What was our country called at different times? What was Russia called before?
Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers to the calling of the Varangians - Russia (there are reports about the origin of this people different versions) to Novgorod the Great by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and upper Volga region: the East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and the Finno-Ugric Chuds, Meri and Vesi. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kyiv and also took possession of the lands of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Severians, Radimichi, Ulichs and Tiverts, which together made up the main territory of the Old Russian state.
Old Russian state
During maximum expansion borders The Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volynians, White Croats, Yatvingians, Muroms, Meshcheras, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks Kerch Strait(Tmutarakan Principality). Gradually, the tribal nobility was ousted by the Rurikovichs, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Rus'. During the 11th-12th centuries, tribal names gradually ceased to be mentioned (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the middle Volga basin dependent on the Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovich carried out divisions of Rus' among themselves, but the consequences of the first two sections (and) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of Rurikovich (). Section 1054, after which the so-called The “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs,” despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (-), was never completely overcome. After a struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsians, in 1097, at the Lyubech Congress of Princes, the principle “everyone holds his fatherland” was established.
After the allied actions of the princes moved the fight against the Polovtsians from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav after a series of internal wars managed to achieve recognition of their power by some of the Russian princes, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intra-dynastic marriages.
Russian principalities
In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually fall out of control Kyiv princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Rus'. With the beginning of the fragmentation of Russian lands, the names “Rus”, “Russian Land” in most cases are applied to the Principality of Kyiv.
When breaking up Old Russian state The Principality of Volyn, the Principality of Galicia, the Principality of Kiev proper, the Principality of Murom-Ryazan, the Novgorod Land, the Principality of Pereyaslavl, the Principality of Polotsk, the Principality of Rostov-Suzdal, the Principality of Turov-Pinsk, and the Principality of Chernigov were formed. In each of them the process of formation of appanages began.
The strengthening of the positions of the Vladimir Grand Dukes after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife before it, which the principality did not have until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which carried out expansion into Russian lands, and also the fact that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky were recognized in the Golden Horde as the oldest in Rus'. In fact, all the great princes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and from 1266 - of the Golden Horde, independently collecting tribute in their possessions and forwarding it to the khan. WITH mid-XIII centuries, the title of Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost constantly held by the Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich Tverskoy (-) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called “Prince of All Rus'”.
In the 14th century, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed in the northeast of Rus', and the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, which meant seniority within North-Eastern Rus' and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, while simultaneously authorizing the independence of the Grand Duchy of Tver. The Grand Duchy of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.
Russian state
Russian kingdom
In the 16th and 17th centuries. Our ancestors called “states” those regions that were once independent political units and then became part of the Moscow state. From this point of view, then there existed the “Novgorod state”, “Kazan state”, and “ Moscow State" often meant Moscow itself with its district. If they wanted to express the concept of the entire state in our sense, then they said: “all the great states of the Russian kingdom” or simply “ Russian kingdom».
Russian empire
After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917
Russian Democratic Federative Republic
Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Trans-SFSR.
Also, before the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, a new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, forms and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.
Use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR
- 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
- 1966 - in the title of the book “Chistyakov O.I., Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966.”
- 1978 - in the preamble to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978.
IN modern Russia Some documents are still in force in which the old name “RSFSR” remains:
- Law of the RSFSR of December 15, 1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) “On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments”
- Law of the RSFSR of 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) “On the judicial system of the RSFSR”
- Declaration of the SND of the RSFSR dated 06/12/1990 N 22-1 “On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
- Law of the RSFSR dated October 24, 1990 N 263-1 “On the effect of acts of bodies USSR on the territory of the RSFSR"
- Law of the RSFSR of October 31, 1990 N 293-1 “On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated March 22, 1991 N 948-1 (as amended on July 26, 2006) “On competition and restrictions on monopolistic activities in commodity markets” (only Article 4 applies)
- Law of the RSFSR dated April 26, 1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on July 1, 1993) “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples”
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on December 30, 2008) “On investment activities in the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on February 2, 2006) “On priority provision agro-industrial complex material and technical resources"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 15, 1991 N 211 (as amended on June 26, 1992) “On increasing wages employees of budgetary organizations and institutions"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 21, 1991 N 228 “On the organization Russian Academy Sciences"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of trading enterprises in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 28, 1991 N 240 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of enterprises’ activities consumer services population in the RSFSR"
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 255 “On priority measures to organize the work of industry in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 256 “On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the conditions of economic reform”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 297 (as amended on February 28, 1995) “On measures to liberalize prices”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 12, 1991 N 269 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the single economic space of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 “On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic” (renaming the state to the Russian Federation)
- Decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated December 24, 1991 N 62 (as amended on November 13, 2010) “On approval of lists federal roads in the RSFSR" (valid until January 1, 2018)
see also
Notes
- Ipatiev Chronicle
- Florya B.N. About some features of the development of ethnic self-awareness of the Eastern Slavs in the Middle Ages - early modern times.
