The Greeks founded colonies on the shores of the Black Sea. Greek colonization of the northern Black Sea region

Goals:

• Identify the causes of the “Great Greek Colonization.”
• Show where the Greek colonies were founded and what the settlers did.
• Continue to develop the skills to correctly show historical objects on a map, work with texts, illustrations, and compare natural conditions Ancient Greece and colonies.
• To foster a culture of communication, to help increase students’ interest, love and respect for history.

Equipment: Vagasin A.A., Goder G.I., History of the Ancient World; Textbook for 5th grade. M.: Education 2004; map "Ancient Greece"; Krushkol Yu.S. Reader on the history of the Ancient World. M.: Education, 1975; Kolobova K.M. Essays on the history of Ancient Greece. L.: Uchpedgiz, 1958; Goder G.I. Methodological manual on the history of the Ancient World. M.: Enlightenment 1988. Specially selected slides and individual task cards are also used.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

Emotional mood of children.

II. Repetition of previous material- 10 min.

6students work using cards.

Find errors in the texts.

1. Thanks to good soils, the inhabitants of Attica grew a lot of grain. On the contrary, there was a shortage of olive oil and wine in Attica: wine and oil were brought from other countries.
2. Sparta was very beautiful city. Foreigners usually admired its fortress walls, large theater and beautiful statues.
3. Spartan youths were famous for the fact that they wrote correctly, without a single mistake, and read a lot. In terms of education, the Spartans were superior to all other Greeks.

1 student on the board works with the concepts: democracy, helot, polis, demos, laconic speech.

Whole class assignment:

1. Show on the map the territory that the Spartans conquered (Laconia and Messenia)
2. Tell us about the government structure of Sparta
3. How were Spartan youths raised? What was the purpose of such education?
4. Here is an example of laconic speech: one Spartan woman, seeing off her son to war, handed him a shield and said: “With it or on it.” What did the Spartan woman want to say with these words?

Together with the whole class, we check the vocabulary work that the student completed on the board (3 minutes)
Before explanation new topic collect cards that 6 students worked on. Results of working on cards - in the next lesson

III. Learning new material

– The topic of our lesson today: “Greek colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.”

1. Plan

1. Great Greek Colonization:

a) why did the Greeks leave their homeland,
b) trade and warships of the ancient Greeks,
c) difficulties of navigation.

2. Life in overseas colonies.
3. Greeks in the northern Black Sea region.

- Set the goal of the lesson. The ancient Greeks were skilled sailors. Enterprising merchants sailed into the Black and Azov Seas. Greek colonies arose on the shores of Italy, Sicily, Crimea, and the Caucasus. Today we will learn about the reasons that caused colonization and the process of settlers exploring new places in our lesson, and a resident of Hellas will help us.

– I invite the children to imagine that in front of them is not a teacher, but a resident of ancient Greece and ask him about the upcoming journey. First, listen to his story about why the Greeks left their homeland.

“While there were few people in the communities, they could still get food and somehow get along with each other.
But then, when the people multiplied and, in a difficult struggle for a place in the sun, were divided into rich and poor, the Greeks became cramped on their hot peninsula and did not have enough bread.
Hatred among the poor grew. The anger of the rich accumulated. Controversy. Discord. Strife. Crowds of armed men were running through the streets and squares, kicking up dust. The rich persecuted the poor. The poor beat the rich. The vanquished sought salvation in other lands. Thousands of families left their homes and rushed to the sea. Accompanied by the mournful cries of children and the sad play of flutes, the exiles loaded their belongings into the holds of light ships and sailed away from their native shores, never to return to them again. .
I also decided to try my luck overseas. Setting out on the journey, I filled the holds of the ship with Athenian goods. One successful trip could bring more profit than a year of trading in Greece.
The ship set off, the sails flapping. Bearded, black-tanned helmsmen leaned on the steering oars. A song of hope echoed far across the water.
Good luck!"

- Guys! Now you know who left and for what reasons in the 8th–6th centuries BC. Greece? (Poor people who lost their plots; defeated: demos or nobles; those who wanted to get rich from overseas trade: merchants)

The answers are recorded in the notebook.
Schoolchildren rush to ask questions: what did the Greeks travel on, what were they afraid of, what did they take with them, etc.
The story of a resident of Hellas is accompanied by a demonstration of illustrations.

“Preparations for the departure lasted a whole month. Everything necessary for the long voyage was taken onto the ships - provisions, goods. The city from where we were sailing provided us with security in case of a pirate attack.
The sea with us was sometimes friendly and gentle, sometimes menacing.
Particularly difficult was navigation in the Black Sea, which for a long time we called “inhospitable.” In fact, due to the great depths, our sailors could not, in the event of a sudden storm, anchor at a safe distance from the shore. Also, they could not quickly take refuge in the harbor or hide from the wind and waves behind the island as in Greece. (On the Black Sea there are few deep waters land bays and only a few islands).
We had to swim for many days to reach the desired shore, because average speed the speed of a merchant ship was small and equal to 9 - 10 km per hour. But meeting pirates is even scarier."

- Guys! Before you is a Greek military and merchant ship, on which I will sail. Compare. Look for differences in their sizes and shapes. Why was the speed of a warship faster than a merchant ship?

– Why was meeting with pirates so scary for the Greeks?

When summarizing the answers, the teacher notes t that the warship was armed with a ram made of a piece of wood covered with copper sheathing on top, or had a cast metal tip. Compared to a merchant ship, a warship was more streamlined in shape and moved under oars and sail; in a combat situation, the sail interfered with maneuvering and was removed. A merchant ship was intended to transport goods and therefore was more spacious than a military ship . But he only had a sail propulsion: there was no room on the ship for rowers...
In Greece, piracy has long been considered one of the legitimate ways to get rich, along with maritime trade.

