The first revolutionary transformation of the Bolsheviks was the Decree on Land. Revolutionary transformations of the Bolsheviks
October events 1917 ᴦ.
The coming of the Bolsheviks to power. On the morning of October 25, 1917 ᴦ. the published appeal "To the Citizens of Russia" announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, and on the night of October 25-26, the Winter Palace was taken and the old ministers were arrested.
On the evening of October 25 (November 7, according to a new style), the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets opened, which proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power. The composition of the congress reflected the alignment political forces mainly in the cities and the army. The Russian countryside was represented only by the envoys of the Soviets of Soldiers' Deputies and the few Soviets that by that time existed as united organizations of workers, soldiers and peasants. The executive committee of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies did not send its representatives to the congress. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the Second Congress of Soviets expressed the will not of the majority of the people, but of its minority, although the most socially active. The Mensheviks and Right Social Revolutionaries condemned the actions of the Bolsheviks, accused them of organizing and carrying out a military conspiracy, and left the congress in protest (about a third of the delegates). Of the 670 delegates, 338 represented the Bolshevik Party, 100 mandates were held by their allies, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries.
Lenin delivered reports on the two main issues on the agenda of the congress - "about the world" and "about the land". On October 26, the congress unanimously adopted the "Decree on Peace", in which war was declared a crime against humanity, and contained an appeal to the belligerent countries to immediately conclude peace without annexations and indemnities. The "Land Decree" took into account peasant demands and proclaimed the abolition of private ownership of land, the nationalization of all land and its subsoil.
At the congress, a workers' and peasants' government was formed - the Soviet people's commissars, which was headed by V.I. Lenin. The composition of the Council of People's Commissars included: A.I. Rykov - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, L.D. Trotsky - People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, A.V. Lunacharsky - People's Commissar of Education, I.V. Stalin - People's Commissar for Nationalities, Skvortsov (Stepanov) - People's Commissar for Finance, etc. Committee on Military and maritime affairs headed by V.A. Antonov (Ovseenko), N.V. Krylenko and P.E. Dybenko.
Congress elected new composition The All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which included 62 Bolsheviks and 29 Left Social Revolutionaries, 6 Menshevik internationalists (L.B. Kamenev became the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and on November 8 he was replaced by Y.M. Sverdlov) and declared his intention to hold elections to the Constituent Assembly.
In Moscow, Soviet power was established only on November 3 after bloody battles between supporters of the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks. In the Central Industrial Region of the country, the Bolsheviks won in November-December 1917ᴦ. mostly peacefully. AT Western Siberia The Soviets took power in early December, and by February 1918 ᴦ. it established itself almost throughout the Altai. Only by March 1918 ᴦ. new power was established in the Far East.
On the fronts, Soviet power was strengthened at the very beginning of November by the introduction of Bolshevik control over Headquarters. Supreme Commander, after failed attempt A.F. Kerensky and General P.N. Krasnov to send troops to Petrograd.
On the outskirts of the former Russian Empire the establishment of a new government dragged on for many months. Exclusively with the help of weapons, Bolshevik power was established in the Cossack regions of the Don, Kuban and South Urals, where the main anti-Bolshevik forces were formed.
The relatively quick and easy victory of the Bolsheviks was determined, firstly, by the weakness of the national bourgeoisie and the absence in the country of a wide circle of the population with a private property ideology, the relative weakness of liberal political forces. Secondly, there was massive support for the first Soviet decrees which were of a general democratic nature and met the vital interests of the majority of the population. The Bolsheviks were able to resolutely "ride" the revolutionary-anarchist element, which they encouraged in every possible way, and use the weakness of the Provisional Government.
The first reforms of the Bolsheviks. The primary tasks of the Bolsheviks after the seizure of power was the strengthening of their own power and the destruction of the former state and public structures. On the eve of the world revolution, which seemed to them close, they linked their hopes with the hatred of the revolutionary masses for the “bourgeois” and the old order.
Simultaneously with the establishment of Soviet power and the liquidation of all old state institutions in the center and locally ( State Council, ministries, city dumas and zemstvos) a new state apparatus was created.
