How to write correctly: cold or cold, ship or ship, grow up or grow up? These questions arise in most people who have long graduated educational institution and those who are still in the learning process. As a rule, such confusion is due to the fact that the vowel in the root of the named words is not stressed.

Unstressed vowels are Right way to erroneous writing. But if you learn all the necessary rules, you can easily create a competent text.

What is the difficulty?

In Russian, there are quite a few expressions, the writing of which raises various questions regarding their “correctness”. So, all words that have an unstressed vowel at the root can be divided into 3 groups:

• unstressed vowel in the root, checked by the stress of the word;
• words that have letters in the root;
• words that have an unchecked unstressed vowel in the root.

To write a letter correctly, you should know exactly how an unstressed vowel is written in the root. There is not one rule for such words, but several (for each case, a separate one). Let's consider them in more detail.

word stress

Which root has an unstressed vowel? Let's answer this question right now. It is necessary to pick up a single-root test word for it, where the stress will fall on the same letter. After such a check, in the unstressed syllable of the root, you can safely put the same vowel that is in the stressed syllable.

Word examples

To make it more clear how unstressed vowels are checked at the root in practice, we give a few examples:

• How to write the word "wow ... dit" correctly. First you need to choose test words. They can be "move" or "leave". As you have noticed, in these words the stress falls on "o". That is why there should be no doubts about how an unstressed syllable is written (“leave”).
• How to write the word "argument ... nt" correctly? For him, you also need to choose a test word. For example, "argument". The emphasis in it falls on "e". Therefore, it will be correct to “argument”.

Rule Features

An unstressed vowel at the root, checked by the word's stress, is the simplest rule in spelling. However, during such a check, difficulties may arise. After all, it is very important to choose the right ones, otherwise you can easily make a mistake.

So, let's consider the words "dedication" and "enlightenment". The test word for "initiation" is "holiness", so it should be written through the letter "I". The test word for "enlightenment" is "light". In this regard, it must be written through the letter "e".

Having considered these examples, we can safely conclude that the test words used should be of the same root (that is, as close as possible in meaning).

What difficulties may arise?

Although the rule "Unstressed vowel at the root, checked by the stress of the word" is quite simple, it can still be difficult to use. What are they related to? The fact is that when writing some words, it becomes difficult to find suitable test words for them.

Let's consider a few of them:

• conquer - submissive;
• exemplary - sample;
• comprehend - comprehend;
• apology - innocent;
• shepherd - shepherd or pass;
• inexhaustible - to dry up;
• absorb - pharynx;
• pile up - cumbersome;
• to expose - naked;
• line - line.

Note

Vowels "a" and "o" in verb roots perfect look in no case can not be checked with verbs imperfect form.

Here are some examples:

• Swallow - gulp. You can't use the word "swallow".
• Being late is too late. You can't use the word "late".
• Flooding - flooding. You can't use the word "dump".
• Split - two. You can't use the word "twist".

Using this rule in practice and paying attention to its features, you can correctly compose any text or letter.

Words that have alternating vowels at the root

The Russian language has great amount roots in which they alternate. Thus, in some words, these roots are written with one vowel, and in others - with another. It should be especially noted that such expressions can be quite easily mistaken for those that need to be checked using a stressed syllable. In this regard, the list of such roots must be remembered. In this case, the choice of a particular vowel may depend on the presence of a suffix in the words -a-, from the value of the root, as well as from the stress or letter following it. Here are some examples of these roots:

• -false- - -lag-;
• -kos- - -kas-;
• -ber- - -bir-;
• -nya- - -nima-;
• -even- - -chit-;
• -mer- - -peace-;
• -mya- - -mina-;
• -poppy- - -mok-;
• -der- - -dir-;
• -glitter- - -glitter-;
• -zha- - -zhima-;
• lane- - -peer-;
• -steel- - -steel-;
• -ros- - -rast-, -rasch-;
• -burned- - -burned-;
• -cha- - -rank-;
• -equal- - -even-;
• -ter- - -tir- and so on.

Words that have an unchecked unstressed vowel in the root

In some cases, the spelling of unstressed vowels fundamentally defies any of the rules presented. In such situations, teachers and teachers require them to simply remember. However, there are so many of them that memorizing these words is problematic. In this regard, it is recommended to write them down on a separate piece of paper and use it when you have difficulty writing a letter correctly.

