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The policy belongs whole line major historical achievements, including the recovery of the United States from the Great Depression, which had a severe impact on society, laying the foundations for the country's economic prosperity, victory in World War II, an institution for strengthening peace special organization, which he, as one of the leaders anti-Hitler coalition, suggested calling the UN.
Childhood and family of Franklin Roosevelt
The future president, who made his homeland a great power, was born on January 30, 1882 in the family estate of Hyde Park, located on the banks of the Hudson River in Dutchess County. Paternal ancestors, James, were of Dutch origin. They emigrated to America in the 17th century, achieved prosperity and high social standing. Sarah's relatives, his mother, belonged to the no less eminent Delano family, descended from French settlers. The parents met and married in 1880, when the father was a 52-year-old widower who had a 26-year-old son from his first marriage, the same age as his new young wife. 
With early years relatives paid maximum attention to the development of their child, introduced him to the study of history, music, fine arts, literature, languages, and often took him on foreign trips.
Until 1896 he received elementary education studying at the estate with invited teachers. He was then sent to an elite boarding school in Groton, Massachusetts. According to a high level of knowledge, he was enrolled immediately in the 3rd grade. There, together with the compulsory subjects, he finally acquired life principles (including the denial of the possibility of mutual concessions with evil, the desire to acquire new knowledge, diligence), which, according to biographers, allowed him to subsequently achieve such large-scale success in repelling crisis phenomena.
In 1900, Franklin Roosevelt became a student at Harvard, where he continued to study the foundations of the natural sciences, mastered law, economic theory, rhetoric and other subjects. At the university, he was the editor-in-chief of the student newspaper and the organizer of the Fund for Assistance to the Descendants of Dutch Settlers. Having received the basic higher education, in 1905 Franklin became a law student at Columbia University.
Early career of Franklin Roosevelt
In 1907, a novice lawyer, who nevertheless did not pass the exams at graduation and did not receive official document after graduating from Columbia, became an intern at a large law firm in Manhattan.1910 launched his career in big politics. The debut took place as a Democratic candidate for the legislature of the state of New York (legislature). Franklin Roosevelt embarked on a new interesting business, tirelessly traveled around his constituency, speaking to voters, and, as a result, won. As a senator, in 1911 he joined one of the Masonic lodges.
From 1913, he was an assistant to the head of the Department of the Navy under Democratic President Wilson for 7 years. In a dramatic period of world development, in a difficult international situation, Franklin was constantly on the move, visiting military bases, places of military clashes with the participation of the US Navy, dealt with issues of strengthening it, gaining authority among allies and compatriots.
In 1920, Roosevelt became the Democratic nominee for vice president. However, the victory went to their rivals from the Republicans. After that, the young politician, who became known to the general public during the election campaign, took the position of deputy head of a large financial company.
In 1921, his voyage to Atlantic Ocean at Campobello at low water temperatures led to a severe result. Full of strength and ambition, a 39-year-old man lost the ability to walk after contracting polio. The disease did not break him, but, on the contrary, transformed him into an incredibly persistent personality, capable of understanding the suffering of another person. Treatment and hard training did not lead to a final recovery, Franklin Roosevelt could hardly move without a wheelchair, but remained unusually active.
One indication of the growth of his authority was the number of public posts held (in addition to business duties). He served on the Harvard Board of Supervisors, the Middle East Relief Committee, headed the New York Naval Club, was among the organizers of the Wilson Foundation and members of the National Geographic Society.
Twice, in 1928 and 1930, Roosevelt was elected leader of the state of New York. Historians especially noted the creation of the administration of special assistance to victims of the crisis in the economy, the invitation to the management of professionals from Columbia and Harvard, confidential radio performances.
President Franklin Roosevelt
In the 1933 presidential election, the politician won a landslide victory: 23 million adherents of his ideas against 16 million for Herbert Hoover. 
The situation in the USA was catastrophic. industrial production was 1/2 of the 1929 level, corporate incomes more than halved, over a hundred thousand businessmen went bankrupt, bank losses reached $2.5 billion, farmers' debt (due to reduced purchasing power) $12 billion, unemployment rose to 25 percent - the number of citizens capable of radical actions and riots has reached 12 million people.
