It depends on the results of the examination of the architectural heritage. Examination of projects of zones of protection of cultural heritage sites

Taiwan, located off the southeast coast of mainland China, is China's largest island and has belonged to China for centuries. Taiwan compatriots have the same roots and the same origins as the people of their native mainland. Beginning with middle of the XIII Over the centuries, successive Chinese governments have established administrative bodies in Taiwan, exercising their jurisdiction there. In 1895, Japan occupied Taiwan as a result of a war of conquest against China. In 1945, having won final victory in the anti-Japanese war, the Chinese people took back Taiwan at the same time. On October 25 of the same year, the commissioner of the countries of the anti-fascist coalition to accept surrender at the ceremony of accepting the surrender of Japan on Taiwan on behalf of the Chinese government solemnly announced that from now on Taiwan will officially return to the territory of China. The entire territory, the entire population and all administrative affairs have been placed under the sovereignty of China from that day until now. The One China Principle and the Taiwan Question: Materials of the Press Office of the State Council of the PRC. - Access mode: http://www.chinadata.ru, free..

The return of Taiwan to the fold of China has been recognized by the international community. The famous Cairo and Potsdam Declarations clearly proclaimed that Taiwan, as Chinese territory torn away by Japan, should be returned to China. China will not allow Taiwan's independence // Golden Telecom [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.lenta.ru, free.. After World War II, Taiwan was already returned to China both de jure and de facto. The emergence of the Taiwan question is both a legacy of the civil war in China and the result of US military intervention. On October 1, 1949, the establishment of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China was proclaimed, which instead of the government of the Republic of China became the only legitimate government and the only legitimate representative of all China in the international arena. History of China: Textbook / Ed. A.V. Meliksetov. - M., 1998. - S. 279 .. Under the conditions of the immutability of the identical subject of international law, the new regime replaced the old regime, but the sovereignty of China and the territory belonging to it did not change at all. The flight to Taiwan of part of the military and political personnel of the Kuomintang group objectively created a situation of isolation between the two banks of the Taiwan Strait.

History of Taiwan secession from China

The military-political defeat of the Kuomintang as a result of the people's revolution (1945 - 1949) ended with its complete exile from the continental part of the country. Already in December 1949, the Kuomintang leadership decided to move the party and government bodies of the Republic of China to Taiwan. At the same time, a significant part of the armed forces was evacuated to the island, functionaries of the Kuomintang, prominent political figures of the disintegrating regime, some entrepreneurs, figures of science and culture closely associated with the regime, were fleeing to the island. Many cultural values, party and government archives are transported to the island. In total, about 2 million people moved to Taiwan (with an island population of 6 million). Taiwan: Development Issues: Proceedings of a scientific and practical conference. - M., 1990. - S. 109 ..

The People's Liberation Army, having completed the liberation of the continent, was preparing to land on the island of Taiwan. This military operation was favored not only by huge military superiority, but also by the international situation in the Far East. After the formation of the PRC, the American administration of President Truman, while refusing to recognize the PRC, at the same time declared its non-interference in China's internal affairs and its desire to avoid a military confrontation with the PRC in the Taiwan Strait. It seemed that the fate of the Kuomintang regime in Taiwan was sealed. However, on June 25, 1950, the North Korean army launched an offensive against South Korea, immediately fundamentally changing the international situation in China's history from ancient times to the present day. M., 1985. S. 276 - 277 ..

Already on June 27, President Truman announced the sending of the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Strait to prevent the PRC's invasion of Taiwan, as well as military-political and economic support for the Kuomintang regime Gypsies Yu Taiwan in the security structure East Asia. - M., 1998. - S. 46. Thus, the Kuomintang regime received military-political guarantees of its existence. throughout the second half of the 20th century. Taiwan actually developed under American protection. However, in the international community, Taiwan was seen as an integral part of China. The same positions are taken by the political opponents of the Kuomintang and the CPC. At the same time, Taiwan is an inalienable part of China not only in the political sense, but also, what is much more important, in the social and cultural sense. The development of China and Taiwan in the second half of the 20th century. revealed a significant qualitative commonality of economic, social, political processes that quickly changed the appearance of the continental and insular parts of a historically united country.

Having received a military-political respite, the Kuomintang leaders hurried to strengthen the apparatus of their power on the island, excluding the possibility of any opposition forces coming out or penetrating the island from their opponents from the continent. For the first time in the history of Kuomintang China, the power of the Kuomintang acquires a truly dictatorial character.

However, the Kuomintang leadership is not satisfied with the consolidation of a strict police regime. At the initiative of Chiang Kai-shek, the Kuomintang is conducting a deep reassessment of past policies and a search for ways to create a strong statehood Unification or Independence? - Access mode: http://www.mac.gov.tw, free .. And above all, in the first three years, attention is paid to the restructuring of the ruling party itself, which is defined by Chiang Kai-shek as revolutionary and democratic political organization, based on the "three people's principles" of Sun Yat-sen, striving for the liberation of the motherland and fighting against world communism. The leader of the Kuomintang especially emphasized the need to free the party from bureaucracy and corruption, and also to renew the composition of the party not at the expense of the bureaucracy (as was the case before), but at the expense of the young intelligentsia, workers and peasants. Already by 1952, in the party, almost half of its composition fell on workers and peasants, about 30% - on the share of people who had an education above the average Gudoshnikov L.M., Kokarev K.A. Political system Taiwan. - M., 1997. - S. 68. Without overestimating, of course, these indicators, one cannot fail to notice significant changes in the development of the ruling party. Measures are being taken to "Taiwanize" local Kuomintang organizations, as well as to increase the participation of Taiwanese in local government. With the aim of ideologically strengthening the army, political departments and political workers are introduced into it, relying in their work on members of the Kuomintang (in many respects by analogy with the PLA).

Defeat on the continent could not help but force the Kuomintang to try to reassess its former economic policy in light of its negative social consequences. To return support to the proprietary part of the city and countryside - such was the requirement for the new Kuomintang program. The previous sad experience demanded to abandon the totalitarian claims to the economy and, above all, to solve two closely related problems - the agrarian question and the stimulation of private enterprise.

As for a deeply ideological party, for the Kuomintang such a radical transformation of the program guidelines recently adopted by the 6th Congress of the Kuomintang (the course towards total nationalization of the economy for a direct transition to the implementation of their social utopias in the spirit of datong) was a very difficult matter. However, the leadership of the Kuomintang, and especially Chiang Kai-shek, demonstrated the reasonable flexibility of their ideological attitudes Gudoshnikov L.M., Kokarev K.A. The political system of Taiwan. - M., 1997. - S. 70 ..

