What is the ending in Russian. Cases where the ending is not at the very end of the word

One of the features of the Russian language is the presence of endings in words. The ending is the part of the word that comes after the root and suffixes. Changing endings for logical connective words in a sentence corresponds to the rules of the Russian language, the norms of which answer the question of how to determine the ending. On the short example sentences of three words, when the ending changes in two of them, the changed meaning is clearly visible: the present tense has become past, singular- plural: "I read a book" - "I read books." The endings of the verb and noun have changed, changing the sentence itself.

Verb endings: how to determine them

Being one of the main members of the sentence, the verb can change, "adjusting" to other words. And here the concept of how to determine the end of the verb comes to the fore. It depends on the conjugation. There are two conjugations in Russian: I and II. In verbs of I conjugation, the words end in -y, -yu, -em, -et, -eat, -ut, -yut, -et. Let's take the verb "think" and conjugate it: I think, we think, I think, I think, I think, I think. And only 11 verbs are included in the exception. They just need to be remembered in order to correctly determine the endings: drive, hold, breathe, hear, look, see, hate, offend, twirl, depend, endure.

If verbs have endings -u, -u, -it, -ish, -im, -at, -yat, -ite, then they belong to the II conjugation. For example, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking. Determining the ending of a verb is easy if the ending is stressed. In other cases, the verb has to be conjugated. But not all verbs correspond to I and II conjugation. There are different conjugated verbs: run, want and glimpse. The endings of these verbs are suitable for both I and II conjugation: run - run - run, but run - run - run; WANT - WANT, BUT WANT - WANT - WANT. If the verb imperative mood, the ending is always like the II conjugation: -ITE. You need to remember the verbs - put - ride - go: with endings in the imperative mood, they look like this: put - put - go.

Determining the ending of a noun

Knowing the declensions, you can answer the question of how to determine the ending of a noun. In the nominative case, the ending does not cause big doubt. Difficulties may arise when, in order to link words in a sentence, this noun must be changed in gender, number and case, i.e., decline it. In principle, nouns are declined according to the rules. But, for example, the noun male in the nominative case of the plural, it may have a different ending, as rule 1 declension says: instead of “I” or “Y”, the ending will be “A” or “I”. Example: forest - forests; address - addresses; poplar - poplars.

There is a group of words that have several variants of endings in plural nominative case. As a rule, these are professional words that have become literary: you can write and say “designers and constructors”, “instructors and instructors”, etc. And in the genitive plural, some nouns get null ending, -OV, -EB or -EY. These words are: boots (from felt boots), tangerines (from tangerines), nails (from nails).

In order not to be mistaken in how to correctly determine the endings of a few more words, you need to remember that they are divergent and you just need to remember them. All of them are of the middle gender ending in -MYA: burden, stirrup, udder, time, seed, crown, banner, name, flame and tribe. These nouns are in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases singular are uploaded to -I, and in instrumental they have an ending, like nouns of the II declension: -EM.

The Russian language is by far the richest, most beautiful and at the same time very complex. Its grammar and spelling include many rules and at the same time exceptions to them. Even words and sentences are made up of separate parts that are inextricably linked to each other. For example, many schoolchildren face the following question: what is the end? And, of course, it is sad that not everyone can answer it.

What is a word ending?

The ending in Russian is called a changeable morpheme, which is at the end of a word. It expresses number, gender, person and case. It is also considered an indispensable part of the word, because the ending makes sentences coherent, filling them with meaning.

Why do we need an ending in Russian?

• Gender, number and case - in participles, some numerals and pronouns.
• Case - for pronouns and numerals, however, not for everyone.
• Person and number are for verbs that are in the future or present tense.
• Number and gender are for verbs in the past tense.

2. The ending makes the sentence coherent.

How is this morpheme defined?

In writing at school, the ending, like any other part of the word, has its own designation. After the student has identified it, he circles it with a square.