- BRE, volume “Russia”, p.278
- Marat Salikov "National federalism of Russia", materials of the round table "The influence of national relations on the development of a federal state structure and on the socio-political realities of the Russian Federation"
- Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets “On federal institutions of the Russian Republic”
- The name of Soviet Russia in documents in the first year of its existence:
Decree of the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on land October 26 (November 8), 1917- Russian state
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Republic of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies
- Soviet Russian Republic
- Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic
- workers' and peasants' state
- Federation of Soviet Republics of Russia
- socialist republic of Soviets
- Soviet republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Federation of Soviet Republics
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federation Soviets
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- "(delegation of) Russian socialist revolution"
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic(occurs 21 times)
- Russian Republic
- (Treaty between the Russian and Finnish Socialist Republics)
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic(3 times)
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic(2 times)
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic(1 time)
- Soviet Republic
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet government
- Russian government
- Russian government
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic(2 times)
- Russian Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
"Russia" is the name of a country that does not have great history. Previously, the country of the ball was listed on geographic Maps under completely different names.
The first name of Russia known to historians is Hyperborea
Hyperborea is a legendary state in ancient greek mythology. According to scientists, it was the Hyperboreans who occupied the territory of the present Russian North several thousand years ago. Also interesting is the fact that medieval maps this land was designated as Hyperborea. The ancient Greek historian Diodorus wrote with envy that even death comes to the inhabitants of this country as deliverance from the pleasures of life, which the Hyperboreans, having experienced in abundance, rush into the sea to meet eternal pleasure.
The second name of Russia is Sarmatia
The borders of this state extended from the Urals to the Black Sea. There are scientists who claim that people from the mythological Hyperborea lived in Sarmantia, who ousted the Scythians and began to rule their people. M. Lomonosov said that the beginning of Russian statehood should be sought in the Sarmatian tradition.
The third name of Russia is Great Sweden
Snorri Sturlusson ( political figure and the famous Icelandic skald, who lived in the 12-13 centuries) called European territory today's Russian Federation Great Sweden. It turns out that Russian citizens, to some extent, can consider themselves Swedes.
The fourth name of Russia is Gardariki
The Vikings and Normans called Russia this way in the past. Translated from Icelandic, “gardariki” means “country of cities.”
The fifth name of Russia is As-Slavia
Arab geographers Ibn-Haukal and El-Farsi in the 10th century. Rus' was called As-Slavia. The city of Salau at that time was the capital of the state. There are scientists who identify As-Slavia with the Novgorod land, and the capital of the state with the city of Slovensk, which is currently located near Veliky Novgorod. Arab scientists did not stop at As-Slavia and present-day Russia was also called Artania and Kujava. And even today there is debate about the localization of Artania, the whole point is that some historians say that it was modern Ryazan, and as for Kujava, it is associated with the Kyiv lands.
The sixth name of Russia is Tartaria
European cartographers used such a harmless naming to designate the territory of present-day Russia until the 19th century.
The seventh name of Russia is Muscovy
It would seem that with this name everything is extremely clear, because Russia is called Muscovy thanks to its capital. But there are sources that claim that the name Muscovy does not come from the word Moscow, but from Mosoch, Noah’s grandson, since he is the founder of the “Muscovite” people. Some historians argue that the words “Muscovy” and “Moscow” have nothing in common, so there is no point in identifying them.
Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers to the calling of the Varangians-Rus (there are different versions about the origin of this people) to Novgorod the Great by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and upper Volga region: the East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and the Finno-Ugric Chuds , measure and weigh. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kyiv and also took possession of the lands of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Severians, Radimichi, Ulichs and Tiverts, which together made up the main territory of the Old Russian state.
