Research work “From the life of pioneers. Facts and events»
Do you know the meaning of the word "pioneer"? How did it come about? Who is called that? We will answer these and other questions in the article. Pioneers are called pioneers, initiators. And also called military post or private in the engineering troops of the Armed Forces Russian Empire in XVIII-XIX centuries and some modern countries(for example, Germany).
When pronouncing the word "pioneer", a person may mean either an aircraft engineer German states, or a soldier engaged in the construction of earthen fortifications, setting up bridges, digging ditches, equalizing roads, and so on. And this is also the name of the participants in the pioneer movement - communist children's formations in the USSR and other socialist states, created according to the standards of scouting.
Meaning
According to Efremova, a pioneer is one who first made his way into a new, unexplored area or country and began to master it. This is the name of the one who laid the foundations of something new in the field of culture, science or another field of activity. Efremova also believes that the pioneers are both members of the communist children's formation and soldiers of the sapper units of the engineering troops. Ozhegov and Ushakov represent the same meanings of this word. And in Dahl's dictionary it is indicated that equestrian pioneers also existed earlier.
Origin
So what does "pioneer" mean? The Russian-speaking population borrowed this word from French in early XVIII century and began to use it in the meaning of "foot soldier". Over time, this interpretation went down in history, and the word "pioneer" began to be called the discoverers - people who pave new paths.
When the October Revolution of 1917 ended, pioneer children's detachments began to be created in Russia, the members of which wanted to be the first in everything. They social activities wanted to pave the way to a radiant tomorrow.
First detachments
Pioneers... Who are they? May 19, 1922 is considered the name day of the All-Russian Pioneers. It was on this day on the 2nd All-Russian Congress Komsomol, it was decided to create pioneer detachments throughout the country. famous organization since 1924 it has been named after V. I. Lenin. In 1925, the newspaper Pionerskaya Pravda began to be published in the state, which was often affectionately called Pioneer.
The first detachments of red-tie workers operated under Komsomol formations in factories and institutions, participated in subbotniks, helped to eliminate illiteracy, and fight against child homelessness. Since the 1920s these organizations were founded in educational institutions. In each school there was a pioneer squad, and in the class - a detachment. Almost every child of 9-10 years old could become a pioneer. At the initiation ceremony, the children took an oath, pledged to "live, fight and study, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches."
Pioneer is a symbol Soviet era. He wore a red tie (as a sign of a revolutionary badge with the motto "Always ready!" And images of a fire flame, Lenin's profile and a five-pointed star. Defense and military work occupied a large place in the activities of the red-tie children: circles of orderlies, young shooters, signalmen were founded, sports - army games.
Motion
Do you know that a pioneer is an example for everyone? During the Second World War, the Timur mass movement appeared in the Soviet Union, named after the hero of the story "Timur and his team", written by A.P. Gaidar. The pioneers, just like the characters in the work, helped the disabled, the families of veterans, and the elderly. AT postwar period Timurovites patronized the old Bolsheviks, collected waste paper and scrap metal in winter, medicinal herbs in summer, helped war veterans, and worked at the harvest.
The country had a system of Palaces (houses) of pioneers with different kind circles (technical, sports, art) and pioneer camps where children had a rest in the summer. Required attributes The life of the last institutions was bonfires and songs, evening and morning lines (the formation of all detachments), raising and lowering the flag, gatherings of red ties (meetings dedicated to various patriotic topics). The pioneer camps "Eaglet" and "Artek", which were located on the Black Sea coast, were considered the best. The pioneer age ended at the age of 14, and many children joined the Komsomol.
disappearance
So, we have already found out that a pioneer is a reliable comrade. Unfortunately, after the collapse of the USSR, an amazing organization almost completed its work. In today's Russia there are pioneer detachments, but they are few in number and not very popular among children. In the 1990s some social groups tried to replace the disappeared movement with the organization of scouts who acted in pre-revolutionary Russia, but this also did not bring any results.
Publicism
Many people today ask what a pioneer is. The definition of this word is forgotten by many. Nevertheless, many songs and books were written about the red-ties of the USSR, films were made, most of which have no artistic value. It should be noted that the audience really liked the comedy about the pioneer camp "Welcome, or no strangers allowed!".