What could be the ending

In general, words related to any part of speech, except for invariable ones, have this morpheme. A prime example this can serve as an adverb. The ending can be represented in different ways: by one or several sounds, and sometimes it can even be zero, that is, have no sounds. But one should not think that this means the absence of this part of the word, because such an ending is almost no different from the usual one. Most often it occurs with nouns masculine or female, respectively, of the second and third declensions.

How to highlight the ending in a word

At the lessons of the Russian language there are such exercises, the essence of which is to highlight morphemes. First you need to decline the word in several cases, and that part of it that will change is the ending. After you have determined what belongs to the desired morpheme, you need to select this area. This is done as follows: usually with a pencil everything desired letters circled in a square. In the case when you simply draw the same geometric figure after the word.

Russian is the greatest language in the world, but many foreigners have a lot of problems learning it. A lot of rules and exceptions, a lot of vocabulary elements of speech and incomprehensible Russian phraseological units can piss anyone off. However, despite all this, speech is not only a set of letters, it allows people to communicate with each other. That is why each component of the word is very important, which is why it is impossible to take and just exclude one of them. Therefore, answering the question of what an ending is, we can safely say that this is one of the significant parts that serves to create coherent phrases and sentences.

I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second and third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.

A null ending is an ending that occurs in a series changing words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Zero endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form as are the "ordinary" endings for the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Compare:

• Table: zero ending for masculine nouns 2 cl. - this is the indicator I.p.
• Table a: the ending a at inanimate nouns masculine 2 cl. - this is the indicator R.p.
• Horse: zero ending for feminine nouns 3 dec. - this is the indicator I.p. or V.p.
• horses and:the ending and feminine nouns have 3 cl. - this is an indicator of R.p., D.p. or P.p.

Attention:

AT different forms one word the stem will be the same. In our examples, these are the basics: table and horse.

It is a gross mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only invariable words, for example, adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow a, in excess of at, left a.

The ending is a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case (at least one of them!) And serves to link words in a phrase and sentence, that is, it is a means of coordination (new student), control (letter brother- y) or the connection of the subject with the predicate (I go-y, you go-eat).

Only modified words have endings. Functional words, adverbs, invariable nouns and adjectives have no endings. Changed words have no endings in those grammatical forms, in which the indicated grammatical meanings (gender, person, number, case) are absent, that is, for the infinitive and gerund.

Some compound nouns and compound numerals have several endings. This can be easily seen when changing these words: tr-and-st-a, tr-ex-hundred-Ø, sofa-bed-Ø, sofa-a-bed-and.

The end may be null. It stands out from the modified word, if there is a certain grammatical meaning, but it is not materially expressed. A null ending is a significant absence of an ending, an absence that carries certain information about the form in which the word is. Thus, the ending -a in the form table-a shows that this word is in the genitive case, -u in table-u indicates the dative case. The absence of an ending in the form of a table indicates that it is nominative or accusative, that is, it carries information, meaningfully. It is in such cases that the zero ending is allocated in the word.

You must not confuse words with a zero ending and words in which there are no and cannot be endings - immutable words. Only inflected words can have a null ending, that is, words that have non-zero endings in other forms.

Zero endings are widely represented in the language and occur in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:

1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;

2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;

3) nouns of all genders in R. p. plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.

But in this position, non-zero endings can also be represented: night-she - articles- . The correctness of parsing such words is achieved by declining the word. If the sound [th ’] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: noch-her, noch-ami. If [th '] can be traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - become [th'-a] - become [th'-a] mi. As we can see, in these forms the sound [y'] is not expressed at the letter level, it is “hidden” in the iotized vowel. In this case, it is necessary to identify and identify this sound. In order not to clutter up the spelling with transcription brackets, in linguistics it is customary to designate the sound [th ’], “hidden” in an iotized vowel with the help of j, entered without brackets in the right place: articles j-s.

A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -iya, -е, -й. The impression is incorrect that these sound complexes are endings. Two-letter endings in initial form are present only for those nouns that are substantiated adjectives or participles. Compare:

genius, genij-th, genij-th

army-i, army-she - tables-th, tables-th, etc.