In the first 100 days of the rule of the leader of the nation, called by Thomas Mann "the tamer of the masses", the most important reforms of the "New Deal", developed by a "think tank" of attracted university professors, were implemented. The banking system was restored, legislative acts were adopted on the revival of industry, agricultural production, on refinancing the debt of farms, and a fund to help the unemployed was created.
Franklin Roosevelt's reforms
The President's forte was his open radio communication with Americans, later published as the Fireside Conversations pamphlet. In November, the owner of the presidential residence restored diplomatic relations with the USSR.
Personal life of Franklin Roosevelt
The head of the United States, in his last year of study at Harvard, said goodbye to bachelor life by marrying Eleanor, the daughter of Theodore Roosevelt's younger brother. He had feelings of deep respect for the ex-president, repeatedly asked his advice in making decisions. The couple had 6 children - daughter Anna (born 1906) and four sons: James (1907), in 1910 Elliot, then in 1914 Franklin Delano and in 1916 John Aspinwall. One child, Franklin Jr., died less than a year old in 1909. 
The life partner of the head of state was a prominent social activist, independent and independent. She considered it her duty to live in the interests of her husband and played a significant role in his career. The first lady took part in political debates and election campaigns, spoke in the press in support of her husband's undertakings, met with publicists, visited prisons, and contributed to the development of the women's movement.
In 1974, Elliot's son made public his memoirs, where he announced his mother's sexual coldness, which caused his father to cheat, first with Lucy Page Macer, and later with Margaret Le Hand, who worked in the White House Secretariat. There were also rumors about the president's romance with his relative Margaret Suckley.
According to the information contained in the letters of Lorena Ghikok, who was engaged in journalism, she was a lesbian who allegedly had a love affair with the wife of the head of state.
The first lady passed away in 1962 at the age of 78.
The last years of the life and death of Franklin Roosevelt
Even more triumphant in comparison with 1933 was the victory of the American leader in the elections in 1936 with 28 million votes in favor, including 5 million from Republican opponents. The second term was marked by his bold proposals for state regulation, stabilization of economic activity, social protection of the population, as well as maintaining a policy of neutrality.Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt divided the Crimea (Stalin's joke)
In 1940, Franklin Roosevelt decided to leave his high post, which he announced at a meeting of his party. However, after the Democrats unanimously nominated him as their candidate, he agreed to run for the 3rd term. During the war period, he turned from the "new course", focusing his efforts on the task of winning the war, introduced a policy of prioritizing state funding for the defense industry.
In 1944, being commander in chief and considering it impossible to leave this post, Roosevelt agreed to participate in the elections for the post of head of state for the 4th time, and won again. Historians noted his invaluable contribution to the process of post-war peace settlement, the implementation of the idea of a UN institution, in historic decisions conferences in Yalta.
Four wins for Franklin Roosevelt
In early April 1945, Franklin decided to take a vacation at the Warm Springs resort, where he was being treated for polio. There he considered his speech in San Francisco at the forthcoming meeting of the United Nations, scheduled for the 23rd, believing that this structure would become a means of uniting countries and a guarantee of peace. However, on April 12, he was overtaken by death from a stroke. According to the will, he was buried at home, in Hyde Park, where he spent his childhood.
2) Columbia University
Hyde Park , New York , USA
warm springs, Georgia , USA
daughters: Ann
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (English Franklin Delano Roosevelt, IFA : [ˈfræŋklɪn ˈdɛlənoʊ ˈroʊzəˌvɛlt] , January 30, Hyde Park, state of new york - 12th of April, Warm Springs, Georgia) - 32nd the president USA.
Biography
Born into a family of wealthy landowners and entrepreneurs, who had extensive connections in the political circles of the northeastern states. Belongs to the "Roosevelts of Hyde Park" - a branch of the family that emerged in XVII century. Another influential branch is the "Roosevelts of Oyster Bay", whose descendant was Franklin Delano Roosevelt's sixth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt ( -).
