Dialectisms are examples of words in Russian. School encyclopedia

B agrets cloth- purple fabric (from “crimson”, “crimson”).
Basa- beauty, decoration; Basco - beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- head of a fishing artel.
To swear- talk, say.
Safe- boldly.
Silently- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; permanent epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Birch - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; special place under canopy on ships; company, party .
Berdo- belonging to the weaving mill.
Bloods- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, i.e. forest beekeeping, extracting honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - job title.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast organized on holidays by pooling .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal drinking bowl.
Buoy stick- fighting club.
Burzametskoye (spear) - see: Murzametskoe.
Bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, dish, dish, edible.
Nonsense, nonsense- a small seine that two people use to catch fish while wading.
Bujava, Bujevo- cemetery, grave.
Formerly - as if, how.
Bylitsa- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- a story about evil spirits, the authenticity of which is not doubted.

Important- hard, hard.
Valjak, felted, felted - cast, chased, carved, turned, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on the mound, on the jew’s harp”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Veredy - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(ropes, rope, rope) - a post on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretye- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps this means a spindle, i.e. a type of copperhead - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, pair, couple.
Pounded mile - probably from “gverst” - coarse sand, crushed stone.
Nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead on horseback.
Evening- yesterday.
Heave up- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, twig, long branch.
Water-carrier - a vessel for carrying and storing water and drinking.
Volzhanaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Red tape (bow) - ordinary, everyday, well-worn.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Patrimony - estate (hereditary, ancestral); surname; “by votchina” - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; top part sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
Dress up- tell yourself something.
Howl - food, eating; amount of food at a time; hour of food.
Outputs - tribute, submit.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, knitting - a baton made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of runners, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viriy, iriy)- a wonderful, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- snowstorm.

G ah- oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; V ironically- smart ass.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr is a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - a smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, bare, devoid of vegetation and stones.
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're baking - you will run into, you will fly (from “bounce”).
reception, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes .
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're toasting- run into, run into (from “bounce”).
Gridenka, gridnya, grinya, grinyushka - reception room, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness on top of the shaft.
Gusli, guslishki, guslishki- plucked string instrument.
Suitable- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Godina- good clear weather, a bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
Dutchman- chervonets, beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- ten-kopeck piece; V Ancient Rus' currency unit- a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
bed- a shelf going from the stove to the wall.
Lip- bay, backwater.
Horn- a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.

Dever- Brother husband.
Devyatina- a period of nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the hero's lineage.
Del - share division of the spoils (“sharing affairs”).
Hold - spend; does not hold on - is not spent, does not dry up.
Dominates - appropriate, befitting; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a warrior, i.e. a weapon, perhaps long-stinged - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, plenty, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got enough? (Are you tired?)- at the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“she won’t come to the Duma”).
Durodny - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's patrimony - a family estate that came into possession by lateral inheritance.
Deja- dough dough, sauerkraut; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, former.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drolya- dear, dear, beloved.

Ye ndova- wide copper bowl with spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless vest, fur coat.
Ernishny- from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Yestva- food, food.

Zhelnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; livestock
Zhito- any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- an ancient half-caftan.

Z convince- complain, cry.
Zagneta (Zagneta)- ash pan of a Russian stove.
Conspiracy- the last day before Lent, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch to damage or destroy the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- something new and clean that is soiled or contaminated;
lightened the heart (from “renew”; take away the soul, lighten the heart). Get excited
- be happy. Zarod
- a large stack of hay, bread, not round, but oblong. Spotted
- bottom, bin; bin partition. Zen
- Earth. Zink
- take a look. Zipun
- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar. Zrelki