4) short singular masculine adjectives: handsome, smart;

5) possessive adjectives in I p. (V. p.) singular; despite the external similarity of the declension, qualitative and possessive have a different morphemic structure in these cases:

units number

I. p. blue fox-Ø

R. p. blue-his foxj-his

D. p. blue-him fox-him

V. p. \u003d and. p. / c. P.

T. p. blue-im foxj-im

P. p. blue fox j-em.

This morphemic structure possessive adjectives it is easy to understand, given that possessive adjectives denote a sign of belonging to a person or animal and are always derivative, formed with the help of derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -i- from nouns: mom → mom-in-Ø, fox → fox- u-Ø. AT indirect cases this possessive suffix -ij- is realized in [j], which is "hidden" in an iotized vowel;

6) verb in the form of the masculine singular in the past tense indicative mood and in conditional mood: deeds-l- (would) - cf .: deeds-l-a, deeds-l-and;

7) a verb in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: write-and-, write-and-te;

8) in short participles null ending, like short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-Ø.

1. The ending is a morpheme that usually occurs at the end of a word and which indicates a connection given word with other words. The ending expresses the meanings of gender, number, case, person.

The ending is often called the inflected part of the word.

Wed: book - books - book.

This means that changing the ending does not change lexical meaning the words.

Endings do not participate in word formation. It's always formative morphemes. They are used in the formation of forms of the same word.

2. Endings express grammatical meanings:

gender, number, case- in nouns ( book- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular, Nominative case), adjectives ( the big Book- the ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), participles ( written book- the ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some pronouns ( my book- the ending - I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some numerals ( one book- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular, nominative);

case- some pronouns ( no one- the ending - wow indicates the genitive case) and numerals ( no five- the ending - and indicates the genitive case);

faces and numbers- for verbs in the present and future tense ( think- the ending - Yu indicates 1 person, singular);

gender and number- for verbs in the past tense ( read- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular).

3. The ending can be expressed by one or more sounds.

No knife, cut with a knife.

But the end may be zero. The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing, however, it is the absence of a materially expressed ending that has a certain grammatical meaning, for example: knife□ - zero ending indicates masculine, singular, nominative.

Zero terminations are found in the following forms:

nouns in the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine (2 declensions) and feminine (3 declensions);

Table□ , daughter□ .

part of nouns in the form genitive, plural;

No forces□ , no cases□ , no soldiers□ .

for short adjectives in the singular, masculine;

Vesel□ , happy□ .

for verbs in the past tense, singular, masculine;

Was reading□ , sang□ .

for possessive adjectives with the suffix -iy.

fox□ , wolf□ .

Note!

1) Final sounds (and letters) in the form of the genitive case, plural, 1 declension and 2 declension are not endings - armies□ , foothills□ , saucer□ . This is part of the base, and the ending here is zero. For verification, you can compare the data of the form with the forms of the nominative case, singular.

Yes, noun army[arm’ij b] has the ending -i (sound [b]), and [j] is included in the stem [arm’ij]. In order to prove this, you can decline the word: in army[j] Yu, army[j] her etc. In all these forms, [j] is preserved. This means that [ j ] is part of the stem, because the ending is the variable part of the word. Only in the form of the genitive case is this sound graphically expressed using the letter й ( armies), and in other forms it does not receive a special designation.

In forms like foothills, saucer we observe similar phenomenon. Only here there is also fluency of vowels ( i, e).

Wed: foothills[pr'i e dgor'j b] - foothills[pr'i e dgor'ij]; saucers[bl'utts b] - saucer[bl'udts].

2) In the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine, qualitative and relative adjectives-y is the ending (this is the inflected part of the word, cf.: blue - blue). In the same forms of possessive adjectives ( fox, wolf) -th is a suffix. It persists when tilted. Only in other forms the suffix is ​​presented in a truncated form - [j], and in writing it is not graphically expressed. The presence of this suffix is ​​signaled by the separating b.

Wed: wolf - wolf[j] his, fox - fox[j] his.

