Other biographies. Last years of life and death

Blok Alexander Alexandrovich was born in St. Petersburg on November 28, 1880. His father was Alexander Lvovich Blok, who worked as a professor at Warsaw University, and his mother was the translator Alexandra Andreevna Beketova, whose father was the rector of St. Petersburg University.

The mother of the future poet married her first husband at the age of eighteen, and soon after the birth of the boy, she decided to break all ties with her unloved husband. Subsequently, the poet's parents practically did not communicate with each other.

In those days, divorces were rare and condemned by society, but in 1889, the self-sufficient and purposeful Alexandra Blok ensured that the Holy Governing Synod officially terminated her marriage to Alexander Lvovich. Shortly thereafter, the daughter of the famous Russian botanist remarried after true love: for the officer of the guard Kublicki-Piottuch. Alexandra Andreevna did not change her son's surname to her own or to the intricate surname of her stepfather, and future poet stayed Block.

Sasha spent his childhood years in his grandfather's house. In the summer he left for Shakhmatovo for a long time and carried warm memories of the time spent there throughout his life. Moreover, Alexander Blok lived with his mother and her new husband on the outskirts of St. Petersburg.

Between the future poet and his mother there has always been an incomprehensible spiritual connection. It was she who opened the works of Baudelaire, Polonsky, Verlaine, Fet and other famous poets to Sasha. Alexandra Andreevna and her young son studied together new trends in philosophy and poetry, had enthusiastic conversations about latest news politics and culture. Subsequently, Alexander Blok first of all read his works to his mother and it was from her that he sought consolation, understanding and support.

In 1889, the boy began to study at the Vvedensky gymnasium. Some time later, when Sasha was already 16 years old, he went on a trip abroad with his mother and spent some time in the city of Bad Nauheim, a popular German resort of those times. Despite his young age, on vacation he selflessly fell in love with Ksenia Sadovskaya, who at that time was 37 years old. Naturally, about any relationship of a teenager with grown woman there was no speech. However, the charming Ksenia Sadovskaya, her image, imprinted in Blok's memory, later became his inspiration when writing many works.

In 1898, Alexander completed his studies at the gymnasium and successfully passed entry exams Petersburg University, choosing law for his career. Three years after that, he nevertheless transferred to the historical and philological department, choosing for himself the Slavic-Russian direction. The poet completed his studies at the university in 1906. At the time of receipt higher education he met Alexei Remizov, Sergei Gorodetsky, and also became friends with Sergei Solovyov, who was his second cousin.

The beginning of creativity

The Blok family, especially on the maternal side, continued a highly cultured family, which could not but affect Alexander. With young years he eagerly read numerous books, was fond of the theater and even attended the corresponding circle in St. Petersburg, and also tried his hand at poetry. The boy wrote his first uncomplicated works at the age of five, and at adolescence he, in the company of his brothers, was enthusiastically engaged in writing a handwritten journal.

An important event in the early 1900s for Alexander Alexandrovich was his marriage to Lyubov Mendeleeva, who was the daughter of an eminent Russian scientist. The relationship between the young spouses was complex and peculiar, but filled with love and passion. Lyubov Dmitrievna also became a source of inspiration and a prototype for a number of characters in the poet's works.

You can talk about a full-fledged creative career of Blok starting from 1900-1901. At that time, Alexander Alexandrovich became an even more devoted admirer of the work of Afanasy Fet, as well as the lyrics and even the teachings of Plato. In addition, fate brought him together with Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius, in whose magazine under the title " New way» Blok took his first steps as a poet and critic.

On the early stage his creative development Alexander Alexandrovich realized that the direction in literature close to his liking was symbolism. This movement, which pierced all varieties of culture, was distinguished by innovation, a desire for experimentation, a love of mystery and understatement. In St. Petersburg, the symbolists close to him in spirit were the above-mentioned Gippius and Merezhkovsky, and in Moscow - Valery Bryusov. It is noteworthy that around the time when Blok began to publish in the St. Petersburg "New Way", his works began to be printed in the Moscow almanac called "Northern Flowers".

A special place in the heart of Alexander Blok was occupied by a circle of young admirers and followers of Vladimir Solovyov, organized in Moscow. The role of a kind of leader of this circle was assumed by Andrei Bely, at that time an aspiring prose writer and poet. Andrei became a close friend of Alexander Alexandrovich, and members literary circle- one of the most devoted and enthusiastic fans of his work.

In 1903, in the almanac "Northern Flowers" a cycle of Blok's works was published under the title "Poems about beautiful lady". At the same time, three poems by the young rhymer were included in the collection of works by students of the Imperial St. Petersburg University. In his first known cycle, Blok presents a woman as natural source light and purity, and raises the question of how much a true love feeling brings an individual person closer to the world whole.

Revolution of 1905-1907

The revolutionary events became for Alexander Alexandrovich the personification of the spontaneous, disordered nature of life and quite significantly influenced his creative views. The beautiful Lady in his thoughts and poems was replaced by the images of a blizzard, snowstorm and vagrancy, the bold and ambiguous Faina, the Snow Mask and the Stranger. Love poems faded into the background.