A resident of Hellas says goodbye to the guys.

-See you soon!

Work on the map: open page 146 in front of us is the map: “The formation of Greek colonies in the 8th–6th centuries BC.”

- Guys! What territory did the Greeks inhabit at the beginning of colonization?

The student shows and names the south of the Balkan Peninsula, islands Aegean Sea, western coast of Asia Minor.

– What conventional sign Are the Greek colonies marked on the map?
– What is a colony? (Settlement of people in a foreign country)
– What is colonization? (Formation of colonies)

Having received the answers, the teacher continues:“Greek colonization was carried out in three main directions: to the west, to the northeast, to the southeast. (On the map, using a bright red thread, which is secured with small pins, show the path of the settlers)
In the western direction, Greek ships reached the shores of the Apennine and Pyrenean peninsulas; in the northeast - the Black Sea region, and in the southeast - Asia Minor and North Africa.

The guys name the colonies located in these territories.

– The sea voyage is over, the shore is ahead. It's time for us to rest.

3. Physical education moment

- Let's continue the journey. Here is the long-awaited land. What lies ahead?
Guys! Let's take a close look at illustration p. 145 “Greek colony on the northern shores of the Black Sea” and describe it.

– In what places did the Greeks establish colonies? To answer the question, read paragraph 32, paragraph 2. (Near the sea, sources of fresh water, on fertile land.)

– Listen to the message about how relations with local residents developed:

“In bays convenient for anchoring galleys, the settlers landed, broke limestone, surrounded the camp set up on the nearest hill with a strong wall, then, having fervently prayed to Zeus, they began to plow the unusually colored, surprisingly rich soil with a wooden plow.
From the rocky peaks, silent natives dressed in animal skins warily watched the strangers. The Hellenes approached them, raising an olive branch over their heads, a sign of peace, and exchanged their goods for grain, livestock, leather and wool. When they succeeded, they seized by force not only the goods, but also the owners of the goods themselves.
This is how they appeared near the Black Sea greek cities.»

- Guys! What was the relationship between the Greek colonists and the local population?
What did Greek merchants bring from the colony?
What did Greek merchants exchange their goods for?

4. Greeks in the northern Black Sea region

The material is studied independently. The guys read the legend about the Scythian king Skila and answer the questions:

– What attracted the Scythian king Skilos to the way of life of the Greeks?
– What did the local population do? (pp. 146–149)

5. Teacher's word: The legend of Skila shows that in the 8th–6th centuries BC. we see the beginning of the penetration of Greek culture into other cultures. Greek culture was more modern. Architecture, theater, literature, sports, and art were well developed here. Here was something that the Scythians did not have. Therefore, King Skil was captivated by the beauty of the palaces, marble statues, and music. He was able to appreciate the culture of the Greeks, and his fellow tribesmen considered this a betrayal.

IV. Consolidation

Choose the correct answer.

1. The Greeks founded colonies:

a) on the coast Mediterranean Sea;
b) on the Black Sea coast;
c) in the interior regions of the Balkan Peninsula.

2. Continue the list. The main reasons for the mass exodus to the colonies:

a) threat of famine, lack of land;
b) the threat of debt slavery;
V)

3. Align:

a) goods that the Greeks brought to the colonies;
b) goods that the Greeks exported from the colonies;

1) olive oil
2) slaves
3) animal skins
4) vases

4. Find the odd one out. Scythian clothing included:

a) long pants;
b) boots;
c) chiton;
d) caftan.

V. Lesson summary

– Today in class we learned that in the 8th–6th centuries the Greeks BC. founded many colonies. Wherever the Greeks lived, they considered themselves a single people - Hellenes. They were united by a common culture, language, traditions and customs and religion.

VI. Homework: Paragraph 32. Write a story on behalf of a settler colonist.

Intermediaries in the trade of Scythian bread and other goods produced in the lands of the Skolotes were Greek city-colonies - slave states on the Black Sea coast. The most famous colonies were:

Olvia- an ancient city on the right bank of the Dnieper-Bug estuary, south of modern Nikolaev. Founded by people from Miletus

in the first quarter of the 6th century. BC. The name translated from Greek meant “happy, rich.” The population during the heyday of this colony reached 15 thousand people. It was destroyed during the invasion of the Huns in the 70s. IV century AD;

