Life and creative way of Tyutchev. Message about Tyutchev briefly

The appearance of Fyodor Tyutchev was unobtrusive: a man of asthenic physique and short stature, clean-shaven with disheveled hair. He dressed rather casually, he was absent-minded. However, the diplomat was strikingly transformed during salon communication.

When Tyutchev spoke, those around him fell silent, the words of the poet were so reasonable, figurative and original. The impression on those around him was made by his spiritual high forehead, brown eyes, thin lips, folding into a mocking smile.

Nekrasov, Fet and Dostoevsky, without saying a word, wrote: Tyutchev's work is akin to Pushkin's and Lermontov's. And Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy once told about his attitude to his poems: "You can't live without Tyutchev."

However, Fyodor Tyutchev, in addition to great virtues, was characterized by narcissism, narcissism, adultery.

Tyutchev's personality

This poet seemed to live in two parallel and different worlds. The first is the successful and brilliant sphere of a diplomatic career, authority in high society. The second is a dramatic story of Fedor Ivanovich's personal relationships, because he lost two beloved women, and buried children more than once. It seems that the classical poet with his talent opposed dark fate. The life and work of F.I. Tyutchev illustrate this idea. This is what he wrote about himself:

Isn't it very frank lines?

The contradictory nature of the poet

Fedor Ivanovich belonged to those people who, without breaking the law, brought a lot of suffering to others. The diplomat was once even transferred to another duty station in order to avoid a scandal.

Among those seen by contemporaries mental characteristics Fedor Ivanovich - lethargy and indifference to one's appearance, behavior with the opposite sex, bringing chaos to the family. He did everything in his power to charm, manipulate women and break their hearts. Tyutchev did not save his energy, wasting it in pursuit of high society pleasures and sensations.

Esotericists would this case, perhaps, would have remembered the ancestral karma. His grandfather Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev, a petty nobleman, went to wealth on slippery paths and pretty much sinned in life. This ancestor was the lover of the famous atrocities of the landowner Saltychikha. There were stories of his rampage among the people. In the Oryol province, people used to say that he was engaged in robbery, robbing merchants on the roads. Nikolai Andreevich was obsessed with wealth: becoming the leader of the nobility, he immorally ruined his neighbors and bought up land, increasing his fortune by 20 times in a quarter of a century.

According to biographers, the grandson of the Oryol nouveau riche, Fyodor Tyutchev, managed to direct the ancestral frenzy into the mainstream of sovereign service and creativity. However, the life of the descendant was not easy, mainly because of the pathological and selfish love for women.

It was not easy for his chosen ones.

Childhood, youth

Fyodor's upbringing was mostly done by his mother, nee Tolstaya Ekaterina Lvovna, a representative of the family that later gave birth to Leo and Alexei Tolstykh.

The life and work of Tyutchev, born in 1803, was determined by the reverent attitude to his native speech instilled in him from childhood. This is the merit of the teacher and poet Semyon Egorovich Raich, an expert on Latin and classical languages. Subsequently, the same person taught Mikhail Lermontov.

In 1821, Fedor Tyutchev received a diploma from Moscow University and the title of candidate of verbal sciences. He drew on the Slavophile ideas of Koshelev and Odoevsky, generated by a reverent attitude towards antiquity and inspiration from victory in the Napoleonic wars.

The young man also shared the views of the emerging Decembrist movement. The noble parents found the key to the re-education of the rebel son, who at the age of 14 began to write seditious poems, which are imitations in their form.

Thanks to family ties with General Osterman-Tolstoy, he is assigned to the diplomatic service (away from free-thinking) - to Munich as a freelance attaché of the diplomatic mission.

By the way, there was one more moment why the mother hastened to change the fate of her son: his passion for the yard girl Katyusha.

The diplomatic path captivated the young Tyutchev for a long time: once having arrived in Munich, he stayed in Germany for 22 years. During this period, the main themes of Tyutchev's work are outlined: philosophical poetry, nature, love lyrics.

The first impression is the strongest

Uncle Osterman-Tolstoy introduced the young man, who ended up in another country, to the Lerchenfeld family. Their daughter Amalia was actually an illegitimate child of the Prussian monarch. Beautiful and smart, she became a guide for a Russian guy for a couple of weeks, getting acquainted with a different way of life. Young people (the naivety of youth) exchanged watch chains - as a token of eternal love.

However, the charmer, at the behest of her parents, married a colleague of the poet. Mercantilism took over: just think, some kind of incomprehensible noblewoman against the baron! The story continued almost half a century later. They met for the second time in their lives, having arrived in Carlsbad. Old acquaintances spent a lot of time wandering the streets and sharing memories, they were surprised to realize that after so many years their feelings had not cooled down. Fedor Ivanovich was already ill by that time (he had three years to live).

Tyutchev was permeated by the feeling of something irretrievably lost, and he created piercing poetic lines, the level of Pushkin's "wonderful moment":

Surprisingly bright were the feelings of this man, they did not lose their colors even in old age.

First love triangle

Four years after his arrival, he married the Dowager Countess Emilia Eleanor Peterson, by which time his passion already had four sons. He was in love with this woman, they had three more daughters. However, Tyutchev's life and work were already dramatic in his first marriage.

With his future second wife, Ernestine Pfeffel, Countess Dernberg, the diplomat met at the ball. She was one of the brightest beauties of Munich. Tyutchev was friendly with her husband, who, dying, entrusted his wife to his care. There was a connection between them.