Dramaturgy and interaction with the theater at that time also fascinated the poet. The first play, written by Alexander Alexandrovich, was called "Balaganchik" and was composed by Vsevolod Meyerhold in the theater of Vera Komissarzhevskaya in 1906.

At the same time, Blok, who, idolizing his wife, did not refuse the opportunity to have tender feelings for other women, inflamed with passion for N.N. Volokhova, theater actress Vera Komissarzhevskaya. The image of the beautiful Volokhova soon filled Blok's philosophical poems: it was to her that the poet dedicated the cycle "Faina" and the book "Snow Mask", the heroines of the plays "Song of Fate" and "The King on the Square" were copied from her.

Late 1900s main theme Blok's work was the problem of the ratio of the common people and the intelligentsia in the domestic society. In the poems of this period, one can trace a vivid crisis of individualism and attempts to determine the place of the creator in the conditions real world. At the same time, Alexander Alexandrovich associated the Motherland with the image of his beloved wife, which is why his patriotic poems acquired a special, deeply personal individuality.

Rejection of symbolism

The year 1909 was very difficult for Alexander Blok: this year his father died, with whom he still supported enough warm relationship, as well as the newborn child of the poet and his wife Lyudmila. However, the impressive legacy that Alexander Blok Sr. left to his son allowed him to forget about financial difficulties and focus on major creative projects.

In the same year, the poet visited Italy, and the foreign atmosphere further pushed him to reassess the values ​​that had developed earlier. About this internal struggle tells the cycle "Italian verses", as well as prose essays from the book "Lightning of Art". In the end, Blok came to the conclusion that symbolism, as a school with strictly defined rules, had exhausted itself for him, and from now on he felt the need for self-deepening and a “spiritual diet”.

Focusing on big literary works, Alexander Alexandrovich gradually began to devote less and less time to journalistic work and appearance at diverse events that were in use with the poetic bohemia of those times.

In 1910, the author began to compose an epic poem called "Retribution", which he was not destined to finish. Between 1912 and 1913 he wrote the well-known play The Rose and the Cross. And in 1911, Blok, taking as a basis five of his books with poetry, compiled a collection of works in three volumes, which was reprinted several times.

October Revolution

The Soviet government did not cause Alexander Blok such negative attitude like many other poets silver age". At a time when Julius Aikhenvald, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and many others criticized the Bolsheviks who came to power with might and main, Blok agreed to cooperate with the new government leadership.

The name of the poet, who by that time was quite well known to the public, was actively used by the authorities for their own purposes. Among other things, Alexander Alexandrovich was constantly appointed to positions of no interest to him in various commissions and institutions.

It was during that period that the poem "Scythians" was written and famous poem"Twelve". Last image"The Twelve": Jesus Christ, who was at the head of a procession of twelve soldiers of the Red Army, caused a real resonance in literary world. Although this work is now considered one of the best creations of the “Silver Age” of Russian poetry, most of Blok’s contemporaries spoke about the poem, especially about the image of Jesus, in an extremely negative way.

Personal life

The first and only wife of Blok is Lyubov Mendeleev, with whom he was madly in love and whom he considered his real destiny. The wife was support and support for the writer, as well as an unchanging muse.

However, the poet's ideas about marriage were rather peculiar: firstly, he was categorically against bodily intimacy, singing spiritual love. Secondly, until the last years of his life, Blok did not consider it shameful to fall in love with other representatives of the fair sex, although his women never mattered to him as much as his wife. However, Lyubov Mendeleev also allowed herself to be carried away by other men.

The children of the Blok couple, alas, did not appear: the child, born after one of the few joint nights of Alexander and Lyubov, turned out to be too weak and did not survive. Nevertheless, Blok left quite a lot of relatives both in Russia and in Europe.

Death of poet

After the October Revolution, there were by no means only Interesting Facts from the life of Alexander Alexandrovich. Loaded with an incredible amount of duties, not belonging to himself, he began to get very sick. Blok developed asthma, cardiovascular disease, began to form mental disorders. In 1920, the author fell ill with scurvy.

At the same time, the poet was also going through a period of financial difficulties.

Exhausted by poverty and numerous illnesses, he passed away on August 7, 1921, while in his apartment in St. Petersburg. The cause of death is inflammation of the heart valves. The funeral and burial service of the poet was performed by Archpriest Alexei Zapadalov, Blok's grave is located at the Smolensk Orthodox Cemetery.

Shortly before his death, the writer tried to get permission to travel abroad for treatment, but he was refused. They say that after that, Blok, being in a sober mind and sound mind, destroyed his notes and, in principle, did not take any medicine, or even food. For a long time there were also rumors that before his death, Alexander Alexandrovich went crazy and raved about whether all copies of his poem "The Twelve" had been destroyed. However, these rumors have not been confirmed.

Alexander Blok is considered one of the most brilliant representatives of Russian poetry. His large works, as well as small poems ("Factory", "Night Street Lantern Pharmacy", "In a Restaurant", "Dilapidated Hut" and others), became part of cultural heritage our people.

Alexander Alexandrovich Blok. Born on November 16 (28), 1880 in St. Petersburg, Russian empire- died August 7, 1921 in Petrograd, RSFSR. Russian poet, classic of Russian literature of the 20th century, one of the greatest poets Russia.

