Main natural areas of China. Natural areas of China

CHINA

Territory - 9.6 million km 2.

Population - 1 billion 222 million people since 1995

The capital is Beijing.

Figure 10. Administrative divisions and economic zones of China.
(to enlarge the image, click on the picture)

Geographical position, general review.

The PRC is the third largest country in the world by territory and the first by population - located in central and eastern Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders are in the CIS countries.

The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very favorable, since being located along the Pacific coast (15 thousand km), the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. The coastal location of the PRC contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations.

China is one of the oldest states in the world, which emerged in the 14th century BC, and has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the wealth of natural and agro-climatic resources, throughout its existence China attracted the attention of various conquerors. Even in ancient times, the country protected itself with the partially preserved Great Wall of China. In the last century, China was a pro-colony of England, after defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895. The country was divided into spheres of influence between England, France, Germany, Japan and Russia.

In 1912 it was formed Republic of China. In 1945, after the defeat of the Japanese invaders with the help of the USSR, the People's Revolution occurred. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed.

Natural conditions and resources.

The country is located within the fragmented Chinese Precambrian platform and younger areas. As part of this, the eastern part is mainly lowland, and the reserved upland and mountainous part.

With a variety of tectonic structures various mineral deposits are associated. In terms of its supply, China is one of the leading countries in the world; it stands out primarily for its reserves of coal, non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores, rare earth elements, and mining and chemical raw materials.

In terms of oil and gas reserves, China is inferior to the leading oil countries of the world, but in terms of oil production the country has reached 5th place in the world. The main oil fields are located in Northern and Northeastern China, the basins of inland China.

Among the ore deposits, the Anshan iron ore basin, located in coal-rich Northeast China, stands out. Non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated mainly in the central and southern provinces.

The PRC is located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, with the climate being sharply continental in the west and monsoon in the east, with big amount precipitation (summer). Such climatic and soil differences create conditions for the development Agriculture: in the west, in arid regions, livestock breeding and irrigated agriculture are mainly developed, while in the east, especially fertile lands The Great Plain of China is dominated by agriculture.

The water resources of the PRC are very large; the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is most endowed with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. In addition, China ranks first in the world in terms of theoretical hydropower resources, but their use is still very small.

China's forest resources are generally quite large, concentrated mainly in the northeast (taiga coniferous forests) and in the southeast (tropical and subtropical deciduous forests). They are intensively used on the farm.

Population

China is the first country in the world in terms of population (almost 1300 million people or 20% of all inhabitants of the Earth), and it has probably held the palm for many centuries. In the 70s, the country began to implement a demographic policy aimed at reducing the birth rate, because after the formation of the People's Republic of China (in the 50s), due to a decrease in mortality and an increase in living standards, the population growth rate increased very quickly. This policy has already borne fruit. natural increase in China even below the world average.

China is a young country (1/3 of the population is under 15 years of age). It differs in the intensity of labor migration, both within the country and abroad.

The PRC is a multinational country (there are 56 nationalities), but with a sharp predominance of the Chinese - about 95% of the population. They live mainly in the eastern part of the country; in the west (most of the territory) live representatives of other nationalities (Gzhuans, Hui, Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manjurs, etc.).

Despite the fact that China is socialist country, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are practiced here (the population in general is not very religious). The country is home to the world center of Buddhism - Tibet, occupied by China in 1951.

At a fast pace Urbanization is developing in China.

Farm

The PRC is an industrial-agrarian socialist country developing in Lately at a very fast pace.

Economic modernization is proceeding at different rates in different regions China. Special economic zones (SEZs) have been created in Eastern China to take advantage of their advantageous coastal location. This strip occupies 1/4 of the country's territory, 1/3 of the population lives here and 2/3 of the GNP is produced. The average income per inhabitant is 4 times higher than in the more backward inland provinces. The territorial structure of the country's economy is represented mainly by established large industrial hubs; agriculture plays a major role, in which the majority of the economically active population (EAP) is employed.