The All-Russian Congress of Soviets became the supreme legislative body, and in the intervals between congresses, these functions were assigned to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). Supreme executive body was the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), which also had the right to legislative initiative.
The elections to the Constituent Assembly (November 12, 1917 ᴦ.) meant the defeat of the Bolsheviks, who received only 24% of the vote, the Cadets - 4.7%, and the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries - 59%. On the opening day of the Constituent Assembly (January 5, 1918 ᴦ.) adopted the Menshevik agenda and rejected the Bolshevik "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", the Left SRs and Bolsheviks left its meeting. January 6, 1918 ᴦ. The Constituent Assembly was dispersed.
The "Decree on Peace" promised peace without annexations and indemnities. But according to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany (March 3, 1918 ᴦ.), the Baltic states, Poland, part of Belarus, part of Transcaucasia, and some other territories with a total area of 1 million square meters were torn away from Russia. km, an indemnity of 3 billion rubles was paid. Brest Treaty was torn apart only after the November Revolution of 1918 ᴦ. in Germany.
November 22, 1917 ᴦ. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR approves a decree on the court, according to which the entire old judicial and prosecutorial system was abolished: the institution of judicial investigators, prosecutorial supervision, jury and private advocacy, the governing Senate with all departments, district courts, judicial chambers, military, naval and commercial courts. Decree proclaimed democratic principles new court: the election of judges and assessors with the right to recall them, publicity and collegiality of consideration of cases in courts, the right of the accused to defense.
The question of the fight against "internal counter-revolution" and sabotage was raised by V.I. Lenin at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars on December 6, 1917 ᴦ. in connection with the fierce resistance to the measures of Soviet power, and the possible strike of senior government officials. F.E. was instructed to form a commission to find out ways to combat sabotage. Dzerzhinsky, whose report was heard at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars on December 7. At the same meeting, the All-Russian Emergency Commission was formed to combat counter-revolution and sabotage, and Dzerzhinsky was appointed its chairman.
From the very first days after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks and the Soviet government faced the task of organizing the military defense of the Soviet Republic from "internal and external counter-revolution." The Bolsheviks had to solve this problem in a short time in the conditions of a difficult international situation, economic ruin and the fatigue of the masses from the ongoing world war. After the victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd, the Bolsheviks and the Soviet government intensified the struggle for the army, and from November 24, 1917 ᴦ. The People's Commissariat for Military Affairs establishes control over the apparatus of the former War Ministry. Coming to full democratization old army, the Council of People's Commissars adopts decrees "On the elective beginning and on the organization of power in the army" and "On the equalization of the rights of all military personnel."
Early 1918 ᴦ. characterized by continuous and intensive work in the "search and creativity of new organizational forms". In terms of time, this work coincides with the emergence of the first centers of civil war. January 15, 1918 ᴦ. The People's Commissariat of War submits to the Council of People's Commissars a draft decree on the organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. On the same day, the decree was adopted, and the recruitment of the Red Army was based on the principle of volunteerism, which lasted until the summer of that year.
Simultaneously with the adoption of this decree, the Council of People's Commissars approved the All-Russian Collegium for the organization and management of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army as an auxiliary body under the People's Commissariat of War. February 14, 1918 ᴦ. Decree on the organization of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet is published. With the adoption of these decrees, ended initial period searches for forms of organization of the armed forces of Soviet Russia.
Timeline of major events
February - November 1917 - The Great Russian Revolution.
February - March 1917 - February coup and fall of the monarchy.’
October 25-26, 1917 (November 7-8, new style) - the overthrow of the Provisional Government, the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
October 26, 1917 - Creation of the Council of People's Commissars (Soviet government) January 5-6, 1918 - convocation and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
March 3, 1918 - signing by the Soviet government Brest Peace with Germany and Russia's exit from the First World War.
July 1918 - adoption of the first Soviet Constitution of Russia.