4. The ending is usually at the end of a word.

Exceptions are:

endings before postfixes -sya (y reflexive verbs, participles), -te (in the plural imperative), something, something, something(for indefinite pronouns);

Studying, studying, let's go, those, someone, someone, someone.

endings in compound numbers, where endings follow each root.

In three hundred, there is no five ten.

Note!

Indeclinable and non-conjugated words: adverbs (for example: always, very), service parts ( under, and, as if, not), immutable nouns (for example: coat, coffee), invariable adjectives (for example: beige, marengo) have no endings! Don't confuse no endings with zero endings!

The spelling of the endings is determined by the part-of-speech attribution of the word and therefore will be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.

5. The foundation is a part of a word without an ending. The basis is the carrier of the lexical meaning of the given word.

6. With declension and conjugation, the stem can change - decrease or increase.

For example: leaf □ and leaf [ j ]- I- in the plural, the stem increased due to the suffix -j-. Such changes in the stem are typical, as a rule, for the verb: in most verbs, the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present tense do not match.

Wed: zhd-a - be and zhd - at- the basis in the present tense has been reduced (the suffix is ​​lost - a); chit-a - be- chit-aj - ut- in this case the basis in the present tense, on the contrary, increased due to the sound [ j ], which is part of the suffix of the present tense and the imperative mood (cf .: chit-ai).

Note!

1) In feminine nouns with final (final letters) -iya ( army, sandal, revolution etc.) and the neuter gender with the final -ie ( being, tension, retribution etc.) is a vowel and refers to the stem, since it is preserved during the declension of nouns.

Wed: army - I, army - and, army - her; be-e, be-I, be-eat.

2) In masculine nouns with the final -й ( proletarian, sanatorium, region etc.) this consonant also belongs to the stem, since it is preserved during the declension of nouns, cf .: edge, edge[j]- i, kra[j] -yu, kra[j]- eat. In indirect cases, [ j ] is not graphically indicated by a special sign. Its presence is indicated by vowels. i, e, yu after another vowel (see paragraph 1.5).

Thus, these nouns in the nominative case, singular, like the others ( table□ , horse□ and similar), have a zero ending:

edge□ , proletarian□ , sanatorium□ .

7. Since there are several postfixes in Russian, that is, suffixes that can be located after endings, then the foundation some forms of words can be torn.

How wow-to - ending - wow, basis as.. then ; uch it sya - ending - it, basis uch..sya .

It is necessary to distinguish between the basis specific form words and the basis of the word (when word formation).

The basis of a particular form of a word is represented by a part of the word without an ending.

Recording - be, wrote down - a, write down - at.

The stem of a word is determined by the initial form of the word. It includes the root, prefixes and derivational suffixes and postfixes. Formative suffixes and postfixes will not be included in the word-formative stem.

For example, in order to identify the stem of a word in verb form wrote down - a, you must first indicate the initial form of the verb (infinitive) write down and discard the ending (in other concepts - a formative suffix) indefinite form -be: record- .

Note!

1) The derivational basis of the verb is determined by the form of the infinitive. This is especially important to take into account, since, as noted, the verb: a) the stems of the present tense and the infinitive often do not coincide, b) it is enough big number formative suffixes (-l - in the past tense, -i - in the imperative mood).

2) Verbal reflexive postfix -sya (learn be xia, we be xia) is not formative, therefore it must be included in the stem of the word.

3) As noted, in some cases the forms of nouns in the singular and plural differ not only in endings, but also in formative suffixes. In this case, the basis of the word (for word formation) is also determined by the initial form - singular, nominative case, cf .: son□ /sons- the basis of the word (for word formation) - son-.

4) As noted, participles and gerunds occupy an intermediate position between independent parts speech and special forms verb. Since in this manual they are considered as independent parts of speech, the participle suffixes ( -om / -em / -im; -usch / -yushch / -ashch / -box, -nn / -n / -enn / -en / -t, -sh / -sh) are classified as part of the derivational basis of the word.