Parents doted on their son, surrounding him with luxury and protecting him from the realities of life. With early childhood Franklin was relentlessly indoctrinated with the privilege of his lineage. He practically did not communicate with his peers, being increasingly surrounded by adults. From the birth of her son until his 20th birthday, the mother kept a diary in which she wrote down everything that she observed in Franklin's life, and also collected his things (which are now stored in the museum). She also took care of his education. From the age of seven, teachers begin to study with the boy. Until the age of 14, young Franklin is educated exclusively at home, after which he is sent to a private school in Gorton, where he has to live in almost Spartan conditions. The students' rooms were negligible, the water in the shower was often cold, but with all the inconveniences, the students were obliged to appear in suits, white shirts with starched collars and patent leather shoes for dinner. In Groton, the young man could not boast of athletic data and he caused mistrust among classmates.
Trained as a lawyer, he attended a privileged private school in Gorton, Harvard and Colombian universities. Even then, the young Roosevelt was fascinated by the politics of his idol Theodore Roosevelt and began to think through his political ascent, which was to be an exact copy of his idol's career. outbursts of his temperament, Franklin behaved kindly and calmly. AT 1905 married his distant relative Eleanor Roosevelt, niece of the President Theodore Roosevelt. AT - 1910s worked in a law firm. At the age of 28, after swimming in Lake Fundy (Canada), Roosevelt contracted polio. As a result of a medical error by the surgeon W. Keane, Roosevelt was prescribed the wrong treatment, which led to paralysis. After a call from Boston, Dr. Robert Lovett, the diagnosis was established, but the treatment did not lead to the restoration of the legs. Roosevelt became active early political activity in the ranks Democratic Party. In 1910 he was elected to the State Senate. New York. In - gg. - Assistant to the Minister of Marine in the Government of the President Wilson, advocated strengthening the naval power of the United States, which was essential for the implementation big stick politics on a global scale. AT 1920- Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States. He was defeated and returned to private law practice and entrepreneurship. From August 1921 as a result of polio, he became disabled for life, lost the ability to move freely. For a long time he was practically immobilized, but he found the strength to rejoin the fight and was able to get back on his feet. Before 1928 remained "in the shadows", did not declare himself in the public or political arena, but is becoming an increasingly prominent figure in the leadership of the Democratic Party.
In one of his letters at the end of January 1941 Thomas Mann, the great German humanist writer who emigrated from Nazi Germany, wrote about the reception he received from President F. Roosevelt in white house: “Our further journey was interesting and tiring - interesting, of course, especially at the next stage, where we were received with amazing attention. Its dizzying pinnacle was a cocktail in the study, when other guests invited to dinner had to wait downstairs. But we already had the first breakfast with “him”. “He” again made a strong impression on me, or, rather, again aroused my interest and sympathy: it is difficult to characterize this mixture of cunning, sunshine, spoiledness, coquetry and honest faith, but there is some kind of seal of grace on him, and I became attached to him as a born, in my opinion, opponent of what must fall. And fascism had to fall. This remark of an anti-fascist writer surprisingly accurately and vividly conveys a complex and contradictory internal appearance 32nd President of the United States.
When Roosevelt took office, the United States was in an unprecedented crisis. In February 1933, all banking was in danger of collapse, and there were several cases of starvation in a country suffering from a surplus of food. One of the areas where, immediately after taking office, the Roosevelt government intervened, announcing a four-day bank holidays(Bank holiday) and typing " Emergency Banking Law”, was the US monetary and credit circulation system. All activities in this area served three purposes: a radical reform of the rather chaotic banking industry, supervision and control of securities trading, and, most importantly in the initial phase, the creation of a legal basis for the state's inflationary policy in order to overcome deflation through a new money issue.
The period that began with the global economic crisis and culminating in the victory of the forces of the anti-Hitler coalition takes special place in the fate of mankind. The role of Roosevelt and his entourage in defining the principles and implementing a social and foreign policy strategy aimed at preserving and strengthening the economic and foreign policy positions of the United States is exceptionally great. The flexibility of character allowed Roosevelt to dominate numerous subordinates and at the same time not move away from them. It contributed trust relationship between the president and his entourage.
22nd Amendment to the Constitution
Before Franklin Roosevelt, no man held office US President more than two times. In many respects this was a consequence of the tradition coming from George Washington, the first US president to refuse to run for a third term.
Roosevelt's violation of this tradition led to its registration in the form of law and the adoption 22 amendments in US Constitution. The amendment was proposed as early as 2 years after Roosevelt's death (in 1947) and entered into force on 1951, during the second term Harry Truman.