Let's present an incomplete list of words, the spelling of which you need to know by heart:

• avant-garde, adventure, agronomist, almanac, orange, appeal;
• balloon, crimson, conversing, lair, unprecedented;
• vaccine, magnificent, variant, vacancy, great, vestibule, vinaigrette, virtuoso, veteran, admiration, stained-glass window;
• genius, herbarium, high school student, hypothesis, hypnosis, hot, horizon;
• diagnosis, director, dear, document, road;
• railway, wish;
• interest, tomorrow;
• dependent, ignore, informational, interest, incident, information;
• calendar, careerist, sway, commentary, outgoing, companion;
• cherish, azure, linguistic, lilac;
• tangerine, metaphor, mechanics, miniature, milk;
• obsession, reluctantly, adverb;
• preoccupied, bewitch, original, stunned;
• panorama, landscape, foam rubber, president, privilege, thunder;
• real, mode, review, solve;
• sympathy, dog, fight, stereotype, scholarship;
• hasty, solemn, traditional;
• tamp, honor, destroy;
• philharmonic, philosophy, phraseological unit;
• character, characteristic;
• ceremony;
• Human;
• masterpiece;
• exposition, element, experiment, label.

The Russian language is one of the richest in the world. At the same time, it is considered a structure with a complex grammatical structure. Therefore, very often the pronunciation of words does not determine them. correct spelling. There are a lot of examples of such a mismatch: in the word "salt" the unstressed vowel at the root of the word "o" is heard and pronounced as "a". How to be in this case? How not to make mistakes in such spellings? In the article we will consider these issues in more detail.

Unstressed vowels at the root of a word

Almost all doubtful cases fall under one rule or another. Complexity is often created by unstressed vowels at the root of a word. There are several ways to resolve this situation. In the simplest version, spelling should be checked with a related or somewhat modified word. The result should be a design in which the dubious sound is in a "strong" (impact) position. If such a word exists, then it is said that questionable the letter is the checked unstressed vowel at the root of the word. For example: cities - city; water - water. But this method of checking spelling is not suitable for all cases. For example, the word or the spelling of the letters o-e after the sibilants is not established in this way. For example: burn - waste, silk and gooseberries. Nevertheless, the main part of the roots in Russian words is written in accordance with the morphemic principle of Russian orthography. It states that the spelling of the constructive elements of a word is independent of their pronunciation.

How to check unstressed vowels in the root of a word?

There are simple steps by which the writer will be able to check a dubious case. To set which letter to use, you need:

Find the root in the word (for example, sick - the root is "bol").

Choose a related word with an emphasis on the problematic vowel (it hurts - it hurts).

A special case is the letter "ё", which is always in a "strong" (impact) position. This means that in the words of the same root in a weak position we will write "e". For example: spring - spring, stars - star, raid - to fly.

The definition of an accented vowel at the root allows you to correctly write all the same-root words: spring - spring - spring, sea - sea - overseas.

Dictionary cases

When an unstressed vowel at the root of a word does not lend itself to verification in the above way, reference literature should be consulted. The spelling of such "difficult" cases should be memorized. These words in Russian do not obey general rules and therefore are called dictionaries. And knowing the correct spelling of one such speech element allows you to correctly write all related constructions. For example, take the words wagon, sofa, vaseline, vinaigrette, archaeologist, president, excavator. In these cases, the verification bases cannot be picked up, but their spelling can be remembered. What does this give us? We will know the spelling of all their cognates and derivative forms: wagon - wagon, wagon driver; sofa - sofas, sofa; vaseline - vaseline.

Double Doubtful

We found out how one unstressed vowel at the root of a word is checked. And if there are two such letters, then what to do? For example, in the words thrash, shout. In such cases, you should again act according to the rules. It is necessary to select related structures: thresh - hammer, thresh; voices - voice, polyphony. Thus, we can formulate a rule for ourselves called "an unstressed vowel in the root of a word, which can be checked by selecting a related speech element." In these cases, the letter must be heard clearly, as it is under stress. If there are two doubtful letters, several related speech elements should be selected. In one, the stress will fall on one unstressed vowel, and in the other, respectively, on the other, as shown in the examples above.