An important factor in the change in the social and economic policy of the Kuomintang was the political and economic pressure of the United States on the Kuomintang in order to adapt its program and policy to Chinese and international realities. The United States created the military preconditions for the preservation of the Kuomintang regime in Taiwan. At the same time, they sought to accelerate the evolution of the Kuomintang military-bureaucratic regime in Taiwan into a bourgeois-democratic regime, to make Taiwan a kind of "showcase" of the possibilities of capitalist development in the Third World countries. And although the bulk of American aid went to strengthening the defense of the island, American funds were an important factor in economic transformation. Assistance was provided on very favorable financial terms: more than 80% of the assistance was free of charge, and the rest at low interest rates. Unlike the 40s. now the assistance procedure did not end with the transfer of financial resources to the Kuomintang government, but, as it were, continued into the “internal” spheres of its activity - the United States actually took control over the implementation of the funds provided. History of China: Textbook / Ed. A.V. Meliksetov. - M., 1998. S. 341 ..

Already during the first important economic transformation agrarian reform- the American influence was shown. The reform was carried out with the direct assistance of the Joint Reconstruction Commission Agriculture, created in accordance with the 1948 law on aid to China, but only now has received a real opportunity to influence the Kuomintang policy in the countryside.

The beginning of the reform was initiated by the implementation in May 1949 of the old Kuomintang agrarian law, which limited the amount of rent (no more than 37.5% of the annual fee), which actually meant for the Taiwanese peasant a reduction in rent payments by half. Peasants were also freed from debts to landlords and usurers. In 1951, 237 thousand peasant families were sold 110 thousand hectares of land that was in the hands of the state after the expropriation of Japanese colonial land ownership. In 1953, the forced purchase of leased land was carried out - the most difficult stage land reform. Landowners were left with no more than 3 hectares of irrigated land and 6 hectares of rainfed land. The cost of the redeemed lands was paid by government bonds. 56 thousand hectares of land purchased in this way were sold to 107 thousand peasant families. The sale was carried out on preferential terms for peasants - the land was estimated at the cost of a 2.5-year harvest from the land received, with payment in installments for 10 years. As a result of these transformations, agrarian relations on the island have changed radically: if before the start of the reform, 2/3 of the peasants were tenants, now almost 90% of the peasants have become land owners. History of China: Textbook / Ed. A.V. Meliksetov. - M., 1998. - S. 357 - 358 ..

At the same time, the government provided the peasantry with significant assistance. The creation of supply and marketing cooperatives was encouraged, which received state support. The production of expert crops was stimulated. Measures were taken to develop rural infrastructure, to supply the village with chemical fertilizers. The modernization of agriculture was facilitated by significant government loans. A significant part of American aid was also sent here. Radical changes in land relations and the modernization of agricultural production led to continuous growth agricultural productivity. The Taiwanese village was able to feed the rapidly growing population of the island, produce resources for export, and ensure the growth of the well-being of the peasantry. No less important for the Kuomintang were social consequences agrarian reforms: The Kuomintang received a fairly solid social base for its regime. The successes of the renewed agriculture have become a reliable foundation for the socio-economic development of the island Mamaeva N.L. The problem of historical continuity and policy of the Kuomintang in Taiwan. - Access mode: http://www.iaas.msu.ru, free..

Thus was realized one of the lessons learned by the Kuomintang from its defeat on the continent. The implementation of another lesson - in relation to national and foreign private enterprise - turned out to be both more difficult and longer.

The Kuomintang leadership rather quickly accepted the idea of encouraging private entrepreneurship as a policy setting, but it turned out to be difficult to implement this idea in practice - the inertia of both thinking and production was too great. In the early 50s. the economic structure of the last Kuomintang province did not fundamentally differ from economic structure Kuomintang China: the commanding and economic heights - banks, transport, foreign trade, large-scale industry - were in the hands of the Kuomintang authorities. In the hands of private capital was mainly small-scale production. There was no foreign investment. At the new stage, the Kuomintang leaders and their American advisers proceeded from the recognition of the need to maintain government control over infrastructure and a few branches of industry and to stimulate private national and foreign entrepreneurship in most other industries.

However, simply recognizing the desirability of structural change economic life was, as the experience of Taiwan in the first half of the 1950s shows, not enough for this. What was needed was a process of deliberate privatization of state property and a system of legal regulations and economic measures that directly encouraged private investment in the industry of the island. The Kuomintang power gradually, slowly, only by the end of the 50s, not only came to understand this imperative, but also managed to take effective measures New in the study of China: Sat. Art. / Ed. M.A. Titarenko. - M., 1987. - S. 25 - 26 ..

Office of Taiwan Affairs State Council PRC

August 1993

FOREWORD

Defending the national unity and territorial integrity of the country is the sacred right of every sovereign state, it is the basic principle of international law. The UN Charter clearly provides that the UN and its Member States are not allowed to encroach on the territorial integrity and political independence of any of its members or any state, it is not allowed to interfere in matters that are essentially within the internal competence of any state. The UN Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the UN Charter provides that any attempt aimed at the partial or total violation of national unity, territorial integrity or political independence is incompatible with the spirit of the UN Charter.

The new history of China is a history of the acts of aggression committed against it, the massacres committed against it and the insults inflicted on it, and at the same time it is also the history of the heroic struggle of the Chinese people in defense of national independence, state sovereignty, territorial integrity and national dignity. . It is with this historical period the emergence and development of the Taiwan issue are closely linked. By virtue of various reasons Taiwan is still in a state of isolation from mainland China. Until this state of affairs is ended, the wound inflicted on the Chinese people does not heal, and the struggle of the Chinese people to uphold the unity of their country and its territorial integrity does not stop.

What is the current state of the Taiwan question? What is its essence? What are the positions and attitudes of the Chinese government in resolving this issue? In order for the international community to have a clear idea, we consider it necessary to highlight the following issues.

1. TAIWAN IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF CHINA

Taiwan, located off the southeast coast of the Chinese mainland, is the largest island in China and, together with the Chinese mainland, forms an inseparable whole.