A. Blok's father - Alexander Lvovich Blok (1852-1909), lawyer, professor at Warsaw University.

Mother - Alexandra Andreevna, nee Beketova, (1860-1923) - daughter of the rector of St. Petersburg University A. N. Beketov. The marriage, which began when Alexandra was eighteen years old, turned out to be short-lived: after the birth of her son, she broke off relations with her husband and subsequently did not renew them. In 1889, she obtained a decree of the Synod on the dissolution of marriage with her first husband and married a guards officer F. F. Kublitsky-Piottukh, while leaving her son the name of her first husband.

Nine-year-old Alexander settled with his mother and stepfather in an apartment in the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment, located on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, on the banks of the Bolshaya Nevka. In 1889 he was sent to the Vvedensky gymnasium. In 1897, having found himself abroad with his mother, in the German resort town of Bad Nauheim, Blok experienced his first strong youthful love for Xenia Sadovskaya. She left a deep mark on his work.

In 1897, at a funeral in St. Petersburg, he met with Vl. Solovyov.

In 1898 he graduated from the gymnasium, entered the Faculty of Law Petersburg University. Three years later he transferred to the Slavic-Russian department of the Faculty of History and Philology, from which he graduated in 1906. At the university, Blok met Sergei Gorodetsky and Alexei Remizov.

At this time, the poet's second cousin, later the priest Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov (junior), became one of the closest friends of the young Blok.

Blok wrote his first poems at the age of five. At the age of 10, Alexander Blok wrote two issues of the Ship magazine. From 1894 to 1897 he and his brothers wrote handwritten journal"Messenger".

Since childhood, Alexander Blok spent every summer in the estate of his grandfather Shakhmatovo near Moscow. 8 km away was the estate of Beketov's friend, the great Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleev Boblovo. At the age of 16, Blok became interested in theater. In St. Petersburg, Alexander Blok signed up for a theater group. However, after the first success of roles in the theater, he was no longer given.

In 1909, two difficult events take place in the Blok family: the child of Lyubov Dmitrievna dies and the father of Blok dies. To recover, Blok and his wife leave to rest in Italy and Germany. For Italian poetry, Blok was accepted into a society called the Academy. In addition to him, it included Valery Bryusov, Mikhail Kuzmin, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Innokenty Annensky.

In the summer of 1911 Blok traveled abroad again, this time to France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

In 1912 Blok wrote the drama The Rose and the Cross. The play was liked by K. Stanislavsky and V. Nemirovich-Danchenko, but the drama was never staged in the theater.

On July 7, 1916, Blok was called up for service in engineering part All-Russian Zemsky Union. The poet served in Belarus. By his own admission in a letter to his mother, during the war his main interests were "food and horses."

Blok met the February and October revolutions with mixed feelings. He refused to emigrate, believing that he should be with Russia in difficult times. At the beginning of May 1917, he was hired by the "Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate the illegal actions of former ministers, chief executives and other top officials" officials both civil and military and maritime departments" as editor. In August, Blok began working on a manuscript, which he considered as part of the future report of the Extraordinary Investigative Commission and which was published in the journal Byloe (No. 15, 1919) and in the form of a book called Last days Imperial Power” (Petrograd, 1921).

October revolution Blok immediately accepted enthusiastically, but like a spontaneous uprising, a revolt.

In early 1920, Franz Feliksovich Kublitsky-Piottuch died of pneumonia. Blok took his mother to live with him. But she and Blok's wife did not get along with each other.

In January 1921, on the occasion of the 84th anniversary of his death, Blok delivered his famous speech "On the Appointment of a Poet" at the House of Writers.

Blok was one of those artists of Petrograd who not only accepted Soviet power but agreed to work for her. The authorities began to widely use the name of the poet for their own purposes. During 1918-1920. Blok, often against his will, was appointed and elected to various positions in organizations, committees, and commissions. The ever-increasing volume of work undermined the strength of the poet. Fatigue began to accumulate - Blok described his condition of that period with the words "I was drunk." This, perhaps, also explains the creative silence of the poet - he wrote in a private letter in January 1919: "For almost a year since I did not belong to myself, I have forgotten how to write poetry and think about poetry ...".

Heavy workloads in Soviet institutions and living in a hungry and cold revolutionary Petrograd completely undermined the poet's health - Blok developed a serious cardiovascular disease, asthma, mental disorders appeared, and scurvy began in the winter of 1920.

In the spring of 1921, Alexander Blok, together with Fyodor Sologub, asked for exit visas. The issue was considered by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). The exit was denied. Lunacharsky noted: "We are in literally words, not releasing the poet and not giving him at the same time the necessary satisfactory conditions, tortured him. A number of historians believed that V. R. Menzhinsky also played a particularly negative role in the fate of the poet, forbidding the patient to travel to a sanatorium in Finland for treatment, which, at the request of Lunacharsky, was discussed at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on July 12, 1921 of the year. Produced by L.B. Kamenev and A.V. Lunacharsky at the subsequent meeting of the Politburo, the permission to leave on July 23, 1921 was belated and could no longer save the poet.