In today's speech, especially older people, you can sometimes hear the phrase "like a pioneer (pioneer)", that is, "do something with discipline, obedience." And the expression "Always ready!" means consent and willingness to do something. In Soviet journalism, red-tie people were called young Leninists (adherents of V. I. Lenin).
Tie
Through baby formation forged new personnel for the Soviet country. Some children were forbidden by their parents to become pioneers, but they still joined the organization. They had to hide ties from moms and dads. In the USSR, almost all children were pioneers. First, the kid went to school, and he was accepted into October, after which he proudly wore an asterisk on his chest with a portrait of a curly, fair-haired boy.
When the child was 9 years old, his candidacy was approved at the gathering of the detachment, and then dedicated to the pioneers. And, finally, at the end of his studies, as "the final stage in the formation of the student's personality", he was awarded
Every pioneer was required to wear a pioneer tie. It could be made from any fabric, but it had to be red. Schoolchildren knew how to tie it with a special knot. If a child came to school with a wrinkled, hastily tied tie or no tie at all, this was considered a shame. The Pioneer always had to be neat, tidy and honorably wear the symbols of his organization.
What do the three ends of a tie mean? They point to the unbreakable solidarity of three generations: communists, pioneers and Komsomol members. In some countries, the movement in red scarves exists without any changes (Moldova, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam).
Heroes
Soviet pioneers who accomplished feats during the formation of Soviet power, the Second World War, are called heroes.
Their images were actively used in the USSR as examples of high morality and morality. In 1954, an official list of pioneer heroes was created, and the Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneers named after V. I. Lenin was compiled, to which the Books of Honor of local Red Tie formations were attached.
War time
What are the famous pioneer heroes of the Great Patriotic War? Already in the first days of the battles for the Brest Fortress, 14-year-old Klypa Petya, a pupil of the musical platoon, distinguished himself. Many pioneers fought the Nazis in partisan detachments, where they were scouts and saboteurs, and also carried out underground activities.
Of the young partisans, Dubinin Volodya, Kazei Marat, Golikov Lenya, Zhora Antonenko, Kotik Valya are very famous. All of them died in battles, except for Dubinin Volodya, who exploded on a mine. Each of them, except for the overgrown Golikov Leni, was 13-14 years old at the time of his death.
Very often, schoolchildren fought as part of army units (the so-called "daughters and sons of regiments" - the story of Kataev Valentin "The Son of a Regiment" is known).
Pioneers of the Great Patriotic War showed their best qualities in battles. So, 15-year-old Chekmak Vilor own life saved the partisan detachment of Sevastopol. The boy had diseased heart, he was young, but in 1941, in August, he went into the forest with the partisans. He was on patrol on November 10, so he was the first to see the approaching punitive detachment. Vilor warned the partisans about the threat with a rocket launcher and alone took the fight to the Nazis. When he ran out of ammunition, he waited for the enemies to come closer to him, and blew himself up with a grenade along with the Nazis. Vilor was buried at the cemetery of WWII veterans in the village of Dergachi, near Sevastopol.
What else did the great pioneers do? They served as cabin boys on warships, worked in factories in the Soviet rear, replacing adults who had gone to the front, and took part in civil defense.
At the Obol station (Vitebsk region), the Komsomol underground organization "Young Avengers" was created. Pioneer Portnova Zina acted in it, who joined the ranks of the Komsomol in the underground, executed by the Nazis and awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously.
Behind military merit tens of thousands of young fighters were awarded:
- The Order of the Red Banner was awarded to - Yuli Kantemirov, Dubinin Volodya, Makarikhin Andrey, Kostya Kravchuk,;
- Orders of Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Shumov Tolya, Treasurers Volodya, Lenya Golikov,;
- Orders of the Red Star - Volodya Samorukha, Shura Efremov, Vanya Andrianov, Lenya Ankinovich, Vitya Kovalenko, Arkady Kamanin (twice);
- Order of the Patriotic War 1st class - Volkov Valery, Klypa Petya, Kovalev Sasha.
Hundreds of pioneers were awarded the medal "Partisan of the Great Patriotic War", over 15,000 - the medal "For the Defense of Leningrad", over 20,000 the medal "For the Defense of Moscow".
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to five pioneers: Golikov Lenya, Kotik Valya, Kazei Marat, Portnova Zina, Chekalin Alexander. Many young combatants died on the battlefield or were executed by the Germans. Many names of children were entered in the "Book of Honor of the All-Union Pioneers named after V. I. Lenin" and elevated to the rank of "pioneer heroes".
