Course of lectures on educational psychology. Introduction

The manual presents lecture material in accordance with curriculum discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” and self-test questions that will help students systematize and concretize the knowledge acquired in the process of studying this discipline, as well as focus on basic concepts, features, properties, and phenomena.

The purpose of the course is the formation of students holistic ideas about the conditions of personality formation, about goals, objectives, patterns pedagogical process, about human communication, as well as introducing students to the elements of psychological and pedagogical culture as components general culture modern man and future specialist.

The course of lectures “Psychology and Pedagogy” is designed to help prepare students not only for their future professional activity, but also to the organization of training and education of subordinates, as well as their children.

Course objectives:

– to form students’ conceptual apparatus of psychological and pedagogical science;

– ensure that students master the methodology and techniques for analyzing interpersonal relationships that arise in the process of communication and professional joint activities;

– teach students to assess the influence of subjective and objective factors acting on a person’s relationships with other people;

– give the basics psychological knowledge about the personality - its activities, basic properties and methods of education;

– reveal the nature of the properties and phenomena of the human psyche, mechanisms and patterns of memory, thinking, and characteristics of human behavior;

– teach students to manage their emotional states, as well as develop your memory, attention, will;

– satisfy students’ interest in education, patterns and features of the pedagogical process.

One of most important tasks academic discipline "Psychology and Pedagogy" is to develop in students the ability to carry out scientific approach to determine the content, as well as the most appropriate techniques, forms, methods, means, psychological and pedagogical technologies for self-improvement and influence on potential subordinates in order to improve their own and their professional competence. At the same time, this course of lectures, no matter how deep and varied its content, is not able to give comprehensive recommendations for each specific case that a graduate of a higher educational institution may encounter in his or her practical activities. In this regard, the main emphasis in studying the discipline is on developing in students the ability to methodically correctly build professional and interpersonal relationships, correctly organize joint practical activities of team members, and creatively apply best practices in training, education, self-improvement, and providing psychological assistance.

As a result of studying this academic discipline, the student should be able to:

- apply theoretical knowledge in their professional practical activities;

– select scientific and methodological literature on a specific topic;

- discuss current problems psychology and pedagogy;

– argue your point of view;

– analyze the educational situation;

– set tasks to solve problems in the educational process.

Goals facing Russian society, require higher education graduates educational institutions mastering constructive approaches and productive psychological and pedagogical technologies in performing practical tasks. A manager cannot resolve multifaceted issues of professional activity without taking into account individual characteristics employees, team psychology, real system socio-psychological characteristics of all aspects of professional activity. Not only success in solving practical problems, but also the authority of a leader largely depends on the level of mastery of the theoretical, methodological and applied components of psychology and pedagogy.

Modern managers at all levels need to master the methods of team building, be able to analyze interpersonal relationships that arise in the process of communication and joint activities, know the psychological characteristics of staff, effectively influence the improvement of the employee as an individual, and also understand the essence of the pedagogical process, use the most promising methods and technologies of training and education.

Studying the academic discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” is a necessary condition not only highly professional training of a specialist, but also the harmonious development of the individual, the effective performance of his functions in society, the team, and the family.

Academic discipline takes important place V common system student training. Learning is based on deep learning various sciences who study man, first of all social disciplines which are taught in Russian universities in accordance with State educational standards.

Psychology and pedagogy. Lecture course. Lukovtseva A.K.

M.: KDU, 2008. - 192 p.

The course of lectures is intended for independent work full-time and part-time students and will be useful in preparing for seminar classes, control and term papers, tests and exams.