Old Russian state
Also Rus', Russian land. IN Western Europe- “Russia” and Rusiya (Russia, Ruscia, Rusca, Rutigia). Since the 11th century, the name “prince of Russians” has been used. And at the beginning of the 12th century (in papal charters) the name “Russia” appears. In Byzantium - Ρως, “Ros”, Title "Russia"(Greek Ρωσα) first used in the middle. 10th century by Constantine Porphyrogenitus.
During the period of maximum expansion of the borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volynians, White Croats, Yatvingians, Muroms, Meshcheras, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks of the Kerch Strait (Tmutarakan Principality) . Gradually, the tribal nobility was ousted by the Rurikovichs, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Rus'. During the 11th-12th centuries, tribal names gradually ceased to be mentioned (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the middle Volga basin dependent on the Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovich carried out divisions of Rus' among themselves, but the consequences of the first two partitions (972 and 1015) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of Rurikovich (1036). Section 1054, after which the so-called The “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs,” despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (1078–1093), was never completely overcome. After a struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsians, in 1097 at the Lyubech Congress of Princes the principle “everyone holds his fatherland” was established.
After the allied actions of the princes moved the fight against the Polovtsians from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav, after a series of internal wars, managed to achieve recognition of their power by part of the Russian princes, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intra-dynastic marriages.
Russian principalities
In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually emerge from the power of the Kyiv princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Rus'. With the beginning of the fragmentation of Russian lands, the names “Rus” and “Russian Land” were in most cases applied to the Principality of Kyiv.
With the collapse of the Old Russian state, Volyn Principality, Principality of Galicia, actually Principality of Kiev, Muromo-Ryazan Principality, Novgorod land, Pereyaslavl Principality, Polotsk Principality, Rostov-Suzdal Principality, Turov-Pinsk Principality, Chernigov Principality. In each of them the process of formation of appanages began.
On March 12, 1169, the troops of ten Russian princes, acting on the initiative of Andrei Bogolyubsky, for the first time in the practice of inter-princely strife, plundered Kiev, after which Andrei gave Kiev to his younger brother without leaving Vladimir, thereby, in the words of V.O. Klyuchevsky, “torn off seniority from places." Andrei himself, and later his younger brother Vsevolod Big Nest(1176-1212) sought (temporary) recognition of their seniority by the majority of Russian princes.
TO beginning of XIII century, unifying tendencies have also emerged. The Principality of Pereyaslavl came into possession Vladimir princes, the united Galician-Volyn principality arose under the rule of the senior branch of the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1201, Roman Mstislavich Galitsky, being invited by the Kyiv boyars to reign, also gave the city to the younger cousin. In the chronicle of 1205, Roman is called “the autocrat of all Rus'.” TO XIII century In addition to those of Kyiv, Ryazan, Vladimir, Galician and Chernigov also began to be titled as grand dukes.
After Mongol invasion the institution of “sacraments in the Russian land” disappeared when Kyiv lands were considered as the common property of the Rurik family, and the name “Rus” was assigned to all East Slavic lands.
The strengthening of the positions of the Vladimir Grand Dukes after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife before it, that the principality until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was expanding into Russian lands, and also that that the great princes Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky, were recognized by the Golden Horde as the oldest in Rus'. In fact, all the great princes were directly subordinate to the khans at first Mongol Empire, and from 1266 - the Golden Horde, independently collected tribute in their possessions and forwarded it to the khan. From the middle of the 13th century, the title of Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost constantly held by the Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich Tverskoy (1305-1318) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called “Prince of All Rus'”.
Since 1254, the Galician princes bore the title of “kings of Rus'”. In the 1320s, the Galician-Volyn principality entered a period of decline (which some researchers associate with the new onslaught of the Golden Horde) and in 1392 ceased to exist, its lands were divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (full name - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, Zhemoitsk and others) and the Kingdom of Poland. A little earlier, the main part of the southern Russian lands was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Bryansk 1356, Kyiv 1362).
In the 14th century, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed in the northeast of Rus', and the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, which meant seniority within North-Eastern Rus' and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, while simultaneously authorizing the independence of the Grand Duchy of Tver. The Grand Duchy of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.