At the very beginning of its existence Soviet authority made efforts to attract young people to its ideology. Already in 1917, the Bolsheviks began to attract scout organizations. However, over time it became obvious that pre-revolutionary organizations, even those sympathetic to socialist ideology, could not become the basis of a mass children's organization. Work began on a new type of children's and youth organization - Pioneer.
Origins of the pioneer movement
In 1917 - 1919 in Soviet Russia there were several scattered scout detachments and organizations that demonstrated loyalty to the new government. Some of them acted under the patronage of the Komsomol. Companion Vera Bonch-Bruevich proposed to unite all scout organizations into a union of Yukists (young communists). For some time, detachments of Yukists did operate under her patronage, but in 1919 the Komsomol ordered the dissolution of all scout organizations. The decision to liquidate the Scout movement did not mean that the Bolsheviks abandoned the idea of a universal children's organization. However, the new community was to be formed not on the initiative from below, like scouts, but according to a scheme approved in advance by the government.
Preparations for the creation of Pioneer
In 1921, work began on a project for a universal children's organization. This process was coordinated by Nadezhda Krupskaya. It was she who came up with the idea of creating an organization "scout in form and communist in content." Instead of the name scouts, a new one was chosen - pioneers. This word was also borrowed from Scout terminology. Scout pioneering was a special kind of training during which they learned to survive far from civilization with a minimum of equipment.
During 1921 - 1922 the form and greeting of the pioneers were developed. Pioneer motto - "Be ready!" - "Always ready!" - was borrowed from scouts without changes. The uniforms of the pioneers and their colors were slightly changed. Instead of dominant Green colour white and blue were chosen for the clothes and red for the pioneer tie.
The creation of the Pioneer and the first pioneer detachments
On February 2, 1922, the Central Committee of the Komsomol of the RSFSR sent a letter to its local organizations with instructions on the creation of pioneer cells. On February 13 of the same year, Komsomol member Mikhail Stremyakov organized the first pioneer squad in Moscow. In March 1922, the Komsomol developed a charter new organization, and on May 18, the V Congress of the Komsomol proclaimed the creation all-Russian organization"Young Pioneers named after Spartak". Six months after the formation of Pioneer, it was proclaimed. So the pioneer movement became all-Union. In 1924, the pioneers were named after Lenin.
Pioneer activities
Formally, the pioneer organizations were voluntary associations of children attached to Komsomol cells. In fact, by the mid-20s. membership in the pioneers became universal, and the pioneer structures merged with the secondary school system. The pioneer detachments coincided with the classes, and the squads coincided with the school. Pioneer leaders became full-time employees of secondary schools. At the same time, the Pioneer Organization had its own property: Pioneer Palaces and recreation camps.
Pioneer organized the collection of recyclables (scrap metal and waste paper), patronage of the elderly, sports competitions and military sports games. Analogues of the pioneer organization existed in all countries of the socialist camp. And they all disappeared with the collapse of the socialist system. Pioneer existed in the USSR until September 28, 1991. On this day, the extraordinary congress of the Komsomol decided to liquidate the Komsomol and the pioneer organization. Their property was nationalized.
In the autumn of 1918, the children's organization of young communists (YUK) was created, but a year later it was disbanded. In November 1921, a decision was made to create an all-Russian children's organization. Children's groups operated in Moscow for several months, during the experiment pioneer symbols and attributes were developed, the name of the new organization was adopted - detachments of young pioneers named after Spartak. On May 7, 1922, the first pioneer bonfire was held in the Sokolnichesky forest in Moscow.
Pioneers of the USSR
In the Soviet Union, the Day of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin, or, to put it more simply, Pioneer Day, was officially celebrated on May 19. It was on this day in 1922 that the 2nd all-Russian conference The Komsomol decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. The social hierarchy: October - pioneer - Komsomol member, was aimed at creating an internal ideological core in Soviet children and adolescents, the desire to grow and improve. The pioneer organization taught children how to live in a socialist society, how to coexist with their peers. Now many citizens see shortcomings in this approach to educating young people, they say, ideological clouding of the brain, which made puppets out of people. Even so, at that time the level of drug addiction and crime among young people was ultra-low, compared to our time. After the collapse of the USSR, Pioneer Day ceased to be official holiday. Today Pioneer Day is unofficially celebrated by some children's organizations and companies involved in the organization of children's leisure.