Russian diplomat in Germany

Let's imagine what kind of environment Fyodor Tyutchev got into in Germany. Hegel, Mozart, Kant, Schiller had already ceased to create there, while Beethoven and Goethe were at the zenith of creativity. The poet, for whom “to live meant to think,” was fascinated by German poetry, organically intertwined with philosophy. He became intimately acquainted with Heinrich Heine and Friedrich Schelling. He admired the poems of the first and gladly translated his poems into Russian. With the second, Fedor Ivanovich liked to talk, sometimes disagreeing and debating desperately.

Tyutchev realized the transcendental dialectic German poetry where the genius of the creator acts as a sensitive instrument of art. His lines acquired poignancy and depth:

These lines have become a favorite for many people, including Leo Tolstoy.

Rethinking Western Philosophy

Fedor Ivanovich, having adopted the tradition of German intellectual poetry, at the same time denied the German idealization of the person of the poet, the prophet, standing above society. He does not identify himself with the pro-Western egocentrism of the poet, the "proud eagle", preferring to him the image of the poet-citizen, the "white swan". According to Tyutchev, he should not position himself as a prophet, because:

Thought spoken is a lie;
happy who visited this world in its fateful moments ...

Fedor Tyutchev is considered the founder of Russian philosophical poetry. He managed to combine eastern and western poetic traditions in his rhymes.

The poet saw his beloved homeland being raped political regime"whip and rank", "offices and barracks". His joke is widely known: "Russian history before Peter the Great is a solid memorial service, and after Peter the Great - one criminal case." Even schoolchildren studying Tyutchev's work (grade 10) may notice: only in the future tense does he speak of the greatness of Russia.

How much is said in these four lines. This can not be expressed even in volumes!

Second marriage

His wife, Emilia Peterson, having learned about her husband's connection, tried to kill herself with a saber, but she was saved. To save the career of a diplomat, he is transferred to Turin. When the family sailed to his new place of work, the ship on which they sailed sank. It is curious that then the countess was saved by Ivan Turgenev, who was on board. However, failing to do so nervous shock, the first wife of Tyutchev soon died. The diplomat, learning about this, turned gray in one night.

A year after the death of his first wife, Tyutchev married Ernestine.

Love in poetry, love in life

The poet eloquently reflected his understanding of the phenomenon of love in his poetry. For Tyutchev, this feeling is the alpha and omega of all things. He sings of love, which makes the hearts of lovers tremble, filling their lives with meaning.

Love, love - says the legend -
The union of the soul with the soul of the native -
Their union, combination,
And ... a fatal duel ...

In the understanding of the poet, starting as a quiet, bright feeling, love then develops into a frenzy of passions, a captivating, enslaving feeling. Tyutchev plunges readers into the depths of fatal, passionate love. Fyodor Ivanovich, a man consumed by passions all his life, this topic was not empirically familiar, he experienced a lot in it personally.

Poems about nature

Decoration of Russian literature of the second half of XIX century was the work of Tyutchev and Fet. These poets, representatives of the “pure art” movement, were able to express a touching romantic attitude to nature. In their understanding, it is, as it were, multidimensional, that is, it is described both in landscape and psychologically. Through pictures of nature, these authors convey the state human soul. In particular, nature in Tyutchev's work has many faces, like "chaos" and "abyss".

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face.

It has a soul, it has freedom,

It has love, it has language.

But if lyrical hero Feta feels like an organic part of nature, then the separated character of Tyutchev tries to comprehend it, being in the status of an empirical observer. He watches how the first thunder "frolics and plays", winter "gets angry", spring is "blissfully indifferent".

social lion

In 1844, Fedor Ivanovich arrived in Russia with his second wife and their two common children. A state adviser (according to the table of ranks - a rank equal to a brigadier general or vice-governor) became popular in the most fashionable high-society salons. Fyodor Tyutchev had a foreign gloss of intellect, understanding of state accents. He was a man of encyclopedic literacy in matters of diplomacy, who spoke basic European languages.

His witticisms even now look like sedition, but in the first half of the 19th century they were successful and turned into high society jokes:

• About Princess T, gossiping on French: “Absolute abuse of a foreign language. She would simply not be able to say so many stupid things in Russian.”
• About the Chancellor Prince G, who granted the title of chamber junker to the husband of his mistress: "Prince G. is like the ancient priests, gilding their victims' horns."
• On his arrival in Russia: "Not without regret, I said goodbye to this rotting West, filled with conveniences and cleanliness, in order to return to the promising native mud."
• About a certain Mrs. A: "Indefatigable, but very tiring."
• About the Moscow City Duma: "Any attempts to make political speeches in Russia are like attempts to strike a fire out of a bar of soap."

In addition to the service, he had a stormy personal life, and only at his leisure was he occupied with creativity.

Tyutchev was also briefly described as a person prone to romantic adventures.

Second love triangle

The diplomat arranged for two daughters from his marriage with the late Emilia to study at the Smolny Institute. Elena Denisyeva studied with them, becoming the mistress of a diplomat who was 23 years her senior. Petersburg rejected Elena, even her own father renounced her, but she "loved and appreciated" Tyutchev like no other in the world.

At this time, the legal spouse of the diplomat preferred to retire to the family estate of Fyodor Ivanovich in Ovstug and engage in raising children.

The secular circle was perplexed: the poet, diplomat and secular lion Tyutchev and some kind of college girl. And this is with a living wife. Tyutchev lived with Denisyeva in Moscow, they had three children, he called the young woman his last love, dedicating two dozen of his poems to her, called the Denisyev cycle. They traveled around Europe, reveling in their love, but Elena, falling ill with consumption, died. Two more children of Denisyeva also died of tuberculosis. The third was taken up by Ernestina. Fedor Ivanovich was shocked by the collapse of this civil marriage.

The last love triangle

It is difficult to name Fedor Ivanovich exemplary family man. In recent years, Tyutchev had two more connections: with Elena Bogdanova, Denisyeva's girlfriend, and his second common-law wife Hortensia Lapp.