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Content
Introduction 3
Lecture 1. Psychology as science and practice 8
1. Subject, object, tasks and methods of psychology 9
2. The place of psychology in the system of sciences 16
3. Main branches of psychology 19
4. Main stages of development psychological science 21
5. Basic directions of psychology 26
Lecture 2. Personality psychology 29
1. Personality theories 29
2. Individuality 31
Lecture 3. Psyche 43
1. Evolution of the psyche 44
2. Psyche and structural features of the brain. Structure of the psyche 48
3. Mentality, behavior, activity 50
Lecture 4. Consciousness 55
1. Consciousness and its properties. Types of consciousness 55
2. Self-awareness. Structure of consciousness. "I-concept" 57
3. The relationship between consciousness and the unconscious 58
Lecture 5. Mental phenomena 61
1. Cognitive mental processes 63
2. Emotions and feelings 79
Lecture 6. Interpersonal relationships 81
1. Communication 81
2. Perception 84
3. Attraction 85
4. Communication and speech 86
Lecture 7. Intergroup relations and interactions 89
1. Group and its characteristics. Small group 89
2. Team 94
3. Interpersonal relationships in groups and teams 96
Lecture 8. Pedagogy as a science 98
1. Subject, object, tasks, methods, main categories of pedagogy 98
2. The place of pedagogy in the system of sciences 104
3. System pedagogical sciences 106
Lecture 9. Education as universal value. Modern educational space 107
1. Education as social phenomenon 107
2. Education as a sociocultural phenomenon 108
3. Education as a system 109
4. Modern global educational space 110
5. Properties modern education 112
6. Education system Russia 115
Lecture 10. Pedagogical process 117
1. Essence, patterns and principles of the pedagogical process 117
2. Basic systems for organizing the pedagogical process 121
3. Management cycle 124
Lecture 11. Learning how component pedagogical process. 127
1. The essence and structure of training 127
2. Educational, educational and developmental functions of training 129
3. Teaching methods 130
4. Forms of training 133
Lecture 12. Organization educational activities at university 134
1. Forms of organizing educational activities at a university 136
2. Independent work of students 140
3. Pedagogical control V higher school 142
Lecture 13. Theoretical basis education 144
1. Essence, goals, content, organization, education 144
2. Regularities and principles of education 147
3. Educational methods 150
Lecture 14. Family as a subject pedagogical interaction and sociocultural environment of education and personal development 152
1. Family like small group 153
2. Family education 155
3. Style of relationships in the family. Relationships between parents and children 157
4. Problems of family education. Family conflicts 162
5. Psychological contact between parents and children 166
Self-test questions 168
Applications 171
1. Guidelines on writing essays 171
2. Dictionary of basic psychological terms 181
3. Dictionary of basic pedagogical terms 183
Literature 187

Title: Psychology and pedagogy. Lecture course.

The manual presents lecture material in accordance with the curriculum of the discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” and self-test questions that will help students systematize and concretize the acquired knowledge, as well as focus on basic concepts, features, properties, and phenomena.
The course of lectures is intended for independent work of full-time and part-time students and will be useful in preparing for seminars, tests and coursework, tests and exams.

A course of lectures on the discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” is intended for students studying in non-psychological and pedagogical specialties, such as, for example, “Finance and Credit”, “Accounting, Analysis and Audit”, “Taxes and Taxation”, “Applied Informatics” in Economics" on full-time, part-time and correspondence courses. The academic discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” is included in the federal component of the main educational program for training these specialists in universities of the Russian Federation.
The manual presents lecture material in accordance with the curriculum of the discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” and self-test questions that will help students systematize and concretize the knowledge acquired in the process of studying this discipline, as well as focus on basic concepts, features, properties, and phenomena.
The goal of the course is to form in students holistic ideas about the conditions of personality formation, about the goals, objectives, patterns of the pedagogical process, about communication between people, as well as introducing students to the elements of psychological and pedagogical culture as components of the general culture of a modern person and a future specialist.
The course of lectures “Psychology and Pedagogy” is designed to help prepare students not only for their future professional activities, but also for organizing the training and education of subordinates, as well as their children.