Already in the first days of the war, under the protection Brest Fortress distinguished pupil of the musical platoon, 14-year-old Petya Klypa. Many pioneers participated in partisan detachments, where they were often used as scouts and saboteurs, as well as in underground activities; of the young partisans, Marat Kazei, Volodya Dubinin, Lenya Golikov and Valya Kotik are especially famous (all of them died in battle, except for Volodya Dubinin, who was blown up by a mine; and all of them, except for the older Lenya Golikov, were 13-14 years old at the time of death) .
It was not uncommon for teenagers school age fought as part of military units (the so-called "sons and daughters of regiments" - the eponymous story by Valentin Kataev is known, the prototype of which was 11-year-old Isaac Rakov).
For military merits, tens of thousands of children and pioneers were awarded orders and medals:
Orders of Lenin were awarded - Tolya Shumov, Vitya Korobkov, Volodya Kaznacheev; Orders of the Red Banner - Volodya Dubinin, Yuli Kantemirov, Andrei Makarihin, Kostya Kravchuk;
Order of the Patriotic War 1st class - Petya Klypa, Valery Volkov, Sasha Kovalev; Orders of the Red Star - Volodya Samorukha, Shura Efremov, Vanya Andrianov, Vitya Kovalenko, Lenya Ankinovich.
Hundreds of pioneers have been awarded
Medal "Partisan of the Great Patriotic War"
medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" - over 15,000,
"For the defense of Moscow" - over 20,000 medals
Four pioneer heroes were awarded the title
Hero of the Soviet Union:
Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazei, Valya Kotik, Zina Portnova.
There was a war. Above the village where Sasha lived, enemy bombers hooted angrily. The native land was trampled by an enemy boot. Sasha Borodulin, a pioneer with the warm heart of a young Leninist, could not put up with this. He decided to fight the Nazis. Got a rifle. Having killed a fascist motorcyclist, he took the first military trophy - a real German machine gun. Day after day he conducted reconnaissance. More than once he went on the most dangerous missions. A lot of destroyed cars and soldiers were on his account. For the performance of dangerous tasks, for the courage, resourcefulness and courage Sasha Borodulin showed in the winter of 1941, he was awarded the order Red Banner.
Punishers tracked down the partisans. For three days the detachment left them, twice escaped from the encirclement, but the enemy ring closed again. Then the commander called in volunteers to cover the retreat of the detachment. Sasha stepped forward first. Five took the fight. One by one they died. Sasha was left alone. It was still possible to retreat - the forest was nearby, but every minute that delayed the enemy was so dear to the detachment, and Sasha fought to the end. He, allowing the Nazis to close a ring around him, grabbed a grenade and blew them up and himself. Sasha Borodulin died, but his memory lives on. The memory of heroes is eternal!
After the death of his mother, Marat and his older sister Ariadna went to the partisan detachment. 25th anniversary of October (November 1942).
When the partisan detachment left the encirclement, Ariadne got frostbite on her legs, in connection with which she was taken by plane to the mainland, where she had to amputate both legs. Marat, as a minor, was also offered to evacuate with his sister, but he refused and remained in the detachment.
Subsequently, Marat was a scout at the headquarters of the partisan brigade. K. K. Rokossovsky. In addition to reconnaissance, he participated in raids and sabotage. For courage and courage in battles, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree, medals "For Courage" (wounded, raised partisans to attack) and "For Military Merit". Returning from reconnaissance and surrounded by the Germans, Marat Kazei blew himself up with a grenade.
When the war began, and the Nazis were approaching Leningrad, for underground work in the village of Tarnovichi - in the south Leningrad region- the counselor of the secondary school Anna Petrovna Semenova was left. To communicate with the partisans, she picked up her most reliable pioneers, and the first among them was Galina Komleva. Cheerful, brave, inquisitive girl for her six school years was awarded six times with books with the signature: "For excellent study"
The young messenger brought assignments from the partisans to her leader, and she forwarded her reports to the detachment along with bread, potatoes, products, which were obtained with great difficulty. One day when the messenger from partisan detachment did not arrive at the meeting point on time, Galya, half-frozen, made her way to the detachment herself, handed over the report and, having warmed up a little, hurried back, carrying a new task to the underground.