The last of them and their two common sons, Fedor Ivanovich bequeathed his general's pension, which rightfully belonged to Ernestine Pfeffel and her children. Fedor Ivanovich died after a stroke and paralysis on 07/15/1873 in Tsarskoe Selo.

Instead of a conclusion

Tyutchev's work could well remain a secret for us if Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov did not publish an article about him in the Sovremennik magazine, "Russian Minor Poets", containing 24 poems. And at this time, its author is already 60 years old! There are not so many hitherto unknown masters of the pen, who became famous at such a venerable age. Perhaps only one comes to mind - prose writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov.

Tyutchev, a Russian classical poet, wrote only about 300 poems in half a century. They can all be placed in only one collection. So they write not for sale, but for the soul. In them, the beginning, which Pushkin called the "Russian spirit", is palpable. No wonder a person who knows a lot about poetry, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet, said that such a compactly published work of Tyutchev is worth many volumes.

Tyutchev perceived his poetic gift as something secondary. He could scribble verses absently on a napkin and forget it. His colleague on the censorship council, P. I. Kapnist, recalled how once he, being thoughtful at a meeting, sketched something on a piece of paper and left, leaving him. If Pyotr Ivanovich had not picked it up, then the descendants would not have recognized the work “No matter how hard the last hour ...”.

The work of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev is strong in its philosophical component. It had a beneficial effect on the formation of Russian poetry. Tyutchev's works belong to the best creations of the Russian spirit. Everything written by the poet Tyutchev bears the stamp of a true and beautiful talent, original, graceful, full of thought and genuine feeling.

The beginning of poetic activity
A collection of three hundred poems, a third of which are translated, a number of letters, and several articles - this is Tyutchev's creative baggage. Centuries pass, but the author's works remain in demand and loved by readers.

The creative fate of F.I. Tyutchev was unusual. Quite early, the poet begins to print his poems, but they go unnoticed for a long time. In the nineteenth century, it was believed that his lyrical monologues, inspired by pictures of nature, were beautiful. But the Russian public also found descriptions of nature in Eugene Onegin, the author of which responded to everything that worried modern readers.

So, the stormy year of 1825 caused Tyutchev to write two curious poems. In one, addressing the Decembrists, he remarked:

"O victims of reckless thought,
You hoped maybe
What will become scarce of your blood,
To melt the eternal pole.
Barely, smoking, she sparkled,
On the age-old mass of ice;
Iron winter died -
And there are no traces left."

In another poem, he talks about how “sad it is to go towards the sun and weave movement behind a new tribe”, how “piercing and wild this noise, movement, talk, cries of a young fiery day” are for him.

"Night, night, oh where are your covers,
Your quiet dusk and dew?

This was written at a time when Pushkin, with an encouraging word of greeting, turned "to the depths of the Siberian ores" and exclaimed: "Long live the sun, let the darkness hide."

Years will pass and only then will contemporaries discern the incomparable verbal painting of Tyutchev.

In 1836 A.S. Pushkin founded new magazine"Contemporary". From the third volume, poems began to appear in Sovremennik, in which there was so much originality of thought and charm of presentation that it seemed that only the publisher of the magazine himself could be their author. But under them, the letters “F.T.” were very clearly displayed. They wore one common name: "Poems sent from Germany" (Tyutchev then lived in Germany). They were from Germany, but there was no doubt that their author was Russian: they were all written in pure and beautiful language, and many bore the living imprint of the Russian mind, the Russian soul.

Since 1841, this name was no longer found in Sovremennik, it also did not appear in other journals, and, one might say, since that time it has completely disappeared from Russian literature. Meanwhile, the poems of Mr. F.T. belonged to a few brilliant phenomena in the field of Russian poetry.

Only in 1850, fortune smiled - in the Sovremennik magazine, N.A. Nekrasov spoke flatteringly about the Russian poet Tyutchev, and they started talking about him in full voice.

Spiritualization of nature in Tyutchev's poetry
Tyutchev's "Night Soul" is looking for silence. When the night descends to the earth and everything takes on chaotically obscure forms, his muse in "prophetic dreams is disturbed by the gods." "Night" and "chaos" are constantly mentioned in Tyutchev's poems of the 20-30s of the nineteenth century. His "soul would like to be a star", but only invisible to the "sleepy earthly world and it would burn "in the pure and invisible ether." In the poem "The Swan", the poet says that he is not attracted by the proud flight of an eagle towards the sun.

“But there is no more enviable lot,
O clean swan, yours!
And clean, like yourself, dressed
You elemental deity.
She, between the double abyss,
Your all-seeing dream cherishes,
And with the full glory of the starry firmament
You are surrounded by everything."
.
And here is the same picture night beauty. The war of 1829, the capture of Warsaw found a quiet response in the soul of Tyutchev.

"My soul, Elysium of shadows,
What is common between life and you?

So the poet asks himself. In marble-cold and beautiful poem"Silentium" (translated from Latin "Silence") Tyutchev repeats the word "be silent."

"Be quiet, hide and conceal
And your feelings and dreams!
Let in the depths of the soul
And they rise and they go
Like stars clear in the night:
Admire them - and be silent.

In many poets, we find indications of these torments of the word, powerless to fully and truthfully express a thought, so that the “thought uttered” is not a lie and does not “disturb the keys” moral sense. Silence could not be an escape from this state. Tyutchev was silent only about those thoughts that were evoked by the "violent year" of modernity, but with all the greater "passion" he gave himself up to the impression of nocturnal and truthful nature. Contemplating the southern sky, remembering his native north, he breaks out from under the power of the beauties of nature surrounding him, comes to love for the whole universe. When looking at a kite soaring high to the sky, the poet becomes offended that a man, "the king of the earth, has grown to the earth."