Taiwan has belonged to China since ancient times. In ancient times, Fr. Taiwan was referred to as "Yizhou" or "Luqiu". Numerous historical records and documents have captured the picture of the initial development of Taiwan by settlers from mainland China. Suffice it to say that more than 1700 years ago in the book "Geographical reference book about coastal areas”, written by the writer Shen Ying of the Wu kingdom of the Three Kingdoms era, already contained relevant descriptions on this matter. It was the world's earliest written description of Taiwan. In the 3rd and 7th centuries AD, the authorities of the Kingdom of Wu of the Three Kingdoms era and the central government of the Sui dynasty were sent to about. Taiwan, more than 10,000 people each. Starting from the 17th century, the development of Taiwan by settlers from mainland China took on an increasing scale. At the end of the 17th century, there were already more than 100,000 virgin explorers from mainland China in Taiwan. In 1893 (the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Guanxu of the Qing Dynasty), their total number reached more than 507 thousand households, or over 2540 thousand people. This means that the number of migrants from mainland China has increased by 25 times within 200 years. These pioneers from mainland China brought advanced production methods to Taiwan, fought their way through sweat and blood, and made incredible efforts to develop the island from south to north, from east to west, which greatly accelerated the overall process of developing Taiwan. This historical fact suggests that Taiwan, like other provinces and regions of China, was mastered and settled by a multinational Chinese people. The whole process community development Taiwan is imbued with the tradition of Chinese culture. This is a basic fact that has not changed even during the half-century Japanese occupation of Taiwan. The history of the development and development of Taiwan is saturated with the sweat, blood and mind of the Chinese people, including representatives of local national minorities.

Central governments different eras and dynasties of China established administrative bodies in Taiwan and exercised their jurisdiction there. As early as the middle of the 12th century AD, the central government of the Song Dynasty sent troops to the Penghu Islands in the Taiwan area and transferred the Penghu Islands area to Jinjiang County, Quanzhou District, Fujian Province. The central government of the Yuan Dynasty established the Patrol and Inspection Service in the Penghu Islands. In the second half of the 16th century, the central government of the Ming Dynasty again restored this once abolished body "Patrol and Inspection Service" and increased the number of military contingents on the Penghu Islands in order to protect against the invasion of foreign enemies. In 1662 (the first year of the reign of the Qing emperor Kangxi), General Zheng Chenggong founded an area in Taiwan called Chengtianfu. The central government of the Qing Dynasty, by gradually multiplying and expanding the administrative bodies in Taiwan, strengthened its administrative functions in this island. In 1684 (the 23rd year of the reign of the Qing Emperor Kangxi), the “Military Administrative Region for Taiwan and Xiamen Affairs” and the “Taiwan Region” were established under Fujian Province, which held 3 counties under their administrative subordination: Taiwan (now Tainan) , Fengshan (now Kaohsiung), Zhuluo (now Chiayi). In 1714 (the 53rd year of the reign of the Qing emperor Kangxi), the Qing government sent experts to Taiwan to carry out topographical work, map and measure the entire island. In 1721 (the 60th year of the reign of the Qing Emperor Kangxi), the post of "Provincial Inspector for Taiwan Affairs" was additionally established, and the "Military Administrative Region for Taiwan and Xiamen Affairs" was renamed "Taiwan and Xiamen Affairs District". Subsequently, Zhanghua County and Danshui Prefecture were additionally created. In 1727 (the 5th year of the reign of the Qing Emperor Yongzheng), the “Taiwan and Xiamen Affairs District” was renamed the “Taiwan Affairs District” (subsequently renamed the “Taiwan Affairs Military Administrative Region”, and the prefecture was additionally created “ Penghu". Since then, this island has been given the unified official name "Taiwan". region" and the counties of Danshui, Hsinchu, Yilan, as well as Jilong Prefecture. In 1885 (the 11th year of the Qing emperor Guangxu), the Qing government officially turned Taiwan into a separate province, the first governor of which was Liu Mingchuan. The province included 3 districts and one region, which included 11 counties and 5 prefectures. During Liu Mingchun's tenure as governor, Taiwan built railways, created mines, extended telegraph lines, built merchant ships, opened industrial enterprises and schools of a new type, as a result of which the socio-economic and cultural development in Taiwan.

After the Chinese people won the war against the Japanese invaders in 1945, the Chinese central government re-established administrative authority in Taiwan Province.

The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait have waged a long and unremitting struggle against foreign invasion and occupation of Taiwan. Starting in the second half of the 15th century, the colonialists of the Western powers began a large-scale seizure of the colonies. In 1624 (4th year of the reign of Emperor Tianqi of the Ming Dynasty), Dutch colonialists occupied southern Taiwan. In 1626 (6th year of the reign of Emperor Tianqi of the Ming Dynasty), Spanish colonialists invaded northern Taiwan. In 1642 (the 15th year of the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor of the Ming Dynasty), the Dutch, replacing the Spaniards, also occupied the northern part of Taiwan. Compatriots living on both sides of the Taiwan Strait fought against the invasion and occupation of Taiwan by foreign colonialists in various forms including armed uprisings. In 1661 (the 18th year of the reign of the Qing Emperor Shunzhi), General Zheng Chenggong marched on Taiwan, and a year later the Dutch colonialists were expelled from Taiwan.

In 1894 (the 20th year of the reign of the Qing Emperor Guangxu), Japan unleashed a war of aggression against China. The following year, the Qing government, which was defeated in this war, under threats and pressure from Japan, signed the infamous Shimonoseki Treaty, which provided for the cession of Taiwan to Japan. The news of Taiwan's secession caused nationwide outrage throughout the country. More than a thousand students who arrived at that time from 18 provinces to the capital to take state examinations for degree Jinshi, signed a collective petition to the emperor protesting the cession of Taiwan. And the Taiwanese themselves, “plunged into deep sorrow” by the news of the upcoming cession of Taiwan to Japan, struck the gongs and announced a general strike. General Liu Yongfu, commander of the Taiwanese garrison, along with Taiwanese compatriots, waged a deadly struggle against the Japanese occupiers. Residents of the southeastern provinces of the Chinese mainland either made donations to support this struggle, or volunteered to go to Taiwan to fight the Japanese aggressors. During the period of Japanese occupation, the Taiwanese compatriots never stopped their heroic struggle. At the beginning, they, creating volunteer detachments, waged an armed partisan struggle, which lasted about 7 years. After the Qing monarchy was overthrown as a result of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, the people of Taiwan, responding to the struggle of their compatriots in mainland China, raised more than ten armed uprisings. And in the 20s and 30s of our century, Fr. Taiwan was engulfed in even more violent waves of mass movements against Japanese colonial rule that swept across the island from south to north.