Together with Komsomol member Tasya Yakovleva, Galya wrote leaflets and scattered them around the village at night. The Nazis tracked down and captured the young underground workers. They were kept in the Gestapo for two months. After being severely beaten, they threw him into a cell, and in the morning they took him out again for interrogation. Galya did not say anything to the enemy, she did not betray anyone. The young patriot was shot.
The Motherland marked the feat of Gali Komleva with the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree.
Chernihiv region. The front came close to the village of Pogoreltsy. On the outskirts, covering the retreat of our units, the company held the defense. The boy brought the cartridges to the fighters. His name was Vasya Korobko.
Night. Vasya sneaks up to the school building occupied by the Nazis.
He sneaks into the pioneer room, takes out the pioneer banner and hides it securely.
Outskirts of the village. Under the bridge - Vasya. He pulls out the iron staples, saws the piles, and at dawn from the shelter he watches the bridge collapse under the weight of the fascist armored personnel carrier. The partisans were convinced that Vasya could be trusted, and they entrusted him with a serious task: to become a scout in the enemy's lair. At the headquarters of the Nazis, he heats stoves, chop wood, and he looks closely, remembers, and transmits information to the partisans. The punishers, who planned to exterminate the partisans, forced the boy to lead them into the forest. But Vasya led the Nazis to an ambush of the police. The Nazis, mistaking them for partisans in the dark, opened furious fire, killed all the policemen and themselves suffered heavy losses.
Together with the partisans, Vasya destroyed nine echelons, hundreds of Nazis. In one of the battles, he was hit by an enemy bullet. His little hero, who lived a short but such a bright life, the Motherland awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" of the 1st degree.
She was executed twice by the Nazis, and fighting friends for many years considered Nadya dead. She even erected a monument.
It's hard to believe, but when she became a scout in the partisan detachment of "Uncle Vanya" Dyachkov, she was not yet ten years old. Small, thin, she, pretending to be a beggar, wandered among the Nazis, noticing everything, remembering everything, and brought the most valuable information to the detachment. And then, together with partisan fighters, she blew up the fascist headquarters, derailed a train with military equipment, and mined objects.
The first time she was captured when, together with Vanya Zvontsov, she hung out a red flag on November 7, 1941 in Vitebsk, occupied by the enemy. They beat her with ramrods, tortured her, and when they brought her to the ditch - to shoot, she had no strength left - she fell into the ditch, for a moment, ahead of the bullet. Vanya died, and the partisans found Nadya alive in the ditch...
The second time she was captured at the end of the 43rd. And again torture: she was doused in the cold ice water, burned out a five-pointed star on the back. Considering the scout dead, the Nazis, when the partisans attacked Karasevo, abandoned her. They took her out, paralyzed and almost blind, locals. After the war in Odessa, Academician V.P. Filatov restored Nadia's sight.
After 15 years, she heard on the radio how the head of intelligence of the 6th detachment Slesarenko - her commander - said that the soldiers of their dead comrades would never forget, and named Nadya Bogdanova among them, who saved his life, wounded ...
Only then did she show up, only then did the people who worked with her learn about what an amazing fate she was, Nadia Bogdanova, who was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, and medals.
For the operation of reconnaissance and explosion of the railway. bridge over the Drissa River, a Leningrad schoolgirl Larisa Mikheenko was presented with a government award. But the Motherland did not have time to present the award to her brave daughter ...
The war cut the girl off hometown: in the summer she went on vacation to the Pustoshkinsky district, but failed to return - the village was occupied by the Nazis. The pioneer dreamed of breaking out of Hitler's slavery, making her way to her own. And one night with two older friends left the village.
At the headquarters of the 6th Kalinin brigade, the commander, Major P. V. Ryndin, at first turned out to accept "so small": well, what kind of partisans are they! But how much even its very young citizens can do for the Motherland! The girls were able to do what strong men could not. Dressed in rags, Lara walked around the villages, finding out where and how the guns were located, sentries were placed, which German cars were moving along the highway, what kind of trains and with what cargo they came to the Pustoshka station.
She also participated in military operations ...
The young partisan, betrayed by a traitor in the village of Ignatovo, was shot by the Nazis. In the Decree on awarding Larisa Mikheenko with the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, there is a bitter word: "Posthumously."