- ripe berries.And weed

- praise, glory, thank you.Kazak, Cossack woman
- worker. (worker), farm laborer, hired worker. Damask
- antique thick silk patterned Chinese fabric. Eve
- festive beer, mash. Karavaytsy
- wheat pancakes. Wire rods
- felt boots. Cue, cue
- stick, staff, batog. Kisa
- bag. Kitina
- grass trunk, pea stalk. Kichka
- an ancient Russian festive headdress of a married woman. Intestine
- homemade sausage. Cage
- a room or storage room in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet. Klyuka
- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant's plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof. Kokurka
- bun with egg. Komel - thickened Bottom part
spinning wheels; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn. Komon
- horse, horse.- from Asian silk fabric, used for a bedspread and veil.
Kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a frame.
Kopyl- a short block in the runners of a sled that serves as a support for the body.
Mower- a large knife with a thick and wide blade.
Kostritsa (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after they are scuffed and carded.
Slanted (skewed) window- a window made of jambs or metal rods intertwined at random, typical of Rus' until the 18th century.
Cats- a type of warm footwear.
Red corner- a corner in the hut where icons hung.
beauty- a bride’s crown made of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and maiden will.
Kroma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma the Big Crema” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, this is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- handloom; thread base when weaving on a handloom; fabric woven on crosses.
Crosenza- homespun shirts.
Krynica- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrow and tall.
Tow- a combed and tied bundle of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- a slob, an unkempt person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
Smoking- get up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in a hut under the icons or near the stove: “rotten corner” - north-west wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- little plump.
Ladom- good, as it should be.
Swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the arms and sleeves of the shirt.
lollipop- ice block.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in a lake protruding from the water.

Myna- wormwood.
Uterus, mother- middle ceiling beam in the hut.
Mezhenny (mezhony)- long, long, summer.
Low water - average level water, which is established after the flood (in June - before heat and drought).
Merezha- a fishing net stretched over a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, “by the whole world.”
Young guy- new month.
Muzzle- wickerwork.
Hassle- (trouble) - cloud, cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
Animated- covered with glaze.
Myalitsa- a grinder, a projectile used to crush flax and hemp, clearing the fibers from the kernel.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, grief.
Nat- necessary (short for “put on” - necessary).
Stretch- stumble upon, attack.
Neoblyzhny- real, not false.
Neudolny- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
Novina- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas;
grain of the new harvest. Stayed overnight

- last night.Oh grandmas
- mushroom, boletus. Charm (charm)
- slander, jinx. Obloukhy
- long-eared, long-eared, long-eared. Twist - dress; dress up (the young woman after the crown in women's clothing
); marry.
Omshanik- a caulked log house for wintering bees.
Onuchi- foot wraps for boots or bast shoes, foot wraps.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn out and tattered shoes.
Yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass that has grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year in place of what was cut.

Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in a hut on which the cradle was suspended.
P a g e- pasture, place for grazing livestock.
Pasma- part of a skein of thread or yarn.
Peltish- with fringe.
Relog- a neglected arable place.
Povet, povetka- barn, stable; canopy, roof over the yard; covered yard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
Undercut- “sled with undercuts” - with a shackled sleigh runner.
Pokut- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an antique small copper quarter penny coin.
Popeluinik (popeluinik)- from “sang”: ash, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
Porosha- snow falling evenly; a layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
stand- strip, field; plot, part of the field occupied by reapers.
Poyarchatiy- from the wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- drawn-out, mournful.
Proletye- early summer, June, time for petrovka.
Pryazhenets- flatbread, pancake with butter; pancake made from black flour, with butter.
Pryazhenitsa- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Spinning- part of the fence from pillar to post; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which fishing is carried out.

Pyalichki- hoop.
Apply- try, care, assist. To get sick is to undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- spread out, spread out, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- heart.
Zealous, quick-tempered- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a shed for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- a crossroads, an intersection of roads, where they say goodbye, separate, part.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, throw.
Row (rad)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction for purchase, hire, supply, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freeze-up.
Scroll- long outerwear (usually among Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain that the sower carries over his shoulder.
Week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko- north, north wind.
Speed ​​up- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, bend.
Get crowded- gather in a bunch, in one place.
Smashny- delicious.
Smychin- a knotty, strong stick that goes to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
Sporyadny- neighbor, fellow villager (from “row” - street).
Stavets- large cup, bowl.
Flock- stall, barnyard, corral, fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stanovik- fence from small forest.
Stanitsa neudolnaya- children of the deceased.
Surplice- clergyman’s clothing, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
Streha- lower, hanging edge of the roof wooden house, hut.
Styazhye- poles, poles, thick sticks for strengthening a haystack or a cart of hay.
Sukoleno- a knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
adversary- rival.
Sousek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Full- honey infusion; water sweetened with honey.