Finding himself in a difficult financial situation, he was seriously ill and on August 7, 1921 he died in his last Petrograd apartment from inflammation of the heart valves. A few days before his death, a rumor spread around Petersburg that the poet had gone mad. Indeed, on the eve of his death, Blok raved for a long time, obsessed with a single thought: were all copies of The Twelve destroyed. However, the poet died in full consciousness, which refutes the rumors about his insanity. Before his death, after receiving a negative response to a request to travel abroad for treatment (dated July 12), the poet deliberately destroyed his notes, refused to take food and medicine.

The poet was buried at the Smolensk Orthodox cemetery in Petrograd. The families of the Beketovs and Kachalovs are also buried there, including the poet's grandmother Ariadna Alexandrovna, with whom he was in correspondence. The funeral service was performed on August 10 (July 28, old style - the day of the celebration of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God) in the Church of the Resurrection of Christ. In 1944, Blok's ashes were reburied at Literary bridges at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Height of Alexander Blok: 175 centimeters.

Personal life Alexander Blok:

In 1903, Blok married Lyubov Mendeleeva, daughter, the heroine of his first book of poems, Poems about the Beautiful Lady.

It is known that Alexander Blok experienced for his wife strong feelings, but periodically maintained contact with various women: at one time it was the actress Natalya Nikolaevna Volokhova, then the opera singer Lyubov Alexandrovna Andreeva-Delmas.

Lyubov Dmitrievna also allowed herself hobbies on the side. On this basis, Blok had a conflict with Andrei Bely, described in the play "Balaganchik". Bely, who considered Mendeleev the embodiment of the Beautiful Lady, was passionately in love with her, but she did not reciprocate.

After another hobby, Blok's wife gave birth to a boy who lived only a few days. Despite the fact that this union was considered a laughingstock for all of St. Petersburg, it lasted until the death of the poet. After the First World War, relations in the Blok family improved, and in recent years the poet was faithful husband Lyubov Dmitrievna.

The poet's relatives live in Moscow, Riga, Rome and England. Until recent years, Alexander Blok's second cousin, Ksenia Vladimirovna Beketova, lived in St. Petersburg. Among the relatives of Blok - Chief Editor magazine "Our Heritage" - Vladimir Enisherlov.

Striking everyone with his irrepressible faith in the future of Russia and people. Loving and suffering to embrace the immensity, a man with a broad soul and a tragic life. The life and work of Blok deserve attention for its completeness and touchingness.

Biography of the poet

Blok Alexander Alexandrovich, year of birth 1880, November 28. Place of birth - Petersburg. His parents: father - A.L. Blok, worked as a lawyer at the University in Warsaw, mother - A.A. Beketova, daughter of the famous botanist.

The boy's parents divorced before he was born, so grow up in complete family he didn't succeed. However, maternal grandfather A.N. Beketov, in whose family Alexander grew up, surrounded the child with due care and attention. He gave him a good education and a start in life. A.N. Beketov was the rector of the university in St. Petersburg. The highly moral and cultural atmosphere of the environment left its mark on the formation of worldviews and the education of Blok.

Since childhood, he has had a love for the classics of Russian literature. Pushkin, Apukhtin, Zhukovsky, Fet, Grigoriev - these are the names on whose works little Blok grew up and joined the world of literature and poetry.

Poet training

The first stage of education for Blok was the gymnasium in St. Petersburg. After graduating in 1898, he entered St. Petersburg University in the department of lawyers. Ends legal training in 1901 and changes direction to historical and philological.

It was at the university that he finally decides to delve into the world of literature. Also, this desire is reinforced by the beautiful and picturesque nature, among which the estate of his grandfather is located. Growing up in such an environment, Alexander forever absorbed the sensitivity and subtlety of the worldview, and reflected this in his poems. Since then, Blok's work begins.

Blok maintains a very warm relationship with his mother, his love and respect for her is boundless. Until the death of his mother, he constantly sent her his works.

Appearance

Their marriage took place in 1903. Family life was ambiguous and complex. Mendeleev was waiting for great love, as in novels. Blok offered moderation and tranquility of life. The result was the infatuation of his wife with his friend and like-minded person, Andrei Bely, a symbolist poet who played an important role in the work of Blok himself.

Lifetime work

Blok's life and work developed in such a way that, in addition to literature, he took part in quite everyday affairs. For example:

he was an active participant in drama productions in the theater and even saw himself as an actor, but the literary field attracted him more;

two years in a row (1905-1906) the poet is a direct witness and participant in revolutionary rallies and demonstrations;

writes his literature review column in the newspaper" The Golden Fleece";

from 1916-1917 repays his debt to the Motherland, serving near Pinsk (engineering and construction team);

is part of the leadership of the Bolshoi;

upon arrival from the army, gets a job in the Investigation Commission emergency on the affairs of the tsarist ministers. He worked there as a verbatim report editor until 1921.

Blok's early work

Little Sasha wrote his first poem at the age of five. Even then, the makings of a talent that needed to be developed were read in him. What Blok did.