It is necessary to understand, to love all nature, to find meaning in it, to deify it.

"Not what you think, nature -
Not a cast, not a soulless face:
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has language."

Even the destructive forces of nature do not repel the poet. He begins his poem "Mal'aria" with the lines:

“I love this divine wrath, I love this, invisibly
In everything spilled, mysterious evil ... "

The poem "Twilight" expresses the consciousness of the poet's closeness to the fading nature:

“An hour of longing inexpressible!
Everything is in me - and I am in everything ... "

The poet refers to the "quiet, sleepy" twilight, calls him "deep into his soul":

"Give me a taste of destruction,
Mix with the dormant world."

The poet everywhere speaks of nature as something alive. He has “winter grumbling for spring”, and “she laughs in her eyes”; spring waters “run and wake up the sleepy shore”, nature smiles at spring through a dream; spring thunder "frolics and plays"; a thunderstorm “recklessly, madly suddenly runs into an oak forest”; “gloomy night, like a stout-eyed beast, looks out from every bush”, etc. ("Spring", " spring waters”,“ Still the earth looks sad ”,“ spring thunderstorm”, “How cheerful the roar of summer storms”, “Loose sand to the knees”).

The poet does not single out the highest manifestations of the human spirit from all other natural phenomena.

"Thought after thought, wave after wave -
Two manifestations of the same element.

We find the development of the same thought in the wonderful poem "Columbus":

“So connected, connected from the ages
union of consanguinity
Intelligent human genius
With the creative power of nature.
Say the cherished word he -
And a new world of nature
Always ready to respond
To a voice related to him.

At this point, Tyutchev's worldview came into contact with Goethe's worldview, and it was not for nothing that the relations of both poets, who met during foreign life Tyutchev.

Tyutchev's landscape lyrics come from those four seasons that nature gives us. In the poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich there is no dividing line between man and nature, they are one element.

love lyrics Tyutcheva does not close on herself, although in many respects she is autobiographical. It is much broader, more universal. Tyutchev's love lyrics are an example of tenderness and penetration.

“I still strive for you with my soul -
And in the darkness of memories
I still catch your image ...
Your sweet image, unforgettable,
He is before me everywhere, always,
unattainable, immutable,
Like a star in the sky at night ... "

Tyutchev's work is full of deep philosophical sense. His lyrical reflections, as a rule, are not abstract, they are closely connected with the realities of life.

It is impossible, according to the lyricist, to open the curtain before the secrets of the universe, but this can happen for a person who is on the verge of day and night:

"Happy is he who has visited this world
In his fatal moments!
He was called by the all-good,
As an interlocutor at a feast ... "
"Cicero"

Is it big creative legacy must be left behind to become great? On the example of the fate of F.I. Tyutchev, we can say: "No." It is enough to write a few brilliant creations - and descendants will not forget about you.

Text adaptation: Iris Revue

Biography of Tyutchev.

Life and work of Tyutchev. abstract

From childhood, the poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev enters our life with a strange, bewitching purity of feeling, clarity and beauty of images:

I love the storm in early May,

When spring, the first thunder,

How to frolic and play,

Rumbles in the blue sky...

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 / December 5, 1803 in the Ovstug estate of the Oryol province of the Bryansk district in a middle-landlord, old-noble family. Tyutchev received his initial education at home. Since 1813, his teacher of the Russian language was S. E. Raich, a young poet and translator. Raich introduced his student to the works of Russian and world poetry and encouraged his first experiments in poetry. “With what pleasure I remember those sweet hours,” Raich later said in his autobiography, “when, in the spring and summer, living in the suburbs, the two of us with F. I. went out of the house, stocked up on Horace, or Virgil by someone from domestic writers and, sitting in a grove, on a hillock, they delved into reading and drowned in pure delights in the beauties of brilliant works of poetry. Speaking about the unusual abilities of his "naturally gifted" pupil, Raich mentions that "by the thirteenth year he was already translating Horace's odes with remarkable success." These translations from Horace of 1815-1816 have not survived. But among the early poems of the poet there is an ode "To the new 1816", in which one can see imitations of the Latin classic. It was read on February 22, 1818 by the poet and translator, professor of Moscow University A. F. Merzlyakov in the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. On March 30 of the same year, the young poet was elected an employee of the Society, and a year later a Tyutchiv free transcription of Horace's "Message of Horace to the Maecenas" appeared in print.

In the autumn of 1819, Tyutchev was admitted to Moscow University in the verbal department. The diary of these years of Comrade Tyutchev, the future historian and writer MP Pogodin, testifies to the breadth of their interests. Pogodin began his diary in 1820, when he was still a university student, passionate about the young, open to the “impressions of being”, dreaming of a “golden age”, that in a hundred, in a thousand years “there will be no rich, everyone will be equal”. In Tyutchev he found that "wonderful young man", everyone could check and trust their thoughts. They talked about the "future education" in Russia, about the "free noble spirit of thoughts", about Pushkin's ode "Liberty" ... a poetic message Pushkin ("To Pushkin's Ode to Liberty"), in which he hailed him as an accuser of "hardened tyrants". However, the freethinking of young dreamers was rather moderate: Tyutchev compares the “fire of freedom” with the “flame of God”, the sparks of which fall on the “brows of pale kings”, but at the same time, welcoming the herald of “holy truths”, he calls on him “ roznizhuvaty", "touch", "soften" the hearts of the kings - without eclipsing the "brilliance of the crown."