Causes of the revolutionary crisis. Fall of the monarchy (February - March 1917)
| Dates | Events |
| 18th of Febuary | The beginning of the strike at the Putilov factory |
| February 23 | Demonstrations of women demanding bread and the return of men from the front |
| 25 February | The beginning of a general political strike under the slogans "Down with tsarism!", "Down with war!" |
| February 26 | Dissolution by Nicholas II IV State Duma; uprising of the soldiers of the Pavlovsky regiment; the beginning of the mass transition of soldiers to the side of the workers |
| February 27 | Creation of the Provisional Executive Committee of the members of the State Duma headed by M. V. Rodzianko; the creation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies; Menshevik N. S. Chkheidze, leader of the Social Democratic faction of the Duma, was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee (most members of the Council were Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries) |
| 28th of February | Arrest of tsarist ministers; their imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress |
| Night from 1 to 2 March | Achieving agreement between the Provisional Executive Committee of the members of the State Duma and the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet on the formation of a Provisional Government consisting of liberals, but implementing a program approved by the Petrograd Soviet |
| 2nd of March | The signing by Nicholas II of the act of abdication in favor of his younger brother Michael |
| March, 3rd | Michael's statement that the fate of the monarchy should be decided by the Constituent Assembly |
The first transformations of the dual power period
| provisional government | Petrograd Soviet |
| 1) On March 3, 1917, a declaration was published on a complete and immediate amnesty for all political and religious matters, as well as on granting broad democratic freedoms to the citizens of Russia. 2) On March 6, the government announced the continuation of the war to a victorious end and the fulfillment of all international obligations assumed by Russia. 3) A decree was issued on the state trade monopoly on bread. 4) In April 1917, the government legalized factory committees that had arisen at enterprises and exercised "workers' control" over production. 5) Laws were issued to expand the rights of zemstvo institutions |
1) On March 1, 1917, the Petrograd Soviet issued Order No. 1 on the garrison of the Petrograd Military District. Elected soldiers' committees were created. The weapons were handed over to them. All military units were required to obey the political demands of the Council. The order equalized the rights of soldiers and officers. 2) An agreement was signed with the Petrograd Society of Manufacturers and Breeders on the introduction of an 8-hour working day at the enterprises of the city. 3) The Executive Committee of the Petrosoviet supported the decision of the government to continue the war and the impossibility of carrying out agrarian reform |
The alignment of political forces in Russia after the fall of the monarchy
Main political parties in the spring of 1917
- Monarchist parties ceased their activities.
- The Octobrists also failed to find themselves in the new conditions.
- The Constitutional Democratic Party turned into the ruling party. The Cadets noticeably "left." In the spring of 1917 they called for the establishment of a republic in Russia and even for cooperation with the socialist parties.
- The influence of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries grew. In the spring of 1917, the number of Menshevik groups and organizations reached 100 thousand people. Their leaders were the initiators of the creation of the Petrograd Soviet. They also headed its Executive Committee.
- Bolsheviks: many party leaders were in prison and in exile. The RSDLP (b) consisted of no more than 24 thousand members, in Petrograd there were several hundred Bolsheviks. Their small faction in the Petrograd Soviet generally shared the positions of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries in relation to the Provisional Government. The situation changed in April 1917 with the return of V. I. Lenin to Russia.
Crises of the Provisional Government
| A crisis | Causes and development of the crisis | Consequences of the crisis |
| April political crisis | On April 18, Minister of Foreign Affairs P. N. Milyukov addressed a note to the governments of the Allied Powers, in which he assured them of the determination of the Provisional Government to bring the war to a victorious end. In response to Milyukov's note, mass anti-war demonstrations took place in Petrograd, Moscow and other cities. | Milyukov and Minister of War Guchkov resigned. An agreement was reached on a coalition government. It included 10 ministers representing bourgeois parties and 6 socialist ministers. The Socialist-Revolutionary leader V. M. Chernov received the post of Minister of Agriculture. A. F. Kerensky - the post of military and naval minister |
Continuation
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The crises of the government testified that it was gradually losing the support of the majority of the people.
Speech by General L. G. Kornilov and the growth of the influence of the Bolsheviks
In the summer of 1917, Kerensky, in order to rally the forces supporting the government and prevent civil war announced the convening of a State Conference in Moscow with the participation of representatives of the army, leading political and public organizations, deputies of the State Duma of all convocations. The Bolsheviks boycotted the meeting.