Love and Russia are two favorite themes of creativity. Blok wrote a lot about both. However, on initial stage development and realization of his talent most of all he was attracted by love. The image of a beautiful lady, which he was looking for everywhere, captured his whole being. And he found the earthly embodiment of his ideas in Lyubov Mendeleeva.

The theme of love in Blok's work is revealed so fully, clearly and beautifully that it is difficult to dispute this. Therefore, it is not surprising that his first offspring - a collection of poems - is called "Poems about the Beautiful Lady", and it is dedicated to his wife. When writing this collection of poems, Blok was greatly influenced by the poetry of Solovyov, whose student and follower he is considered to be.

In all poems, a feeling of Eternal femininity, beauty, naturalness shines through. However, all expressions and turns used in writing are allegorical, unrealistic. The block is carried away in a creative impulse to "other worlds".



Gradually, the theme of love in Blok's work gives way to more real and pressing problems surrounding the poet.

The beginning of disappointment

Revolutionary events, discord in family relations, dreams of a clean and bright future for Russia that are failing miserably make Blok's work undergo obvious changes. His next collection is called "Unexpected Joy" (1906).

More and more he ridicules the symbolists, to whom he no longer considers himself, more and more cynical about the hopes for the best ahead. He is a member revolutionary events, who is completely on the side of the Bolsheviks, considering their cause to be right.

During this period (1906) his trilogy of dramas was published. First, "Balaganchik", after some time "King in the Square", and completes this trio is bitterly disappointed by the imperfection of the world, from his deceived hopes. In the same period, he is fond of actress N.N. Volokhova. However, he does not receive reciprocity, which adds bitterness, irony and skepticism to his poems.

Andrei Bely and other previously like-minded people in poetry do not accept the changes in Blok and criticize his current work. Block Alexander remains adamant. He is disappointed and deeply saddened.

"Incarnation Trilogy"

In 1909, Blok's father dies, to whom he does not have time to say goodbye. This leaves an even greater imprint on his state of mind, and he decides to combine his most striking works in his opinion into one poetic trilogy, which he gives the name "The Trilogy of Incarnation".

So the work of Blok in 1911-1912 was marked by the appearance of three collections of poems that bear poetic names:

1. "Poems about the Beautiful Lady";

   "Unexpected joy";

   "Snow Night"

A year later, he released a cycle of love poems "Carmen", wrote the poem "The Nightingale Garden", dedicated to his new hobby - the singer L.A. Delmas.

Homeland in the work of Blok



Starting from 1908, the poet no longer positions himself as a lyricist, but as a chanter of his Motherland. During this period he writes such poems as:

"Autumn wave";

"Autumn love";

• "On the field of Kulikovo".

All these works are imbued with love for the motherland, for their country. The poet simultaneously shows two aspects of life in Russia: poverty and hunger, piety, but at the same time wildness, unbridledness and freedom.

The theme of Russia in Blok's work, the theme of the motherland, is one of the most fundamental in his entire poetic life. For him, the Motherland is something living, breathing and feeling. Therefore, it is too hard for him, unreasonably hard given the ongoing events of the October Revolution.

The theme of Russia in Blok's work

After the revolutionary trends capture all his spirit, the poet almost completely loses the lyrics and love in his works. Now the whole meaning of his works is directed to Russia, his homeland.

Blok personifies his country in verse with a woman, he makes her almost tangible, real, as if humanizing. The homeland in Blok's work takes on such a large-scale significance that he never writes more about love.

Believing in the Bolsheviks and their truth, he experiences a cruel, almost fatal disappointment for him when he sees the results of the revolution. Hunger, poverty, defeat, mass extermination of the intelligentsia - all this forms in Blok's mind a sharp hostile attitude towards the symbolists, towards the lyrics and forces from now on to create works only with a satirical, poisonous mockery of faith in the future.

However, at the same time, his love for Russia is so great that he continues to believe in the strength of his country. That she will rise, shake herself off and be able to show her power and glory. The work of Blok, Mayakovsky, Yesenin is similar in this.

In 1918, Blok wrote the poem "The Twelve", the most scandalous and loudest of all his works, which caused a lot of rumors and talk about it. But criticism leaves the poet indifferent, the nascent depression begins to absorb his whole being.

Poem "Twelve"

The author began to write his work "The Twelve" in early January. On the first day of work, he did not even take a break. In his notes it says: "I'm trembling inside." Then the writing of the poem was suspended, and the poet managed to finish it only on January 28.

After the publication of this work, Blok's work changed dramatically. Briefly characterize it as follows: the poet lost himself, stagnation set in.

The main idea of ​​the poem was recognized by each in different ways. Someone saw in her support for the revolution, a mockery of symbolic views. Someone, on the contrary, is a satirical bias and a mockery of the revolutionary order. However, Blok himself, when creating the poem, had both in mind. It is contradictory, like his mood at that time.



After the publication of "The Twelve" everything is already weak ties with the Symbolists were broken. Almost all close friends turned their backs on Blok: Merezhkovsky, Vyach, Prishchvin, Sologub, Piast, Akhmatova and others.

In Balmont, by that time, he was disappointed himself. Thus, Block remains practically alone.

Post-revolutionary creativity

2. "Retribution", which he writes like that.