T Alan- happiness, luck, fate.
Talina- thawed ground, thawed patches.
Tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- cobweb.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one cast net; a place where they fish.
Torok- gust of wind, squall.
Toroka (toroki)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo or a travel bag to it.
Torok- a beaten, beaten path.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse’s mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tulley- tulle frill.
Tyablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

U timber- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
Dinner bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, number of sheaves.
Calm down (about water)- come to low water, to normal, average condition, quantity.
Steal- caulk it in one fell swoop, prepare it for winter.

H scarlet- it seemed to be hoped.
Chelo- the front part of the Russian stove.
Cheremny- red, red.
Chernets, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Chetverik- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 units (for example, a sack of 4 poods).
Chuika- long cloth caftan.

Shalyga (shelyga)- wicker ball; wooden ball; scourge, whip, goad.
Shanga- cheesecake, very juicy, simple flatbread.
Shelomchaty- with a convex cap.
Woolbit- the one who beats, ruffles, fluffs the wool.
Wool- hornets.
Six- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian stove.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a piece of fabric across the entire width.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

Shcherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barking- barren (about cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a permanent epithet for gusli.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.

Dialectisms, translated from Greek language mean conversation, dialect, adverb. These are words and phrases used in a certain area, region, or country. You can take any country in the world to study dialects and make sure that there are a lot of dialects in every corner of our planet.

Sometimes you may encounter the fact that residents of one country living only in different cities, villages, aulakhs, they do not always understand each other. The dialects of a population belonging to the same linguistic group, but not using a literary language, but speaking a dialect developed over centuries, are so different. As an example, I’ll tell you a little about what I encountered while living in Syria.

When I arrived in this wonderful country, I didn’t know how to communicate at all. I had to take courses. We need to somehow communicate with the population. After finishing the course, I decided that I could easily go somewhere alone, without being accompanied by a person who knew Arabic.

Let's go. When I started explaining to one shopkeeper what I needed, he started laughing. Quite a lot of people gathered, who also had fun listening to me. For a long time I could not understand what was the matter. For several days in a row, everyone I talked to laughed until they cried. In the end, I was enlightened.

It turned out that I spoke pure literary Arabic, which is not used at all in oral speech. In use in this country colloquial, and every city, every village has its own dialect. Often even Arabs do not understand each other, the dialects are so different, which date back to Biblical times.

Let's look at dialectisms using the example of the Russian language

It will be simpler and clearer for us. This topic remains interesting for linguists because this is our history, and currently Russian folk dialects are disappearing, and with them we are losing the uniqueness of our linguistic history and Russian culture in general, which dates back to pagan times.

Russian folk dialects contain a large number of original folk words, characteristic only for a certain place. Dialectisms are mainly present in colloquial speech village residents. In dialects we see the original language of the Russian people; in some places even today you can hear expressions of Old Russian speech.

And in in public places, such as schools, higher educational establishments, law enforcement agencies and governing bodies, even people who are accustomed to communicate using dialectical expressions, try to use the generally accepted, so to speak, literary language.

• "Red Maiden" - a very beautiful girl;
• “Alatyr-stone” is the father of all stones (the one that lies on the island of Buyan;
• “grab” - grabbed;
• “go” - go;
• “yarilo” - the sun;
• “whirled” - sad, sad.
• “Baba Yaga” is an old, scary, angry, lonely grandmother.

Dialectisms are very clearly visible in ancient sayings and proverbs that came to us from paganism.

For example

• “The day that has come has reached us, and the day that lies ahead, take care of it,”
• “Trouble is in the family”
• "Brotherhood judges like a judge"
• “Be afraid or afraid, but fate cannot be avoided.”