Since the post of President of the United States can be taken not only as a result of elections (a vice president becomes president after the death or resignation of his predecessor), the amendment provides for a provision that the exercise of the powers of the President of the United States for at least two full years equivalent to a full presidential term.
The amendment was not retroactive, so Harry Truman had a theoretical opportunity to run for a third term - although his first term lasted almost a full 4 years, he was not elected to it, but took as a result of the death of Roosevelt (3 months after the next inauguration). Truman did not take advantage of this opportunity and 1952 refused to participate in the elections.
Franklin Roosevelt developed a special technique for dealing with an inattentive audience. If it seemed to him that the Senate was listening inattentively, he inserted the phrase into his speech: "Yesterday I killed my grandmother." Often they nodded their heads in response: "Yes, you are absolutely right."
Biographers and contemporaries noted that Franklin Roosevelt was an incomprehensible nature and was hiding under a mask of complacency and secrecy, which he himself created. Roosevelt himself clearly enjoyed this mystery and used to state: "I am considered a mystery that I created myself - in fact I am a kind of hybrid of a riddle and Santa Claus."
Franklin Roosevelt strove all his life to be at least a little like his first political idol and cousin Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt was more of a heroic leader, while Franklin Roosevelt was a democratic leader.
Speeches and performances
Notes
Links
- "Inflation and its consequences", V. Kizilov, Gr. Sapov.
- Vivian Green. Mad kings. M. "Zeus". 1997
| Predecessor: Herbert Hoover |
President of the U.S.A
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Successor: Harry Truman |
| US Presidents | ||
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See what "Roosevelt, Franklin Delano" is in other dictionaries:
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano- Franklin Delano Roosevelt. ROOSEVELT (Roosevelt) Franklin Delano (1882 1945), 32nd President of the United States (since 1933), from the Democratic Party (4 times elected to this post). He took measures to strengthen state regulation in the economy, as well as a number of ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Roosevelt is the only person in US history to have been elected to the presidency four times. His name is strongly associated with the reforms of the New Deal, the formation and strengthening of the anti-Hitler coalition, the military successes of the allies, with the plans for the post-war world order and the idea of creating the UN. Franklin Roosevelt was able to oppose the deadening canons with life-giving common sense. And he became, perhaps, the greatest president of his country in the twentieth century. President, doomed to a wheelchair for the rest of his life.
Youth
The future president was born into the wealthy and respectable family of James Roosevelt, whose ancestors emigrated from Holland to New Amsterdam in the 1740s. Their descendants became the ancestors of two branches of this surname, one of which gave US President T. Roosevelt, and the other - Franklin Roosevelt. Roosevelt's father owned the Hyde Park estate on the Hudson River and substantial stakes in a number of coal and transportation companies. Roosevelt's mother, Sarah Delano, also belonged to the local aristocracy. As a child, Roosevelt traveled around Europe with his parents every summer (so he was pretty good at foreign languages) and rested on the coast of New England or on the Canadian island of Campobello (near East Port, Maine), where he became interested in sailing.
Until the age of 14, Roosevelt received home education. In 1896-99 he studied at one of the best privileged schools in Groton (Massachusetts). In 1900-04, Roosevelt continued his education at Harvard University, where he received a bachelor's degree. In 1905-07 he attended Columbia Law School and qualified to practice as a lawyer, starting with a well-established Wall Street law firm.
In 1905 he married his fifth cousin Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962). Her father was the younger brother of President T. Roosevelt, who was Franklin's idol. The Roosevelts had six children, one of whom died in infancy. Eleanor Roosevelt played a significant role in political career husband, especially after 1921, when he fell ill with polio and no longer parted with a wheelchair.
Carier start
In 1910, Roosevelt accepted a tempting offer from the US Democratic Party in his native administrative district to run as a senator for the New York state legislature and won. In the presidential election campaign of 1912, he actively supported Democrat T. V. Wilson. In the administration of President Wilson, Roosevelt was offered the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Without finishing his third term in the state legislature, Roosevelt moved to Washington. As Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913-21), he advocated strengthening the Navy, strengthening US defenses, a strong presidential power and an active foreign policy.