• Chersonese Tauride- an ancient city, located in the southwestern part of Crimea, on the territory of modern Sevastopol. The name translated from Greek meant "peninsula". In Russian chronicles it was called Korsun. Chersonesos was founded in 529–528 BC by immigrants from Heraclea Pontus, a city located on the Asia Minor coast of the Black Sea. Chersonesos merchants exported from Scythia slaves, livestock, bread, leather, furs, honey, wax.In turn, jewelry made of precious metals, weapons, painted black-glazed dishes, olive oil, marble were delivered from Greece;
• Kalos Limen, ancient city in the north-west of Crimea. It was founded by the Ionian Greeks in the 4th century. BC. on the site of the modern village of Chernomorskoye. The name translated from Greek meant “beautiful harbor”. The Scythians repeatedly took control of this port, trying to keep the grain trade under control. Destroyed by the Sarmatians in the 1st century. AD;
• Nikonius- an ancient city on the eastern bank of the Dniester estuary. It was located on the territory of the modern village of Roksolany, Odessa region. It arose in the second half of the 6th century. BC. At the turn of the 3rd–2nd centuries. BC. suffered destruction, which is associated with the Macedonian commander Zopyrion. Finally destroyed during the Great Migration;
• Thira- an ancient city on the right bank of the Dniester estuary, founded on the site of the modern city of Belgorod-Dniester. The first settlements arose on this site in the 7th–6th centuries. BC, but city fortifications were built here only in the 5th century. BC.;
• Panticapaeum- an ancient city founded on the site of present-day Kerch by immigrants from Miletus at the end of the 7th century. BC. The name is translated from Iranian ( Rapi-Kara) meant "fish way". During its heyday it occupied about 100 hectares. The Acropolis was located on a mountain called today Mithridates. Panticapaeum became the capital of the Bosnor kingdom, which included the nearest policies. After the defeat Khazar Khaganate this city was part of the Russian Tmutarakan principality called Korchev;
• Feodosia- an ancient city on the southeastern coast of Crimea. Founded by people from Miletus in the 6th century. BC. From 355 BC was part of the Bosporan kingdom. Destroyed by the Huns in the 4th century. AD It was soon restored and controlled by the Alans who settled in the surrounding area, who gave the city the new name Ardabda (Seven-Blessed). For a long time, under the name Caffa, it belonged to the Genoese;
• Nymphaeum- an ancient city in Crimea, located on the western bank Kerch Strait, 17 km south of present-day Kerch. The name translated from Greek meant “sanctuary of nymphs.” It was founded in the 570–560s. BC. Destroyed by the Goths in the 3rd century. AD;
• Cimmerick- an ancient city in Crimea on the western slope of Mount Opuk, about 50 km southwest of Kerch. Founded by people from Miletus in the 5th century. BC. Destroyed by the Goths in the 3rd century. AD;
• Kerkinitida- an ancient city that existed from the beginning of the 5th century. BC. until the end of the 2nd century. BC. in the west of the Crimean peninsula on the site of present-day Evpatoria. The inhabitants of Kerkinitida were engaged in fishing, winemaking, and growing grain crops. In the middle of the 2nd century. BC. the city was captured by the Scythians, who used it as their trading port;
• Tanais- an ancient city (3rd century BC - 5th century AD) at the mouth of the Don, founded in the 3rd century. BC. Greeks - immigrants from the Bosporan kingdom. It was located 30 km west of present-day Rostov-on-Don.

Not all Black Sea policies focused on trade with Scythia. Part Greek colonies contacted the peoples of the Caucasus. Local wine, fruits, ship timber, hemp, flax, wax, resin, and gold sand were exported from this territory. These colonies included:

• Phanagoria- an ancient city on the Taman Peninsula. It was located on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus (Kerch Strait) on the Taman Peninsula, 25 km northeast of Hermonassa. The second capital of the Bosporan Kingdom after Panticopaeum. It was founded by the Teos on the island of the now defunct Corocondamite archipelago around 543, receiving the name of one of their leaders - Phanagoras. At the beginning of the 10th century. Residents left the city due to rising sea levels and flooding of the Kuban River. Thanks to this, the rapid growth of the neighboring city of Tmutarakan, former Hermonassa, began;
• Hermonassa- an ancient city on the Taman Peninsula, the second most important on the eastern shore of the Kerch Strait after Phanagoria. It arose no later than the end of the 6th century. BC. presumably on the site of the modern village of Taman, Krasnodar Territory. The Byzantines called Hermonassa Tamatarch, the Khazars - Samkerts, after the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate in the 10th century. the city was named Tmutarakan and became the capital of the Tmutarakan principality;
• Caps- an ancient city on the Taman Peninsula, founded on the eastern shore of the Kerch Strait by immigrants from Miletus. The name translated from Greek meant “gardens”. Its origin dates back to the 580–570s. BC. After the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate, the settlement preserved on this site became part of the Russian Tmutarakan principality;
• Torik- an ancient city on the Black Sea coast, on the site of present-day Gelendzhik. After the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate, the settlement preserved on this site became part of the Russian Tmutarakan principality;
• Gorgippia is an ancient city on the Black Sea coast that existed in the 4th century. BC. – III century AD After the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate, the settlement preserved on this site became part of the Russian Tmutarakan principality;
• Pitiunt– an ancient city on the site of the modern village of Pitsunda on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus near the city of Gagra;
• Fasis- an ancient city founded in the 6th century. BC. came from Miletus on the coast of Colchis (Georgia), was located near the present city of Poti;
• Dioscuriad (Dioscuria)- an ancient city on the site of modern Sukhumi on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Founded in the 6th century. BC. came from Miletus. Most of ancient city is currently underwater.

The cities of the Northern Black Sea region largely copied the structure and way of life of the Greek world, the cradle European civilization. Ancient slavery, in contrast to slavery in eastern despotism and patriarchal slavery of peoples who were at the stage of disintegration of the primitive communal system, was based on a high level of development of commodity production. Active maritime trade stimulated specialization of production. Large land latifundias emerged that produced grain, wine, and oil. The craft has developed significantly. As a result of the wars, the number of slaves increased, which all free citizens had the right to own. IN ancient states they played a big role in governing the country. Almost all the city-states of the Black Sea region were slave-owning republics.

Behind the fortress walls rose majestic temples, residential and public buildings. Through convenient harbors greek ships They took away grain, wine, and oil from the Black Sea region in amphorae, produced by the labor of slaves or purchased from neighboring tribes. Slaves were also exported. Half of the bread that the Athenians ate was brought from Panticapaeum.

In the 5th century BC. Panticapaeum became the center of a large slave-owning power - the Bosporan Kingdom (5th century BC - 4th century AD). It waged continuous wars with neighboring nomadic peoples. In 107 BC. In the Bosporus there was an uprising of artisans, peasants, and slaves under the leadership of Savmak. He was proclaimed king of the Bosporus. With the help of the troops of Mithridates, king of Pontus (a state in Asia Minor), the uprising was suppressed, and Savmak was executed. The Savmak uprising is the first known major uprising of the masses on the territory of our country.