The letters "o" and "a"

For many, the alternating unstressed vowel in the root causes difficulties. This is due to some discrepancies in the rules for certain speech elements. For example:

KOS - CAS, where "a" is written, if there is a suffix "a" behind the root (to touch - to touch).

FALSE - LAG, where we write the letter "o" before the consonant "g", and we write "a" before the consonant "g". Example: put - lay.

CLONE - CLAN, where in without shock position write only "o". Example: bend over.

TVOR - TVAR, where we write "o" in an unstressed position. Example: creator (except in this case- utensil).

GOR - GAR, where "a" occurs in the word only in a "strong" position. The letter "o" is used in an unstressed position. Example: tan, tan.

ZOR - ZAR. We write, on the contrary, under stress the letter "o". AT weak position the letter "a" is used. Example: dawn - dawn. Exceptions here: the dawn bird, (decided) to roar.

RAST - ROS, where in the position before the letter combination ST and the consonant Щ we write "a". In cases where "s" is used, "o" is used before it. Example: grow up, grow up. But at the same time, they grew. As exceptions, remember: sprout, usurer, the name of the city of Rostov, man's name Rostislav, teenage, industry.

EQUAL - EQUAL, where "a" is used in words with the meaning "equal in some respects", and "o" - in words with a meaning on a flat surface. Example: level, equation.

IOK - MAC, where MAC is written with semantic meaning dipped in liquid, and IOC - let the liquid through. Example: dip, but get wet.

The use of "e" and "and"

For alternating root vowels E-I rule spelling is the same for all identical roots - we write the vowel AND if there is a suffix A in the root position, in its absence we put E:

BIR - BER: remove - remove;

DIR - DER: rip off - rip off;

WORLD - MER: freeze - die;

PIR - PER: unlock - lock;

TIR - TER: wipe - wipe;

ZHIG - ZHEG: set fire - burned;

STEEL - STEL: spread - lay;

BLIST - SHINE: shine - shine.

Spelling letters O-Yo after hissing

In such cases, in a strong position, we write the root vowel letter E, if the vowel E appears at the root when changing the word. For example: cheap - cheaper; perch - perch. The same rule applies if, when the word changes, the stress goes to the next syllable: bangs - forehead; twine - twine. In all other cases, the letter "o" should be written in the root after the hissing.

Other combinations

Today in Russian there are roots with non-vowel combinations -ra-, -re-, -le-, -la- and others that came from the Old Slavonic language, which correspond to full-vowel root letter combinations -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, - eat-. Words containing such letter combinations do not require stress checking, they just need to be recognized. Examples: city (Russian) - city (art. Slav.); health (Russian) - health (art. glory); youth (Russian) - young (old glory); gold (Russian) - gold (art. Slav.); shore (Russian) - shore (art. Slav.); tree (Russian) - tree (art. Slav.); helmet (Russian) - with a helmet, stunned (art. Slav ..); milk (Russian) - milky (St. Slav.). Most often, such full-vowel and non-vowel combinations of letters are immediately determined and, as a rule, do not cause difficulties. However, not all such correspondences can be restored in the modern Russian language. Examples: cow - crava; frost - scum. In some words, the second version of the Old Slavic root was preserved only in others. Slavic languages. An example of an Old Slavonic root in Russian is preserved in the word Bologoe - the name locality. original word is "good".

The words of the modern Russian language, which entered it from the Old Slavonic, are often stylistic coloring(hail, shore, gold and others), since they were an integral part of the book, poetic speech, solemn and pompous. It was the literary and bookish sacred language of all Slavic peoples who lived in 9-11 in, to which was transferred from ancient Greek and the Bible, divine services were conducted on it. There are words of the Old Slavonic era, which, over a long time as part of the Russian language, have undergone changes in meaning, having lost their former sublimely solemn coloring, and have become ordinary, completely neutral in meaning, that is, they have acquired a new meaning. Examples: homonymous words head - head of the city, delegation and other things, and head - part of a publication, book, article.

How to write roots with unstressed vowels? You will find the answer to this question in the materials of this article. In addition, your attention will be presented with examples of words in which there are such vowels.

General information

The question of the correct spelling of vowels in roots arises because such letters are not stressed. In this regard, we decided to devote the presented article to this topic.

All words that have an unstressed vowel at the root are divided into 3 large groups:

• checked unstressed vowel in the root;
• fundamentally.

Let's consider the rules concerning these cases in more detail.