The revolution passed, and the bitterness from the disappointment of the Bolshevik policy grew and intensified. Such a gap between what was promised and what was being done as a result of the revolution became unbearable for Blok. One can briefly characterize Blok's work during this period: nothing is written.

As they will later write about the death of the poet, "he was killed by the Bolsheviks." And indeed it is. Blok was unable to overcome in himself and accept such a discrepancy between the word and deed of the new government. He could not forgive himself for the support of the Bolsheviks, his blindness and short-sightedness.

The block experiences the strongest discord within itself, completely withdraws into its internal experiences and torment. The consequence of this is illness. From April 1921 to the beginning of August, the poet's illness did not let go, tormenting him more and more. Only occasionally coming out of semi-forgetfulness, he tries to console his wife, Lyubov Mendeleeva (Blok). On August 7, Blok died.



Where did the poet live and work?

Today, the biography and work of Blok captivate and inspire many. And the place where he lived and composed his poems and poems turned into a museum. From the photographs, we can judge the environment in which the poet worked.

You can see the appearance of the estate where the poet spent time in the photo on the left.

The room in which the poet spent the last bitter and difficult minutes of his life (photo below).



Today, the poet's work is loved and studied, admired, its depth and integrity, unusualness and brightness are recognized. Russia in the work of Blok is studied on schoolwork write essays on this topic. This gives every right to call the author a great poet. In the past, a symbolist, then a revolutionary, and at sunset just a deeply disappointed in life and power, an unfortunate person with a bitter, difficult fate.

A monument has been erected in St. Petersburg, perpetuating the name of the author in history and paying due respect to his undeniable talent.

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Biography, life story of Alexander Alexandrovich Blok

The poet Blok was born in St. Petersburg in 1880 on November 16, he was the son of a law professor. Blok's mother divorced her husband immediately after the birth of the boy. The child was brought up in the family of his grandfather, who was the rector of St. Petersburg University, Beketov. Beketov Alexander Nikolaevich was a botanist by education. Mother married a second time, the family settled in the Grenadier barracks, as her stepfather was a guards officer. His surname was Kublitsky-Piottuch. Blok successfully graduated from the gymnasium and entered St. Petersburg University to study at the Faculty of Law. He soon realized that his interests were far from legal science and transferred to the philological faculty, to the Slavic-Russian department. Alexander managed to study law for three years before he became interested in philosophy and poetry.

Acquaintance with future wife took place within the walls of the university, it was the daughter of the famous Mendeleev, a chemist. The young couple got married in 1903. Block was in love with his wife. It was a rare feeling in strength, which is not given to everyone. Blok's first love also left a deep imprint on his soul and poetry. The poet experienced his first love in his gymnasium years at a resort in Baden-Baden, where the family rested in 1897. By 1901, the poet had already written many poems, these were lyrics about love, poems about nature. Blok's poetry was built on the idealistic ideas of Plato's philosophy, it was full of vague forebodings, allusions and allegories. In poetry there was an unreal world of higher ideas, it was something sublime.

Relations with his wife were controversial and very difficult, since there was almost no physical closeness between them. At this time, Blok became close to the Symbolists. There were two circles of symbolists - St. Petersburg and Moscow. In the first, Zinaida Gippius and Merezhkovsky reigned, in the second, in Moscow, Bryusov was the main figure. Alexander became close to the Moscow circle of admirers of the philosophy of Vl. Solovyov, Andrei Bely stood out among them. Bely was then an aspiring prose writer and poet, a theoretician and connoisseur of new literature and new art. Andrei Bely's group enthusiastically greeted Blok's poems. The publishing house of the Symbolists published the book "Poems about the Beautiful Lady". Blok's wife became the subject of Andrei Bely's love, but he was rejected. However, family relationships became even more tense.

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The block began to gradually move away from the symbolists as early as 1905-1907, during the revolution. He turned to civil themes, at this time he wrote a drama for the Meyerhold Theater called "Balaganchik". During the period of war and revolution, Blok wrote many works in which he tried to comprehend the historical path of Russia from the point of view of the worldview of symbolism. Gradually, catastrophic motives began to grow in his work, he realized that artistic language Symbolists are alien to him. Blok accepted the revolution as an element of purification, but no one understood and accepted his images. Blok became a professional writer approximately in the years 1906-1908, when books began to appear one after another, but from that time a discord with symbolism was also determined. He finally stood up own way in the literature, drawing conclusions from their reflections and doubts.

There was more than one woman in Blok's life who influenced his poetry. Each period of biography became poetry. The history of the appearance of the cycle "Carmen" is connected with a feeling for Love Alexandrovna Delmas. Delmas was her stage name, after her mother's last name. Her real name was Tishinskaya. It was famous singer, graduated from the St. Petersburg Conservatory. She sang romances to Blok's words Tenishevsky School, when everyone noticed that Block and Delmas are amazingly suited to each other. Their feeling was "terribly serious." She was a dazzling woman, but was she beautiful? Blok had a peculiar idea of female beauty, in fact, it was no longer a young, overweight woman. The cycles "Carmen", "Harp and Violin", "Gray Morning", the poem "The Nightingale Garden", which Blok completed in 1915, were dedicated to her.