In the first centuries of our era, the slave-owning city-states of the Black Sea region became dependent on Rome. By the 3rd century. AD crisis clearly manifested itself slave system, and in the IV–V centuries. The slaveholding powers that then existed in the Mediterranean fell under the onslaught of the Goths and Huns. Slave work in the conditions of the transition to iron tools it became unprofitable. The invasion of barbarian tribes completed the fall of slave-owning civilization.

3. Greek colonies on the northern Black Sea coast 112

As we have already noted113, Greek cities on the northern coast of the Black Sea played important role in the development of international commerce, serving as a link between the Mediterranean basin and Eurasia. In this sense, they were the predecessors of the Genoese and Venetian cities on the Black Sea, which played the same role in the Mongol period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries AD. From a sociological point of view, however, there was a great difference between the ancient Greek and medieval Italian cities. The latter were simple commercial trading posts, while the role of the former was not limited to commercial functions. Some of the Greek cities of the Scythian period were fully developed communities in which not only trade, but also arts and crafts flourished; agriculture reached a high level in neighboring areas. Thus, the Greek cities of this period became important cultural centers. In addition, they were closely connected with the cities of Greece proper, as well as with the Malaysian ones, remaining part of the integrity of the Hellenic world. They therefore served as a bridge between the Greek world and the Scythians. Greek artists and artisans fulfilled orders from Scythian kings and nobles, adapting to Scythian artistic requirements. So, a new artistic style, which can be called the Greco-Scythian style, was created, influencing in turn the development Greek art in the later, so-called Hellenistic period.

Most of the Greek cities on the northern coast of the Black Sea were founded by colonists who arrived from Miletus, Klazomene and other Greek cities in Asia Minor. In the sixth century B.C. Malaysian Greeks recognized the power of the Persian king. This resulted in a fortunate situation for Greek cities in terms of international trade. The Persian kingdom was what can be called a "world empire", stretching from the Aegean Sea in the west to the Indus and Jazartha rivers in the east. It included such provinces as Asia Minor, Transcaucasus and Mesopotamia and continued the cultural traditions of the Hittites, Urartians and Assyro-Babylonians.

The Greek cities of the coast of Asia Minor served as a link between Asia Minor, the Mediterranean basin and the Black Sea steppes, while the Greek cities on the northern part of the Black Sea were likened to many outposts of the old cities of Asia Minor. Greek traders from Olbia, Chersonesus and the Cimmerian Bosporus served as intermediaries in trade relations between the Persian kingdom and the Scythians. In the 5th century BC. most Greek cities on the Aegean coast were emancipated from Persian rule. And Greece itself, and especially Athens, became the leading force. During the century from 477 to 377, commercial routes were under the economic and political control of Athens, despite the fact that at the end of the fifth century the power of Athens was significantly shaken by the Peloponnesian War. In general, conditions for the development of settlements on the Black Sea coast were less favorable during the period of Athenian hegemony than during Persian rule.

From a historical point of view, the Bosporan kingdom on the Kerch Strait, which existed from the 6th century BC to the 6th century AD, was the predecessor of Russian rule in Tmutarakan from the 9th to the 11th centuries AD. There were several Greek cities in the kingdom on both banks of the Kerch Strait. They were founded in the seventh and sixth centuries BC. Most of them may have been built on the sites of older settlements of the local inhabitants of the Cimmerian period. The first Greek cities east of the Kerch Strait were founded by colonists from Caria. Later, new settlers came from Miletus. They settled on Crimean side Strait. The city of Panticapaeum, which became the capital of the Bosporan kingdom, was originally a Milesian colony. Economically, the Bosporan kingdom was based on trade between Asia Minor and the Trans-Caucasus, on the one hand, and the Azov and Don regions, on the other. Among the goods coming from the Trans-Caucasus region, metal and metal products played an important role. Fish and grain arrived in response from the Don and Azov regions.

The city of Panticapaeum initially had an aristocratic constitution. In the fifth century BC. it became the capital of the monarchy. The Bosporan kingdom was the result of a necessary compromise between Greek newcomers and local tribes; the Greeks were not numerous enough to colonize the entire country. They remained mainly in cities. On the other hand, the local Japhetid and Iranian tribes, mainly known as the Sinds and Maeots, were mostly outside the cities and reluctant to submit to the Greeks. There were some clashes, and eventually a local magnate, belonging to a local but completely Hellenized family, seized power and declared himself king of the Sindians and Maeotians under the name of Spartok I (438/7 - 433/2 BC). While he was recognized as king by the local tribes, the city of Panticapaeum recognized him only as archon ("head"). In fact, he had complete power over the Greeks and controlled the army administration through the chiliarchog (“commander of a thousand,” compare thousand in medieval Rus').

After the establishment of monarchical rule in the Bosporus, the country became strong enough to protect itself from the invasion of the Scythians and other steppe tribes. In some cases, the Bosporan kings paid tribute to the Scythians so as not to start wars. They could afford to pay off, since the kingdom was quite prosperous. The grain trade was the basis of economic stability. The Bosporan kings tried to monopolize this line of trade in the eastern regions of the Black Sea. According to the treaty of friendship with Athens (434/3 BC), the Bosporan king was supposed to supply Athens with grain. After a long struggle with the city of Heraclea, King Leukoi (389/8 - 349/8 BC) conquered the important port of Theodosia, thus securing a monopoly on the grain trade. As a result, the Bosporan kingdom was the main grain producer for Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries. During Leucon's reign, 670,000 medimni (about 22,000 tons) of grain were exported annually to Attica, which amounted to half of all grain imports into Attica.

Following these cities, Chersonesos was the most important Greek center in Crimea. It was one of the most viable early Greek colonies here, thriving as far back as the Byzantine period. In the tenth century AD. Chersonesos, known as Korsun in Russian chronicles, was controlled for some time Kyiv princes. It was originally a colony founded by Heraclea, which in turn was a colony of Megara. Heraclea was founded in 599 BC. Exact date the foundations of Chersonesos are unknown; Herodotus does not mention her. Documentary evidence regarding Chersonesos dates back to the fourth century BC. In this century, the oldest city wall was erected.