Russian state
Since the 15th century, the terms “Russia” and “Russian” appear in Russian sources and spread more and more until they are finally established in the Russian language. The period from the end of the 15th to beginning of XVIII century in modern Russian historiography is designated as the “Russian State”.
Grand Duchy of Moscow
In 1478, the Novgorod land was annexed to Moscow, and in 1480 the Mongol-Tatar yoke was thrown off. In 1487, after a successful campaign against Khanate of Kazan Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III proclaimed himself “Prince of Bulgaria,” which was one of the reasons for the beginning of the transfer of appanage princes from the eastern outskirts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Moscow service along with the lands. As a result of five Russian-Lithuanian wars, Lithuania lost the Verkhovsky principalities, Smolensk and Bryansk. Other important territorial acquisitions were the Tver (1485) and Ryazan great principalities (1521). In addition to independence from the Golden Horde and territorial integrity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow in last period Its existence in the status of a grand duchy was also distinguished by a general set of laws (Code of Laws of 1497), the liquidation of appanages and the introduction of a local system.
Russian kingdom
From January 16, 1547, after Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich assumed the title of Tsar. Also Rus, Rusiya, Rossiya, Russian kingdom, Russian kingdom, Moscow kingdom. IN mid-16th century century there was annexation of Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, which further justified the royal title of the Moscow monarch.
In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the Union of Lublin with Poland, which united the two states into a confederation, while transferring the southern Russian lands to Poland and generally returning to the borders of the mid-13th century.
In 1613, the Metropolitan’s title used the term “Rusia”, and Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich’s title used “Russia”. “Muscovy” is the name of the Russian state in foreign sources of the 16th–17th centuries. The term “Russia” was finally consolidated by Peter the Great (1689-1725). On the coins of Peter I, before accepting the title of emperor, it was written “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Ruler of All Russia” and “Moscow ruble” on the back. (“The Lord of All Russia” was abbreviated as “V.R.P.”, but sometimes it was written in full). On May 19, 1712, the capital was moved to St. Petersburg.
Russian empire
After Tsar Peter Alekseevich accepted the title of emperor.
August 18 (31), 1914 In connection with the war with Germany, the name of the capital was changed from German to Russian - Petrograd.
Russian Republic
After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic- this name was first mentioned on January 21 (February 3), 1918 in the Decree on the cancellation of state loans, the decree was signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Ya. Sverdlov. This name of the state was introduced after the transformation of the Russian Republic into a “federation of Soviet national republics” at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 10-18 (23-31), 1918 in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd.
Before the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the name Russian Republic was used.
Proclamation of the Federation:
- January 3 (16), 1918 - the text of the Declaration was written.
- January 5 (18), 1918 - announced by Sverdlov at the All-Russian constituent assembly(dissolved January 6 (19)).
- January 12 (25), 1918 - III All-Russian Congress Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in the adopted Declaration.
- January 18 (31), 1918 - at the united III Congress of Soviets (after association III Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Third Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies) in the re-adopted Declaration.
- January 28 (15), 1918 - in the Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets “On the federal institutions of the Russian Republic”.
- On March 6 - 8, 1918, at the VII Congress of the RCP (b), the decision was once again made to transform the country into a federation.
- July 10, 1918 - in the Constitution at a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
Variability of the name of the Republic In the period between the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the adoption of the first Constitution (at the V Congress), in which the name of the state was finally fixed, variants of the still unsettled name of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic were found in documents:
The words were swapped:
- Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic,
- Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic,
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic;
Incomplete name with in different order words (4 words):
- Russian Federative Soviet Republic,
- Russian Soviet Federative Republic,
- Russian Socialist Federative Republic,
- Russian Socialist Soviet Republic,
- Russian Soviet Socialist Republic;
Incomplete name with different word order (3 words):
- Russian Soviet Republic,
- Soviet Russian Republic
- Russian Federative Republic
- Russian Federation of Soviets
Other names:
- Russian Republic,
- Soviet Republic,
- Republic of Soviets.
Note: The new government did not immediately spread across the territory of the former Russian Empire (republic).
Note: Already, being part of the USSR, on December 5, 1936, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was renamed into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, i.e. two words have been swapped.