Unchecked unstressed vowel in the root

As you know, in the Russian language there are quite a few rules that help us competently compose a text or a letter, as well as conduct an oral dialogue. However, it also has a huge number of various exceptions. Surely everyone remembers how general education school teachers for humanitarian subject forced us to memorize such words. At first glance, this is pretty easy. But in practice, many children begin to get confused and make mistakes during class or homework. In this regard, some teachers recommended referring to the spelling dictionary. Indeed, without such an edition, it is rather difficult to remember what an unverifiable unstressed vowel is at the root of a word.

List of unverifiable words

May not always be at hand orthographic dictionary. That is why, in order to remember what unstressed vowels, unaccented, are put in a particular word, we offer a complete list of them:

Now you know that an unverifiable unstressed vowel fundamentally requires memorization or the presence of a spelling dictionary.

Checked unstressed vowels

About which unstressed vowels are checked at the root by selecting special words and how exactly this is done, we will consider right now.

In order to write correctly in the root, this expression should be matched with a test one. At the same time, the stress on the same vowel should fall in it. Thus, in an unstressed syllable, a similar letter is placed as in the stressed test word.

Examples of a selection of single-root words

Should be as close as possible to the verification:

• water - water - water;
• leave - leave - move;
• sorcerer - enchantment;
• symbolic - symbol;
• forests - forest;
• fox - fox, etc.

Alternating vowels at the root

The Russian language has a large number of words that have alternating letters. Unstressed vowels in the root of such expressions are checked in different ways:

1. Presence in -a-. These roots include:

• -burned- - -burned-;
• -kos- - -kas-;
• -steel- - -steel-;
• -false- - -lag-;
• -even- - -chit-;
• -mer- - -peace-;
• -glitter- - -glitter-;
• -ber- - -bir-;
• -ter- - -tyr-;
• -der- - -dir-;
• -per- - -per-.

If the suffix -a- is present, then the letters "a", "and" should be put in the roots. If there is no such morpheme, then "o" and "e".

2. Emphasis. These roots include:

• -creative-, -mountain-, -clone- (the letter “o” is written in such roots);
• -plav-, -zar- (the letter “a” is written in such roots).

3. A letter that follows a vowel. These roots include:

• -skoch- (the letter “o” is written in such a root);
• -skak- (the letter “a” is written in such a root);
• -ros- (before "s" in the root is written "o");
• -rasch-, -rast- (before "u" and "st" is written "a").

4. The value of the root. These roots include:

• -equal- - -even-;
• -poppy- - -mok- (in words like "immerse in liquid" you should write "a", and in words like "pass liquid" - "o").

It is not always possible to clearly understand how it is spelled when pronouncing a word. For example, in the word us about rit vowel about, at the root of the word, pronounced like a. But how to check the spelling of this letter?

This vowel in the root of the word - unstressed. To check it, you need to change the word or choose a related word so that stress fell on this vowel :

In some cases, therefore, it is not possible to determine how the vowel at the root of the word is spelled correctly using stress. These can be words with an o sound after words hissing at the root. Or words with alternating vowels: touch - touch.
We will analyze such cases and understand how to write words correctly in such cases.

Spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word

So, if you are not sure about the correct spelling of the vowel in the root of the word, you need to:

1) determine the root in the word: b e f - root white

2) choose a related single-root word in which the stress will fall on the vowel being checked: b e f – b e ly

Letter yo called - Queen of Accents because it always gets stressed. If the letter e appears at the root of the word, then the letter e is written without stress:

in e sleep - spring dreams, fly - flight t, tear - tears .

Having determined with the help of stress the correct spelling of a vowel in the root of a word, we know how to write single-root words:

pov a r –in a rit, cooking, navar, samovar, brewing

revisit e chali– built-in e cha, counter

But even if we cannot check the stress of the vowel in the root, then we can remember the spelling of this letter in one word in order to correctly write all related words with the same root.

For example, in the words: with o baka, sara paradise, in kzal, a hundred kan - to check the vowels in the root, it is not possible to pick up a test word, but we can remember the correct spelling of one word, and we will know how to write single-root words:

st a kan– subst a kannik, a hundred kanchik

with about tank- with oh bachy, with bucks

in o kzal- priv oh kzalny, oh kzalny

Words with two unstressed vowels

We learned how to check the spelling of words with one unstressed vowel in the root of the word. But what if there are two unstressed vowels in the root!?