The geographical position of Chersonesos was less favorable than that of the Bosporan cities, since it was located far from the Azov and Don regions. On the other hand, it was better protected from raids by nomads and had excellent port facilities. It is also closer to the southern Black Sea coast than any other city on the northern coast. Chersonesos entered into close relations with Athens during the time of Athenian dominance. Athenian influence was strong in the life and art of the city until the middle of the fourth century BC, after which Chersonesos vases, gold jewelry, terracotta, etc. approached the standards of Asia Minor.

From his point of view political organization during the Scythian period, Chersonesos represented democracy. All power belonged people's assembly, and all public figures were elected. In fact, most significant issues were first discussed by the city council and then reported to the assembly. An interesting inscription from the third century BC was discovered containing the text of the oath required of a Chersonesos official. She obliged him not to violate the democratic order and not to transmit information to the Greeks or “barbarians” that could harm the interests of the city. Many citizens had fields and vineyards outside the city walls; sometimes they were rented, in other cases the owner himself cultivated the land. The city controlled the entire western coast of the Crimean peninsula and part of the fertile steppe inland lands in its northern part.

In the north-west of Crimea, the leading position belonged to Olbia, the “city of the Borysphenites”, which was located at the mouth of the Bug and ensured the integrity of the Bugodnestrovsky mouth. Thus, the city occupied a favorable position from the point of view of commercial routes running north into the interior of the territory. It would not be amiss to mention here that the wide mouth of the Dnieper also played an important role in the commercial exchange between Kievan Rus and Byzantium. The Russo-Varangian princes tried to tightly control the mouth of the Dnieper, which offered a suitable point for Rus' traders on their way to Constantinople. The Russians founded their village at the mouth of the Dnieper in Oleshya. Geopolitically, Oleshye then played a role similar to the role of Olbia in an earlier period.

Olbia, a colony of Miletus, was founded in the second half of the seventh century BC. It was originally supposed to be a fishing village. Fish later formed an important part of its trade. Agriculture also developed. Olvia had very close ties with the Scythian world of all Greek colonies. She paid tribute to the Scythian kings and in return enjoyed their support. Its traders floated their goods deep into the territory up the Bug and Dnieper. In addition, Olbia was the starting point of the great overland caravan route to the Volga and Kama regions in the northeast.

The Olbian Greeks had constant connections with local neighbors, which led to a significant exchange of mutual influences in art, craft, lifestyles, etc. In the fifth and early fourth centuries BC. the city had friendly ties with Athens. During the period of Macedonian dominance, Olbia's relations with the Greek homeland were not so successful. Around 330 BC the city was besieged by Zopyrion, the governor of Tsar Alexander the Great in Thrace. To unite their entire population against the invaders, the Olivias took radical measures: the local population received citizenship and the slaves were freed. Many inscriptions dating from the early third century B.C. shed some light on economic conditions in Olbia. As can be seen from some of them, a wealthy citizen named Protogenes lent the city 1000 gold pieces, partly interest-free, to purchase grain. In addition, he provided himself with 2,500 medimnas of wheat at a reduced price.

Like Chersonese, Olbia was a democracy. Before 330 BC only Greeks among the city's population had political rights, including voting in the council.

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Date of: 27.01.2017

Item: story

Subject:

Textbook: General history. Ancient world history. 5th grade: educational. for general education organizations / A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Svintsitskaya. – M.: Education, 2014.

Technologies: problem-search, information and communication

Greek colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas

Goals: give an idea of ​​the causes and consequences of Greek colonization; develop the ability to use text historical source when answering questions on the topic being studied; develop skills in reading a historical map and working with a contour map.

Planned results:

Subject: read a historical map, analyze and summarize its data; apply conceptual apparatus historical knowledge and techniques historical analysis to reveal the essence and significance of the colonization of the Greeks; characterize important facts history of Ancient Greece, classify and group them according to the proposed criteria.

Metasubject UUD: organize educational interaction in a group; determine your own attitude to the phenomena of modern life; formulate your point of view; listen and hear each other; express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication; independently discover and formulate educational problem choose means of achieving the goal from those proposed, and also look for them yourself; give definitions of concepts; analyze, compare, classify and generalize facts and phenomena.

Personal UUD: gain motivation to learn new material; understand the importance of studying history; express your attitude to the role of history in the life of human society.

Equipment: scheme “Education of Greek colonies inVIII- VIcenturies BC."; projector; multimedia presentation.

Lesson type: a lesson in discovering new knowledge.

During the classes

I . Organizing time.

II . Motivational-target stage.

The Athenian thinker Socrates jokingly argued that the Greeks settled around the sea like frogs around a swamp. We will find out what he meant in our lesson.

Consider the map “Formation of Greek Colonies inVIII- VIcenturies BC.".

In those days, when city-states arose in Greece, thousands of people went overseas to settle permanently in foreign lands.

Why do you think?

Remember what a colony is.

What kind of people Ancient East founded colonies and for what purpose?

The topic of our lesson: “Greek colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.”

(Presentation).

Lesson plan:

Problematic question. Why is the Greek colonization, in contrast to the Phoenician, called great?

III . Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Why did the Greeks leave their homeland?

So, we found out that inVIII- VIcenturies BC. In Greece there were city-states - policies. The largest of them were Athens and Sparta. It was at this time that thousands of Greeks leave the country to settle permanently in foreign lands. So why do the Greeks leave their home and move to distant unknown lands? Let them tell us about it themselves.

They set off on long journeys from different cities. Imagine that you find yourself, for example, in Corinth, a wealthy trading city located on the isthmus separating the Peloponnese from Central Greece. Several hundred departing people gathered here. They get to know each other, ask about the reasons why everyone leaves their homeland.