On June 11, 1944, units leaving for the front lined up on the central square of Kyiv. And before this battle formation they read the Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR on awarding the pioneer Kostya Kravchuk with the Order of the Red Banner for saving and preserving two combat banners of rifle regiments during the occupation of the city of Kyiv ...
Retreating from Kyiv, two wounded soldiers entrusted banners to Kostya. And Kostya promised to keep them.
At first I buried it in the garden under a pear tree: it was thought that ours would soon return. But the war dragged on, and, having dug up the banners, Kostya kept them in a barn until he remembered an old, abandoned well outside the city, near the Dnieper. Wrapping his priceless treasure in sacking, rolling it with straw, he got out of the house at dawn and with canvas bag he led a cow over his shoulder to a distant forest. And there, looking around, he hid the bundle in the well, covered it with branches, dry grass, turf ...
And throughout the long occupation, the pioneer carried his difficult guard at the banner, although he fell into a round-up, and even fled from the train in which the people of Kiev were driven to Germany.
When Kyiv was liberated, Kostya, in a white shirt with a red tie, came to the military commandant of the city and unfurled the banners in front of the seen and yet amazed fighters.
On June 11, 1944, the newly formed units leaving for the front were given replacements rescued by Kostya.
Leonid Golikov was born in the village of Lukino, now the Parfinsky district Novgorod region in a working family.
Graduated from 7 classes. He worked at the plywood factory No. 2 in the village of Parfino.
A brigade reconnaissance officer of the 67th detachment of the fourth Leningrad partisan brigade operating in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Participated in 27 combat operations. He especially distinguished himself in the defeat of the German garrisons in the villages of Aprosovo, Sosnitsy, Sever.
In total, they destroyed: 78 Germans, 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, 2 food and feed depots and 10 vehicles with ammunition. Accompanied a convoy with food (250 wagons) in besieged Leningrad. For valor and courage he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, the medal "For Courage" and the medal of the Partisan of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree.
On August 13, 1942, returning from reconnaissance from the Luga-Pskov highway, not far from the village of Varnitsy, Strugokrasnensky district, he blew up a passenger car with a grenade in which the German Major General of the Engineering Troops Richard von Wirtz was located. The report of the detachment commander indicated that Golikov shot the general accompanying his officer and driver from a machine gun in a shootout, but after that, in 1943-1944, General Wirtz commanded the 96th Infantry Division, and in 1945 he was captured US troops. A scout delivered a briefcase with documents to the brigade headquarters. Among them were drawings and descriptions of new models of German mines, inspection reports to higher command and other important military papers. Introduced to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
On January 24, 1943, in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov Region, Leonid Golikov died.
Valya Kotik Born on February 11, 1930 in the village of Khmelevka, Shepetovsky district. In the autumn of 1941, together with his comrades, he killed the head of the field gendarmerie near the city of Shepetovka. In the battle for the city of Izyaslav in the Khmelnitsky region, on February 16, 1944, he was mortally wounded. Union.
Wherever the blue-eyed girl Yuta went, her red tie was invariably with her ...
In the summer of 1941, she came from Leningrad for a vacation to a village near Pskov. Here overtook Utah formidable news: war! Here she saw the enemy. Utah began to help the partisans. First she was a messenger, then a scout. Disguised as a beggar boy, she collected information from the villages: where the headquarters of the Nazis were, how they were guarded, how many machine guns.
Returning from the task, she immediately tied a red tie. And as if strength was added! Utah supported the tired fighters with a sonorous pioneer song, a story about her native Leningrad ...
And how happy everyone was, how the partisans congratulated Yuta when a message came to the detachment: the blockade had been broken! Leningrad survived, Leningrad won! That day, both Yuta's blue eyes and her red tie shone like never before.
But the land was still groaning under the enemy yoke, and the detachment, together with units of the Red Army, left to help the partisans of Estonia. In one of the battles - near the Estonian farm Rostov - Yuta Bondarovskaya, a little heroine big war, a pioneer who did not part with her red tie, died a heroic death. The Motherland awarded her heroic daughter posthumously with the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st class, the Order of the Patriotic War 1st class.
An ordinary black bag would not attract the attention of visitors local history museum if not for the red tie lying next to her. A boy or girl will involuntarily freeze, an adult will stop and read a yellowed certificate issued by the commissioner
partisan detachment. The fact that the young mistress of these relics, pioneer Lida Vashkevich, risking her life, helped to fight the Nazis. There is another reason to stop near these exhibits: Lida was awarded the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree.