For example: h about the lot, pounding, trembling

In this case, you need to pick up two test words with accents on those letters that need to be checked:

h about lo toy- h oh loto, gold

to lo sits- to oh los, colo sya

tr e pedals– tr e pet, trepe brush

So, we found out: to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel at the root of a word, you need to pick up a cognate related word with an accent on the vowel being checked. If there are two unstressed vowels in the root, then you need to pick up two cognate words with stresses on the vowels being checked.

But, these rules do not apply to words in roots whose vowels alternate:

Roots with vowel alternation

True, this topic is covered in high school, but sometimes for the correct spelling of words, this may be necessary.

1. Roots with alternation about – a;

2. Roots with alternation e – and.

In the first case, these are roots such as:

braid – kas: written at the root a, if the root is immediately followed by a suffix a. For example: touch – touch ;
lie - lag: written at the root a, if the root is immediately followed by a suffix a. For example: at position – at lag ;
clone - clan : at the root of the accent can be like about so a, but without stress it is written only about. For example: on clone – bow down ;
creation - creature: as in the previous case, under stress can be about and a, but without the accent about. For example: creator – creature ;
mountains - gar: letter a happens only under stress, without stress is written about. Example: mountains- behind gar ;
plov - plov: letter about written in two words: swimmer and plov chikha , in other words it is written a. Example: floating, alloy ;
zar - zor: without stress is written only a. Example: zar evo – zor and . Exception: zor yanka, dawn ;
grow - grew: before st and sch in words without stress is written a. Example: grow and- grew, rast, raised; Before with without further t spelled about. Example: you grown up, undersized ; Exception: pawnbroker, sprout, Rostislav, Rostov, industry;
equal - equal: root equals it is written mainly in words related in meaning to the word “equal” (“same”). Example: with equal, equal . Root exactly it is written mainly in words related in meaning to the word “even” (“straight, smooth”). Example: under evenly yat, evenly yat ;
poppy - mok: root poppy written in words that mean "to lower something into a liquid." Example: dunk, dunk . Root mok written in words meaning "become wet, absorb liquid". Example: get wet, get wet, get wet .

In the second case, these are roots in which the vowels e - and alternate:

ber - beer : take from- with bir ayu ;
der - dir : keeps em- with dir aet ;
mer - peace : at measures- at world at ;
per - feast : behind transfer- behind piracy ;
ter - dash : with rub- with erase ;
burn - burn : behind burned- behind burn ;
stele - style : lay it- under style ;
glitter - glitter : glitter et – shine ;

In the given examples of verbs, the letter is written in the root and instead of e if the root is followed by a suffix a.

Exceptions: co to match, combination, phrase, marriage .

From changing the prefix in the verb, the spelling of the root does not change: you take - choose, subtract - subtract …

Although in plural spelled children, the words dit yatko and dit i spelled with a letter and .

Spelling of letters about and e in the roots of words after hissing

In the roots of words under stress after hissing instead of a letter about spelled e(yo). In the event that when changing the word in this root appears e.

Example: well ё lty - fly, she l - walked, she lk - silk

If alternating with e no, then in the roots under stress after hissing, the letter o is written.

Example: mazh rny, w about h, w oh roh, kryzho penetrated …

I.A. BUKRINSKAYA,
O.E. karmakova,
Moscow

Continuation. See No. 39, 43, 47/2003 and No. 3, 7, 11, 15/2004

Spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word

Compact theme #8

Unstressed vowels tested by stress

Most roots in Russian are written in accordance with the basic principle of Russian orthography - morphemic, i.e. in the root with an unstressed vowel, the same is written vowel, as in the word where it is under stress. (Dost and zhenie - access and whose, rast I zhenie - growing I No).

An exercise

Choose the test words and fill in the missing letters.

Swallow, teacher, reincarnate, vd_leke, heritage. expansion;
single, closing, captivating, surprising, pouring.

When choosing single-root words, one should remember an important limitation: you cannot check the unstressed vowel of the root with verbs that have the suffix -willow-/-yva- . By virtue of historical reasons in many verbs where there is a suffix -iva-/-yva- giving them the meaning of an imperfect form, unstressed about alternates with percussion a :

progl about tit - ch about weaving, but not progl a poke;

op about who gave - p about zdno, but not op a hello;

ref about sit - ref about with, but not ref a sew.