In terms of GDP, China has taken 2nd place in the world, although in terms of GNP per capita it has not yet reached the world average (about $500 per year).

Energy. China occupies one of the leading places in the world in energy production and electricity generation. China's energy sector is coal (its share in the fuel balance is 75%), oil and gas (mostly artificial) are also used. Most of the electricity is produced at thermal power plants (3/4), mainly coal-fired. Hydroelectric power stations account for 1/4 of the electricity produced. There are two nuclear power plants, 10 tidal stations, and a geothermal station has been built in Lhasa.

Ferrous metallurgy- is based on its own iron ore, coking coal and alloying metals. China ranks 1st in the world in iron ore mining and 2nd in steel production. The technical level of the industry is low. The largest factories in the country are those in Anshan, Shanghai, Broshen, as well as in Benxi, Beijing, Wuhan, Taiyuan, and Chongqing.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. The country has large reserves of raw materials (1/2 of the produced tin, antimony, and mercury are exported), but aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc are imported. Mining and mining industries are represented in the north, south and west of China. processing plants, and in the east - the final stages of production. The main centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are located in the provinces of Liaoning, Yunnan, Hunan, and Gansu.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking- occupies 35% in the industry structure. Remains high specific gravity production of equipment for the textile industry; electronics, electrical engineering, and automotive industries are rapidly developing. The structure of production enterprises is diverse: along with modern high-tech enterprises, handicraft factories are widespread.

The leading sub-sectors are heavy engineering, machine tool building, and transport engineering. The automotive industry (6-7th place in the world), electronics and instrument making are developing rapidly. The predominant part of China's engineering products is produced in the coastal zone (over 60%), and mainly in large cities (the main centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, etc.).

Chemical industry. Relies on coke and petrochemical products, mining chemicals and plant raw materials. There are two groups of production: mineral fertilizers, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Light industry- traditional and one of the main industries, uses its own, mainly natural (2/3) raw materials. The leading sub-sector is textile, providing the country with a leading position in the production and export of fabrics (cotton, silk and others). The sewing, knitting, leather and footwear sub-sectors are also developed.

Food industry- for a country with such a large population, it is extremely important; the processing of grain and oilseeds is in the lead; the production and processing of pork (2/3 of the volume of the meat industry), tea, tobacco and other food products is developed.

As before, the country has developed production of traditional sub-sectors: textiles and clothing.

Agriculture- provides food to the population, supplies raw materials for the food and light industries. The leading sub-sector of agriculture is crop production (rice is the basis of the Chinese diet). Wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, peanuts, potatoes, yam, taro, and cassava are also grown; industrial crops - cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beets, tobacco, and other vegetables. Livestock remains the least developed industry Agriculture. The basis of livestock farming is pig breeding. Vegetable growing, poultry farming, beekeeping, and sericulture are also developed. Fisheries play a significant role.

Transport- provides mainly communication between seaports and inland areas. 3/4 of all cargo transportation is provided by railway transport. Along with the recently increased importance of sea, road and aviation, the use of traditional modes of transport remains: horse-drawn, pack, transport carts, bicycle and especially river.

Internal differences. In the early 1980s, in order to improve planning, China created three economic zones: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern one is the most developed, the largest industrial centers and agricultural areas. The center is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products. The western zone is the least developed (livestock farming, mineral processing).

Foreign economic relations. Foreign economic relations have been developing especially widely since the 80-90s, which is associated with the formation of an open economy in the country. The volume of foreign trade is 30% of China's GDP. The leading place in exports is occupied by labor-intensive products (clothing, toys, shoes, sporting goods, machinery and equipment). Imports are dominated by mechanical engineering products and vehicles.

Problems and tests on the topic "China"

• China - Eurasia 7th grade

  Lessons: 4 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

Leading ideas: show diversity cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, interconnection and interdependence of countries of the world; and also be convinced of the need for a deep understanding of the laws of social development and the processes that occur in the world.

Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "development axis", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, ship stations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type sectoral structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

Skills and abilities: be able to assess the influence of EGP and GGP, the history of settlement and development, characteristics of the population and labor resources region, country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, level economic development, role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and forecast development prospects for the region and country; highlight specific, defining features of individual countries and explain them; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and explain them, draw up and analyze maps and cartograms.

The western, large part of China's territory is vast desert and semi-desert mountainous areas with a harsh climate and high-lying equally deserted plains with hot summers and cold winters. East End- significantly less high mountains and low-lying plains with a temperate climate in the North, subtropical in the middle and tropical in the South.

The coasts of China are significantly indented. The largest bays are West Korean, Liaodong, Boihwan and Bakbo (Tonkin). Most large peninsulas– Liaodong, Shandong and Leizhoubandao. Shores of the peninsulas Yellow Sea. And almost the entire Chinese coast of the South China Sea is rocky, steep, replete with bays, islands and reefs; the rest is low and shallow.

Most of China's territory, mainly in the East, is occupied by the Chinese Plate.

China is rich in mineral resources. Within the Sinian shield there are large deposits coal, oil, iron ores, within the South China massif there are large deposits of tungsten (1st place in the world), tin, mercury, and antimony. There are numerous gold deposits in Kunlun, Altyntag, Mongolian Altai, and Khingan.

The topography of China is predominantly mountainous, with significant elevation variations. There are 2 main parts of the territory: western, or central Asian, mainly with high mountainous or flat mountainous terrain, and the eastern, which is dominated by deeply dissected mid-altitude and low mountains, alternating with low-lying alluvial plains. The south of the Central Asian part is occupied by the Tibetan Plateau, the base of which lies at an altitude of 4000-5000 m. Large mountain systems with peaks up to 7000-8000 m or more stretch along the outskirts of the plateau: the Himalayas (belonging to China only northern slope, the highest peak is Chomolungma (Chomolungma), on the border of China and Nepal 8848 m), Karakorum, Kunlun, Nanshan and Sino-Tibetan mountains. The north of the Central Asian part consists of a belt of plateaus, elevated undulating plains, plateaus and partly mountains. This belt includes in the West the Tarim and Dzungarian basins, separated by the Tien Shan mountain system, in the East - the elevated plains of the Gobi and Bargi and the Ordos plateau. The predominant heights are 900-1200 m. The main orographic units of the eastern part of China are: in the North - the Greater Khingan, Lesser Khingan and Eastern Manchurian mountains, the Lower Sungari Lowland and the Songliao Plain. In the south are the Nanling Mountains, the Jianghan Plain, the Guizhou Plateau, the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan Plateau. This part also includes large islands, mainly with mountainous terrain - Taiwan and Hainan

Naturally, the climate in different areas of such a large country is different. China is located within three climatic zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. Differences in air temperature are especially pronounced in winter. So, in January in Harbin the temperature often drops to -20 °C, and at this time in Guangzhou it is 15 °C. In summer the temperature difference is not so great.

Climatic contrasts can be fully experienced in the northwestern part of China. Here, hot summers give way to cold winters. Winter is most severe in areas west of the Greater Khingan ridge, where average January temperatures drop to -28 °C, and absolute minimum temperature reaches -50 °C. But in the summer it’s really scorching here, especially in the intermountain basins. The hottest place in China is the Turfan Depression (located north of the Taklamakan Desert, in the spurs of the Tien Shan), in July the air here heats up to 50 °C, and you can fry eggs on the hot stones. In Beijing, the climate is more or less familiar to a European. In winter, cold winds blow from Siberia, but the air is quite dry and frost is easily tolerated. In addition, when it snows, the pagodas and grottoes of the Summer Palace look incredibly picturesque and romantic. Winter gives way to a short spring, and sandstorms hit the city. Summer in Beijing is much hotter than, for example, in Moscow.