... In the city of Grodno, occupied by the Nazis, the communist underground operated. One of the groups was led by Lida's father. Connected underground workers, partisans came to him, and every time the commander's daughter was on duty at the house. From the side to look - played. And she vigilantly peered, listened, whether the policemen, the patrol, were approaching,
and, if necessary, signaled to her father. Dangerously? Highly. But compared to other tasks, it was almost a game. Lida got paper for flyers by buying a couple of sheets in different stores, often with the help of her friends. A pack will be typed, the girl will hide it at the bottom of a black bag and deliver it to the agreed place. And the next day the whole city reads
words of truth about the victories of the Red Army near Moscow, Stalingrad.
About raids, bypassing safe houses, warned folk avengers girl. She traveled by train from station to station to convey an important message to partisans and underground workers. She carried the explosives past the fascist posts in the same black bag, filling it to the top with coal and trying not to bend so as not to arouse suspicion - coal is easier than explosives ...
That's what kind of bag ended up in the Grodno Museum. And the tie that Lida then wore in her bosom: she could not, did not want to part with it.
Every summer, mother took Nina and her younger brother and sister from Leningrad to the village of Nechepert, where there is clean air, soft grass, where honey and fresh milk ... Roar, explosions, flames and smoke hit this quiet land in the fourteenth summer of the pioneer Nina Kukoverova. War! From the first days of the arrival of the Nazis, Nina became a partisan intelligence officer. Everything that she saw around, she remembered, reported to the detachment.
A punitive detachment is located in the village of the mountain, all approaches are blocked, even the most experienced scouts cannot get through. Nina volunteered to go. She walked a dozen and a half kilometers on a snow-covered plain, a field. The Nazis did not pay attention to the chilled, tired girl with a bag, and nothing escaped her attention - neither the headquarters, nor the fuel depot, nor the location of the sentries. And when at night the partisan detachment set out on a campaign, Nina walked next to the commander as a scout, as a guide. Fascist warehouses flew into the air that night, the headquarters flared up, punishers fell, slain by fierce fire.
More than once, Nina went on combat missions - a pioneer, awarded the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree.
The young heroine is dead. But the memory of the daughter of Russia is alive. She was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class. Nina Kukoverova is forever enrolled in her pioneer team.
He dreamed of heaven when he was just a boy. Arkady's father, Nikolai Petrovich Kamanin, a pilot, participated in the rescue of the Chelyuskinites, for which he received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And always there is a friend of his father, Mikhail Vasilievich Vodopyanov. There was something to light up the little boy's heart. But they didn’t let him into the air, they said: grow up.
When the war began, he went to work at an aircraft factory, then he used the airfield in any case to take to the skies. Experienced pilots, even if only for a few minutes, happened to trust him to fly the plane. Once an enemy bullet shattered the glass of the cockpit. The pilot was blinded. Losing consciousness, he managed to transfer control to Arkady, and the boy landed the plane at his airfield.
After that, Arkady was allowed to seriously study flying, and soon he began to fly on his own.
Once, from a height, a young pilot saw our plane, shot down by the Nazis. Under the strongest mortar fire, Arkady landed, transferred the pilot to his plane, took off and returned to his own. The Order of the Red Star shone on his chest. For participation in battles with the enemy, Arkady was awarded the second Order of the Red Star. By that time he had already become an experienced pilot, although he was fifteen years old.
Until the very victory, Arkady Kamanin fought with the Nazis. young hero dreamed about the sky and conquered the sky!
1941 ... In the spring, Volodya Kaznacheev finished the fifth grade. In the fall he joined a partisan detachment.
When, together with his sister Anya, he came to the partisans in the Kletnyansky forests, in the Bryansk region, the detachment said: “Well, replenishment! , they stopped joking (Elena Kondratievna was killed by the Nazis).
There was a "partisan school" in the detachment. Future miners and demolition workers were trained there. Volodya perfectly mastered this science and, together with his senior comrades, derailed eight echelons. He had to cover the retreat of the group, stopping the pursuers with grenades ...
He was connected; often went to Kletnya, delivering valuable information; waiting for darkness, posting flyers. From operation to operation he became more experienced, more skillful.