Having made interesting trips abroad, Blok published a cycle of the best poems in Russian poetry about Italy and many other wonderful works.

In the summer of 1916, Blok was drafted into the army, where he found information about February Revolution 1917. When the poet returned to Petrograd, he began to take part in the investigation of the crimes of the tsarist regime as part of the Extraordinary Commission. His book on these investigations was published posthumously. The last short creative upsurge occurred in 1918, when the poems "The Twelve" and "Scythians" were published. No one accepted and understood the image of Christ, the poem was perceived very differently. The revolutionaries reacted more condescendingly, but the opponents of the revolution announced a real boycott to the poet.

In 1919, Blok was accused of an anti-Soviet conspiracy. He was interrogated for a long time, but Lunacharsky stood up. The poet was released, he began to try to cooperate with the authorities. Soon Blok felt the onset of a crisis of creativity, he realized that places in new literature he won't have. His the physical state deteriorated greatly, he was on the verge of exhaustion, on the verge of life and death. He refused to recent times from creativity and died of inflammation of the heart valves on August 7, 1921.

And Alexander Blok wrote his first poems even before the gymnasium. At the age of 14 he published the handwritten journal Vestnik, at 17 he staged plays on the stage of the home theater and played in them, at 22 he published his poems in Valery Bryusov's almanac Northern Flowers. The creator of the poetic and mysterious image of the Beautiful Lady, the author of critical articles, Blok became one of the most famous poets Silver Age.

Young publisher and playwright

Alexander Blok was born on November 28, 1880 in St. Petersburg. His father, Alexander Blok, the eldest, was a nobleman and privat-docent at the Department of State Law at Warsaw University, and his mother, Alexander, was the daughter of Andrey Beketov, rector of St. Petersburg University. After the birth of their son, Blok's parents broke up. In 1883–1884 Alexander Blok lived abroad, in Italy, with his mother, aunt and grandmother. Officially, the marriage of Blok's parents was annulled by the Synod in 1889. Then the mother remarried - to an officer of the guard Franz Kublitsky-Piottuch.

Mother of the poet Alexander Blok. 1880. Warsaw. Photo: wikipedia.org

Alexander Blok with his mother and stepfather. 1895. Petersburg. Photo: liveinternet.ru

Alexander Blok in childhood. Photo: poradu.pp.ua

In 1891, Alexander Blok was sent immediately to the second grade of the Vvedensky gymnasium. By that time, the boy had already tried to compose - both prose and poetry. In 1894, Blok began publishing the Vestnik magazine, and the whole family participated in his literary game. The editors included two cousins, a second cousin and a mother. Grandmother Elizaveta Beketova wrote stories, grandfather Andrey Beketov illustrated materials. A total of 37 issues of the Bulletin were published. In addition to poems and articles, Alexander Blok wrote a novel for him in the style of Mine Reed: it was published in the first eight issues of the magazine.

In 1897, Blok went with his mother to Germany, to the spa town of Bad Nauheim. Here, for the first time, he truly fell in love - with the wife of a state councilor, Xenia Sadovskaya. Blok at that time was 17 years old, his lover - 37. The poet dedicated the poem to Sadovskaya “Night has come down to earth. You and I are alone, ”which was the first autobiographical work in his lyrics.

Their meetings were rare: Blok's mother was categorically against her son's communication with an adult married lady. However passion young poet did not leave in St. Petersburg, where he met several times with his lady of the heart.

In 1898, Alexander Blok graduated from the gymnasium, and in August of the same year he entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. However, the jurisprudence of the young poet did not attract. He became interested in theater. Blok spent almost every vacation at his grandfather's estate, Shakhmatovo. In the neighboring estate of Boblovo in the summer of 1899, he staged performances - "Boris Godunov", "Hamlet", "The Stone Guest". And he himself played them.

Poems about a beautiful lady

Alexander Blok and his wife Lyubov Mendeleeva. Photo: radiodacha.ru

Andrei Bely. Photo: life.gr

Three years later, Blok transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology. He began to get acquainted with the St. Petersburg literary elite. In 1902 he became friends with Zinaida Gippius and Dmitry Merezhkovsky. Valery Bryusov placed the poems of Alexander Blok in the anthology "Northern Flowers".

In 1903, Blok married Lyubov Mendeleeva, the Beautiful Lady of Blok's love lyrics. They had known each other for eight years at that time, for about five years Blok was in love. Soon, the cycle “Poems about the Beautiful Lady” was published in the “Northern Flowers” ​​- the name for it was suggested by Bryusov.

In 1904, in Moscow, Blok met Andrei Bely (Boris Bugaev), who became his "sworn friend": Bely was in love with Lyubov Mendeleeva. Blok idolized and extolled his wife, was proud of their spiritual kinship. However, this did not prevent him from regularly starting novels - with actress Natalya Volokhova, opera singer Lyubov Andreeva-Delmas. With Andrei Bely, the poet either quarreled, then reconciled again. They criticized each other, mutually admired creativity and challenged each other to a duel.