In 1937, the Chinese people rose up in a nationwide anti-Japanese war. The Chinese government, in its "Declaration of War on Japan," made it clear to the world that from now on, all treaties, conventions, agreements, and contracts affecting Sino-Japanese relations will be denounced. Naturally, the Shimonoseki Treaty is also one of them. Moreover, the above document also proclaimed in all seriousness that China "will regain Taiwan, the Penghu Islands and the four northeastern provinces." As a result of the 8-year hard anti-Japanese war, the Chinese people won a final victory in 1945 and achieved the return of Taiwan, which had been torn away by Japan. Taiwanese compatriots, drowning in an atmosphere of joyful enthusiasm, arranging rites of remembrance of their ancestors, celebrated under the noise of loud crackers great victory return of Taiwan to the motherland.

The international community recognizes the fact that Taiwan belongs to China. The Chinese People's War Against the Japanese Invaders component world anti-fascist struggle has received broad support from the peoples of the world. During World War II, China, the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and other countries formed an anti-fascist coalition in order to fight the fascist "axis countries" - Germany, Japan and Italy. On December 1, 1943, China, the United States and Great Britain signed the Cairo Declaration, which stated that "the aim of the three-power policy is to deprive Japan of all the islands in the Pacific Ocean that she has captured or occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914" , and also that "all the territories that Japan seized from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa (Taiwan Island) and the Pescador Islands (Penghu Islands) should be returned to the Republic of China." The Potsdam Declaration, signed by China, the United States and Great Britain on July 26, 1945 (the Soviet Union subsequently acceded to this declaration), reaffirmed that the conditions of the Cairo Declaration must be fulfilled. On August 15 of the same year, Japan announced its surrender. Japan's unconditional surrender stipulated that Japan "accept the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, signed jointly by China, the United States and Great Britain on July 26, 1945, and subsequently acceded to by the Soviet Union." On October 25, 1945, a ceremony was held in Taipei to accept the surrender of Japanese troops in Taiwan Province of the Chinese theater of operations of the countries of the anti-fascist coalition. The Commissioner for Accepting the Surrender of Japanese Forces, on behalf of the Chinese government, proclaimed that from now on Taiwan and the Penghu Islands are again officially included in the territory of China. The entire territory, the entire population and all administrative affairs are now placed under the sovereignty of China. Since then, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands have once again come under the jurisdiction of Chinese sovereignty.

After the formation of the People's Republic of China, 157 countries of the world established diplomatic relations with the PRC. All these countries recognize that there is only one China in the world, that the PRC government is the sole legitimate government of China, and that Taiwan is part of its territory.

2. HISTORY OF THE TAIWAN ISSUE

After World War II, Taiwan was already returned to China, both de jure and de facto. The reappearance of the Taiwan question is connected with the subsequent anti-people civil war unleashed by the Kuomintang in China, especially with the intervention of foreign forces.

The Taiwan question and the civil war unleashed by the Kuomintang. During the years of the anti-Japanese war in China, under the influence of the Communist Party, they formed a united anti-Japanese national front and fought against the aggression of the Japanese imperialists. After the victory in the war against the Japanese invaders, the two parties should continue to take up the great cause of China's rebirth hand in hand, shoulder to shoulder. However, the Kuomintang group of that time, led by Chiang Kai-shek, relying on the support of the United States and ignoring the insistent aspirations of the entire Chinese people for peace and the creation of an independent, democratic, rich and powerful new China, tore up the “Agreement of October 10” signed by the two parties and unleashed anti-people civil war on an all-China scale. The Chinese people, under the leadership of the Communist Party, were forced to rise in a people's liberation war that lasted more than three years, as a result of which the government of the "Republic of China" in Nanjing was eventually overthrown by the Chinese people. In fact, the then Kuomintang grouping, going against everything, had already been rejected by all the peoples of China. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed, the government of which became the sole legal government of China. Part of the military-political personnel of the Kuomintang group retreated to about. Taiwan, and with support from the then US government, created a situation of disconnection between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait.

The Taiwan question and the responsibility of the US government. After the Second World War, in the face of confrontation between East and West, the US government, based on considerations of the so-called. global strategy and protection of their national interests, with all their might supported the Kuomintang group in the conduct of the civil war, providing it with money, weapons and advisers in order to prevent revolutionary cause Chinese people. However, the US government never achieved its desired goal. The US government was forced to acknowledge this in the White Paper on US-China Relations published by the US State Department in 1949 and in a letter from US Secretary of State Acheson to President Truman. Acheson wrote in his letter, "It is an unfortunate but inevitable fact that the ominous outcome of the Chinese Civil War was beyond the control of the United States government." “Nothing was left undone by our country to prevent such an outcome. It was a product of the interplay of China's internal forces, which we tried but failed to influence."

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the then US government could have got out of the quagmire of the Chinese civil war, but it did not do so, but, on the contrary, began to pursue a policy of isolation and containment towards the new China. Moreover, after the outbreak of the Korean War, it resorted to armed intervention in relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait, which are purely internal affairs China. On June 27, 1950, US President Truman proclaimed in a statement: "I have already given orders to the Seventh Fleet to prevent any attack on Taiwan." The US 7th Fleet entered the Taiwan Strait, and the 13th Squadron was stationed in Taiwan. In December 1954, the United States signed with the Taiwanese authorities the so-called. "common defense pact" Chinese province Taiwan under the "protection" of the United States. The US government's misguided policy of continuing to interfere in China's internal affairs has led to a long-term tense confrontation in the Taiwan Strait area. Since then, the Taiwan issue has become the main dispute in relations between China and the United States.

In order to ease tensions in the Taiwan Strait area, as well as to find ways to resolve the dispute between the PRC and the United States, the PRC government began a dialogue with the United States in the mid-1950s. From August 1955 to February 1970, the PRC and the US held a total of 136 rounds of negotiations at the ambassadorial level. However, no progress has been made on the key issue of easing and resolving tensions in the Taiwan Strait area. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, as the international situation developed and changed, and in view of the growth of the forces of the new China, the United States began to make adjustments to its policy towards China, as a result of which a gradual thaw trend appeared in bilateral relations. In October 1971, at the 26th session of the UN General Assembly, Resolution No. 2758 was adopted on the restoration of all legal rights of the PRC in the UN and on the expulsion of the "representatives" of the Taiwanese authorities from the UN. In February 1972 US President Nixon visited China. The two sides issued a joint communiqué in Shanghai, which reads: “The American side declares: The United States recognizes that all Chinese living on both sides of the Taiwan Strait believe that there is only one China, that Taiwan is part of China. The US government has no objection to this position."

