the building and its components from the surrounding world, which has dominated Western architectural thought since the time of Palladio. In his opinion, the form of the building should each time follow from its specific purpose and those unique environmental conditions in which it is built. In practical terms, Wright's "prairie houses" served as natural extensions of the natural environment, like the evolutionary form of natural organisms. The individualism of organic architecture inevitably came into conflict with the needs of modern urbanism, and it is not surprising that country mansions were the main monuments of this trend.

● In its essence, bionics, as an architectural style, seeks to create such a spatial environment that would stimulate with its entire atmosphere exactly the function of the building, the premises for which the latter are intended. In an organic home, the bedroom will be the bedroom, the living room will be the living room, and the kitchen will be the kitchen. Rudolf Steiner said: "The spiritual aspect of the creation of bionic forms is associated with an attempt to realize the purpose of man. In accordance with this, architecture is interpreted as a" place "where the meaning of human existence is revealed."

At the beginning of the 21st century, attempts to transfer the principles of organic architecture to larger-scale structures and harmoniously fit into nature, creating psychological comfortable environment gave rise to a stylebio-tech(Bio-Tech) . This style is still at the stage of developing manifestos, but is already starting actively seize positions.