Choosing a check, you need to correctly divide the word into its constituent morphemes and find the root. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account lexical meaning words. After all, there are words that sound the same, but have different meanings and are spelled differently (they are called homophones):

at world eat enemies (world) – at measures yat the dress (measures it, measures ka, at measures ka);

on gray et from adversity ( gray little) – on sid eat on the rubble ( sid I);

on caresses have a kitten ( caresses a) – strip wear underwear ( rinse em);

multiple farthest distance ( multiple bone) - mole the finest creation ( mole cue);

on light shine a flashlight (light) - by holy live life ( holy awn).

Difficulties also arise with paronyms (Gr. para- "close, near"; onyma- "name") - words that are similar in sound (but completely in sound, unlike homonyms, do not match), for example: conquer and punish (the first is checked by the word obedience, the second - Kara).

Or another pair: sense of smell - "the ability to distinguish odors" and charm - the ability to produce pleasant impression, to enchant." In order not to make a mistake in the spelling of words, it is necessary to disassemble the words by composition. Smell – ob-- prefix, -nya- is the root we find in related words take off, appease, accept, -nij-- noun suffix -e- the ending. In the word charm, which comes from the verb bayati- "beautifully speak, speak" about-- prefix, -baj-- root - a- - verbal suffix, -nij-- noun suffix -e- the ending.

An exercise

Fill in the missing letters by choosing test words.

Flag unfolds; industry is developing; guarded our city; st_rozhil food warehouse; think about help; diminish merit; pay taxes; compact concrete; enlightened monarchy; a life dedicated to people;

vl_stelin; to proclaim; protector; cover;

measurement; debunk; achievement of the goal; inexhaustible supply;

unite; implacable enemies; entertaining; sliding wall;

regret; splintered; bless; imagination;

germinate sprouted carrots; shake with fear; defuse the international situation; tr_skotnya of machine guns; pr_dilny machine.

Unchecked vowels in the root
Full-vowel and non-vowel combinations in the root

There are many words in Russian where vowels cannot be checked at the root strong position, i.e. it is impossible to find an example in which the vowel would be stressed: with a pog, t about since, in and n e Gret.

In school practice, such words are called dictionary . Their spelling is based on tradition, and how they should be written, we learn from dictionaries. In this case "works" traditional principle Russian spelling. And here there is only one way - memorization. Most often, borrowed words are not verifiable: arch and tector, to about concept, p e R and f e ria, uh sk a lator.

big group in our language are borrowings from the Old Slavonic language. Among them there are roots with the so-called disagreement - -ra-, -la-, -re-, -le -. They correspond to primordially Russian (Old Russian) full vowel combinations – -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -elo-/-olo -:

G ra d ( staroslav.) - G oro d ( Russian), zd ra wie ( staroslav.) - zd oro vie ( Russian);

G la with ( staroslav.) - G olo with ( Russian), h la then ( staroslav.) – h olo then ( Russian);

b re G ( staroslav.) – b here G ( Russian), P re d ( staroslav.) - P here d ( Russian);

w le m ( staroslav.) – sh ate m, osh ate mit ( Russian), m le ko ( staroslav.) – m olo ko ( Russian).

Such combinations do not need to be stressed! They just need to be able to see, recognize.

In most cases, the comparison of full-vowel and non-vowel combinations does not cause difficulties. However, not all corresponding pairs can be restored in modern language eg: in pairs frost - mraz, cow - crava the second version of the root is lost, it is only in other Slavic languages. There is a word good(Old Slav.), but the word with full consent bologo not preserved in modern literary language, there is only Bologoe(proper name, name of the locality).

Many of the words of Old Church Slavonic origin are stylistically colored: hail, beach, tree, gates, gold and others - high. They belonged to bookish, solemn and poetic speech. This is due to the fact that Old Slavonic language, the literary and bookish language of all the Slavs of the 9th–11th centuries, was a sacred language, i.e. worship was conducted on it, it was on it that the Bible was translated from the ancient Greek language. Other words with Old Church Slavonic roots long life in Russian they have lost their sublime coloring, acquired a new meaning and are used as neutral; for example, words that have become homonyms chapter: 1 - the leader of something; 2 - part of the book, article.