Most of the meeting delegates spoke of the need to put an end to the unrest. Commander-in-Chief L. G. Kornilov in his speech determined immediate measures to impose discipline at the front and in the rear.
On August 23, B.V. Savinkov, head of the military ministry, arrived at Headquarters to Kornilov. He announced the readiness of the Provisional Government to take drastic measures. It was decided to bring troops to Petrograd. Kerensky was afraid that the military would prefer to see Kornilov as dictator. He declared Kornilov a traitor and removed him from the post of Supreme Commander. Kornilov refused to obey and ordered the troops to continue moving towards Petrograd.
On August 27, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets created the Committee for the People's Struggle against Counter-Revolution. The Bolsheviks mobilized up to 40,000 people to fight Kornilov. On August 30, almost without a single shot, Kornilov's troops were stopped. Kornilov was arrested.
The overthrow of the Provisional Government and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks
Continuation
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The formation of the Soviet state
| Dates | Events |
| November 12, 1917 | Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held, appointed by the Provisional Government. 44.5 million voters took part in them. These were the first national elections in Russia. The Bolsheviks received about 25% of the vote. The first place in the elections was taken by the Socialist-Revolutionaries, who received half the votes. |
| January 5, 1918 | The Constituent Assembly opened in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd. The Socialist-Revolutionary leader V. M. Chernov presided. The chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Ya. M. Sverdlov, read out the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People and proposed to approve it, thereby legitimizing the existence of Soviet power and its first decrees. The deputies refused and began discussing draft laws on peace and land |
| January 6, 1918 | The Bolsheviks and the Left SRs left the meeting of the Constituent Assembly. The head of the guard of the Tauride Palace, sailor A. G. Zheleznyakov, demanded that the deputies leave the building, because "the guard was tired." On the night of January 6-7, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a Decree on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly |
| January 10-18, 1918 | The powers of the Constituent Assembly were assumed by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which was joined by delegates from the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. The United Congress approved the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, declared Russia the Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and instructed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to develop a Constitution. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee included Bolsheviks, Left SRs, Mensheviks, Right SRs |
| March 1918 | The capital was moved from Petrograd to Moscow |
| July 1918 | The 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution. It formalized the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of Soviet power, consolidated the federal structure of the country and its name - the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR). The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was recognized as the supreme body of power, and in the intervals - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee elected by it. General management affairs were entrusted to the Council of People's Commissars. The constitution enumerated the basic rights and duties of citizens. All of them were obliged to work, to protect the gains of the revolution, to defend the socialist Fatherland. Those who used wage labor for profit or lived on unearned income, former employees of the tsarist police, and priests were deprived of voting rights. Electoral advantages were assigned to the workers: 5 votes of the peasants were equal to one vote of the worker. V Congress approved the flag and coat of arms of the RSFSR |
| Creation new army and intelligence agencies | |
| Dates | Events |
| December 7, 1917 | The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK) headed by F. E. Dzerzhinsky was created. The functions of the Cheka: the suppression of any actions of the counter-revolution; bringing all saboteurs and counter-revolutionaries to trial by the Revolutionary Tribunal; development of measures to combat them |
| January 15, 1918 | Creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) |
| January 29, 1918 | The Red Fleet is formed |
| March 1918 | Notice of recruitment of military specialists of the tsarist army |
| April 1918 | Military commissars were sent to the troops, who oversaw the command cadres and carried out the political education of the Red Army soldiers. |
Continuation
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Russia's withdrawal from the First World War
Chronology of the main events of 1917-1918
| Dates | Events |
| November 7, 1917 | People's Commissar L. D. Trotsky addressed the governments of all the warring powers with a proposal to conclude a general democratic peace |
| November 20, 1917 | Negotiations between the delegations of Russia and Germany began in Brest-Litovsk, which led to a truce |
| January 28, 1918 | In response to Germany's demand to seize Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine from the territory of the former Russian Empire, Trotsky announced the termination of negotiations. German troops resumed the offensive |
| February 23, 1918 | German ultimatum: the proposed conditions were much harder than the previous ones, but Lenin insisted on concluding an agreement |
| March 3, 1918 | In Brest-Litovsk, a separate peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Germany. Poland, Lithuania, part of Latvia, Belarus and part of Transcaucasia were torn away from Russia |
| March 14, 1918 | In Moscow, the IV Extraordinary Congress of Soviets ratified the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
The October Revolution won under the slogan "All power to the Soviets!".