In their youthful desire to comprehend the fullness of being, university comrades turned to literature, history, philosophy, subjecting everything to their critical analysis. So their disputes and conversations arose about Russian, German and French literature, "the influence that the literature of one language has on the literature of another", about the course of lectures on the history of Russian literature, they listened to the verbal department.

Tyutchev's early interest in the ideas of thinkers far from each other reflected the search for own decisions, and a sense of complexity, ambiguity of these solutions. Tyutchev was looking for his own reading of the "book of nature", as all his further work convinces us.

Tyutchev University graduated in two years. In the spring of 1822, he was already enrolled in the service in State Collegium Foreign Affairs and was appointed a supernumerary official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich, soon went abroad. For the first six years of his stay abroad, the poet was listed as "over staff" at the Russian mission, and only in 1828 received the position of second secretary. He held this position until 1837. More than once, in letters to relatives and friends, Tyutchev jokingly wrote that his expectation of a promotion was too long, and just as jokingly explained: “Because I never took the service seriously, it’s fair that the service also laughed at me.”

Tyutchev was an opponent of serfdom and a supporter of a representative, prescribed form government - most of all, a constitutional monarchy. With great acuteness, Tyutchev was aware of the discrepancy between his idea of ​​the monarchy and its actual embodiment in the Russian autocratic system. “In Russia, the office and the barracks,” “everything moves around the whip and the rank,” Tyutchev, who arrived in Russia in 1825, expressed his impressions of the Arakcheev regime in such sarcastic aphorisms. recent years reign of Alexander I.

Tyutchev spent more than twenty years abroad. There he continues to translate a lot. From Horace, Schiller, Lamartine, who attracted his attention back in Moscow, he turns to Goethe and the German romantics. The first of the Russian poets, Tyutchev translated Heine's poems, and, moreover, before the publication of Travel Pictures and the Book of Songs, they made the author's name so popular in Germany. With Heine at one time he had friendly relations. In letters of 1828 to K. A. Farnhagen von Ense, Heine called Tyutchev's house in Munich (in 1826 Tyutchev married the widow of a Russian diplomat Eleanor Peterson) "a beautiful oasis", and the poet himself - his then best friend.

Of course, translations were not limited poetic activity Tyutchev of these years. In the 1920s and 1930s he wrote such original poems, testifying to the maturity and originality of his talent.

In the spring of 1836, fulfilling the request of a former colleague in the Russian mission in Munich, Prince. I. S. Gagarin, Tyutchev sent several dozen poems to St. Petersburg. Through Vyazemsky and Zhukovsky, Pushkin met them, met them with "surprise" and "capture" - with surprise and delight before the "unexpected appearance" of poems, "fulfilled by the depth of thought, the brightness of colors, the news and the power of language." Twenty-four poems under the general title "Poems sent from Germany" and signed "F. T." appeared in the third and fourth volumes of Pushkin's Sovremennik. The printing of Tyutchev's poems on the pages of Sovremennik continued even after Pushkin's death, until 1840. With a few exceptions, they were selected by Pushkin himself.

In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed senior secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, and then soon after, chargé d'affaires. Leaving his family in St. Petersburg for a while, in August 1837 Tyutchev left for the capital of the Sardinian kingdom, and four and a half months after his arrival in Turin, he wrote to his parents: “Truly, I don’t like it here at all, and only absolute necessity makes me put up with such an existence. It is devoid of any kind of entertainment and seems to me a bad performance, all the more boring because it sends boredom, while its only merit was to amuse. Such is precisely the existence in Turin.

On May 30 / June 11, 1838, as the poet himself later said in a letter to his parents, they came to inform him that near Lübeck, off the coast of Prussia, the Russian passenger steamer Nikolai I, which left St. Petersburg, burned down. Tyutchev knew that his wife and children were supposed to be on this ship, heading to Turin. He immediately left Turin, but only in Munich did he learn the details of what had happened.

The fire broke out on the ship on the night of 18/30 to 19/31 May. When the awakened passengers ran out onto the deck, “two broad columns of smoke, half-and-half with fire, rose on both sides of the pipe, and a terrible turmoil began along the masts, which did not stop. The riots were unimaginable ... ”- recalled in his essay“ Fire at Sea ”I. S. Turgenev, who was also on this ship.

Eleonora Tyutcheva showed complete self-control and presence of mind during the catastrophe, but her already weak health was completely undermined by what she experienced that terrible night. The death of his wife shocked the poet, overshadowing many years with the bitterness of memories:

Your sweet image, unforgettable,

He is in front of me everywhere, always,

available, unchanged,

Like a star in the sky at night...

On the five-year anniversary of Eleonora's death, Tyutchev wrote to the one who helped bear the weight of the loss and entered the life of the poet, by his own admission, as an "earthly ghost": "Today, September 9, is a sad number for me. It was the most terrible day in my life, and if it weren't for you, it would probably have been my day too" (letter from Ernestina Fedorovna Tyutchev dated August 28 / September 9, 1843).

After entering into a second marriage with Ernestina Dernberg, Tyutchev was forced to resign due to unauthorized departure to Switzerland on the occasion of the wedding, which took place on July 17/29, 1839. Having resigned, in the autumn of 1839 Tyutchev again settled in Munich. However, further stay in a foreign land, not due to official position, became more and more difficult for the poet: “connected to his country than I am, more constantly concerned with what concerns her. And I rejoice in advance that I will be there again.” At the end of September 1844, Tyutchev and his family returned to their homeland, and six months later he was again enrolled in the department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Petersburg period of the poet's life was marked by a new rise in his lyrical creativity. In 1848-1849, he wrote really made poems: “Reluctantly and timidly ...”, “When in the circle of murderous worries ...”, “Tears of people, oh tears of people ...”, “To a Russian woman”, “Like a pillar of smoke brightens in the heights ... "and others. In 1854, the first collection of Tyutchev's poems was published in the appendix to the March issue of that Sovremennik, and nineteen more poems appeared in the May book of the same magazine. In the same year, Tyutchev's poems were published as a separate edition.