Let me give a few more examples of dialectisms

Everyone is well aware of the word “sarafan”. And in the time of Ivan the Terrible, men's clothing was called a sundress? The ancient numeral “far away” is preserved in fairy tales (“far away lands”). The word "blindness" means absurd, absurd.

In conclusion, I would like to recall what huge role in our modern native language Our heritage plays to this day, the vocabulary that our people have accumulated over the centuries.

Without this experience, you and I would not have such a rich, versatile language. Without this, we would not be able to express our thoughts, feelings, and experiences so clearly and accurately. Let's preserve this heritage and increase it, learning more and more deeply the history of our ancestors.

(gr. dialectos - adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia they call stag grip, clay pot - makhotka, bench - conditional etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.

The dialects reflect the original language of the Russian people, in individual features local dialects relic forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source of restoration historical processes that once affected our language.

Dialects differ from the national dialects national language various features - phonetic, morphological, special usage and completely original words, unknown literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.

1. Lexical dialectisms- words known only to native speakers of the dialect and outside it, having neither phonetic nor word-forming variants. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (talk), in the northern - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, l/anarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of skirt,” etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.

3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms - words that have in the dialect unusual meaning: bridge- “the floor in the hut”, lips - “mushrooms of all varieties except white ones”, shout (someone)- "call for", myself- “master, husband,” etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai(tea), chain(chain) - consequences of “clattering” and “clinking”, characteristic of northern dialects; hverma(farm), paper(paper), passport(passport), life(life).

5. Word-formation dialectisms - words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: chant(rooster), goose(goose), upskirt(calf), strawberry(strawberry), bro(Brother), Shuryak(brother-in-law), dharma(for free) always(Always), from where(where), poked(Bye), evonic(his), theirs(them), etc.

6. Morphological dialectisms - forms of inflection not typical for the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go), ending - am in nouns instrumental case plural (under the pillars), ending e at personal pronouns in genitive case singular: for me, for you and etc.

Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not form the subject of study lexical system language.

From dialects, from “soil”, then he, like

Ancient Antaeus, would lose all his strength

And I would become like dead language, what

Now is the Latin language.

L.V.Shcherba

The language of writing, science, culture, fiction, official business documents is the literary language, but the means everyday communication for a considerable part of the inhabitants of Russia it is their native dialect .

A dialect, or dialect, is the smallest territorial variety of a language, spoken by residents of several nearby villages, if the speech in them is uniform, or of one village. Dialects are characterized by phonetic, grammatical features, as well as specific vocabulary.

Dialectisms are words of local dialects that are found in the speech of people from a certain dialect environment and are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization (in order to create local flavor, speech characteristics characters).

Depending on the nature of the differences dialect word The following types of dialectisms are distinguished from literary ones:

1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features sound system dialects This is okana, yak, clack, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, byada, na[γ ]a, hvartukh, kartokhlya, tasto. Yes, in a ditty How Baranovsky girls say the letter “tse”: “Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pets!”- reflects the clicking, which is characteristic of Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects.

2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features of the grammatical structure of dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towel, gray mouse), number ( the heat was intense) belonging to another type of declension, having in one case or another an ending that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”: The pincushion and the legs are so cute! Pearls ground into white! At the noun whitewash(plural only) in accusative case the ending is ы, which reflects the peculiarity of the dialect of Moscow, which at the beginning of the 20th century was considered literary norm. It was also acceptable in those days to use [t] soft verbs in the 3rd person, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes the verb in indefinite form be in love With belongs, standing in the form of the 3rd person, which indicates the pronunciation of soft [t] : You cannot doubt that I could love another, since every movement of my heart belongs to you alone.

Grammatical dialectisms also include special use prepositions ( He came from Moscow), constructions unusual for a literary language (I'll break your cup).