In 1914, he made an attempt to get a seat as a senator in the US Congress, but failed. In 1920, under the slogan of the United States joining the League of Nations, Roosevelt ran for the Democratic Party for Vice President of the United States, paired with presidential candidate J. Cox. In 1921, Roosevelt contracted polio and was partially paralyzed. Limited physical abilities did not narrow the range of his interests. Roosevelt maintained an extensive correspondence with Democratic Party politicians and tried to enter into entrepreneurial activities. In 1928 he was elected governor of New York, which opened the way to the White House.
After serving two terms as governor, Roosevelt acquired very valuable experience, which was useful to him during the presidency. In 1931, at the time of the worsening economic crisis, he created in the state a Provisional Emergency Administration to assist the families of the unemployed. The tradition of communicating with voters via radio (the famous "fireside chats") also dates back to the days of Roosevelt's governorship.
White House
In the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt won an impressive victory over H. Hoover, who failed to lead the country out of the economic crisis of 1929-33 (the "Great Depression"). During election campaign Roosevelt outlined the main ideas of socio-economic transformation, which received the name of the "New Deal" on the recommendation of his advisers ("think tank").
In the first hundred days of his presidency (which began in March 1933), Roosevelt implemented a number of important reforms. The banking system was restored. In May, Roosevelt signed into law a law creating a Federal Emergency Administration to help the hungry and the unemployed. The Law on the Refinancing of Farm Debts was passed, as well as the Law on the Recovery of Agriculture, which provided for state control over the volume of agricultural production. Roosevelt considered the Industrial Recovery Act to be the most promising, which provided for a whole range of government measures to regulate industry.
In 1935, important reforms were carried out in the field of labor, social security, taxation, banking, etc.
An impressive victory in the elections of 1936 allowed Roosevelt to advance in the region in 1937-38 civil engineering, wages and labor law. The laws passed by Congress at the initiative of the President were a bold experiment of state regulation in order to change the distribution mechanism of the economy and social protection population.
pre-war foreign policy Roosevelt was distinguished, on the one hand, by flexibility and realism, and on the other hand, by inconsistency and extreme caution. One of the foreign policy initiatives in the first months after Roosevelt came to power was the diplomatic recognition of the USSR in November 1933. In relations with the countries of Latin America, the "good neighbor" policy was proclaimed, which contributed to the creation of an inter-American system of collective security.
However, the fear for the fate of domestic political reforms and the unwillingness to bind the United States with any obligations in a difficult international situation contributed to the fact that Roosevelt's foreign policy was of the nature of neutrality (that is, it ignored the differences between the aggressor and the victim). As a result of non-intervention in the Italo-Ethiopian conflict (1935) and the Spanish Civil War, legitimate governments were deprived of the opportunity to purchase American weapons and ammunition in the fight against the well-armed powers of the Berlin-Rome axis. Only in November 1939, when the war in Europe was already blazing, did Roosevelt achieve the abolition of the article on the arms embargo and began to pursue a policy of helping the victims of aggression.
The Second World War
Hitler's Blitzkrieg in Europe and Roosevelt's third successive victory in the 1940 elections intensified American aid to Great Britain. In early 1941, the president signed the "Law on further strengthening the defense of the United States and the promotion of other purposes." The Lend-Lease Act applied to the USSR, which was granted an interest-free loan in the amount of $1 billion.
Roosevelt sought to limit himself to arms deliveries as long as possible and to avoid large-scale US involvement in a European war as much as possible. At the same time, under the slogan of "active defense" since the autumn of 1941, an "undeclared war" with Germany was going on in the Atlantic. It was allowed to conduct aimed fire at German and Italian ships that entered the US security zone, the articles of the legislation on neutrality that prohibited weapons were repealed merchant ships and the entry of American ships into war zones.
December 7, 1941 attack by Japanese aircraft on the US Air Force Base Pearl Harbor in pacific ocean came as a surprise to Roosevelt, who tried to recent months 1941 through diplomatic negotiations to delay the inevitability of war with Japan. The next day, the United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan, and on December 11, war on the United States was declared by Germany and Italy. Roosevelt, in accordance with the constitution, assumed all the duties of commander in chief in war time. He made a lot of efforts to strengthen the anti-Hitler coalition, attaching great importance to the creation of the United Nations.