The appearance of a collection of Tyutchev's poems was a great event in the then literary life. I. S. Turgenev made an article in Sovremennik with an article “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev” “... We could not help but rejoice,” Turgenev wrote, “a collection of poems scattered hitherto by one of our most remarkable poets, as would have been conveyed to us by Pushkin's greetings and approval. In 1859, in the magazine " Russian word”an article by A. A. Fet “On the poems of F. Tyutchev” was placed, which spoke of him as an original “ruler” of poetic thought, who is able to combine the poet’s “lyrical courage” with an unchanging “sense of proportion”. In the same 1859, Dobrolyubov’s famous article “The Dark Kingdom” appeared, in which, among judgments about art, there is an assessment of the features of Tyutchev’s poetry, its “burning passion” and “severe energy”, “deep thought, excited not only by natural phenomena but also moral issues, interests public life ».

In a number of new creations of the poet, poems remarkable in their psychological depth stand out: “Oh, how deadly we love ...”, “Predestination”, “Do not say: he loves me, as before ..”, “ last love" and some others. Supplemented in subsequent years with such poetic masterpieces as “All day she lay in oblivion ...”, “There is also in my suffering stagnation ...”, “Today, friend, fifteen years have passed. . ”,“ On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864 ”,“ There is no day that the soul does not ache ... ”, - they made up the so-called“ Denisov cycle ”. This cycle of poems represents, as it were, a lyrical story about the love experienced by the poet "in his declining years" - about his love for Elena Alexandrovna Denisova. Their "lawlessness" in the eyes of society relationship continued for fourteen years. In 1864 Denisova died of consumption. Having failed to protect the beloved woman from the “human court”, Tyutchev blames himself first of all for the suffering caused to her by her ambiguous position in society.

Tyutchev's political outlook is basically formed by the end of the 40s. A few months before his return to his homeland, he publishes in Munich a pamphlet in French "Letter to Mr. Dr. Gustav Kolbe" (subsequently reprinted under the title "Russia and Germany"). In this work, devoted to the relationship of tsarist Russia with German states, Tyutchev, in contrast to Western Europe, puts forward Eastern Europe as a special world, living its own original life, where "Russia at all times served as the soul and driving force". Influenced by Western European revolutionary events 1848 Tyutchev conceives a large philosophical and journalistic treatise "Russia and the West". Only overall plan this idea, two chapters, processed in the form of independent articles in French (“Russia and the Revolution”, “The Papacy and the Roman Question” - published in 1849, 1850), and concisely sketches of other sections.

As these articles, as well as Tyutchev's letters, testify, he is convinced that the "Europe of treatises of 1815" has already ceased to exist and revolutionary start deep "penetrated into the public blood." Seeing in the revolution only the element of destruction, Tyutchev is looking for the result of that crisis, which is shaking the world, in the reactionary utopia of pan-Slavism, refracted in his poetic imagination as the idea of ​​the unity of the Slavs under the auspices of the Russian - "pan-Slavic" tsar.

In Tyutchev's poetry of the 1950s and 1960s, the tragic perception of life intensifies. And the reason for this is not only in the drama he experienced, connected with love for E. A. Denisova and her death. In his poems, generalized images of the desert region, "poor villages", "poor beggar" appear. The sharp, merciless cruel contrast of wealth and poverty, luxury and deprivation is reflected in the poem "Send, Lord, your joy ...". "Hopelessly sad, soul-rending predictions of the poet" made a poem " Russian woman". The ominous image of the inhuman "light", which destroys everything better with slander, the image of the light-crowd, appears in the verses "There are two forces - two fatal forces ..." and "What did you pray with love ...".

In 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Committee for Foreign Censorship, Tyutchev more than once acted as a deputy to publications subjected to censorship punishment, which were under the threat of persecution. The poet was deeply convinced that “unconditional and too long compression and oppression cannot be imposed on the minds without significant harm to the entire social organism”, that the task of the government should not be to suppress, but to “direct” the press. Reality, equally constantly said that for the government of Alexander II, as well as for the government of Nicholas I, the only acceptable method of "directing" the press was the method of police persecution.

Although Tyutchev until the end of his days served as chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee (the poet died on July 15/27, 1873), both the service and the court-bureaucratic environment burdened him. The environment to which Tyutchev belonged was far from him, more than once from court ceremonies he endured a feeling of annoyance, deep dissatisfaction with himself and everyone around him. Therefore, almost all Tyutchev's letters are permeated with a feeling of longing, loneliness, and disappointment. “I love him,” wrote L. Tolstoy, “and I consider him one of those unfortunate people who are immeasurably higher than the crowd among which they live, and therefore are always alone.”

Biography of Tyutchev, Life and work of Tyutchev essay

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Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on the estate of Ovstug, Oryol province. Childhood years were spent in Ovstug, and youthful summers - in Moscow.

His home teacher was the poet Semyon Raich, who introduced the student to the creations of writers from all over the world and approved of his first experiments in the literary field. Fedor studied the poetry of ancient Rome, Latin, and at the age of twelve he successfully translated Horace's odes.

The very first work of Tyutchev, published, was the publication of 1819 of the transcription of the ode "Message to the Maecenas". Soon, Fedor Ivanovich entered the Moscow University in the verbal department and took part in his literary life. After graduating from the university in 1821, Tyutchev received a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, and in 1822 he began to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Then he was appointed an official in Munich, and for 22 years the poet visited his homeland only on short trips.