Content
Introduction 3
Lecture 1. Psychology as science and practice 8
1. Subject, object, tasks and methods of psychology 9
2. The place of psychology in the system of sciences 16
3. Main branches of psychology 19
4. Main stages in the development of psychological science 21
5. Basic directions of psychology 26
Lecture 2. Personality psychology 29
1. Personality theories 29
2. Individuality 31
Lecture 3. Psyche 43
1. Evolution of the psyche 44
2. Psyche and structural features of the brain. Structure of the psyche 48
3. Mentality, behavior, activity 50
Lecture 4. Consciousness 55
1. Consciousness and its properties. Types of consciousness 55
2. Self-awareness. Structure of consciousness. "I-concept" 57
3. The relationship between consciousness and the unconscious 58
Lecture 5. Mental phenomena 61
1. Cognitive mental processes 63
2. Emotions and feelings 79
Lecture 6. Interpersonal relationships 81
1. Communication 81
2. Perception 84
3. Attraction 85
4. Communication and speech 86
Lecture 7. Intergroup relations and interactions 89
1. Group and its characteristics. Small group 89
2. Team 94
3. Interpersonal relationships in groups and teams 96
Lecture 8. Pedagogy as a science 98
1. Subject, object, tasks, methods, main categories of pedagogy 98
2. The place of pedagogy in the system of sciences 104
3. System of pedagogical sciences 106
Lecture 9. Education as a universal human value. Modern educational space 107
1. Education as a social phenomenon 107
2. Education as a sociocultural phenomenon 108
3. Education as a system 109
4. Modern global educational space 110
5. Properties of modern education 112
6. Educational system of Russia 115
Lecture 10. Pedagogical process 117
1. Essence, patterns and principles of the pedagogical process 117
2. Basic systems for organizing the pedagogical process 121
3. Management cycle 124
Lecture 11. Training as an integral part of the pedagogical process. 127
1. The essence and structure of training 127
2. Educational, educational and developmental functions of training 129
3. Teaching methods 130
4. Forms of training 133
Lecture 12. Organization of educational activities at the university 134
1. Forms of organizing educational activities at a university 136
2. Independent work of students 140
3. Pedagogical control in higher education 142
Lecture 13. Theoretical foundations of education 144
1. Essence, goals, content, organization, education 144
2. Regularities and principles of education 147
3. Educational methods 150
Lecture 14. Family as a subject of pedagogical interaction and the sociocultural environment of education and personal development 152
1. Family as a small group 153
2. Family education 155
3. Style of relationships in the family. Relationships between parents and children 157
4. Problems of family education. Family conflicts 162
5. Psychological contact between parents and children 166
Self-test questions 168
Applications 171
1. Guidelines for writing abstracts 171
2. Dictionary of basic psychological terms 181
3. Dictionary of basic pedagogical terms 183
Literature 187

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The course of lectures is intended for independent work of full-time and part-time students and will be useful in preparing for seminars, tests and coursework, tests and exams.

Anna Konstantinovna Lukovtseva Psychology and pedagogy. Course of lectures Introduction

The manual presents lecture material in accordance with the curriculum of the discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” and self-test questions that will help students systematize and concretize the knowledge acquired in the process of studying this discipline, as well as focus on basic concepts, features, properties, and phenomena.

The purpose of the course is the formation in students of holistic ideas about the conditions of personality formation, about the goals, objectives, patterns of the pedagogical process, about the communication of people, as well as introducing students to the elements of psychological and pedagogical culture as components of the general culture of a modern person and a future specialist.

The course of lectures “Psychology and Pedagogy” is designed to help prepare students not only for their future professional activities, but also for organizing the training and education of subordinates, as well as their children.

Course objectives:

– to form students’ conceptual apparatus of psychological and pedagogical science;

– ensure that students master the methodology and techniques for analyzing interpersonal relationships that arise in the process of communication and professional joint activities;

– teach students to assess the influence of subjective and objective factors acting on a person’s relationships with other people;

– to provide the basics of psychological knowledge about personality – its activities, basic properties and methods of education;

– reveal the nature of the properties and phenomena of the human psyche, mechanisms and patterns of memory, thinking, and characteristics of human behavior;

– teach students to manage their emotional states, as well as develop their memory, attention, and will;

– satisfy students’ interest in education, patterns and features of the pedagogical process.

One of the most important tasks of the academic discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” is to develop in students the ability to carry out a scientific approach to determining the content, as well as the most appropriate techniques, forms, methods, means, psychological and pedagogical technologies for self-improvement and influence on potential subordinates in order to improve their own and their professional competence. At the same time, this course of lectures, no matter how deep and varied its content, is not able to give comprehensive recommendations for each specific case that a graduate of a higher educational institution may encounter in his practical activities. In this regard, the main emphasis in studying the discipline is on developing in students the ability to methodically correctly build professional and interpersonal relationships, correctly organize joint practical activities of team members, and creatively apply best practices in training, education, self-improvement, and providing psychological assistance.

As a result of studying this academic discipline, the student should be able to:

– apply theoretical knowledge in your professional practical activities;

– select scientific and methodological literature on a specific topic;

– discuss current problems of psychology and pedagogy;

– argue your point of view;

– analyze the educational situation;

– set tasks to solve problems in the educational process.

The goals facing Russian society require graduates of higher educational institutions to master constructive approaches and productive psychological and pedagogical technologies in performing practical tasks. A manager cannot resolve multifaceted issues of professional activity without taking into account the individual characteristics of employees, the psychology of the team, and the real system of socio-psychological characteristics of all aspects of professional activity. Not only success in solving practical problems, but also the authority of a leader largely depends on the level of mastery of the theoretical, methodological and applied components of psychology and pedagogy.

Studying the academic discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” is a necessary condition not only for highly professional training of a specialist, but also for the harmonious development of the individual, the effective performance of his functions in society, the team, and the family.