“I’m a poor peasant,” says one. “In our valley, no one knows how to plow the land better than me.” But what's the point! My plot is high in the mountains, the nobles in the valley have seized power. No matter how hard you work, you won’t get out of poverty. You often have to go hungry. Perhaps I will find my happiness in a foreign land.

Here the second one interrupts him:

I have worse things to do than you. When they placed a debt stone on my property, I lost my peace and lost sleep. You work all day and don't sleep at night. You toss and turn from side to side and keep thinking: I wish I could become a debtor slave. I decided to abandon both the mortgaged plot and my native village. They say that there are countries beyond the sea where you can have as much land as you want and it is richer than on the banks of the Nile!

Here two well-dressed Greeks approach the talking peasants.

Who you are? - they are asked. “It’s not like hunger or debt are driving you out of your home.”

You guessed it,” one of them answers. “We are merchants and live here in Corinth. Faithful people they said that in overseas countries they willingly exchanged wheat and slaves for Greek goods: painted vases, woolen fabrics, weapons, grape wine and olive oil. We will sail with you. Sea trade is full of dangers, but perhaps it will enrich us.

Two brothers intervene in the conversation, both artisan weavers who previously worked on one of the islands of the Aegean Sea. They say:

We had to leave forever hometown. We raised the people to fight against the nobility. An uprising began, but the aristocrats gained the upper hand, and we fled on the first ship, along with other leaders of the demos.

One of those present is gloomily silent and does not interfere in the conversation.

Who are you? - they finally ask him. - Judging by your clothes and appearance, you belong to the nobility. What made you join those leaving?

“You were not mistaken,” the man replies. – I come from an ancient noble family. I was the ruler of my city. But one night I had to leave a house full of expensive utensils and slaves. A devoted servant reported that a demos uprising had broken out in the city, many noble people were killed in their own beds. This terrible news took me by surprise. As the poet said: “I traded my magnificent house for a fugitive ship.”

This is how these very different people talked to each other.

Now you can answer the question: who and for what reasons left Greece inVIII- VIcenturies BC.?

(Drawing up a diagram)

Who left Greece?

Hungry and poor people, poor people, indebted nobles, peasants who lost their plots, etc.

People forced to become exiles: aristocrats from cities where the demos came to power, leaders of the demos from cities where the nobility won.

Merchants who wanted to get rich in overseas trade.

Why left?

Acute shortage of land due to overpopulation of policies.

Threat of famine.

The desire of the Greeks to develop their trade and craft.

The struggle between the demos and the nobility.

2. In what places did the Greeks establish colonies?

Preparations for departure lasted a whole month. The ships carried everything necessary for a long voyage: provisions, goods. The city that the Greeks were leaving provided them with security in case of attack by pirates. The sea was sometimes friendly and gentle, sometimes menacing. Navigation in the Black Sea, which the Greeks had long called “inhospitable,” was especially difficult. In fact, due to the great depths, Greek sailors could not remain anchored at a safe distance from the shore in the event of a sudden storm. Also, they could not quickly take refuge in the harbor or hide from the wind and waves behind the island, as in Greece. The Greeks had to swim for many days to reach the desired shore, since the average speed of a merchant ship was low and equal to 9-10 km/h. But even more terrible was the meeting with the pirates.

Look at the Greek colony on page 152. The picture shows Greek merchant and military ships. Describe them on behalf of the merchant and on behalf of the military man.

(Approximate answer.

Merchant. Our merchant ship is designed to transport goods and is therefore more spacious than a military ship. But it only has a sail propulsion: there is no room on the ship for rowers.

Military: Our ship is armed with a ram made of a piece of wood covered with copper sheathing on top, or had a cast metal tip.)

Compared to a merchant ship, a warship had a more streamlined shape and moved under oars and sail. In a combat situation, the sail interfered with maneuvering and was removed.

It was on such ships that the Greeks crossed the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

Working with the map “Formation of the Greek colonies inVIII- VIcenturies BC", determine the directions of Greek colonization.

(As the task progresses, a diagram is drawn up.)

The main directions of Greek colonization:

Northwestern Mediterranean

North Africa

Southern Apennines

Asia Minor

Northern Black Sea region

Setting off on their journey, the settlers turned to the Delphic Apollo for advice on where to go, boarded ships with their wives and children and sailed to foreign shores. There, through treaties or force, they took away a piece of coastal land from local tribes, erected temples, erected houses and sowed fields.

Sometimes entire cities abandoned their old places and moved to new ones. When the Persians besieged the Ionian city of Phocia, the Phocians all boarded ships, threw a piece of iron into the sea, and said: “When this iron emerges from the sea, then we will return to the rule of the Persians!” - and sailed to the western seas.

In bays convenient for anchoring galleys (rowing warships), the settlers landed, broke limestone, surrounded the camp set up on the nearest hill with a strong wall, then, having fervently prayed to Zeus, began to plow the surprisingly rich earth of an unusual color with a wooden plow.

Silent natives dressed in animal skins warily watched the strangers from the rocky peaks. The Greeks approached them, throwing an olive branch over their heads - a symbol of peace - and exchanged their goods for grain, livestock, leather and wool. When they succeeded, they seized by force not only the goods, but also the owners of the goods themselves. This is how Greek cities appeared near the Black Sea.

What was the relationship between the Greek colonists and the local population?

What did Greek merchants bring from the colonies?

What did Greek merchants exchange their goods for?

(A diagram is drawn up.)

They sold: olive oil, wine, weapons, fabrics, vases, marble statues.

They bought: wheat, slaves, honey, animal skins, livestock.