In Shanghai, the climate is much warmer; in winter the temperature rarely drops below zero, but the air humidity is constantly high (85–95% all year round), which is quite difficult to bear. In summer it is very hot and humid here, as if you are in a Russian bathhouse. Even further south, Guangzhou enjoys a subtropical monsoon climate. The summer monsoon carries a huge amount of water, so in the summer it is stuffy and humid. In June–September they go heavy rains. Typhoons often occur. Winter is warm and air humidity is also very high.

The ideal time to travel to China is late spring, especially May, or autumn, September–October, and in the south, November–December.

The density of the river network in the West (in the Central Asian part of China) is very small, but in the East it is large. Within large areas of the West, watercourses are absent or flow only sporadically. The largest rivers here are Tarim and Edzin Gol. The eastern part of China has many large rivers, of which the most significant are the Yangtze and Yellow River. Other big rivers this part: Songhua, Liaohe, Huaihe, Xijiang. In the east and southeast of China partly belongs: Amur (bordering with Russia), Mekong, Salween and Tsangpo or Brahmaputra. Rivers are also characterized by great unevenness of flow over the years. The rivers in the South-East are fed by rain, the rivers in the high mountain areas are mainly fed by snow and glaciers, and in the rest of the territory - by snow and rain. Lakes are numerous, but mostly small.

In the extra-Tibetan interior of China, chestnut, brown and gray-brown soils predominate, with significant areas of rocky deserts, sands and sunny soils. In the mountains in this part there are gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. On the Tibetan Plateau, the most common soils are high-mountain deserts and, to a lesser extent, mountain-meadow soils. In the eastern part, the main soils are: in the Northeast mountains - soddy-podzolic and brown forest soils, on the Songliao Plain - dark-colored meadow soils, on the North China Plain - brown soils, in the surrounding mountains - brown forest soils, in the South - yellow soils, red soils and laterites , mainly in mountain varieties.

The vegetation of the Central Asian part is predominantly herbaceous and semi-shrub. In the Tien Shan and the eastern part of Nanshan there are coniferous forests with a predominance of spruce. The Tibetan Plateau is dominated by low and herbaceous vegetation of Tibetan sedge and swampweed. In the valleys of the eastern part of the highlands there are coniferous and deciduous forests. The natural vegetation of eastern China is mainly forest.

The extreme Southeast is an area of ​​tropical forests, preserved mainly only on the islands of Taiwan and Haiwan.

The Central Asian part is characterized mainly by 3 faunal complexes: high mountain - orango antelope, yak, mountain sheep, mountain goats, marmot, pika, mountain goose, etc.; desert - Przewalski's horse, kulan, goitered gazelle, Bactrian camel, jerboa, gerbil, jay, etc.; steppe and mountain-steppe - gazelle antelope, wolf, Brandt's vole, Daurian hedgehog, etc. In the eastern part of China: in the North, in the area of ​​temperate forests and forest-steppe - elk, sika deer, Far Eastern forest cat, leopard, brown bear ,wild boar, Churian hare, Daurian ground squirrel, blue magpie, etc.; in the South, in the area of ​​subtropical and tropical forests, there are monkeys, muntjac deer, lizards, pheasants, fruit-eating pigeons, tropical frogs, Chinese alligator, tree snakes, etc.

Huge, occupying a favorable geographical location - China. She is in East Asia. Its relief is very diverse. China has mountains, hills, plains, highlands, river valleys, deserts. This But vast areas of China are deserted. After all, most of the population is concentrated on the plains.

Geographical position

China occupies a position on the west coast on the world map Pacific Ocean. Its area is almost equal to the area of ​​all of Europe. China covers an area of ​​9.6 million square kilometers. This country is surpassed in area only by Russia and Canada.

The territory of China stretches for 5.2 thousand kilometers from east to west and 5.5 thousand kilometers from south to north. The most eastern point The country is located at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers, the westernmost - the southernmost - among the northernmost - on the Amur River in Mohe County.

On the world map, China is washed from the east by several seas that are part of the Pacific Ocean. Coastline The country stretches for 18,000 km. The sea in China creates a border with five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Brunei and the Philippines.

There is a land border from the south, north and west. Its length is 22117 km. By land, China has borders with Russia, North Korea, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, India, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar.