On January 1, 1942, the signing of the Declaration of the United Nations took place in Washington, which consolidated this union in the international legal order.
Manifesting Special attention to the issues of post-war peace settlement, Roosevelt for the first time at the Quebec Conference (1943) outlined his project for the creation international organization and the responsibility of the United States, Great Britain, the USSR and China (the "four policemen") for the preservation of peace.
Roosevelt, re-elected for a fourth term in 1944, made a significant contribution to historic decisions. Crimean Conference(1945). His realistic position was dictated by a sober consideration of the current military-strategic and political situation in connection with the successful advance of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe, the desire to agree on the entry of the USSR into the war with Japan and the hope for the continuation of post-war US-Soviet cooperation.
Afterword
Most Americans had no idea that Roosevelt was disabled. No one could imagine that the first joyful moments of the new morning at Roosevelt were associated with a request to the servant. No matter what they say about the American press, it retained its honor at least in that it never posted a photo of the president revealing his sad secret. The vast majority of the American people have never seen a picture of him in a wheelchair or on crutches.
The great actor Gregory Peck, as a boy, was waiting for the arrival of Roosevelt at the port in order to see the president “live”. It was impossible to hide the true state of affairs in the dock - Roosevelt was taken off the ship, and the amazed Peck began to sob. Then something unimaginable happened. Roosevelt settled into an armchair and with lightning speed calmed the sullenly silent crowd. He took the hat in his hands, placed the cigarette in the mouthpiece, "lifted the mouthpiece" with the movement of his lower cheekbone, waved to the crowd, addressing them with his famous serene smile. Peck recalls that the tears dried up and he began to applaud the president, who with every gesture said that everything was fine with him, that if he did not see the tragedy in his existence, why should others see it? Courage is always rewarded. In a small port, a small crowd fully appreciated the self-control of this man. And pity turned into admiration.
Franklin Roosevelt had from God given trait- indestructible optimism. “In the evening, when I put my head on the pillow - it can be quite late - and I think about all that has passed before me throughout the day, about the decisions that I have made, I say to myself: well, I did the maximum, what capable. Then I turn around and go to sleep." The country needed to regain lost confidence, and this character trait of Roosevelt turned out to be the most necessary for his country, going through the biggest economic depression in its history and through the bloodiest world war.
“People must have the courage to seek the means of their own salvation. It doesn't matter what the remedy is." Those who expected to see a rigid sequence, linking political course with ideology, were clearly disappointed with Roosevelt and his political philosophy. He changed his economic plans as fast as the cure for the crippled polio. He tried all sorts of measures - direct government funding, public works, regulation of industry, and so on. etc. Two things he never tried: pessimistic doing nothing and delight in the status quo.
On April 12, 1945, the president died of a cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried in Hyde Park. When Roosevelt passed away, even the far-from-sentimental The New York Times saw fit to write: as natural as breathing to troubles and difficulties, disappointments and hopes of a small person, modest people.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, US President
(1882–1945)
The greatest president of the United States and the only one who was elected four times to this post, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882 in the Hyde Park estate, New York. He belonged to rich family from among the descendants of the first settlers. His father, James Roosevelt, was the vice president of several corporations. Roosevelt's mother, Sarah Delano, was James' second wife. She was 26 years younger than her husband. As a child, Franklin, in addition to governesses and home teachers, had his own yacht and ponies. In 1896 he entered the prestigious Endicott Peabody School in Groton. Roosevelt then studied law faculties Harvard and Columbia Universities. However, the future president did not pass several exams and did not receive a bachelor's degree, but after passing entrance tests, was admitted as a senior clerk to the well-known law firm of Carter, Ledyard & Milburn in New York in 1907.
In 1905 he successfully married an heiress big fortune and his distant relative. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt moved to New York. In 1910 he was elected to the New York State Senate, and from 1913-1920 Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. This position was given to him by Woodrow Wilson for his active role in the campaign for his election as president. Roosevelt then ran for Democratic Vice President with James Cox, but failed. In August 1921, he was paralyzed as a consequence of polio. Roosevelt battled the disease for six years. By the spring of 1922, he managed to learn how to get up and move around on crutches. In 1928, he was already able to move around in a wheelchair and in the same year, overcoming factional differences among the Democrats, he won the election of the governor of New York. Prior to that, in 1921-1928, Roosevelt worked in his own law office in New York and was simultaneously vice president of a bank in Maryland. The crisis of 1929 took Roosevelt by surprise, as did the vast majority of Americans.