In December 1978, the US government accepted the Chinese government's three principles for establishing diplomatic relations, namely: cut off "diplomatic relations with Taiwanese authorities, annul the "common defense treaty," and withdraw troops from Taiwan. On January 1, 1979, China and the United States formally established diplomatic relations. The Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the PRC and the United States states: “The United States of America recognizes that the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legitimate government of China. In this context, the American people will maintain cultural, commercial, and other informal ties with the Taiwanese people”; "The government of the United States of America recognizes China's position, that is, there is only one China, and Taiwan is part of China." Thus, China-US relations were normalized.

However, unfortunately, only three months have passed since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, the American Congress adopted the so-called. "Taiwan Relations Act", which came into force after the signing by the President of the United States. This "Taiwan Relations Act" as the domestic law of the United States contains a number of provisions that run counter to the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between China and the United States and the principles of international law, which seriously infringed on the rights and interests of the Chinese people. Under this act, the US government continues to sell weapons to Taiwan and interfere in China's internal affairs, thereby preventing Taiwan's reunification with the Chinese mainland.

In order to resolve the issue of US arms sales to Taiwan, on August 17, 1982, the governments of the two countries reached an agreement through negotiations and published the third joint Chinese-American communiqué, abbreviated as the August 17 Communiqué. In this communiqué, the US government states that “it does not seek a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan. The arms it sells to Taiwan, both in quality and quantity, will not exceed the level of weapons delivered in last years after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States. It is ready to gradually reduce arms sales to Taiwan, leading to a final permit after a certain period of time." However, over the past ten years, the US government has not implemented the provisions of the above communiqué, moreover, it has committed one act after another of violating them. In September 1992, the US government even decided to sell 150 highly combat-ready F-16 fighters to Taiwan. This action by the US government has created new barriers and obstacles to the development of China-US relations and the resolution of the Taiwanese people.

It can be seen from the above that the US government is responsible for the fact that the Taiwan issue has not yet been resolved. Since the 1970s, many far-sighted and friendly American figures in both the government and the opposition have done a great deal. useful work contributing to the elimination of disagreements between China and the United States on the Taiwan issue. The above three joint communiqués embody both their efforts and contributions, which are greatly appreciated by the Chinese government and the Chinese people. However, it should be noted that there are indeed people in the United States who to this day do not want to see the unification of China, creating various pretexts, exerting all kinds of influence, hindering the resolution of the Taiwan issue.

The Chinese government is confident that the American and Chinese peoples are friendly peoples. The normal development of bilateral relations meets the long-term interests and common aspirations of the peoples of the two countries. Both countries should cherish the hard-won three joint communiqués that serve as a guide to the development of relations between the two countries. Were only both sides will strictly abide by the principles of the three communiques, respect each other and put in the first place common interests, then the Taiwan question left behind by history will not be difficult to resolve, and Sino-US relations will certainly develop and improve steadily.

3. MAIN COURSE OF THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT

ON THE SOLUTION OF THE TAIWAN QUESTION

The resolution of the Taiwan issue and the unification of the Motherland is the great and sacred mission of the entire Chinese people. Since the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese government has made unremitting efforts. The main course of the Chinese government to resolve the Taiwan issue is "peaceful unification and one state - two systems."

Formation of the course "peaceful unification and one state - two systems". Back in the 1950s, the Chinese government intended to resolve the Taiwan issue peacefully. In May 1955, Premier Zhou Enlai, at a session of the PC NPC, already noted that there are two possible ways resolution of the Taiwan question - military and peaceful. The Chinese people are ready to resolve this issue peacefully, if conditions permit. In April 1956, Chairman Mao Zedong made a number of political statements: "Peace should be given preference", "All patriots are members of the same family, regardless of when they took the position of patriotism." However, due to the intervention of certain foreign forces and other reasons, these statements did not materialize.

Since the 1970s, both the international and domestic environments have undergone a number of important changes: diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States and normalization of relations has been carried out; at the 3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee, the Communist Party of China decided to shift the center of gravity of party and state work to the construction modern economy. Along with this, the Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, the Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, as well as the overseas Chinese expatriates and people of Chinese origin, strongly hope that the Chinese on both sides of the Strait will cooperate hand in hand and work together to achieve China's rejuvenation. In such historical background The Chinese government, based on the national interests and prospective development of the country, guided by the principles of respect for history, taking into account realities, a businesslike approach and taking into account the interests of all parties, put forward the course of "peaceful unification and one state - two systems."

On January 1, 1979, the PC of the NPC of the People's Republic of China issued the "Appeal to the Taiwan Compatriots", in which it solemnly proclaimed the Chinese government's fundamental policy regarding the peaceful resolution of the Taiwan issue, and called for negotiations to end the military confrontation between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. The address also pledged that in carrying out national unification, "respect the status quo of Taiwan and the opinions of representatives of various circles in Taiwan, and take reasonable and rational policies and measures" without fail.

On September 30, 1981, Ye Jianying, Chairman of the National People's Congress Committee of the People's Republic of China, in an interview for the press, further clarified the policy and course regarding the resolution of the Taiwan issue. It states that "after the unification of the country, Taiwan can retain the right to a high degree of self-government as a special administrative region," it also suggests that negotiations be held between the ruling parties of both sides of the Taiwan Strait - the Communist Party and the Kuomintang - on a parity basis.

On January 11, 1982, the leader of China, Deng Xiaoping, regarding the above-mentioned interview with Ye Jianying, noted that the concept of "one state - two systems" is actually present here. Under the general premise of realizing national unification, socialism will be realized in the main part of the country, and capitalism will be realized in Taiwan.

On June 26, 1983, further developing the concept of peaceful unification of Taiwan with the continent, Deng Xiaoping noted that the essence of the issue is the unification of the Motherland. At the same time, he clarified the policy of the Chinese government regarding cross-strait unification and the establishment of a Taiwanese special administrative region.

On October 12, 1992, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Jiang Zemin remarked, "Steady on the course of 'peaceful unification of the motherland, one state, two systems', we will actively promote the cause of the unification of the motherland." “We reaffirm that the Chinese Communist Party is ready to establish contacts with the Kuomintang as soon as possible in order to create conditions for negotiations on the issues of officially ending the confrontation between the two sides of the strait and on the gradual implementation of the peaceful unification of the motherland. Eminent figures of other political parties, organizations and various circles of the society of the two sides of the strait could be involved in these negotiations.

