What is the ending in the word different. What is null ending? Are there first, second and third endings? With the help of the ending, forms of modified words are formed

In order to correctly find the rest of the word, it is customary to highlight the ending first and only then the stem. Other parts like suffix, root and prefix can be found easily in the second step. So the child will not get confused and will be able to understand in time exactly where he made a mistake. You will learn how to find these parts of the word in this article.

How to find the ending

First of all, you need to find exactly the ending, since the rest of the word is its basis. In order for the child to understand the very essence of such a part as the ending, it is necessary to explain to him that it helps us change words according to numbers and gender. Without the ending, we simply would not be able to indicate the belonging of a particular part of speech to a particular person.

Change by numbers

The surest step is to change the word. If you can change the number, then determining the ending will only take a couple of seconds. Let's take a few simple examples:

• The child needs to determine the ending in the word "took". Let's change its number, namely: they took. Only the last letter has changed, therefore, this will be the ending.
• Change the word "beautiful" to "beautiful". It immediately becomes clear that the end is a bunch of "th".
• In the noun "squirrel" it is easy to find the ending by changing it to "squirrels".

To be completely sure of the result, it is not enough to change the word once. So you can make a mistake, and the child will get confused. After you have changed the word by numbers, move on to the next method.

Change by birth

So you can make sure that the part that you considered the ending is really changing in the word. Change gender to neuter, masculine, and feminine.

• In the word “took”, the ending disappears when we put it in the masculine gender “took”.
• "Amazing" expands the ending, changing to "Amazing".
• "Built" drops the last letter in the word "built".

In this way, it is easiest to find endings in verbs and adjectives, since they either completely change their ending or completely discard it.

Use the genitive

To eliminate doubts with nouns, you can put the word in the genitive case. First, the child will have to analyze it and present it in nominative case, since it is quite difficult to immediately change the case to the genitive. Already at this stage, the baby can guess what the base is. Next, the genitive case is substituted.

• The word "cottage" is asking to become completely a root, but substitute it in the genitive case and the letter "a" will disappear: there is nothing? - no dachas.
• The word "needles" no longer seems so difficult to parse: there is nothing? - no needles.
• "Titmouse" also loses its ending, when placed in the genitive case: "tits".

If you first change the noun at times, and then put it in the genitive case, then the ending is very easy to find.

How to find the stem of a word

If you could find the ending, then the definition of the basis is extremely simple task. First, explain to the child that the stem is all parts of the word, except for the ending. That is, by highlighting the ending with a square, you see the basis.
It is underlined by a straight line with small bends along the edges, so that it is easier for the teacher to understand: where is the beginning and where is the end. Let's look at an example.

• In the word “Beautiful”, the ending is “th”, which means the base will be “beautiful”.
• In the word "Houses" we remove the ending "a" and select "house".

The stem may contain many parts of the word, or it may turn out that it will contain only the root - there is no difference, the main thing is that the ending should not be included in the stem.

If there is no ending in a word, then in most school programs it is customary to put an empty square next to it, which symbolizes the zero ending of the word. This means that it can be theoretically, but it is in this form of the word that it simply does not exist.

What are the endings of words? How to determine the end? Rules?

All MODIFIED words have an ending. This main point in the definition of the ending, that is, we will not look for the ending in not changing words ah: adverbs, gerunds, indeclinable nouns and adjectives, simple comparative degree adjectives and adverbs, some compound words(head of department).

Each part of speech has its own endings. In order to correctly highlight the endings in the noun, adjective, participle, pronoun and numeral, let's remember how they change in cases. Table-- table-a, table-y; red-th - red-th, red-th; yours-- yours-his, yours-him; done - done, done, five - five, five;

The forms of the verb have their own personal endings, which depend on the conjugation of the verb, first or second. Take - take, take; buy - buy-th, buy-ish.

And there are also differently conjugated and especially conjugated verbs (eat, give).

Let's not forget about the zero ending of words - a materially unexpressed morpheme in a number of cases of nouns, in the forms of verbs.

For example, all nouns of 2 declensions male and 3 declensions female, as well as some nouns in the genitive form plural have a zero ending: horse, crumb, baby, hoop, thing, steppe, beans; no clouds, galoshes, skins, saucers, eclipses, benches.

To highlight the end of a word, you need knowledge of the morphology of the Russian language.

Endings are, for example, case.

Take the word glacier singular and glaciers plural and decline them according to cases.