China's geographical position is quite favorable for its economic development.

Relief

The country's topography is very diverse. China, whose geography is wide, has a stepped landscape. It consists of three levels, descending from west to east.

In the southwest of the state are the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. They are the highest level in the landscape of a country like China. The geography and topography mostly consists of uplands, plateaus and mountains. Most low level, consisting of plains, is located near the coast.

Southwest China

Part of the highest in the world mountain system located in the southwest of the country. In addition to China, the Himalayas are spread across the territories of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bhutan. On the border of the state in question there are 9 of the 14 highest mountains on the globe - Everest, Chogori, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Shishabangma, Chogori, several peaks from the Gasherbrum massif.

Located north of the Himalayas. It is the largest in area and the highest plateau in the world. It is surrounded by ridges on all sides. In addition to the Himalayas, the neighbors of the Tibetan Plateau are the Kunlun, Qilianshan, Karakorum, and Sino-Tibetan mountains. The latter of them and the adjacent Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are a difficult-to-reach area. It is cut by the deep Salween and Mekong.

Thus, the characteristics of the geographical location of China in the southwest are distinguished by the presence of mountainous regions.

Northwestern China

In the north-west of the country near the Tibetan Plateau are the Tarim Basin, the Taklamakan Desert and the Turfan Basin. The latter facility is the deepest in East Asia. Even further north is the Dzungarian Plain.

East of the Tarim Basin the geographic contrast is even greater. China in these places is changing the landscape to steppes and deserts. This is the territory autonomous region. It is located on a high plateau. Most of it is occupied by the Gobi and Alashan deserts. The Loess Plateau adjoins them from the south. This area is very fertile and rich in forests.

Northeast China

The northeastern part of the country is quite flat. There are no high mountain ranges here. The Songliao Plain is located in this part of China. It is surrounded by small mountain ranges - the Greater and Lesser Khingans, Changbai Shan.

Northern China

The main agricultural zones are concentrated in northern China. This part of the country consists of vast plains. They are well fed by rivers and are very fertile. These are plains such as the Liaohes and North China.

Southeast China

The southeastern part of the country stretches from the Huaiyanshan Range to the Qinling Mountains. It also includes the island of Taiwan. The local landscape consists mainly of mountains interspersed with river valleys.

South China

In the south of the country there are areas of Guangxi, Guangdong, and partly Yunnan. This also includes the year-round resort, Hainan Island. The local terrain consists of hills and small mountains.

Climate and weather

The country's climate is not uniform. It is influenced by geographic location. China is located in three climate zones. Therefore, the weather in different parts of the country is different.

Northern and western China are located in the temperate continental climate zone. average temperature here, in winter time year is -7°C, although sometimes it drops to -20°C. In summer the temperature is +22°C. Winter and autumn are characterized by strong drying winds.

Central China lies in a subtropical climate zone. In winter, the air temperature ranges from 0 to -5°C. In summer it stays at +20°C.

Southern China and the islands have a tropical monsoon climate. There, the thermometer in winter ranges from +6 to +15°C, and in summer it rises above +25°C. This part of the country is characterized by powerful typhoons. They occur in winter and autumn.

Annual precipitation decreases from the south and east to the north and west - from approximately 2000 mm to 50 mm.

Population

According to 2014 data, the state has a population of 1.36 billion people. Big country China is home to 20% of the world's inhabitants.

The state is on the verge of a demographic resettlement crisis. Therefore, the government is struggling with the high birth rate. His goal is one child per family. But demographic policy is being pursued flexibly. Thus, ethnic minorities, as well as families living in rural areas, are allowed to have a second child if the first child is a girl or has physical disabilities.

Part of the population opposes such a policy. They are especially unhappy with it in rural areas. After all, there is a higher need for birth large number boys as the future workforce.

But population growth is projected to rise despite this. According to calculations, in 2030 China will have a population of one and a half billion people.