The main points of the course "peaceful unification and one state - two systems." The course "Peaceful unification and one state - two systems" is an important component of the theory and practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, the unchanging and fundamental state policy of the Chinese government for a long period of time. Its main points are as follows:

(1) One China. There is only one China in the world. Taiwan is an integral part of China. The central government is located in Beijing. This is a generally recognized fact, which is also a prerequisite for a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question.

The Chinese Government firmly opposes any speech or action aimed at dividing China and encroaching on its sovereignty and territorial integrity, against the establishment of "two Chinas", "one China and one Taiwan" or "one state with two governments", against all attempts and acts that could lead to "Taiwan independence". The Chinese of both sides of the strait are unanimously in favor of having only one China in the world and support the unification of the country. Taiwan's status as an integral part of China is certain and unchangeable, and there can be no question of "self-determination."

(2) Coexistence of two systems. Under one China as a prerequisite, socialism in the mainland and capitalism in Taiwan will coexist and develop together for a long time without absorbing each other. This consideration is mainly based on consideration of the current situation in Taiwan and the practical interests of Taiwanese compatriots. This will be an important initiative and the main specificity state structure China after the implementation of its unification. After the implementation of cross-strait unification, Taiwan's current socio-economic system will not change, the way of life will not change, economic and cultural ties with foreign countries will not change. Private property, residential buildings, land plots, enterprise property, legal inheritance rights, investments by Chinese emigrants and foreigners, etc. will be protected by law without exception.

(3) High degree of self-government. After the unification of the country, Taiwan will become a special administrative region, which, unlike other provinces and regions of China, will enjoy the right to a high degree of self-government. It will have administrative, legislative and independent judicial powers, as well as the right to make a final judgment. He will independently manage his party, administrative, military, economic and financial affairs; he will also have the right to sign commercial, cultural agreements and other foreign relations rights with foreign states; he can have his own army; the mainland will not send military or administrative personnel to Taiwan. Representatives of the Government of the Special Administrative Region and officials from various circles in Taiwan may hold leadership positions in the central state government, as well as participate in the management of national affairs.

(4) Peace negotiations. The realization of national unification through peaceful contact and negotiation is the common aspiration of all Chinese people. After all, the Chinese live on both sides of the strait. If they start fighting against each other, engage in fratricide in case of violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China, then this would be a huge tragedy for compatriots on both sides of the strait. Peaceful unification will help the cohesion of all the nations of China, contribute to the stability and development of Taiwan's society and economy, and contribute to the prosperity and growth of the power of all of China.

In order to end the state of hostility and achieve peaceful unification, both sides of the strait must establish contacts and start negotiations as soon as possible. At common understanding the existence of one China as a prerequisite, any issues can be discussed, including the question of how to negotiate, the question of which parties, organizations and representatives of various circles will participate in the negotiations, as well as all other issues of interest to the Taiwanese side. It seems to us that both sides of the strait will certainly find a solution acceptable to both sides, as long as they sit down at the negotiating table.

Taking into account the reality on both sides of the strait, the Chinese government advocates that, prior to the implementation of the unification, both sides, according to the principles of mutual respect, complementarity and mutual benefit, actively promote the development of economic cooperation and communication in various fields, maintain direct postal and telegraph, trade and transport links. , as well as bilateral exchanges in order to create appropriate conditions for the peaceful unification of the country.

Peaceful unification is the established course of the Chinese government. However, any sovereign state has the right to take all measures it deems necessary, including military means, to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its country. The Chinese government is not at all obliged to make a promise of any foreign country or any person trying to split China over how it is prepared to handle its internal affairs.

It should also be noted that the Taiwan issue belongs exclusively to the internal affairs of China, which differs from the German and Korean issues that developed after the Second World War in accordance with international agreements. Consequently, the Taiwan issue cannot be placed on a par with the German and Korean issues. The Chinese Government has consistently opposed the solution of the Taiwan question by the same methods that were once applied to the solution of the German and Korean questions. The Taiwan question should and may well be rationally resolved through consultations between the two sides of the strait within the framework of one China.

4. DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONS BETWEEN BOTH SIDES OF THE TAIWAN STRAIT OBSTACLES TO THEIR DEVELOPMENT

The current state of isolation between both sides of the Taiwan Strait is the misfortune of the Chinese nation. All Chinese, without exception, passionately yearn for a speedy end to this sad state of affairs.

In order to maintain normal relations between the peoples of both sides and achieve the unification of the country, the Chinese government, putting forward the idea of peaceful unification, has taken a number of measures to promote the development of relations between the two sides.

In the political field, measures have been taken to regulate the relevant political guidelines, designed to dispel feelings of hostility. The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate decided not to file any more lawsuits against people who left for Taiwan and committed crimes before the founding of the PRC.

In the military field, on our initiative, the state of military confrontation between both sides of the strait was mitigated, and artillery shelling of Fr. Kinmen and other islands, turned a number of seaside forward positions and observation posts in Fujian Province into economic zones and tourist points.

In the economic field, open wide access to promote exchange, encourage Taiwanese merchants to come to the continent to invest and conduct business. trading activities, as well as preferential terms and a legal guarantee are provided to them.

As for other areas, such as personal communications, post and telegraph, transport communications, science and technology, culture, physical education and sports, scientific research, press, etc., the Chinese government, also adhering to a positive approach, has taken appropriate measures to encourage the development of exchange and cooperation in various fields between both parties. Moreover, a government-authorized people's organization, the Association for the Development of Relations between the Peoples on both Sides of the Strait, has been established, which has established ties with the Fund for the exchange between the shores of the Taiwan Strait and the relevant people's organizations in Taiwan in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the peoples of both sides, promote development their relationship.

The political attitudes and measures of the Chinese government towards Taiwan are met with understanding and support from an increasing number of Taiwanese, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, overseas Chinese emigrants and people of Chinese origin. The broad masses of Taiwanese compatriots made great efforts to develop relations between the two sides. In recent years, the Taiwanese authorities have also adjusted their policy towards the continent accordingly, taken a number of easing measures, such as allowing Taiwanese people to visit their relatives on the continent, gradually lifting restrictions on non-governmental communication and exchange between the two sides, expanding indirect trade, admission of indirect investments, simplification of the order of telephone communication, postal communication, money transfer. All this favors mutual communication. In recent years, trade and economic relations between the two sides have been developing rapidly, personal contacts and various kinds of relations are constantly expanding. During negotiations held in April 1993 between Wang Daohan, Chairman of the Association for the Development of Cross-Strait Relations, and Gu Zhenfu, Chairman of the Taiwan Strait Exchange Fund, four agreements were signed, which made important step, which is of historical importance in relations between both sides of the Taiwan Strait. Between both sides of the Taiwan Strait, an atmosphere of détente has emerged that has not been seen in more than 40 years. This is in favor of the peaceful unification of the country.