The academic discipline occupies an important place in the overall system of student training. Training is based on a deep understanding of various sciences that study man, primarily social disciplines, which are taught in Russian universities in accordance with State educational standards.

Under standard 1 education is understood as a system of basic parameters accepted as the state standard of education, reflecting the social ideal and taking into account the capabilities of the real individual and the education system in achieving this ideal.

State educational standard 2 higher professional education of the Russian Federation in the discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy”

The course of lectures is intended for independent work of full-time and part-time students and will be useful in preparing for seminars, tests and coursework, tests and exams.

Introduction

The manual presents lecture material in accordance with the curriculum of the discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy” and self-test questions that will help students systematize and concretize the knowledge acquired in the process of studying this discipline, as well as focus on basic concepts, features, properties, and phenomena.

The purpose of the course

is the formation in students of holistic ideas about the conditions of personality formation, about the goals, objectives, patterns of the pedagogical process, about the communication of people, as well as introducing students to the elements of psychological and pedagogical culture as components of the general culture of a modern person and a future specialist.

Course objectives:

Lecture 1. Psychology as science and practice

Psychology

studies the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of mental processes, states, properties of a person engaged in a particular activity, patterns of development and functioning of the psyche as a special form of life activity.

Features of psychology:

♦ psychology is the science of the most complex concept that is yet known to mankind. It deals with the property of highly organized matter called psyche;

♦ psychology is a relatively young science. Conventionally, its scientific design is associated with 1879, when the world's first Laboratory was created by the German psychologist W. Wundt at the University of Leipzig experimental psychology, the publication of a psychological journal was organized, the holding of international psychological congresses was initiated, and the international school professional psychologists. All this made it possible to form a world organizational structure psychological science;

♦ psychology has a unique practical significance for any person, since it allows you to better understand yourself, your capabilities, strengths and weaknesses, and therefore change yourself, manage your mental functions, actions and behavior, better understand other people and interact with them; it is necessary for parents and teachers, as well as for everyone business person to make responsible decisions taking into account psychological state colleagues and partners.

1. Subject, object, tasks and methods of psychology

Subject

psychology are: the psyche, its mechanisms and patterns as specific form reflections of reality, formation psychological characteristics person's personality as conscious subject activities.

In the history of science there have been different views about the subject of psychology:

as a subject of psychology was recognized by all researchers before early XVII century, before the basic ideas and then the first system of psychology were formed modern type. Ideas about the soul were both idealistic and materialistic. Most interesting work This direction is represented by R. Descartes' treatise “The Passions of the Soul”;

♦ in the 18th century. took the place of the soul

phenomena of consciousness,

that is, the phenomena that a person actually observes in relation to himself are thoughts, desires, feelings, memories, known to everyone from personal experience. J. Locke can be considered the founder of this understanding;

♦ at the beginning of the 20th century. behaviorism appeared and spread, or behavioral psychology, the subject of which was

behavior;

2. The place of psychology in the system of sciences

A person as a subject of research can be considered with various points vision: as a biological object, as a social being, as a carrier of consciousness. At the same time, each person is unique and has his own individuality. The diversity of human manifestations as natural and social phenomenon led to the emergence of a significant number of sciences studying man. Psychology as a field of humanitarian and anthropological knowledge is closely related to many sciences. It occupies an intermediate position between philosophical, natural, social and technical sciences.

First of all, it is necessary to dwell on the relationship between psychology and

philosophy.

Becoming independent science, psychology preserved close connection with philosophy. Today there are scientific problems and concepts that are considered both from the perspective of psychology and philosophy, for example, the meaning and purpose of life, worldview, Political Views, moral values, essence and origin human consciousness, nature human thinking, the influence of the individual on society and society on the individual, etc.

For a long time there was a fundamental division of philosophy into materialistic and idealistic. Most often, this opposition was antagonistic in nature, that is, there was a constant opposition of views and positions. For psychology, both of these main trends in philosophy have equal significance: materialist philosophy was the basis for developing problems of activity and the origin of higher mental functions, the idealistic direction made it possible to study such concepts as, for example, responsibility, the meaning of life, conscience, spirituality. Consequently, the use of both directions of philosophy in psychology most fully reflects the dual essence of man, his biosocial nature.