3. Lexical dialectisms are divided into:

A) actually lexical– local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( peplum - beautiful, bayat - talk, povet - hayloft, hefty - very);

b) lexical-phonetic dialectisms reflect irregular ones (represented by isolated cases and “unpredictable”, in contrast to okanya, yakanya, tsokanya, etc.) phonetic features (vyshnya - cherry, hollow - hollow, teasing - teasing, breakfast - breakfast). A variety of lexical-phonetic dialectisms are accentological– words that differ from literary accents ( h A dry - zas at ha, in e rba – willow A, X O freezing - cold O).

V) lexical and word-formative dialectisms are words that have some differences in the word-formation structure compared to words of the literary language ( to visit - to visit, fox - fox, groin - smell).

4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language (watermelon “pumpkin”, good-natured “white mushroom”, bridge “floor”, teapot “a person who loves to drink tea”).

5. Ethnographic dialectisms– names of objects and phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, and rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothing, kitchen utensils, dishes (ponyova “a type of skirt worn by married peasant women”, novina “severe canvas”, tues “a vessel made of birch bark”, dvernik “a person who opens the door during a wedding ceremony”).

6. Phraseological dialectisms- This stable combinations words found only in dialects ( enter into goodness “enter into trust”, take yourself out “arrange your life”, tie your head “stop doing anything”).

Linguist V.I. Chernyshev noted: “ Vocabularies villages are richer than the city's reserves... When we want to expand our historical and philological education, then here knowledge of the folk language will provide us with invaluable services.”

Due to the preservation of many archaic features, dialects serve as material for historical and linguistic research and explanation of ancient language monuments. Thus, in some dialects soft hissing [zh], [sh] are still preserved.

Studying dialects helps to gain a deeper understanding of kinship Slavic languages. For example, in Russian dialects the custom of helping each other with work, if it needs to be done urgently or is labor-intensive, is called help/help, cleanup/cleanup(compare with Belarusian talaqa/talaqa), and the holiday of the end of the harvest - dozhinki / obzhinki / spozhinki.

The fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. Borders linguistic phenomena often coincide with the ancients political boundaries. For example, the boundaries of word distribution cockerel, flail leash correspond quite accurately to the boundaries of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Therefore, dialectology is closely related to such branches scientific knowledge, such as history, archeology, ethnography, folkloristics.

Many Russian writers loved the living folk word. S.T. Aksakov, N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, M. Sholokhov especially often resorted to dialectisms.

The literary language constantly influences dialects, and they are gradually destroyed, losing many of their features, but dialects, in turn, influence the literary language. So, from the talk came the words strawberries, plow, bagel. Especially often the literary language lacks expressive vocabulary, which quickly “fades” and loses its original expressiveness. In these cases, dialects come to the aid of the literary language.

Russian folk dialects, or dialects(gr. dialektos- adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. So, in the south of Russia they call stag grip, clay pot- makhotka, bench - conditional etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.

The dialects reflect the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech have been preserved, which are the most important source for restoring historical processes that once affected our language.

Dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.

1. Lexical dialectisms are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and have neither phonetic nor word-forming variants outside of it. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are words beet (beet), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (talk); in the northern - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

2. Ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki- "pies prepared in a special way" etc. A nki- "special potato pancakes" nardek- "watermelon molasses" man A rka- "a type of outerwear" poneva- “a type of skirt”, etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants, etc.

3. Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that have an unusual meaning in a dialect: bridge- "the floor in the hut" lips- “mushrooms of all varieties, except white ones”, scream(someone) - “to call”, myself- “master, husband,” etc. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

4. Phonetic dialectisms - words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect tsai (tea), chap (chain)- consequences of “clattering” and “clinking”, characteristic of northern dialects; hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life) and under.

5. Derivational dialectisms are words that have received a special affix design in the dialect: peven (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), forever (always), otkul (from), pokeda (for now), evonny (his), ichniy (theirs) etc.

6. Morphological dialectisms are forms of inflection not characteristic of a literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person ( go, go); ending -am for nouns in the instrumental case plural ( under the pillars); ending e for personal pronouns in the genitive singular: for me, for you and etc.

Dialectal features are also characteristic of the syntactic level and the phraseological level, but they do not form the subject of studying the lexical system of a language.