It should be noted that although the Taiwanese authorities allowed some relaxation of restrictions on the development of relations between the two sides of the strait, but their current policy towards the continent still seriously impedes the development of relations between the two sides and the unification of the country. Although they say in words that "China should be unified," in actions they constantly deviate from the principle of one China, continue to maintain Taiwan's isolation from the mainland, refuse to negotiate the peaceful unification of the country, and even put up barriers to limit further development of communication between the two parties.

In recent years, on about. Taiwan's process for an "independent Taiwan" is rampant with increasing fury, which casts a shadow over the development of relations between the two sides and the peaceful unification of the country. The emergence of the aforementioned process for an "independent Taiwan" has complex socio-historical roots and international background, and the policy pursued by the Taiwanese authorities of refusing to negotiate peace, restricting communications and their attempt to achieve "dual recognition" and the creation of "two Chinas" in the international arena actually create conditions to develop the process for an "independent Taiwan". It must be said that the desire of Taiwanese compatriots to become the full owner of the island and manage their own affairs is natural, rational and fair. This is different from striving for "Taiwan independence", and even more fundamentally different from the position of the handful of people who stubbornly follow the path to "Taiwan independence". Relying on foreign patronage, this handful of people zealously preach "Taiwan independence" and try in vain to tear Taiwan away from China, which runs counter to the fundamental interests of the entire Chinese people, including Taiwanese compatriots. The Chinese government is closely following the development of this event and will by no means sit idly by with regard to any undertakings designed to create an "independent Taiwan."

Some international forces that do not want to see the unification of China continue to do their best to interfere in China's internal affairs, supporting the policy of the Taiwanese authorities "against the Communist Party, refusing to negotiate peace" and secessionist forces on about. Taiwan, create obstacles to the peaceful unification of China, which seriously hurt the national feeling of the Chinese people.

The Chinese government firmly believes that the broad masses of Taiwanese compatriots want the country's unification, and that most of political forces in Taiwan, both those in power and those in opposition. With the joint efforts of the peoples of both sides, the above obstacles and obstacles will undoubtedly be overcome, and relations between the two sides will certainly develop even more favorably.

5. SOME INTERNATIONAL MATTERS CONCERNING TAIWAN

As stated above, there is only one China in the world, Taiwan is an integral part of China. The Government of the People's Republic of China, as the only legitimate government of China, enjoys universal recognition from the United Nations and all countries of the world. In resolving issues in international affairs concerning Taiwan, the Chinese government, striving to preserve state sovereignty and achieve the unification of the country, consistently adheres to the principle of "one China", always protects the interests of Taiwanese compatriots. The Chinese Government is confident that this stand of its own will undoubtedly be met with respect by the governments and peoples of various countries.

In this regard, the Chinese government considers it necessary to reaffirm its position and policy on the following issues:

(1) Questions about the relations of countries that have diplomatic relations with China with Taiwan.

At present, all the countries that have established diplomatic relations with the PRC, without exception, observe international law and the principle of one China, having reached an official agreement or understanding with the Chinese government on the issue of Taiwan, they promised not to establish official relations with Taiwan in any form. According to international law, one sovereign state can have only one central government that represents it. Taiwan, as an integral part of China, has no right to represent China in the international arena, nor can it establish diplomatic relations with foreign countries and develop official relations. However, considering the needs of Taiwan's economic development and real interests Taiwan compatriots, the Chinese government has no objection to Taiwan's unofficial economic and cultural relations with foreign countries.

In recent years, the Taiwanese authorities have been doing their best to carry out so-called "pragmatic diplomacy" in the world, seeking to establish official relations with countries that have diplomatic relations with China, seeking "dual recognition" and the creation of "two Chinas", "one China, one Taiwan", which the Chinese government strongly opposes.

It should be noted that the vast majority of countries in the world cherish friendly relations with China and strictly adhere to the agreement or understanding reached with China on the issue of Taiwan. The Chinese government appreciates this approach. However, it should also be noted that some states, ignoring their international reputation, violating to one degree or another the promise they made when establishing diplomatic relations with the PRC, develop official relations with Taiwan, thereby obstructing the cause of China's unification and hurting national feelings. Chinese people. The Chinese government sincerely hopes that the governments of these countries will take steps to put an end to this practice.

(2) The question of the relations of international organizations with Taiwan.

The sovereignty of each state is a single whole, it cannot be divided, it cannot be used separately. The Government of the People's Republic of China, as the sole legitimate government of China, has not only the right but also the duty to exercise state sovereignty and represent all of China in international organizations. The Taiwanese authorities are trying to create a so-called. formula "one state - two seats" in international organizations in which only sovereign states have the right to participate, which in fact is an attempt to create "two Chinas". The Chinese government strongly opposes such attempts. This position of principle is fully in line with the fundamental interests of the entire Chinese people, including Taiwan compatriots and overseas compatriot émigrés. Only under the premise that the one-China principled position is strictly adhered to can the Chinese government consider Taiwan's participation in the activities of certain international organizations in a form acceptable and acceptable to the Chinese government in accordance with their characters, statutes, and specific circumstances.

All bodies, organizations and agencies of the UN are intergovernmental international organizations, in which only representatives of sovereign states take part. After the restoration of the legitimate rights of the PRC in the UN, all organs, organizations and institutions under the auspices of the UN made official decisions to restore the rightful place of the PRC and expelled the "representatives" of the Taiwanese authorities. Since then, the question of China's right to represent itself in UN organizations has been resolved once and for all, and there is no question of Taiwan's new participation at all. It should be noted that recently some of the Taiwanese authorities again raised the fuss about "returning to the UN." Obviously, this idea is an extravagant attempt to dismember state sovereignty, but it will by no means pass either legally or practically. The Chinese government is confident that the governments of all countries, as well as UN agencies and organizations, will recognize this insidious plan and refrain from doing anything that could infringe on China's sovereignty.