Im.p. glacier/glaciers,

r.p. glacier/glaciers,

d.p. glacier/glaciers,

c.p. glacier/glaciers,

etc. glacier/glaciers,

p.p. glacier/glaciers.

That is, we see the ending -om- in the noun, then we can say with confidence that this is an instrumental case.

The ending in a word can be zero, for example in the words: compass, sleeve, barometer. Most often these are masculine words.

For verbs, for example, to determine the ending, you need to put the word in a different person and number.

For example, the word protect:

I save

you save

he saves

they save.

Anything that changes at the end of a word will be an ending.

Endings are both materially expressed:

bell-om,

bug-a,

sunny,

green,

bakery,

bed,

jumped out,

and not materially expressed, such an ending is called zero (when the word changes, it appears):

horse (but horse-eat, horse-I, etc.),

lilac (but siren-and etc.).

In order to correctly highlight the ending in the word, the word needs to be changed, provided that it is a variable part of speech (noun, adjective, etc.). That part of the word that changes will be the ending:

raspberry, ending A, because this part changes when the word is declined:

raspberry-oh,

Invariable parts of speech, such as adverbs, do not have endings.

Also, unchangeable, indeclinable, nouns, for example, coat, cinema, etc., do not have endings.

One of the features of the Russian language is the presence of endings in words. The ending is the part of the word that comes after the root and suffixes. Changing endings for logical connective words in a sentence corresponds to the rules of the Russian language, the norms of which answer the question of how to determine the ending. On the short example sentences of three words with a change in the ending in two of them, the changed meaning is clearly visible: the present tense has become past, the singular has become plural: "I read a book" - "I read books." The endings of the verb and noun have changed, changing the sentence itself.

Verb endings: how to determine them

Being one of the main members of the sentence, the verb can change, "adjusting" to other words. And here the concept of how to determine the end of the verb comes to the fore. It depends on the conjugation. There are two conjugations in Russian: I and II. In verbs of I conjugation, the words end in -y, -yu, -em, -et, -eat, -ut, -yut, -et. Let's take the verb "think" and conjugate it: I think, we think, I think, I think, I think, I think. And only 11 verbs are included in the exception. They just need to be remembered in order to correctly determine the endings: drive, hold, breathe, hear, look, see, hate, offend, twirl, depend, endure.

If verbs have endings -u, -u, -it, -ish, -im, -at, -yat, -ite, then they belong to the II conjugation. For example, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking. Determining the ending of a verb is easy if the ending is stressed. In other cases, the verb has to be conjugated. But not all verbs correspond to I and II conjugation. There are different conjugated verbs: run, want and glimpse. The endings of these verbs are suitable for both I and II conjugation: run - run - run, but run - run - run; WANT - WANT, BUT WANT - WANT - WANT. If the verb is imperative, the ending is always the same as in the II conjugation: -ITE. It is necessary to remember the verbs - put - ride - ride: with endings in imperative mood they look like this: put - put - go.

Determining the ending of a noun

Knowing the declensions, you can answer the question of how to determine the ending of a noun. In the nominative case, the ending does not cause big doubt. Difficulties may arise when, in order to link words in a sentence, this noun must be changed in gender, number and case, i.e., decline it. In principle, nouns are declined according to the rules. But, for example, a masculine noun in the nominative plural may not have the same ending as rule 1 says: instead of “I” or “Y”, the ending will be “A” or “I”. Example: forest - forests; address - addresses; poplar - poplars.

There is a group of words that have several variants of endings in the plural of the nominative case. As a rule, these are professional words that have become literary: you can write and say “designers and designers”, “instructors and instructors”, etc. And in genitive case In the plural, some nouns receive a null ending, -OB, -EB, or -EY. These words are: boots (from felt boots), tangerines (from tangerines), nails (from nails).

In order not to be mistaken in how to correctly determine the endings of a few more words, you need to remember that they are divergent and you just need to remember them. All of them are of the middle gender ending in -MYA: burden, stirrup, udder, time, seed, crown, banner, name, flame and tribe. These nouns are in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases singular are uploaded to -I, and in instrumental they have an ending, like nouns of the II declension: -EM.

I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second and third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.

A null ending is an ending that occurs on a number of modified words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Zero endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator grammatical form, as well as "ordinary" endings for the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Compare:

• Table: zero ending for masculine nouns 2 cl. - this is the indicator I.p.
• Table a: the ending a at inanimate nouns masculine 2 cl. - this is the indicator R.p.
• Horse: zero ending for feminine nouns 3 dec. - this is the indicator I.p. or V.p.
• horses and:the ending and feminine nouns have 3 cl. - this is an indicator of R.p., D.p. or P.p.