Population density

The population is distributed very unevenly throughout the country. This is due to differences in geographical conditions. Average density population is 138 people per square kilometer. This figure looks quite acceptable. He's not talking about overpopulation. After all, the same figure is typical for some European countries.

But the statistical average does not reflect the real situation. There are areas in the country where almost no one lives, but Macau has a population of 21,000 people per square kilometer.

Half of the country is practically uninhabited. The Chinese live in river basins, on fertile plains. And in the highlands of Tibet, in the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts there are almost no settlements.

National composition and language of the population

Different nationalities live in the country. Most of the population considers themselves Han Chinese. But besides them, there are 55 nationalities in China. The largest nations are the Zhuangs, Manchus, Tibetans, the smallest are the Loba.

Dialects in different parts of the country are also different. The difference between them is so great that a resident of the south of China will not understand a resident of the north. But in the country there is National language Putunkha. Chinese residents moving from region to region are required to own it to avoid communication problems.

The Mandarin, or Beijing, dialect is also widespread in the country. It can be considered an alternative to putunkha. After all, 70% of the population speaks Mandarin.

Religion and beliefs of the population

Since the mid-20th century, China, as a communist state, has discouraged adherence to religious beliefs and convictions. Atheism was the official ideology.

But since 1982 there has been a change in this matter. The right to freedom of religion was included in the constitution. The most common religions here are Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. But Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are also popular.

Largest cities

Not much in China big cities. The population of this country is not urbanized. But where the construction of a city begins, it grows to the size of a huge metropolis, uniting a large number of residential, business, commercial, industrial and agricultural areas. For example, Chongqing. It is the largest representative of such megacities. According to information for 2014, 29 million people live in it. Its area is almost equal to the area of ​​Austria and is 82,400 square kilometers.

Others major cities The countries are Shanghai, Tianjin, Harbin, Guangzhou and of course Beijing, the capital of China.

Beijing

The Chinese call Beijing Beijing. This translated means northern capital. The urban layout is characterized by strict geometry. The streets are oriented according to parts of the world.

Beijing is the capital of China and one of the most interesting cities in the country. Its heart is Tiananmen Square. Translated, this word means “gate of heavenly peace.” The main building on the square is the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong.

An important landmark of the city is the Forbidden City. They call him Gugun. It is a beautiful and ancient palace ensemble.

No less interesting are Yiheyuan and Yuanmingyuan. These are garden-palace complexes. They surprisingly combine miniature rivers, graceful bridges, waterfalls, and residential buildings. There is wonderful harmony and a feeling of unity between man and nature.

The capital has many temples of such religious movements as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. One of them is the most interesting. This is the Tian Tan Temple of Heaven. It is the only religious building in the city round shape. It has a unique wall. If you say a word near it, even in the quietest whisper, it will spread along its entire length.

The Yonghegong Temple of Eternal Peace is also noteworthy. This is a Lamaist religious building. It contains a Buddha statue carved from a single sandalwood trunk. Its length is 23 meters.

There are many museums in Beijing. Particularly notable is the National Art Gallery. It houses a large collection of Chinese paintings. The Museum is no less interesting national history, in which you can trace the entire development path of China.

The attraction is Wangfujing Street. This is a favorite place for walking, both among tourists and the local population. The history of the street began more than 700 years ago. Now it has been reconstructed. The street is in the area shopping center. It harmoniously combines ancient and modern cultures.

The Great Great Britain begins not far from Beijing Chinese Wall. Most people associate the country with it. This is a grandiose building. It stretches for 67,000 km. The construction of the wall took more than 2000 years.

Sedimentary (sedimentary-rock) basins are formed by thick strata of sedimentary and volcanic-sedimentary rocks of different ages, containing oil and gas source deposits that generate liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, and reservoir rocks that make up natural reservoirs. The paragenetic unity of both, united by the similarity of the facies characteristics of sediments, allows us to identify lithologically similar series of oil and gas formations, both platform and geosynclinal. The commonality of the conditions of oil and gas accumulation and the stratigraphic affiliation of sediments determines [...]