In everyday life and semi-officially, the abbreviated form was often used for the RSFSR - Russian Federation, but this name was not officially enshrined in the constitution until 1992 (it is worth noting that since 1990 this name was supposed to be approved official name countries)
Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Trans-SFSR.
On December 5, 1936 (according to the new constitution), in the name of the RSFSR, the order of the words “socialist” and “Soviet” was brought into line with the order of these words in the name of the USSR.
Russian Federation
Russian Federation— On December 25, 1991, by law No. 2094-I, the state of the RSFSR was renamed the Russian Federation ( modern name, enshrined in the constitution along with the name Russia). On April 21, 1992, appropriate amendments were made to the then-current Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR of 1978.
Also, before the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, a new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, forms and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.
Use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR
- 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
- 1966 - in the title of the book “Chistyakov O.I., Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966.”
- 1978 - in the preamble to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978.
In modern Russia, some documents are still in force in which the old name “RSFSR” remains:
- Law of the RSFSR of December 15, 1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) “On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments”
- Law of the RSFSR of 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) “On the judicial system of the RSFSR”
- Declaration of the SND of the RSFSR dated 06/12/1990 N 22-1 “On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
- Law of the RSFSR dated October 24, 1990 N 263-1 “On the effect of acts of bodies of the USSR on the territory of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR of October 31, 1990 N 293-1 “On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated March 22, 1991 N 948-1 (as amended on July 26, 2006) “On competition and restrictions on monopolistic activities in commodity markets”
- Law of the RSFSR dated April 26, 1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on July 1, 1993) “On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples”
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on December 30, 2008) “On investment activities in the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on February 2, 2006) “On priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 15, 1991 N 211 (as amended on June 26, 1992) “On increasing wages of employees of budgetary organizations and institutions”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 21, 1991 N 228 “On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of trading enterprises in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 28, 1991 N 240 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of public service enterprises in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 255 “On priority measures to organize the work of industry in the RSFSR”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 256 “On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the conditions of economic reform”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 297 (as amended on February 28, 1995) “On measures to liberalize prices”
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 12, 1991 N 269 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the single economic space of the RSFSR”
- Law of the RSFSR dated December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 “On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
- Decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated December 24, 1991 N 62 (as amended on November 13, 2010) “On approval of lists of federal roads in the RSFSR”
In the same era, Russia could wear different names, because the self-name differed from the designations adopted by other peoples.
Antiquity
The lands corresponding to the territory of modern Russia were described by ancient geographers and historians at a time when there was no talk of any government entities. Often these descriptions were fantastic.
For example, the ancient Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote about Hyperborea - a mysterious northern earth. Presumably, this “country” corresponded to the territory of the Russian North. According to Diodorus Siculus, the life of the Hyperboreans is so carefree and happy that they throw themselves into the sea, fed up with pleasures. You shouldn't be surprised: people have always tended to populate lands with fantastic creatures about which they knew little.
Foreign names
In the 10th century, Arab historians described three Slavic territories, which they called As-Slavia with its capital in the city of Salau, Aratinia and Cuiaba. Modern historians identify As-Slavia with the Novgorod land, and its capital with the city of Slovensk, located near Novgorod, and Cuiaba with Kiev. The location of Artania remains unclear. Presumably, it was located on the territory of modern Ryazan.
In the Viking Age, the Normans called Rus' “the country of cities” - Gardariki. One should not think that in those days in Rus' there were many highly developed cities-trading centers, like Novgorod was in a later era. The word Gardariki would be more correctly translated as “land of fortresses.”
In Europe in the 15th-18th centuries. Russia was called Muscovy. However, not all Europeans called Russia this way, but only residents of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as those who received information from this state.
Self-name
Most ancient name territory inhabited Eastern Slavs- Rus. This name goes back to the name of the Rus tribe, which became the basis for the unification of Slavic tribes. There is no consensus among historians regarding the origins of this people. Some historians consider Rus' a Scandinavian tribe, others - a Western Slavic one, and others trace this name to the Sarmatian tribes of the Roxolans and Rosomans.
At the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. another form of the name is approved - Russia. This happened under the influence of Greek literature, and this name originally appeared.
October 22, 1721 after the victory in Northern War Peter I takes the title of All-Russian Emperor, and the state receives a new name - Russian empire.