In principle, Taiwan also has no right to participate in other intergovernmental international organizations. With regard to such regional economic organizations as the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Taiwan's participation in these organizations is provided for by an agreement or understanding reached between the Chinese government and the relevant parties, which clearly states that the PRC participates as a sovereign state, and Taiwan participates in their activities only as one of the regions of China under the name "Taipei of China" (in ADB in English TAIPEI, CHINA; in APEC - CHINESE TAIPEI). This practice is a special decision for these organizations, it cannot be considered as a "model" for other intergovernmental and international organizations in international practice.

With regard to participation in informal international organizations, under the conditions that an agreement or understanding is reached between the relevant organizations of the PRC and interested parties and the national organizations of the PRC participate on behalf of China, then the relevant organizations of Taiwan can participate under the name "Taipei of China" ("TAIPEI, CHINA ”) or “Taiwan of China” (“TAIWAN, CHINA”).

(3) The issue of establishing air communication between countries that have diplomatic relations with China and Taiwan.

The airspace of any state is an inalienable integral part territory of this state. Both the "Paris Aviation Convention" of 1919 and the "Chicago Convention" of 1944 reaffirmed the principle of the complete and exclusive sovereign right of each state to its own airspace. Therefore, when it comes to establishing an air connection between any airline of a country that has diplomatic relations with China, even a private one, and Taiwan, then this already affects the sovereignty of China, and does not apply to ordinary informal relations. The official airline of a country that has diplomatic relations with China, of course, should not establish air links with Taiwan, and an unofficial airline, if it intends to establish air links with Taiwan, then the government of the country to which this airline belongs must consult with the Chinese government. on this occasion. And only with the consent of the Chinese government, the unofficial airline will be able to start mutual flights with Taiwan's private airline. In fact, the Chinese government, in accordance with the above principles, has already agreed to open flights between unofficial airlines in England, Germany, Canada and other countries and private airlines in Taiwan.

As for those countries that opened air links with Taiwan before establishing diplomatic relations with China, they can, through negotiations with the Chinese government, change the official nature of air links with Taiwan, and then continue commercial transportation operations of an unofficial nature.

(4) The issue of arms sales to Taiwan by countries that have diplomatic relations with China.

The Chinese government has always strongly opposed the sale of any kind of weapons to Taiwan by any state, as well as the supply of weapons production technology to Taiwan. All countries that have diplomatic relations with China must abide by the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and refrain from supplying Taiwan with weapons in any form or under any pretext, otherwise their actions considered as a violation of the rules international relations and interference in China's internal affairs.

All countries of the world, especially the major powers bearing an important responsibility for the cause of world peace, are obliged to strictly observe the guidelines on limiting the spread of conventional weapons established by the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, and to contribute to the preservation and promotion of regional peace and security. However, in the current situation, when relations between both sides of the Taiwan Strait are becoming more and more softened, there are still states that, breaking their promises on international agreements, ignoring the repeated serious representations of the Chinese government, selling weapons to Taiwan, creating a tense situation between the two sides of the Strait. This not only poses a serious threat to China's security and obstructs China's peaceful unification, but also adversely affects peace and stability in Asia and the world. This the Chinese people, of course, categorically oppose.

In international affairs, the Chinese government has consistently pursued an independent independent peaceful foreign policy, firmly adhered to the five principles of "mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, peaceful coexistence", vigorously developing friendly relations with by all countries of the world, never infringes on the interests of other countries, does not interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. In turn, the Chinese government similarly asks the governments of all countries of the world not to do anything that could harm China's interests, not to interfere in China's internal affairs, and to properly build their relations with Taiwan.

FINAL WORD

The fundamental interests of the Chinese people lie in the unification of China.

After the reunification of China, the compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Strait could cooperate with each other on the basis of complementarity to develop the economy, so as to work together to achieve China's revival. And the various issues that bother Taiwan all the time will find a rational solution within the framework of one China. Taiwan compatriots will share the honor and dignity of a single great power with the people of other parts of China.

For a long time, the Taiwan issue has always been and remains a destabilizing factor in the Asia-Pacific region. The implementation of the unification of China will not only be conducive to the stability and development of China itself, but also further strengthen China's friendly and cooperative relations with other countries of the world, promote peace and development in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as throughout the world.

The Chinese government is confident that in the just cause of the struggle to protect state sovereignty and territorial integrity, it will certainly meet with understanding and support from the governments and peoples of all countries of the world.

The question of China's reunification with Taiwan or national unification remains one of the most difficult problems in regional relations. The origins of the problem go back to recent months Civil War in China in the fall of 1949, when the former central government of the Republic of China, headed by the leader of the National Party (Kuomintang) Chiang Kai-shek, retreated to Taiwan under pressure from the communist detachments of Mao Zedong. Since then, every government - the new, communist, in Beijing and the old, Kuomintang, in Taipei - has claimed legitimacy and considered itself the only legitimate all-China government. The Soviet Union recognized the PRC, and the United States and its allies recognized Chiang Kai-shek.
In 1972, the United States recognized the People's Republic of China and severed diplomatic relations with Taiwan, maintaining unofficial relations with the government of Chiang Kai-shek and continuing to provide him with military assistance on the basis of the 1979 Law on Relations with Taiwan. In 1975, Chiang Kai-shek died. His successors continued to proceed from the "one China" formula and recognized the importance of the task of national unification. However, over time, the situation worsened. Inside Taiwan, the influence of local natives grew - supporters of the rejection of unity with " greater China”, demanding the declaration of independence of the island. Gradual democratization in Taiwan allowed the separatists to gain representation in parliament and influence foreign policy.
The PRC reacts painfully to the growing influence of pro-independence supporters in Taiwan. Given the informal guarantees of the United States, the leadership of the PRC is not going to use force to unify. However, it systematically makes it clear that the use of force against the island in emergency circumstances, which refers to Taiwan's decision to declare independence, is not ruled out.
At the same time, representatives of China and Taiwan maintain semi-official contacts to discuss the terms of a possible unification. Beijing's position boils down to the "one state - two systems" formula, which assumes that after unification, Taiwan will become one of the provinces of the PRC, retaining a market economy model and an autonomous administrative system, but transferring leadership of its foreign and defense policy to Beijing. The Taiwanese side does not consider these conditions acceptable. She does not rule out unification, but sees it as a long democratic process of merging two equal political entities. The starting point of the unification process in Taipei is Beijing's recognition of Taiwan as an equal partner. Taiwan maintains diplomatic relations with 29 countries around the world.

It depends on the results of the examination of the architectural heritage. Examination of projects of zones of protection of cultural heritage sites

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