Another science that, like psychology, studies problems related to the individual and society is

sociology,

which borrows from social psychology methods for studying personality and human relationships. At the same time, psychology widely uses traditional sociological methods of collecting information in its research, such as surveys and questionnaires. There are problems that psychologists and sociologists study together, such as relationships between people, the psychology of economics and state politics, the socialization of personality, the formation and transformation of social attitudes etc. Sociology and psychology are in close relationship as on level theoretical research, and at the level of use certain methods. Developing in parallel, they complement each other's research in the study of the relationship between man and human society.

Another science closely related to psychology is

3. Main branches of psychology

Modern psychological science is a multidisciplinary field of knowledge and includes more than 40 relatively independent branches. Their emergence is due, firstly, to the widespread introduction of psychology into all areas of scientific and practical activity, and secondly, to the emergence of new psychological knowledge. Some branches of psychology differ from others, first of all, in the complex of problems and tasks that this or that solves. scientific direction. At the same time, all branches of psychology can be conditionally divided into fundamental (general, or basic! and applied (special!)

Fundamental

branches of psychological science have general meaning to understand and explain various mental phenomena. This is the basis that not only unites all branches of psychological science, but also serves as the basis for their development. Fundamental Industries, as a rule, are combined with the term “general psychology.”

General psychology

- a branch of psychological science that includes theoretical and experimental studies, revealing the most general psychological patterns, theoretical principles and methods of psychology, its basic concepts and categories. Basic concepts general psychology are:

Mental processes;

Mental properties;

4. Main stages in the development of psychological science

Historically, the doctrine of the soul was the first to appear. Psychology owes its name to Greek mythology- the myth of Cupid and Psyche told by Apuleius, which talks about the king and his three daughters. The youngest was the most beautiful of all, her name was Psyche. The fame of her beauty spread throughout the entire earth, but Psyche suffered from the fact that she was only admired: she wanted love. Psyche's father turned to the oracle for advice, and the oracle replied that Psyche, dressed in burial clothes, should be taken to a secluded place to marry the monster. The unfortunate father fulfilled the will of the oracle. A gust of wind carried Psyche to a wonderful palace, where she became the wife of an invisible husband. Psyche's mysterious husband made her promise that she would not strive to see his face. But the evil sisters, out of envy, persuaded the trusting Psyche to look at her husband when he fell asleep. At night, Psyche lit a lamp and, seeing her husband, recognized him as the god of love, Cupid. Struck by the beauty of his face, Psyche admired Cupid, but a drop of hot oil from the lamp fell on his shoulder, and Cupid woke up. Insulted, he flew away, and Psyche went across the earth to look for her lover. After long wanderings, she found herself under the same roof with Cupid, but could not see him. Cupid's mother, Venus, forced her to do unimaginable work; thanks only wonderful help gods Psyche coped with trials. When Cupid recovered from the burn, he began to beg Zeus to allow him to marry Psyche. Seeing their love and Psyche's exploits in the name of love, Zeus agreed to their marriage, and Psyche received immortality. Thus, thanks to their love, the lovers were united forever. For the Greeks, this myth is a model true love, highest realization human soul, which, only when filled with love, became immortal. Therefore, it was Psyche that became the symbol of immortality, the symbol of the soul seeking its ideal.

Reached down to us from time immemorial written sources knowledge indicate that interest in psychological phenomena originated among people a very long time ago. The first ideas about the psyche were associated with

Democritus (460–370 BC) developed an atomic model of the world. The soul is a material substance that consists of spherical, light, mobile atoms of fire. All mental phenomena are explained by physical and mechanical causes. For example, human sensations arise because the atoms of the soul are set in motion by atoms of air or atoms directly emanating from objects.

According to the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (427–347 BC), the soul exists along with the body and independently of it. The soul is an invisible, sublime, divine, eternal principle. The body is a visible, base, transitory, perishable principle. The soul and body are in a complex relationship. In my own way divine origin the soul is called upon to govern the body. However, sometimes the body, overwhelmed by various desires and passions, takes precedence over the soul. Mental phenomena are divided into reason, courage (in the modern interpretation - will) and lust (motivation). According to Plato, a person's reason is located in the head, courage in the chest, lust in abdominal cavity. Their harmonious unity gives integrity mental life person.

The pinnacle of ancient psychology was the doctrine of Aristotle (384–322 BC) about the soul. His treatise “On the Soul” is the first special psychological work. He rejected the view of the soul as a substance. At the same time, Aristotle considered it impossible to consider the soul in isolation from matter (the living body1. The soul, according to Aristotle, although incorporeal, is the form of the living body, the cause and goal of all its vital functions. Driving force human behavior is aspiration, or internal activity of the organism. Sense perceptions constitute the beginning of knowledge. Memory stores and reproduces sensations.