In 1905 Russia was shaken by the first revolution. It was reflected in the work of Alexander Blok. New motifs appeared in his lyrics - blizzards, snowstorms, elements. In 1907, the poet completed the cycle " snow mask”, dramas“ Stranger ”and“ Showcase ”. Blok was published in the publications of the symbolists - "Questions of Life", "Scales", "Pass". In the magazine "Golden Fleece" in 1907, the poet began to conduct a critical department. A year later, Blok's third collection, "Earth in Poetry", was released.

Society of Zealots of the Artistic Word

Alexander Blok as Hamlet. 1898. Boblovo. Photo: drug-gorod.ru

Lyubov Mendeleeva as Ophelia. 1898. Boblovo. Photo: liveinternet.ru

Alexander Blok as King Claudius and Lyubov Mendeleev as Ophelia in the home performance of Hamlet. 1898. Boblovo. Photo: liveinternet.ru

In 1909, Alexander Blok's father died and Foster-son- Lyubov Mendeleev gave birth to him from the actor Davidovsky. To recover from the shocks, the poet and his wife went on a trip to Italy and Germany. Based on impressions from the trip, Alexander Blok wrote the cycle “Italian Poems”.

After the publication of the cycle, Blok was admitted to the "Academy of Verse", which is also the "Society of Zealots of the Artistic Word". It was organized by the Apollo magazine Vyacheslav Ivanov, also included Innokenty Annensky, Valery Bryusov.

In 1911, Blok again went on a trip abroad - this time France, Belgium and the Netherlands. In France, the poet did not like it.

“The integral quality of the French (and the Bretons, it seems, par excellence) is the impenetrable dirt, first of all, physical, and then spiritual. It is better not to describe the first dirt; in short, a person who is somewhat squeamish will not agree to settle in France.

Alexander Blok

In the same year, his next poetry collection, "Night Hours", was published. A year later, Alexander Blok completed the play "The Rose and the Cross" and compiled a three-volume collection of poems from his five collections. Even during the lifetime of the poet, it was reprinted twice. Blok wrote literary and critical articles, gave presentations, gave lectures.

At the end of 1912, Alexander Blok undertook to rewrite The Rose and the Cross. He finished it in January 1913, in April he read at the Society of Poets and personally to Stanislavsky. In August, the drama was published in the Sirin almanac. However, the play was not staged soon - only a few years later at the Moscow Art Theater.

In December 1913, Blok personally met Anna Akhmatova - she came to visit him, bringing Blok's three-volume book with her. The poet signed the first two volumes "Akhmatova - Blok", in the third he entered a previously prepared madrigal, which was later included in all collections of his poems - "Beauty is terrible - they will tell you".

In 1916, Blok was called to serve as a timekeeper in the engineering part of the All-Russian Union. The troops were based in Belarus.

“I went berserk, half a day with a horse through the forests, fields and swamps I drive around, almost unwashed; then - we drink samovars for tea, scold the authorities, doze off or fall asleep, write in the office, sometimes we sit on the mound and look at the pigs and geese.

"Art and Revolution"

Alexander Blok, Fedor Sologub and Georgy Chulkov. 1908. Photo: wikipedia.org

Alexander Blok (second from right) as a member of the Extraordinary Investigative Commission of the Provisional Government. 1917. Photo: arzamas.academy

Blok's attitude to the revolution changed over time. At first he accepted her with enthusiasm, he refused to emigrate. Blok was taken to work in "An Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate the illegal actions of former ministers, chief executives and other senior officials of both civil and military and maritime departments"- as an editor. At the beginning of 1918, the poet wrote the poem "The Twelve" and "Scythians". His articles were published in a separate collection - "Art and Revolution". Blok made presentations at the Free Philosophical Association, prepared his trilogy for reprint, was a member of the Theatrical and Literary Commission and the editorial board of the World Literature publishing house.

In February 1919, Blok was arrested on charges of having links with the Left SRs. However, two days later they were released - through the efforts of Anatoly Lunacharsky. In August of the same year, a new collection of poems, Yamby, was released, and Blok was appointed a member of the collegium of the Literary Department of the People's Commissariat for Education. He worked hard and was very tired. In one of his letters, the poet wrote: “For almost a year I have not belonged to myself, I have forgotten how to write poetry and think about poetry ...” Blok's health was deteriorating. However, he continued to write and perform, in 1920 he prepared a collection of lyrics "Gray Morning". On February 5, 1921, a poem appeared "To Pushkin's House", and on February 11, at the House of Writers, at an evening dedicated to Pushkin, Blok delivered the famous speech "On the Appointment of a Poet".

In the spring of 1921, Alexander Blok asked for a visa for treatment abroad, but he was refused. The drama played out with huge amount actors, in the center of which was a terminally ill poet. On May 29, Maxim Gorky wrote a letter to Lunacharsky about the need to release Blok to Finland for treatment. On June 18, Blok destroyed part of the archives, on July 3 - several notebooks. Lunacharsky and Kamenev obtained permission to leave on 23 July. But Blok's condition worsened, and on July 29 Gorky again wrote a petition - so that Blok's wife would be allowed to accompany him. On August 1, the documents were signed, but Gorky found out about this only five days later. It was late: on the morning of August 7, Alexander Blok died in his apartment in Petrograd. The poet was buried at the Smolensk cemetery.