Exercises

1. Compare pairs of words. Which of the words can be regarded as Old Church Slavonicisms?

Ashes - gunpowder, temple - mansions, drag - drag, darkness - haze, coup - transformation, youth - junior, well - well, captivate - flood, wood - tree, store - bury.

Answer : dust, temple, eke out, darkness, transformation, younger, fount, captivate, wood, store.

2. What does the word mean dust in the given texts?

a) They grappled on horseback;
Exploding black dust to the sky,
Under them, greyhounds, horses fight.

(A. Pushkin)

b) Boris: But Dimitri is dead! He is dust! There is no doubt! (A.K. Tolstoy)

Dictionary meanings: 1. high. The human body after death; remains, corpse. 2. Traditional poetic. smallest particles anything, dust. 3. That which is short-lived, insignificant, of little value.

Answer: a) 2; b) 1.

Helps to correctly write words with unchecked vowels etymology(from Greek. etymologia, from etymon"truth" and logos"concept, doctrine") - the science of the origin of words.

For example, the word respect derived from SW a ha"attention, respect" in a ha"the weight". Check word in modern language - important. Parallels can be drawn from other Slavic languages.

Sour cream -"the removed part of sour milk" - comes from sweep -"rake, gather"

Impression historically goes back to the word seal. This is what stuck in my memory.

The word overcome cognate noun share: overcome - means about + fly"share" from share- "part, fate." Initially - "get your share." Word Z strike, which appeared in Russia at the end of the 18th century, came from Italy first as a term for a card game - refusal to continue the game, has a root basta- "enough".

Sometimes people create false explanations for the origin of words: jacket - back jacket(put on back) hoarder"a man thrifty to the point of avarice" stingy. Such ridiculous and incorrect explanations scientists call "folk etymology".

Exercises

1. Insert unstressed vowels:

intellect, opt_mysm, v_teran, man_fest, original, un_v_rsitet;

fantasy, appl_disments, aquarelle, ant_gonism, conflict, predict;

atr_but, d_letant, subscriber_ment, privilege, d_licates, priority;

tradition, k_companion, ideology, p_triotism, pr_propaganda, pl_giat.

2. Fill in the missing letters by determining the origin of the word:

p_tukh, k_sel, m_tezh, slander, p_sets (fur animal), k_leya, sub_thread, k_pyto, heal_pour, p_yavka, k_style, protector, ink, p_lomnik, contemplate, pr_stynya, b_lie.

(Hints: sing, sour / sour, knead, nibble ( peck- hurt, bully someone, slander), dog, colo "wheel" (outskirts), rank - "order", "position, rank", dig - "beat, hit", whole, drink, bone, shelter, black , palm: pilgrims returned from holy places with palm branches; mirror; simple: sheet- from a simple canvas, white).

3. Which row consists entirely of words in which the missing unstressed vowels are checked by stress?

1) default, respawn, directive;
2) pure-bred, coarse, x-reographic;
3) vl_stelin, enlightenment, z_mletr_senie;
4) option, privilege, teacher.

Answer: 3.

4. Which row consists entirely of words in which missing unstressed vowels are not checked by stress?

1) fascinating, ch_rovanie, obv_r_living;
2) v_negret, int_ll_genzia, d_letant;
3) n_gilist, tradition, worship;
4) papa, guarded the city, unattainable.

Answer: 2.

Vowel alternation at the root

In addition to roots with unstressed vowels that are checked by stress and those that cannot be checked, there are roots with different vowel alternations.

Vowel alternation and/e fundamentally

As can be seen from the table, the roots in which and alternates with e , Total nine . At the same time, the root is written and before suffix -a- .

Roots with alternating vowels learn so that there is no temptation in conflicting checks. For example, the word I rub , it would seem, can be verified by words rubbed and rubbing , and the word lay - lay and bedding . What sample to choose for testing? No!

opposition e and and in the roots of verbs, as a rule, corresponds to the opposition of the perfect and imperfective form: die - die, wipe - wipe, burn - burn, spread - spread, peel - peel.

This alternation of vowels is very ancient, it dates back to the Proto-Slavic period and is found in all Slavic languages. In individual roots, four steps of alternation are still preserved - e - and - o - zero sound: collect - collect - collect - take; die - die - pestilence - die. Words from about fundamentally "torn off" from their native nest and are perceived as separate lexemes. They have already acquired their word-formation nests: collection - collection - collection - cathedral - cathedral - catholicity.