In order to defeat the remnants of the tsarist regime, the Soviet government actively began to introduce reforms. The changes affected almost everything that carried the echoes of old Russia.
The Decree on Land was adopted on October 26, 1917. According to him, the landed estates were liquidated, and the land was nationalized and transferred to the use of the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies in the field. Wage labor was abolished. reverse side Decree was that the redistribution of the lands of the landowners, for the most part, no one controlled, politics receded into the background, squatting often took place on the periphery.
The banking sector was expropriated as a result of the seizure of the State Bank of Russia by the proletariat.
Nationalization also affected industry. The decree on the organization of the Supreme Council of the National Economy nationalizes industrial enterprises.
At the same time, the Decree on Peace was adopted at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets. The new government offered all the belligerents to resolve all differences by peaceful means, that is, to stop all hostilities and start peace negotiations. The result was the conclusion of the shameful Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, according to which Russia lost part of its territory and suffered material losses in the form of paying huge indemnities. was over and turned into a defeat for Russia, but allowed the Bolshevik power to strengthen.
On October 27, 1917, the Decree on the press was issued. The Council of People's Commissars alone decides which printed editions close or suspend their work. In fact, all publications that called for disobedience to the new regime were banned.
On October 29, 1917, the Decree on the Eight-Hour Working Day was issued. The Decree clearly prescribes the duration of the working day, stipulates time for rest. It is forbidden to work for hire to teenagers under 14 years of age. Holidays are set.
On November 2, 1917, the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia was adopted. According to the Declaration, it was assumed that all peoples, large and small, within the country, have the right to free self-determination, religion and development. In fact, it all boiled down to the fact that such an ideology was declarative, to fight for a universal national idea it was necessary outside the country, inside, all sorts of attempts at the national development of minorities were unacceptable—everything was common, everything was for the good of the young country.
In November 1917, the Decree on the destruction of estates, civil, court and military ranks introduced the concept of "citizen of the Soviet Republic" and eliminated the division into estates.
The education system is being reformed. It is forbidden to teach the "Law of God" in educational institutions. In 1918 everyone educational institutions become state. A unified labor school is being created - every citizen has the right to free education. Having reformed the education system, the Bolsheviks received a powerful lever of influence on the population.
By the autumn of 1917, the Bolsheviks came to leadership in the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets, in the Soviets of large cities. By mid-September, the leader of the Bolshevik Party, V.I. Lenin revised his views on the course of the revolution in Russia. In the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), he wrote letters "The Bolsheviks must take power" and "Marxism and the uprising." In these works, he set before his party the task of transferring power in the country to the Bolshevik Soviets by means of an armed seizure. IN AND. Lenin believed that a nationwide crisis had already matured, and the masses were ready for a decisive struggle.
By autumn, socio-economic and political situation in Russia became even more aggravated: industry, transport, Agriculture. Ethnic tensions intensified. The situation at the front became catastrophic. The Germans went on the offensive and captured the Moondzun Islands. The Baltic Fleet was forced to withdraw to the Gulf of Finland. Pala Riga. German troops began to approach Petrograd. The country's government did not have a plan for overcoming the crisis.
In September, the Bolsheviks again put forward the slogan "All power to the Soviets!" and began preparations for an armed uprising. In early October, V.I. returned to Petrograd. Lenin. On October 10 and 16, two meetings of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) were held. On them, a struggle unfolded between the Bolshevik leaders over the strategy of the Bolsheviks in the current situation. L.B. Kamenev and G.E. Zinoviev came up with a proposal to adhere to the line of peaceful development of the revolution, which involved the seizure of power, using elections to the Constituent Assembly. L.D. Trotsky suggested that the uprising be postponed until the opening of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which would decide the issue of power by voting. These proposals were rejected, and it was decided to begin preparations for an armed uprising with the aim of overthrowing the Provisional Government.