During the Great Depression era, Roosevelt was highly critical of the Republican administration and called for a new "social contract" between the people and the state. He advocated for welfare state, which helps those in need, as well as for the abolition of the Prohibition. With these slogans, he won the 1932 presidential election. Roosevelt urged voters to "believe in America, believe in our tradition of personal responsibility, believe in our institutions, believe in ourselves." Americans believed that only Roosevelt could save them from the effects of the Great Depression. The main problem of the newly elected president was the fight against mass unemployment. Roosevelt demanded and received emergency powers from Congress. In the first eleven days of his presidency, he passed through Congress more laws than was done in the preceding 70 years. In the first 100 days, a comprehensive reform program called the New Deal was finally built. He organized public works to eliminate mass unemployment, using public funds for this and for helping those in need, which led to an increase in the budget deficit. The president also raised taxes on corporations to finance social programs, introducing a tax on excess profits and a progressive tax on income, and also dramatically increased government regulation of business. All this led to a significant redistribution of capital. Roosevelt also pushed for laws to create a social security system. Also in Roosevelt's presidency, the Wagner Act was passed, significantly expanding the rights of workers to organize trade unions and seek collective bargaining from employers. Government control was also established over the Federal Reserve System, which became the de facto Central Bank of the United States.
In 1933, the United States recognized the Soviet Union as the last of the great powers. Both the importance of Soviet-American trade and economic cooperation for overcoming the consequences of the Great Depression and the realization that without the participation of the USSR it was impossible to maintain peace in Europe and Asia had an effect here.
In 1935 Supreme Court The United States declared unconstitutional a number of New Deal laws. Then Roosevelt turned to Congress with a request to grant him the right to appoint additional members of the court when judges reach 70 years of age. Since 6 of the 9 justices were over 70 years of age, Roosevelt could have appointed 6 more justices and obtained the necessary majority in the Supreme Court. However, both houses of Congress, the majority of which belonged to the Democrats, rejected the presidential bill, considering such an increase in dependence too dangerous. judiciary from the executive. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court, fearing that sooner or later a presidential amendment might be passed, did not dare to overturn the Roosevelt laws any more and in 1937 recognized both the Social Security Act and the Wagner Act as constitutional.
By 1936, Roosevelt, having overcome the most terrible in the country economic crisis, enjoyed unconditional support in society and was re-elected with 62 percent of the vote. In his second term as president, he passed the Fair Employment Act and a law restricting the rights of corporations and establishing the right of the state to determine the maximum duration working week and the minimum hourly wage. A law on the regulation of agricultural products was also passed. The government was given the right to pay bonuses to farmers who use gentle crop rotations to conserve soil, and thus to a large extent influence the level of production of various products. These measures helped overcome the economic crisis of 1937–1938.
At the beginning of 1939, in his State of the Union address, Roosevelt directly called Italy, Germany and Japan "aggressor nations" and emphasized that "there are many methods, not military ones, but more effective than simple words to convey to the governments of the aggressor countries the feelings that have gripped our people.”
Roosevelt regarded the German occupation of the Czech Republic in March 1939 as a direct threat to US national security. On April 14, 1939, speaking at a meeting of the Pan American Union, he stated that one of the Monroe Doctrine, which declared the sphere of American vital interests latin america, not enough in modern conditions. It was a bid for America's active involvement in European and Asian affairs.
On September 3, 1939, Roosevelt announced the neutrality of the United States, but at the same time began to seek a revision of the legislation in order to be able to sell weapons to England and France. On September 21, 1939, a special session of Congress passed the Fourth Neutrality Act, which allowed belligerents to purchase American weapons and equipment for cash and transport them on their own or neutral ships. Since Germany was in a naval blockade, only England and France could really take advantage of the opportunities provided by the new law.
On June 10, 1941, when the defeat of France became obvious, Roosevelt actually abandoned neutrality, making a statement in support of England. In a speech delivered in Charlottesville (Virginia), he denounced Italy, which attacked the already defeated France, and declared that America would provide all-round assistance to any country that resisted German aggression, and significantly increase its armed forces.