On the vast territory of Eurasia, it manifests itself more fully than on other continents. planetary law geographic zonation of the Earth's land landscapes. All geographical zones of the northern hemisphere and the corresponding types of natural zones are expressed here. As a rule, the zones extend latitudinally from west to east. However, the large extent of Eurasia from west to east causes significant differences in nature between oceanic and continental […]

The diverse climate of Asia and complex orography determine the richness of natural areas. On its territory there are landscape zones of temperate, subtropical, tropical, subequatorial and equatorial zones. The temperate zone is limited in area and occupies part of Central Asia, Eastern and Northeastern China, Hokkaido Island. Climatic conditions in the continental and coastal sectors are different. The contrasts in moisture are especially great: more than 1000 mm falls on the coast […]

Their formation was complex due to the peculiarities of the geographical location of Eurasia, geological structure, horizontal and vertical division. The paleogeographic development of the European and Asian parts of the continent proceeded differently. In Western Europe, by the beginning of the Paleogene, vegetation cover was distributed zonally. Southern and Central Europe occupied by representatives of the heat-loving Poltava flora (laurels, myrtles, sequoias, swamp cypresses). In the northern regions, arcto-Tertiary […]

On the territory of Eurasia, with its significant differences in latitudinal position, the largest number of geographical zones is represented. In the Arctic zone, there is a zone of arctic deserts with subzones of ice and rocky deserts and a cold desert type of mountain landscape. In the subarctic zone there are different zones of tundra and forest-tundra, in the mountains there is a tundra-cold desert set of altitudinal zones, and in the east elfin tundra forests are widely developed. […]

In 1972, at the UNESCO General Conference in Paris (France), the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted. Under " cultural heritage» the Convention means: monuments: works of architecture, monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, caves and groups of elements that are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science; ensembles: groups […]

Composition: Primorsky, Kamchatka and Khabarovsk Territory, Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin region, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Jewish Autonomous region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Main cities: Vladivostok - 600 thousand people, Khabarovsk. Far East occupies 1/3 of the country's area, where only 4% of its population lives with a density of 1.1 people/sq. km. This largest and least populated region of the country has a unique geographical […]

The economy of the region as a whole is characterized by the following features: Most countries are characterized by a transition period from feudalism to capitalism. The economy of most countries is developing quite rapidly, which ensures an increased role of the region as a whole in the world economy. The specialization of the countries in the region is very diverse. In the international division of labor Foreign Asia acts primarily as a major supplier to the world mineral market [...]

Asia is the largest part of the world (30% of all land): its area exceeds 43 million km2. In Asia, everything is developed geographical zones and all natural areas. Asia is the highest part of the world, its average height is 950 m. The topography is dominated by hills, mountains, highlands and plateaus, among them are the highest mountain structures in the world. The Asian part of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain […]

Eurasia is the most big continent occupies 1/3 of the entire landmass. The area of ​​Eurasia is 53.4 million km2. Extreme points Eurasia: Northern: Cape Chelyuskin (78° N, 104° E); South: Cape Piai (1°N, 103°E); Western: Cape Roca (39°N, 9°W); Eastern: Cape Dezhnev (67°N, 169°W). Eurasia is located in the northern hemisphere, as well as in the western and eastern. It is washed by the waters [...]

On the territory of Eurasia (without the territory of the Russian Federation) in educational literature There are seven groups of natural regions - subcontinents: Northern, Middle and Southern Europe; Southwestern, Central, Eastern and South Asia. Each of these regions is characterized by specifics natural complexes, formed under the determining influence of geological-geomorphological or landscape-climatic factors. Northern Europe (Svalbard archipelagos and Iceland) is characterized by the dominance of Arctic and […]

The region includes the territory of the Indochina Peninsula and numerous islands of the Malay Archipelago and is the border between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Important trade routes run through the countries of Southeast Asia. The Strait of Malacca is comparable in importance to world shipping with the Strait of Gibraltar, as well as the Panama and Suez Canals. The geographical position of this region between two centers of civilization in […]