October socialist revolution. On October 12, the Petrograd Soviet elected the Military Revolutionary Committee (VRC). It became the center of preparation for an armed uprising. On October 22, the Military Revolutionary Committee took over the leadership of the Petrograd military garrison. At the direction of the Military Revolutionary Committee in the capital, the replacement of government-appointed commissars was carried out in public institutions, organizations, military units Bolsheviks. Since October 24, detachments of the Military Revolutionary Committee of workers - Red Guards, revolutionary soldiers and sailors Baltic Fleet began to occupy the key points of the city: railway stations, bridges, telegraph, power plants.
A.F. Kerensky tried to oppose the Bolsheviks. He managed to mobilize a strike company women's battalion(200 people), 134 officers and 2 thousand cadets from the ensign school, 68 cadets from the Mikhailovsky military artillery school. With these forces, the prime minister tried to ensure the protection of the Winter Palace, government buildings, and other vital facilities.
In Petrograd, the Bolsheviks had a numerical advantage. They included the main forces of the 150,000-strong Petrograd military garrison, Red Guard detachments numbering 23,000 people and 80,000 sailors of the Baltic Fleet.
On the evening of October 24, an order from the Military Revolutionary Committee for immediate action was sent to all revolutionary units. By the morning of October 25, all the main institutions of Petrograd were controlled by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Only the Winter Palace, the General Staff and the Mariinsky Palace remained under the control of the Provisional Government. On the morning of October 25, the Military Revolutionary Committee issued an appeal "To the Citizens of Russia", which announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee, which transferred it to the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. In the evening, detachments of the Red Guards arrested members of the government in the Winter Palace.
Realizing the impossibility of resisting the uprising, on October 25 A.F. Kerensky left the capital and went to Pskov to the headquarters northern front to bring troops to the city and restore the power of the Provisional Government.
Having come to power, the Bolsheviks liquidated the old state apparatus and created a fundamentally new one. political system- dictatorship of the proletariat - political power workers.
The Congress of Soviets became the highest representative body. During the breaks between congresses, a permanent body operated - the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK). The first chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was L.B. Kamenev, but soon he was replaced by Ya.M. Sverdlov. The government was the Council of People's Commissars. V.I. Lenin. The Council of People's Commissars began to exercise both executive and legislative power. There was no clear separation of powers between the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. Local government was concentrated in the provincial and district Soviets.
Until October 1917, the ideas of the Bolsheviks about the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat were imbued with the spirit of romanticism. In particular, V.I. Lenin proposed disbanding the army and police and replacing them with the general arming of the people. But reality refuted the ideas of the Bolsheviks about the proletarian state. To maintain power, it was necessary to create an apparatus of violence.
On November 11 (according to the new style), 1917, a worker-peasant militia was organized to protect public order. People's courts were established by decree of the Council of People's Commissars. In December 1917, a punitive body of the new government was created - the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (VChK), headed by F.E. Dzerzhinsky. The Cheka was taken out of state control and coordinated its actions only with the top party leadership. The Cheka had unlimited rights: from arrest and investigation to sentencing and execution. In November - December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars subjugated the leadership of the army and fired more than a thousand generals and officers who did not accept Soviet power. In 1918, decrees were adopted on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and the Workers' Peasant Fleet on a voluntary basis.
Until October, the country lived on julian calendar, which in the twentieth century. lagged behind the European one by 13 days. On February 1, 1918, the Bolsheviks declared February 14, 1918
The activities of the Bolshevik government aroused the resistance of many social strata (landlords, bourgeoisie, officials, officers, clergy). Anti-Bolshevik conspiracies were brewing in Petrograd and other cities. The Left SRs took a wait-and-see attitude, because they did not want to break with the socialist parties and at the same time were afraid of losing the support of the masses. The Left SRs supported the idea of the All-Russian Executive Committee of the Railway Workers' Trade Union (Vikzhel) to create a multi-party socialist government and remove V.I. Lenin from the post of Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. This proposal caused serious controversy among the Bolshevik leadership. L.B. Kamenev, G.E. Zinoviev, A.I. Rykov, V.P. Milyutin, V.P. Nogin in early November left the Central Committee, part of the people's commissars - from the government. The resulting conflict V.I. Lenin managed to resolve: L.B. Kamenev was replaced as chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee by Ya.M. Sverdlov, G.I. Petrovsky, P.I. Stuchka, A.I. Tsyurupu and others. In mid-November, an agreement was reached with the Left SRs, and in December their representatives joined the Council of People's Commissars.
Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. On January 5, 1918, the Constituent Assembly was opened, which the Russian intelligentsia so much aspired to. Its meeting lasted only 12 hours, but the significance of this event goes far beyond this short period.
The Socialist-Revolutionary Party won the election - more than 40% of the vote, the Bolsheviks came in second - more than 23% of the vote.
The Cadets failed completely in the elections - 5%, the Mensheviks - less than 3%. The conflict between the Constituent Assembly and the Soviet government was inevitable.
On January 5 (18), 1918, the opening of the Constituent Assembly took place in the Tauride Palace. The right SR V.M. was elected chairman. Chernov. Already in his long opening speech, the chairman challenged the Bolsheviks, declaring that "neither the Don Cossacks", "nor the supporters of independent Ukraine" will reconcile with "Soviet power." Further, the representative of the Bolsheviks Ya.M. Sverdlov proposed to approve the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working People and the Exploited People" introduced by the Bolsheviks, which confirmed the first legislative acts Soviet power, proclaimed the exploitation of man and the course towards building socialism. The meeting decided to postpone the discussion of the declaration. The Bolsheviks demanded a break and left for a faction meeting. After a break, the representative of the Bolsheviks, F.F. Raskolnikov read out a sharp declaration of the Bolshevik faction, in which the Bolsheviks called the Right Social Revolutionaries "enemies of the people" who "feed the people with promises." At about 2 o'clock in the morning the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs left the meeting.
At about 4 o'clock in the morning, the head of the security of the Tauride Palace, 22-year-old sailor A. Zheleznyakov, ordered those present to leave the meeting room under the pretext that "the guard was tired." The deputies managed to put to the vote the draft laws prepared by the Social Revolutionaries on peace, land and the republic.
The meeting lasted for more than 12 hours. The deputies were tired and decided to take a break and resume work at 5 pm the same day.
In the evening of the same day, the deputies came to the next meeting. The doors of the Tauride Palace were locked, and a guard armed with machine guns stood at the entrance.
The next day, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, approved by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
The Constituent Assembly provided an opportunity for the development of the country in the direction of parliamentarism, multi-party system and social harmony, this opportunity was missed. Deputy Social Revolutionary N. Svyatitsky later wrote bitterly that the Constituent Assembly died not from a sailor's cry, but from "the indifference with which the people reacted to our dispersal and which allowed Lenin to wave his hand at us: "Let them go home!".
Nevertheless, the dispersal of the legally elected representative body by the Bolsheviks exacerbated the situation in the country. The struggle for the Constituent Assembly began, and it continued throughout 1918.
The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 is the first Constitution adopted shortly after October revolution, dissolution Constituent Assembly, had the following features.
Compared with all subsequent Soviet Constitutions, it, as the first Constitution, did not rely on the principle of continuity of constitutional development, determined the foundations of the organization of society at the constitutional level for the first time, guided by the slogans under which the Bolsheviks headed by Lenin came to power, and relied on the first Decrees of the Soviet government adopted before the middle of 1918
This Constitution completely crossed out all the previous state-legal experience of the former Russia, left no stone unturned from the state institutions and structures of the latter. Meanwhile, on April 23, 1906, the Basic State laws which, although not officially called the Constitution, actually were. These laws were an impressive legal education, consisting of 11 chapters and 124 articles, including the main state-legal institutions.
As befits a constitution, laws were endowed with special legal force, they were changed in special order. Thus, the legislative initiative to amend the Fundamental Laws belonged exclusively to the emperor, but he could not change them on his own.
For the first time in its history, the Basic Laws proclaimed civil rights and freedoms: inviolability of the person, home, freedom of movement, place of residence, freedom of the press, speech, assembly, conscience, etc. With the acquisition of these rights, subjects of Russia became its citizens. The Russian Constitution of 1906 belonged to the number of octroned, i.e. granted by the monarch, for which she was criticized in the pre-revolutionary period. However, this procedure for adopting the first constitutions was typical for most countries of the world.