This is what the country was called until 1917. On September 1, 1917, the Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic.
In 1922, “on the ruins” of the Russian Empire, a new state emerged - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the center of which became Russia, now called the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the modern name was adopted - the Russian Federation.
The history of the formation of the Russian state includes several hundred years of formation, political struggle And geographical changes. Let's try to find out when Russia appeared.
- The first mention of Rus' appeared already in 862 ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
- The word “Russia” itself was introduced by Peter I in 1719-1721.
- The Russian Federation was founded on December 25, 1991 after the collapse of the USSR.
Now let's look at the history of our state in more detail, highlighting the main historical periods development, and also find out what Russia was called in different times.
Old Russian state
First mention Russian state in literary monuments the calling of the Varangians is considered in the “Tale of Bygone Years”. In 862, Russia already existed in the form of the Old Russian state, with the capital first in Novgorod, and then in Kyiv. The ancient Russian state was ruled by the Rurik dynasty. Subsequently, in 988, under the control of Prince Vladimir, Rus', at that time already Kiev, adopted Christianity.
In 1132, when the last of the rulers, Mstislav Vladimirovich, died, a period of fragmentation of the Old Russian state began, and then, until the middle of the 14th century, Russia existed in the form of separate principalities, suffering from the Mongol-Tatar yoke and attacks from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Moscow State
Finally, in 1363, the Russian princes managed to unite their efforts and form a new Muscovy, and later, thanks to the reign of Ivan III and the weakening of the power of the Golden Horde, Moscow stopped paying tribute to it, thereby marking the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and a new milestone in the history of the Russian state.
In 1547, Ivan IV the Terrible came to power, and now the head of the state was not a prince, but a tsar. Despite the fact that Ivan the Terrible was known for his cruelty, it was he who managed to significantly expand the borders of Russia.
After the reign of Ivan the Terrible in Russia, Time of Troubles- the era of coups and unrest. The Troubles were brought to an end only in 1613, when the Romanov dynasty came to power.
Russian empire
IN early XVII century, when Tsar Peter I came to power, Russia began to develop by leaps and bounds. Actually, the word “Russia” itself was introduced into general use by Perth I, although it was used every now and then earlier in different sources, but mainly as a country name for foreigners. If before this the phrase “of all Rus'” was added to the title of the ruler (for example, Ivan IV the Terrible - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus' or Mikhail Fedorovich - Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of all Rus'), then even before Peter I took the title of emperor, the following was stamped on the coins: “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, ruler of all Russia.”
Further, thanks to the reforms of Peter I, Russia strengthens its army and becomes an Empire, at the head of which emperors often change after the death of Peter I. Under Catherine II Great Russia wages a war with Turkey, the development of America begins, and entry into the territory of the Russian Empire itself is allowed foreign citizens and their residence in the country.
Russian republic
At the beginning of the 20th century the first civil revolution(1905-1907), and then the second February Revolution 1917. After it, the Provisional Government decided that from now on the Russian Empire would become Russian Republic. In October of the same year the country became Russian Soviet republic thanks to the efforts of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party.
In 1922, the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Transcaucasian republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist republics led by V.I. Lenin.
After his death in 1924, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, famous for his repressions and dictatorship, came to power. Under him, industrialization began, which led to the fact that industries National economy developed unevenly, therefore, many goods and products consumer consumption were in short supply. Collectivization was carried out in the agricultural sector, which led to famine in Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus.
In 1955, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev became secretary of the Central Committee. Stalin's personality cult is being debunked. Many regimes that developed under Stalin are weakening.
In 1985, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev came to power, under whom perestroika began, and then the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Perestroika
The basis of perestroika was political and economic reforms in the USSR, but in fact the situation in the country only worsened. A shortage of goods arose again, and card system, which has been forgotten since 1947. National republics were dissatisfied with the centralized power, as a result of which interethnic conflicts arose. Each republic demanded recognition of the primacy of its own laws over the general laws of the Soviet Union.
In August 1991, an attempt was made to stop the collapse of the country, but it failed, and on December 8, the heads of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian federal republic signed an agreement on the creation of the CIS, which became the actual date of the collapse of the USSR.
Here Short story our country, which will help shed light on the origin of its name and better understand the history of the state.
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