3. Greeks and Scythians on the northern shores of the Black Sea.

How was the relationship between the Greeks and neighboring peoples who lived next to their policies? Answer this question by working with the text of paragraph 3 of § 32 and additional material.

Additional material.

How King Darius tried to conquer lands in the south of what is now Russia

(based on the story of Herodotus).

The Persian army led by the “king of kings” Darius invaded the lands of the Scythians.I. But the Scythians, without engaging in battle, lured their enemies into the interior of the country. Pursuing the Scythians, Darius's army reached the Don River. The Persians were tired of the merciless pursuit. Then Darius sent an envoy to the Scythian king with the following words: “Why are you running away? Join the battle or recognize me as your lord!” The Scythians’ answer was: “We are not running away, we are just wandering with our herds. And with whom and when to fight we decide for ourselves!” As time went. And then one day a Scythian messenger brought strange gifts to the “king of kings”: a bird, a mouse, a frog and five arrows. Darius was delighted and decided that the Scythians were ready to lay down their arms and submit: to give up land, water, and their horses. After all, a bird is as fast as a horse, a frog lives in water, and a mouse lives in the ground. “No, king,” the old nobleman objected to Darius. - I know the Scythians. They want to tell us: “Fly into the sky like birds, burrow into the ground like mice, hide in the swamps like frogs! Otherwise, you will die from our arrows!” Having carried big losses, the Persian army moved back. This is how this campaign ended ingloriously.

IV . Consolidation of the studied material.

So, why do I call the Greek colonization great, in contrast to the Phoenician?

What did colonization give the Greeks?

(I write down the consequences of colonization on the board).

1. Economy, trade and navigation are developing.

2. The wealth of Greek cities is growing.

3. The Greeks acquire new knowledge.

4. The Greeks recognize themselves as a single people.

5. Crafts are developing (due to the increased demand for handicrafts).

6. The number of foreign slaves is growing (due to imports from the colonies).

Complete the self-test checklist.

1. A colony is...

2. Colonization is...

3. Representatives of which segments of the population and why did they leave for the colonies?

4. Where did the Greeks establish colonies?

5. What did the Greeks trade?

V . Summing up the lesson.

Homework:

§ 32, questions for §, fill out the outline map.

Starting from the second half of the 7th century. BC e. Greek settlements appeared on the northern shores of the Black Sea, on the site of which then, in the 6th century, cities grew that played a large role in the historical destinies of the Black Sea region and of Eastern Europe generally.

By its geographical location, the Black Sea basin was a link connecting the Mediterranean regions with the vast plains of Eastern Europe. Estuaries, bays, bays, northern Black Sea coast provided great convenience for mooring ships. The mighty rivers - the Danube, Dniester, Bug, Dnieper, Don, Kuban - opened up the opportunity for the Greeks to penetrate deep into the Black Sea steppes. The mouths of these rivers were rich in various fish. Salt lakes near the Bug-Dnieper estuary, along the western coast of Crimea and along the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov provided salt. But the most important thing that attracted Greek colonists to the Northern Black Sea region was bread, livestock and, finally, slaves. Greek historian of the 2nd century. BC e. Polybius says that in Pontus, that is, on the Black Sea, there is much that is useful for the life of other peoples. The countries surrounding Pontus supplied the Greeks with cattle and great amount“undoubtedly the most excellent slaves,” and also exported an abundance of honey, wax and fish, timber, furs, skins and wool, but the main export item was grain bread, which was so needed by a significant part of mainland, island and Asia Minor Greece.

IN historical literature until recently, the prevailing ideas were that the Greek colonization of the Black Sea region was considered as an episode only Greek history. The difficult social and economic situation that arose in the Aegean basin at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e., forced the Greeks, according to these ideas, to begin intensive colonization activities. At the first stage, colonization covered the region of the Aegean Sea and the western coast of Asia Minor; then colonies were organized in a number of areas of the western Mediterranean and, finally, on the shores of the Marmara and Black Seas. This representation correctly illuminates one side - the connection between the founding of the Greek cities of the Northern Black Sea region and the general process of Greek colonization; but it does not take into account the significance of the degree at all historical development the population of the regions to which the Greeks were heading. Meanwhile, there is no doubt that the Greek city-colonies, which supplied the metropolis with bread and other products, could only arise where all these products were not only available, but also acted as goods. In other words, the socio-economic development of the local northern Black Sea tribes (Scythians, Maeotians, Sipdians, etc.), both farmers and pastoralists, also determined Greek colonization northern shores Black Sea. Story ancient cities on the Black Sea should be considered as a fact not only of Greek, but also of Eastern European history.

Among other Greek cities in the Black Sea colonization, the main role belonged to the Asia Minor (Ionian) city of Miletus, which had great importance in Greek history VII-VI centuries. BC e. Miletus was one of the largest centers craft and trade activities of the eastern Mediterranean, as well as an important center of ancient science and art. According to ancient Greek legend, which is undoubtedly an exaggeration, people from Miletus founded up to 90 colonies. The main incentive for intensive colonization activity was the fact that in Miletus in the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. There was a fierce struggle between classes and intra-class groups. The large landowning and trading aristocracy, nicknamed the “eternal sailors,” comprised several warring groups. At the same time, there was a struggle between the aristocracy and the democratic strata of the population, mainly artisans. The struggle was waged for a long time and with varying success. Temporary victories of one group or another were supposed to stimulate colonization, since often with the victory of one or another group the defeated had to leave their homeland and look for new places to settle.

The development of the Black Sea by militias took place gradually. First they strengthened themselves on the Sea of ​​Marmara, then on the southern and southeastern coasts of the Black Sea, and only then moved on to colonize the western, northern and northeastern shores.