At this time, his relationship with literary life in Russia is interrupted for a long time.

Munich during Tyutchev's service in it could have the status of a cultural and political center countries. This city delighted, contributed to the expansion of knowledge in the field of history, philosophy, foreign languages. Tyutchev's circle of acquaintances is made up of the famous philosopher and idealist Friedrich Schelling, the German poet and critic Heinrich Heine. The poet translates poems by Johann Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, William Shakespeare.

Fame came to Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev along with the publication of 24 works written in Germany in Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's magazine Sovremennik.

In 1826, Fedor Ivanovich connected his fate with Eleanor Peterson, who was the widow of a Russian diplomat.

The marriage was concluded according to the Lutheran custom, and not in the Orthodox way, since such a ritual of the wedding of a diplomatic official abroad required lengthy troubles. They got married in 1829 in the Greek Orthodox Church. Soon, Eleonora Fedorovna, who already had four children, bore Tyutchev three daughters.

1833 gives rise to Tyutchev's novel with beautiful woman Ernestine Dernberg. To avoid scandal and various rumors, the poet is translated by a secretary in Turin. Here he survived the death of his wife. In one night the poet turned gray. Bitter memories of Eleonora Tyutcheva were reflected in his works.

Bitterness life circumstances did not extinguish Fyodor Ivanovich's ardent feelings for Ernestine Dernberg. In 1839, having taken the keys to the Russian embassy, ​​Tyutchev went to Switzerland in order to marry his beloved. Official misconduct could not allow diplomatic service Fedor Ivanovich to continue. After resigning, he began to live in Munich. For another five years, Tyutchev had no official position and stubbornly sought the opportunity to return to service.

In the autumn of 1844, Fyodor Ivanovich returned to his homeland with his family. Since 1858, he was the chairman of the censorship committee, where he sought to belittle the oppression of censorship in various ways.

Returning to Russia, Tyutchev is experiencing a new creative take-off. In the years 1849-1852 he creates many poems.

Tyutchev's poetry has more than 400 verses. The theme of nature is one of the most common in the poet's lyrics. Thus, landscapes, dynamism, the diversity of nature are shown in such poems by Tyutchev as "Autumn", "Spring Waters" and many others.

Love is also an important theme in Tyutchev's lyrics. Sensuality, tenderness, passion, tension are manifested in his poems. Love is represented by the poet in poems from the "Denisiev" cycle.

The year 1850 was marked by the poet's acquaintance with the teacher of the Smolny Institute, Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva. This open fourteen-year affair caused a strong public persecution. The main burden of condemnation fell on the share of an impressionable woman. Denisyeva died, unable to cope with the severe trials intended for her. She left Fedor Ivanovich three children.

In 1865, the poet had to come to terms with the loss of two children and a mother. Later, Tyutchev has to endure a series of deaths of loved ones. He buried his son and daughter, his only brother.

Troubles broke the poet, his health deteriorated, and on June 15, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich died in Tsarskoye Selo. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Direction: Genre: Works on the site Lib.ru in Wikisource.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev(November 23 [December 5], Ovstug, Bryansk district, Orel province - July 15, Tsarskoye Selo) - Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5, 1803 in the family estate of Ovstug, Oryol province. Tyutchev received home education, studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry, at the age of thirteen he translated the odes of Horace. At the age of 14, as a volunteer, he began attending lectures at the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University, where Merzlyakov and Kachenovsky were his teachers. Even before enrollment, he was admitted to the number of students in November 1818, in 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Having received a certificate of graduation from the university in 1821, Tyutchev enters the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and goes to Munich as a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission. Enrollment in the service took place at the request of a relative, Count Osterman-Tolstoy. Here he meets Schelling and Heine and marries Eleanor Peterson, nee Countess Bothmer, with whom he has three daughters. The eldest of them, later marries Aksakov.

The steamer "Nikolai I", on which the Tyutchev family sails from St. Petersburg to Turin, is in distress in the Baltic Sea. When saving Eleanor and the children, Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship, helps. This disaster seriously crippled the health of Eleonora Tyutcheva. She dies in 1838. Tyutchev is so saddened that, after spending the night at the coffin of his late wife, he turned gray in a few hours. In 1839, Tyutchev's diplomatic activity was suddenly interrupted, but until 1844 he continued to live abroad.

Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev again entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where from 1848 he held the position of senior censor. Being him, he did not allow the manifesto to be distributed in Russia communist party in Russian, stating that "who needs it, they will also read it in German."

Almost immediately upon his return, F. I. Tyutchev actively participates in Belinsky's circle

Not printing poems at all during these years, Tyutchev appeared with journalistic articles in French: “Letter to Mr. Doctor Kolb” (1844), “Note to the Tsar” (1845), “Russia and the Revolution” (1849), “Papacy and The Roman Question” (1850), and also later, already in Russia, an article written “On Censorship in Russia” (1857). On April 17, 1858, State Councilor Tyutchev was appointed Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. In this post, despite numerous troubles and clashes with the government, Tyutchev stayed for 15 years, until his death. August 30, 1865 Tyutchev was promoted to Privy Councilor.

On December 4, 1872, the poet stopped moving his left hand and felt a sharp deterioration in vision; he began to suffer excruciating headaches. On the morning of January 1, 1873, despite the warnings of others, the poet went for a walk, intending to visit friends. On the street, he had a stroke that paralyzed the entire left half of his body. July 15, 1873 Tyutchev died.

Addresses

Stay in Moscow

Stay in St. Petersburg

Stay abroad

Poetry

... the interpreter is faced with a well-known paradox: on the one hand, "no single poem by Tyutchev will be revealed to us in all its depth, if we consider it as an independent unit" ... On the other hand, Tyutchev's corpus is frankly "random", we have texts that are not institutionally attached to literature, not supported by the author's will, reflecting the hypothetical "Tyutchev heritage" is obviously incomplete. "Unity" and "crowding" of Tyutchev poetic heritage allow to compare it with folklore".