Attention:

AT different forms one word the stem will be the same. In our examples, these are the basics: table and horse.

It is a gross mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only invariable words, for example, adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow a, above at, left a.

The Russian language, not in vain they say - the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most difficult in the world. No other language in the world has such huge amount rules and exceptions to them, and also none of them can boast such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you decline a noun in cases, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they link all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Also, the definition of a null termination can cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.

What is an ending?

The ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that you can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word "mainland" the ending -a indicates that given word in the singular, genitive and masculine, and in the word "thinks" the ending -et says that this design third person singular.

Cases where the ending is not at the very end of the word

When determining the ending, some people may have difficulty, because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending can be in the middle of a word:

If there is a postfix in the word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: removed, someone, something, let's go.

In complex quantitative numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØ, four. However, one should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousandth, eight-story, three-year-old, first-class, heptagonal.

Grammatical meanings of endings

The endings are very meaningful morpheme, since they completely affect lexical meaning words and the sentence as a whole. Indeed, sometimes it is easiest to identify foreigners among a crowd of people precisely because correct use endings in words are given to them with great difficulty.

All endings in words can denote the following grammatical meanings:

Numbers, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also in the singular and neuter); adjective (for example: a clean canvas - the ending -th indicates a singular, neuter gender and nominative case); participle (for example: a washed canvas - the ending -th also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and the middle gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -ё also indicates a word in the singular, nominative and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -o indicates a word in the singular of the neuter and in the nominative) ;

Only the case of some pronouns (for example: there is nothing - the ending -th indicates the genitive case) and part of the numerals (there is no seven - the ending -i says that the given word is in the genitive case);

Only persons and numbers of verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I write - the verb of the first person singular);

Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: she spoke - a feminine and singular verb).

What is null ending?

Also, some difficulties may arise in determining the end if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to figure out what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without endings at all.

The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed by either letters or sounds. Even though the material this species the ending is not expressed in any way, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it must be denoted as an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

Zero ending is in Russian the following types words:

First person nouns in the genitive and plural. For example: birds Ø, seals Ø, cows Ø, pets Ø.

Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in short form singular masculine, for example: resourceful Ø, individual Ø, inclined Ø, magnificent Ø, detained Ø, armed Ø.

Zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine in the third declension. For example: cockroachØ, parkanØ, feltØ, ovenØ, speechØ, nightØ.

Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fathers Ø, mother Ø, cow Ø, fox Ø, Serezhin Ø.

Singular imperative verbs. For example: learnØ, lookØ, helpØ, translateØ, askØ.

Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spoke Ø - would speak Ø, listen Ø - listen Ø would, vote Ø - vote Ø, ask Ø - ask Ø would.

Often people confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, consider which words have no ending at all.

Words that have no ending at all

The following invariable words and groups of words do not have an ending:

Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, car, coat;

Indeclinable adjectives, for example: burgundy, khaki, marengo, net, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third person, for example: them, her, him;

All adverbs, since an adverb is an invariable part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, redone;

Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;

All adverbs, because this part speech took its inflexibility from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washing, understanding, reading, remembering, remembering, analyzing, realizing;

All service parts of speech, for example: to, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;

Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, wow, ah, slap, bang, those times;

The initial form of the verb in case -t and -ti is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, experience, act.

Also, it should not be indicated on the letter when morphological analysis empty square words that have no endings at all. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are not changed, unlike words with a null ending.

How to determine the end?

To determine the ending in any word, simply decline it by cases. That part of the word that will change is what it is. It is in this way that it is easy to detect the zero ending. Examples of words with such an ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:

On the this example it is noticeable how easily a given morpheme can be defined in words. Since the word "pleated" is not inclined by cases, this word is without an ending, and in the word "mirrors" only a root and a zero ending are presented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the null ending interacts

In most of the examples considered, words are most often found in which only the root and the zero ending are used among morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words morphemic analysis which you can see the prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often, words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in Russian. For example: make up, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, arm yourself.

Soft sign in morphemic analysis

Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not denote any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that stands in front of it. If a word ends with a soft sign, then it should be considered that it has a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the constructions just, away, jump at the end there is a soft sign, these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.

Features of the morphemic analysis of the word

The ending is the only variable part in a word. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify exactly the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to modify the word a little.

A slight difficulty that could arise in the correct definition of the ending is to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was found out what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.