Of all the Soviet Constitutions, the Constitution of 1918 was the most ideologized and had an openly class character. It completely denied the general democratic concept of the people as the bearer and source of state sovereignty. It asserted power for the Soviets, for the working population of the country, united in urban and rural Soviets. The constitution directly affirmed the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Guided by the interests of the working class as a whole, the Constitution deprived individuals and groups of individuals of the rights that these individuals or groups of individuals used to the detriment of the interests of the socialist revolution.
The Constitution of 1918 also differs from the subsequent ones in a significant number of program provisions, defining in many of its articles the goals to be achieved by the Constitution in the future. This refers to the provisions on the federal structure of Russia, established in the actual absence of subjects, to fixing certain rights of citizens, aimed at the possibility of their implementation in the future.
To the number distinguishing features The Constitution of 1918 includes the exit of its norms and provisions beyond the framework of domestic regulation. It includes establishments of a purely political nature, moreover, oriented towards the entire world community. So, in Art. 3 was fixed as the main task "... the destruction of all exploitation of man by man, the complete elimination of the division of society into classes, the merciless suppression of the exploiters, the establishment of a socialist organization of society and the victory of socialism in all countries ...". In Art. an unshakable determination is expressed to wrest humanity from the clutches of finance capital and imperialism....
All the noted features of the Constitution of 1918 characterize it as a constitution of a revolutionary type, adopted as a result of a violent change in the social and state system, rejecting all previous legal establishments that existed before the coup or revolution.
constitution civil federal revolution
POLIT.AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC. BOLSHEVIK TRANSFORMATIONS IN 1917-1918
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | POLIT.AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC. BOLSHEVIK TRANSFORMATIONS IN 1917-1918 |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Right |
Having seized power as a result of the victory of the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks immediately set about rebuilding Russia. They carried out the implementation of their ideas under the slogan of the dictatorship of the proletariat, state. the form of which the Soviets were. They became the main organs of central and local government. At the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed. V. I. Lenin became the chairman of the ᴇᴦο. Attempts by a number of parties and organizations to oust Lenin and ᴇᴦο supporters from the government, to create a coalition (or homogeneous) socialist government, were resolutely suppressed. The decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars determined the list people's commissariats(People's Commissariats) and the commissars who headed them. At first, the people's commissariats were, in fact, the former ministries of the Provisional Government. Their tasks were to ensure continuity in the administration, to suppress the sabotage of employees of the old institutions, and also to attract workers and revolutionary-minded specialists to the apparatus.
But gradually the Bolsheviks begin to create their own governing bodies. One of them is the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), the ʼʼheadquarters of the socialist industryʼʼ. The Supreme Economic Council was established by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on December 2, 1917 and was formed as an elected collegial body intended for the organization of the entire national economy and financial affairs of the Soviet Republic. The ᴇᴦο composition included representatives of the All-Russian Council of Workers' Control, the Central Council of Factory and Plant Committees, and branch trade unions; N. N. Osinsky (Obolensky) headed the Presidium of the Supreme Council of National Economy, then (since February 1918) - A. I. Rykov. The apparatus of the Supreme Economic Council included the former state regulatory bodies, the boards of the largest trusts and syndicates. On the ground, a network of territorial CHXs (regional, provincial, etc.) emerged, which had relative independence. Supreme body, decisions cat. were mandatory for all business entities. action, was the Congress of Soviets of the national economy. Thus, the system of economic bodies was created in accordance with the ideas of the Bolsheviks about democracy in the sphere of production.
Initially, the Bolsheviks did not plan to create any punitive bodies. They believed that in the event of an internal threat, the Soviets, elected courts, and the people's militia would be able to cope with this task. Their hopes did not come true. Then, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 20, 1917, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Sabotage and Profiteering (VChK) was formed under him. F. E. Dzerzhinsky headed the collegium of the Cheka. However, as the situation in the republic worsened, the Cheka began to turn into a "punishing sword of the dictatorship of the proletariat", which did not recognize any laws.
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