After a triumphant re-election in 1940, Roosevelt came to grips with the involvement of the United States in World War II on the side of England. He dramatically increased the military budget and called for universal conscription in peacetime. To do this, we had to overcome the powerful isolationist tradition and the resistance of the influential Germanophile lobby. After the fall of Paris in June 1940, Roosevelt leased destroyers vital to the protection of British convoys to England in exchange for the lease of military bases in British possessions in the Caribbean. In the summer of 1941, a general military duty was finally introduced, and in the House of Representatives the corresponding bill passed by a majority of just one vote. In March 1941, Roosevelt achieved the adoption of the Lend-Lease Act (in other words, on rent and loan, literally translated as “take and carry”), according to which the president received the authority to lease, loan or sell as part of barter transactions at his own discretion. arms and any articles or materials of military importance to the government of any country whose protection is vital to the interests of the United States.
On June 24, 1941, immediately after Hitler's attack on the USSR, Roosevelt announced at a press conference that he was considering helping the Soviet Union. Although back in February 1940, after the Soviet attack on Finland, he directly stated: "Russia is governed by a dictatorship as absolute as there is hardly any dictatorship in the world."
In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met aboard the USS Hampshire off New Foundland. The Atlantic Charter they signed stated that Nazi tyranny must be crushed at all costs, and the aggressor nations should be disarmed after victory. Peace-loving states, on the other hand, will be allowed to retain their armed forces, which, however, must be significantly reduced. The new world order must be based on the self-determination of peoples, which in fact meant the coming end of the British Empire.
In July 1941, following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, Roosevelt terminated the trade treaty with Japan, prohibited the export of strategic materials to Japan, and supported the Dutch government-in-exile, which had declared an embargo on the export of oil from Japan to Japan. Dutch East Indies. To resolve sharp differences in October 1941, American-Japanese negotiations began. Roosevelt insisted on Japan's renunciation of all occupied territories, including Manchuria, and stressed that the US had never recognized these occupations. In response, on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. Having sunk or permanently disabled 8 American battleships, the Japanese temporarily seized dominance in the Pacific Ocean. On December 11, Germany also declared war on the United States. Under the leadership of Roosevelt, the most powerful in history was created war machine. Already by the middle of 1942 - after the destruction Japanese aircraft carriers in the battle of Midway Island - an initiative on Pacific theater hostilities passed to the United States.
Meeting at Casablanca in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill announced the terms unconditional surrender Germany, Italy and Japan. In December 1943, Roosevelt met Stalin for the first time in Tehran, and the Soviet dictator made the most favorable impression on him. Roosevelt and Churchill firmly promised Stalin in May 1944 to open a Second Front in France, and this time the promise was kept. Roosevelt cherished hopes that it would be possible to reach an agreement with Stalin on the basis of a "fair" division of the post-war world into spheres of interest.
In January 1945, Roosevelt, in his inaugural address on his fourth term, stated: "God has given our country a faith that has become the hope of all the peoples of a tormented world." At the same time, Roosevelt declared in Congress that it was impossible to rely on force alone as a deterrent. He believed that force can only be used to protect the common good. Proposing the creation of the United Nations, the president noted that peace for the peoples should be based on the principles of independence and self-determination, but at the same time the UN should have the right to "quick and decisive action to maintain peace, if necessary, then with the use of force."
In Yalta in February 1945, the Big Three adopted the Declaration on a Liberated Europe. After this conference, Roosevelt declared that he had reached full agreement with Churchill and Stalin and had found a way to get along with them.
Of all the great powers, the United States suffered the least human and material losses in World War II, and American territory was not a theater of hostilities. In the wake of military victories in Normandy and the Pacific, Roosevelt was easily re-elected to a fourth term in the fall of 1944. He also did much to implement the "Manhattan Project" to create atomic bomb, not having lived a few months before its completion and victory in the war. He died April 12, 1945 in Warm Spring, Georgia from a cerebral hemorrhage. Roosevelt made the United States the most powerful military and military power in the world. economic terms, which after 1945 only the Soviet Union tried to resist in the world.
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