There is no doubt that the ancient Greeks, long before the founding of the cities, were familiar with the northern shores of Pontus and the local northern Black Sea population, which is reflected in Greek myths and is confirmed by individual archaeological finds dating back to an earlier time. At first, visits by the Greeks to the Northern Black Sea region were irregular, then they became more frequent. Trade ties between the Greeks and the local population began to be established. Trade was often accompanied by robbery and violence. Greek merchant pirates, compensating themselves for long and dangerous journeys across the Black Sea, captured slaves and other goods.

Trade with the population of the Northern Black Sea region led to the organization of seasonal and then permanent trading posts, or emporia, where Greek merchants visited from time to time. Finds of Greek objects, especially vessels, from the 7th century. BC. in various places of the Northern Black Sea region illustrate the strengthening trade relations through such factories. During archaeological excavations in Kerch on Mount Mithridates in 1945-1952, for example, a number of fragments of painted Rhodian ceramics of the 7th century were found. BC e. It has been precisely established that such emporias took place on the island of Berezan near the Bug Estuary, on the shores of the Kerch Strait and in other places.

In the VI century. BC e. on the site of trading posts usually arose big cities, which later became important centers of economic and cultural life. The early visits by the Greeks to the northern shores of the Black Sea and the organization of emporia there were largely the work of individual merchants or their groups, while the founding of colonial cities was a more complex act, associated with the decision of the population of the city, which expelled the colonists, with social struggle and economic situation in this city. The founding of a colony was usually accompanied by the observance of gradually established customs and formalities. The city founding the colony appointed a leader of the colony, the so-called oikist, from among its citizens, or he was elected by the colonists themselves. Oiknet had great powers; in particular, he was obliged to divide the territory between the colonists. When the colony was founded, it became a completely independent state organism, neither politically nor economically independent of its metropolis. This is a significant difference between the Greek colonies and the colonies of subsequent times. Each colony had its own government structure, which could coincide with the structure of the metropolis, but could also differ from it. The population of the colony lost citizenship in the metropolis. For example, a citizen of Miletus, who moved to the Milesian colony of Olbia, was no longer called a Militian, but an Olbiopolitan. The colonies had their own laws, their own courts, their own officials, minted their own coins, pursued their own internal and external policies, regardless of the metropolis, i.e. they constituted an independent city-state corresponding to the ancient Greek concept of “polis”. The connection between the colonies and the metropolis was expressed only in certain benefits established for trade operations, as well as in the signs of attention and respect that the colony of the metropolis provided, in religious and cultural traditions. If necessary, the colony turned to the metropolis for assistance and, conversely, the metropolis turned to the colony, but this assistance, as a rule, was not of a forced nature.

One of the major cities of the Northern Black Sea region is Thira, founded by Miletus in the 6th century. BC e. on the right bank of the estuary of the river. Dniester (in ancient times - Tiras). On the right bank of the Bug Estuary was Olbia, also founded by Miletus in the first half of the 6th century. BC e.

The Kerch Strait area occupied an advantageous geographical position; it connected by water basins of the Mediterranean and Black Seas with Sea of ​​Azov(Meotian Lake) and the mouth of the Don. It is no coincidence, therefore, that a number of Greek cities and settlements arose on both sides of the strait around the same time. The eldest and largest of them was Panticapaeum, on the site of modern Kerch, which later became the capital of the Bosporan state; to the south of Panticapaeum, on the western shore of the Kerch Strait, the small cities of Tiritaka and Nymphaeum were created, to the north - Myrmekiy. A significant city was Feodosia, on the site of modern Feodosia. Later, already in the second half of the 5th century. BC e., on the southwestern coast of Crimea, near modern Sevastopol, the city of Chersonesos arose, founded by the city of the southern coast of the Black Sea - Heraclea. Chersonesos is the only Dorian, rather than Ionian, colony on the northern shore of the Black Sea.

To the east of the Kerch Strait, on the southern shore of the Taman Bay, they were founded in the 6th century. BC e. Hermonassa, on the site of the current village of Tamanskaya, Phanagoria (founded in 540 by the Teos), near the modern station. Sennaya, which was the second largest city after Panticapaeum in the Kerch Strait region, Kepy - at the eastern corner of the Taman Bay. Greek colonization also affected the southeastern coast of the Black Sea, where the Milesians founded the cities of Dioscurias, on the site of Sukhumi, and Fasis, in the area of ​​Poti.

All of the listed cities, with the exception of those located on the Kerch and Taman Peninsulas, during the 5th - early 4th centuries. included in a single Bosporan state led by Panticapaeum, were independent separate city-states, politically not tied friend with a friend. Therefore history largest cities and the Bosporan state will be considered separately in the future.

From their very origins, the Greek cities of the Northern Black Sea region developed in close cooperation with local tribes and nationalities. New archaeological materials show that most Greek cities arose on the sites of early settlements of local tribes. Relations between the local population and the Greeks were either peaceful or hostile. During the period of early ties, peaceful trade relations were accompanied by armed clashes; during the period of the organization of the emporia, the Greeks were more interested in peaceful relations, and from the moment the cities were established, the Greeks also pursued an offensive policy. The ancient cities captured slaves and territory, but the cities failed to occupy any significant territories, with the exception of the Bosporan state, and they were always closely surrounded by the local population, from whom they were often attacked. Therefore, cities were surrounded by defensive walls with towers.

Greek city-colonies arose not only in the form shopping centers, as was previously believed. Their economic base was also crafts and Agriculture. Each city had, although small, well-developed agricultural territory. The intermediary trade of cities in bread and other goods, the sale of urban craft products to the steppe led to lively connections with the Scythians, Sindians, Meotians and other tribes, which had a great, although uneven, influence on the political, economic and cultural development Greek cities. Subsequently, this influence steadily increased. On the other hand, the ancient city-states, based on the slave-owning mode of production, had a significant influence on the culture of the local population; they intensified the process of decomposition of primitive communal relations among the surrounding tribes.