Exercises

1. Determine which line should contain only gaps and.

1) Tried, died, worn out.
2) Light up, brilliant, leaning on.
3) Post_lyu, report_tal, sd_ray.

Answer: 2.

2. Determine which line should contain only gaps e.

1) Bl_sleep, don't quibble, burn_g.
2) Set_lay, composition, freeze.
3) Lock up, get together, wipe out.

Answer: 3.

3. Divide the words into two columns: one with and at the root, the other - with e.

Gatherer, parting, p_rila, burning, phrase, melting, op_ra, torn, wiping, pouring, erasing, choosing, selective (campaign), prost_ratt, post_rat (linen), brilliant, bl_sleep, burn, op_ret, pour.

4. Divide the words into two columns: in one place words with alternating roots, and in the other - with roots checked by stress.

Freeze, die, measure, sm_renny (peaceful, submissive), tempt, die, die, dying (customs), look, put on (costume), recital (cry), reading room, subtract_you, subtract the manuscript (check), calculate, reader, count .

Answer:

alternating roots: freeze, die, die, dying, lament, deductions, calculate, count;

accented roots: measure - measure, humble - world, pacify - world, measure - measure, reconcile - world, trying on - fitting, reading, subtract (manuscript), reader - read, reading.

Vowel alternation o/a fundamentally

Roots with similar alternation are divided into several groups.

1. The spelling of the root depends on the stress. In those vowels that are under stress, it is impossible to make a mistake. Therefore, only unstressed roots should be memorized.

2. The spelling of the root depends on the suffix -a-.

3. The spelling of the root depends on the subsequent consonant.

The same case - dependence on the subsequent consonant - can be attributed to the roots -lag- - -false-.

4. Spelling of the root depending on the meaning.

Recognize Roots -equal-/-even- can be difficult because their values ​​are often close. Historically, they meant the same thing, but the root - exactly- primordially Russian, and -equals- Old Church Slavonic in origin. The most frequent words with these roots should simply be learned.

Root alternation - pilaf-/-melt-/-swim- does not follow any rules. We are writing swimmer, swimmer, but buoyancy, floating;

s- in words quicksand, floating, floating.

There is another important alternation.

percussion a or I in unstressed position alternates with - them or -in :

early a t - beginning in at; prin I t - accept them ah, pon I t - mon them at, sn I t - sn them at, szh a t -szh them at. While the spelling -them, -in, as seen from the examples , associated with the following suffix -a-.

Exercises

I. In what words should I insert a?

1) Z_rnitsa;
2) charitable;
3) hot_rely;
4) k_satelnaya;
5) look around.

Answer: 1, 4, 5.

II. What words should be inserted about?

1) Appeal;
2) bow down (before authority);
3) utv_r (home);
4) flare up;
5) open (dungeon).

Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5

III. a?

1) R_vegetation;
2) location;
3) inaccessible;
4) upstart;
5) components;
6) blotting paper;
7) fishing rod floats;
8) riverine landscape;
9) dip the pen into the inkwell;
10) comparative turnover.

Answer: 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10.

IV. What words should be inserted about?

1) Water_sli;
2) teenage;
3) uttered;
4) rolling pin;
5) grown;
6) famous swimmer;
7) waterproof raincoat;
8) square equation;
9) missed ships;
10) place pore_outside.

Answer: 1, 2, 6, 7, 10.

v. Insert the missing letters, mark the roots.

Blue cloudless sky, hot sun, rustling Aegean Sea with white crests of waves, which are slightly touched by flying gulls. From the waves rise rocky b_r_ga, indented by deep bays. In the distance, the snowy peaks of the mountains are shining, illuminated by the blue rays of the sun. T_kova Greece is the birthplace of the ancient cities. The whole country is crossed by mountain ranges. In ancient times, cool forests rustled along their slopes with lush vegetation. At the foot of the mountains, the l_sa were replaced by groves of bristly m_slins and dark laurels. Between the mountain ranges the bright bends of the rivers shone, the valleys shone.
Shrubs and grasses shot with golden and purple flowers, which raised their heads to the sun. A warm wind of different forces along the river, spreading between the sea and the mountains, a cloud of flower dust.