Very important for understanding Tyutchev's poetics is his fundamental distance from the literary process, his unwillingness to see himself as a professional writer and even disregard for the results of his own work.

Tyutchev does not write poetry, writing down already existing text blocks. In some cases, we are able to observe how work in progress above initial options Tyutchev's texts: to the vague, often tautologically designed (another parallel with folklore lyrics) core, Tyutchev attaches different kind"correct" rhetorical devices, taking care of eliminating tautologies, clarifying allegorical meanings (Tyutchev's text in this sense unfolds in time, repeating common features evolution poetic devices described in the works of A. N. Veselovsky devoted to parallelism - from the undivided identification of phenomena of different series to a complex analogy). It is often at the late stage of work on the text (corresponding to the consolidation of its written status) that the lyrical subject is introduced pronominally.

periodization

Tyutchev dedicated two poems to Pushkin: "To Pushkin's Ode to Liberty" and "January 29, 1837", the last of which radically differs from the works of other poets on Pushkin's death by the absence of direct Pushkin's reminiscences and archaic language in its style.

Museums

Monument to Tyutchev in the museum-reserve "Ovstug"

The master's house in the museum-reserve "Ovstug"

The museum-estate of the poet is located in Muranov near Moscow. It went into the possession of the poet's descendants, who collected memorial exhibits there. Tyutchev himself, apparently, has never been to Muranovo. On July 27, 2006, a fire broke out in the museum on an area of ​​500 m² from a lightning strike, two museum employees were injured in the fight against fire, who managed to save part of the exhibits.

The Tyutchev family estate was located in the village of Ovstug (now the Zhukovsky district of the Bryansk region). The central building of the estate, due to its dilapidated state, was dismantled into bricks in 1914, from which the volost foreman, deputy State Duma IV convocation, Dmitry Vasilyevich Kiselev built the building of the volost government (preserved; now - the museum of the history of the village of Ovstug). The park and the pond have been neglected for a long time. The restoration of the estate began in 1957 thanks to the enthusiasm of V. D. Gamolin: under museum being created F. I. Tyutchev was transferred to the preserved building rural school(), the park was restored, a bust of F. I. Tyutchev was installed, and in the 1980s, the building of the estate was recreated according to the surviving sketches, into which the museum’s exposition moved in 1986 (it includes several thousand original exhibits). In the former building of the museum ( former school) is an art gallery. In 2003, the building of the Assumption Church was restored in Ovstug.

Family estate in the village of Znamenskoye on the Katka River (now the Uglich district of the Yaroslavl region). Until now, the house, a dilapidated church and a park of extraordinary beauty have been preserved; the estate is planned to be reconstructed. When the war with the French began in 1812, the Tyutchevs gathered to evacuate. The Tyutchev family left for the Yaroslavl province, in the village of Znamenskoye. There lived the grandmother of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev from the side of his father, Pelageya Denisovna Panyutina. She had been seriously ill for a long time; relatives found my grandmother alive, but on December 3, 1812, she died. The Tyutchevs decided not to return to burned Moscow, but to go to their estate in Ovstug. Raich, the future mentor and friend of Fedenka Tyutchev, also left Znamensky with them.

A year and a half after the death of my grandmother, the division of all property began. It was supposed to take place between three sons. But since the elder Dmitry was rejected by the family for marrying without parental blessing, two could participate in the section: Nikolai Nikolaevich and Ivan Nikolaevich. But Znamenskoye was an indivisible estate, a kind of Tyutchev's majorate. It could not be divided, changed or sold. The brothers did not live in Znamenskoye for a long time: Nikolai Nikolaevich was in St. Petersburg, Ivan Nikolaevich - in Moscow, besides, he already had an estate in the Bryansk province. Thus, Nikolai Nikolaevich received Znamenskoye. In the late 1820s, Nikolai Nikolaevich died. Ivan Nikolayevich (the poet's father) became the guardian of his brother's children. All of them settled in Moscow and St. Petersburg, with the exception of Alexei, who lived in Znamenskoye. It was from him that the so-called "Yaroslavl" branch of the Tyutchevs went. His son, Alexander Alekseevich Tyutchev, that is, the nephew of Fyodor Ivanovich, was the district marshal of the nobility for 20 years. And he is the last landowner of Znamensky.

Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev, poet's father.

Ekaterina Lvovna Tyutcheva, mother of the poet.

Family

Father- Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev (October 12 - April 23), son of Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev Jr. (-) and Pelageya Denisovna, born. Panyutina (-3 December)

Mother- Ekaterina Lvovna (October 16 - May 15), daughter of Leo Vasilyevich Tolstoy (October -14) and Ekaterina Mikhailovna Rimskaya-Korsakova (? -1788). She was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. The father's sister, Anna Vasilievna Osterman, and her husband F. A. Osterman played a big role in the fate of the niece and her family. Native brother mother - A. M. Rimsky-Korsakov.

Brothers:

• Nikolai Ivanovich (June 9, 1801-December 8). Colonel General Staff. Died single. The last owner of the Tyutchev family estate with. Gorenovo.
• Sergey (April 6 - May 22)
• Dmitry (February 26 - April 25)
• Vasily (January 19) died in infancy

Father's sister- Nadezhda Nikolaevna (-), married to Sheremetev, mother of Anastasia, the future wife of the Decembrist Yakushkin and Pelageya (-), the future wife of M. N. Muravyov-Vilensky.

Categories:

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• Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev
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