For the head of the partisan Kzanacheev, the Nazis put a reward, not even suspecting that their brave opponent was just a boy. He fought alongside adults until the very day when motherland was not freed from fascist evil spirits, and rightfully shared with adults the glory of the hero - the liberator of his native land. Volodya Kaznacheev was awarded the Order of Lenin, the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st degree.
The Brest Fortress was the first to take the blow of the enemy. Bombs and shells exploded, walls collapsed, people died both in the fortress and in the city of Brest. From the first minutes, Valin's father went into battle. He left and did not return, he died a hero, like many defenders of the Brest Fortress.
And the Nazis forced Valya to sneak into the fortress under fire in order to convey to its defenders the demand to surrender. Valya made her way into the fortress, spoke about the atrocities of the Nazis, explained what weapons they had, indicated their location and remained to help our soldiers. She bandaged the wounded, collected cartridges and brought them to the fighters.
There was not enough water in the fortress, it was divided by throat. I was painfully thirsty, but Valya again and again refused her sip: the wounded needed water. When the command of the Brest Fortress decided to take the children and women out of the fire, to transport them to the other side of the Mukhavets River - there was no other way to save their lives - the little nurse Valya Zenkina asked to be left with the soldiers. But an order is an order, and then she vowed to continue the fight against the enemy until complete victory.
And Valya kept her oath. Miscellaneous tests fell to her lot. But she survived. Withstood. And she continued her struggle already in the partisan detachment. She fought bravely, on a par with adults. For courage and courage, the Motherland awarded her young daughter with the Order of the Red Star.
Pioneer Vitya Khomenko passed his heroic path of struggle against the Nazis in the underground organization "Nikolaev Center".
... At school, in German, Vitya was "excellent", and the underground instructed the pioneer to get a job in the officer's canteen. He washed dishes, sometimes served the officers in the hall and listened to their conversations. In drunken arguments, the Nazis blurted out information that was of great interest to the "Nikolaev Center".
The officers began to send the quick, smart boy on errands, and soon made him a messenger at the headquarters. It could not have occurred to them that the most secret packages were the first to be read by underground workers at the turnout ...
Together with Shura Kober, Vitya was given the task of crossing the front line in order to establish contact with Moscow. In Moscow, at the headquarters partisan movement, they reported the situation and talked about what they observed on the way.
Returning to Nikolaev, the guys delivered a radio transmitter, explosives, and weapons to the underground workers. Again, fighting without fear or hesitation. On December 5, 1942, ten underground workers were captured by the Nazis and executed. Among them are two boys - Shura Kober and Vitya Khomenko. They lived as heroes and died as heroes.
The Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree - posthumously - was awarded by the Motherland to her fearless son. The name of Vitya Khomenko is the school where he studied.
Zina Portnova was born on February 20, 1926 in the city of Leningrad in a working class family. Belarusian by nationality. Graduated from 7 classes.
In early June 1941, she arrived at school break to the village of Zui, near the Obol station of the Shumilinsky district Vitebsk region. After the Nazis invaded the territory of the USSR, Zina Portnova ended up in the occupied territory. Since 1942, a member of the Obol underground organization "Young Avengers", led by the future Hero of the Soviet Union E. S. Zenkova, a member of the organization's committee. In the underground, she was accepted into the Komsomol.
Participated in the distribution of leaflets among the population and sabotage against the invaders. Working in the cafeteria refresher courses German officers, at the direction of the underground, poisoned food (more than a hundred officers died). During the proceedings, wanting to prove to the Germans her innocence, she tried poisoned soup. Miraculously, she survived.
Since August 1943, the intelligence officer of the partisan detachment. K. E. Voroshilova. In December 1943, returning from a mission to find out the reasons for the failure of the Young Avengers organization, she was captured in the village of Mostishche and identified by a certain Anna Khrapovitskaya. At one of the interrogations in the Gestapo of the village of Goryany (Belarus), grabbing the investigator’s pistol from the table, she shot him and two more Nazis, tried to escape, was captured. After torture, she was shot in the prison of Polotsk (according to another version - in the village of Goryany, now the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region of Belarus).
In the autumn of 1918, the children's organization of young communists (YUK) was created, but a year later it was disbanded. In November 1921, a decision was made to create an all-Russian children's organization. Children's groups operated in Moscow for several months, during the experiment pioneer symbols and attributes were developed, the name of the new organization was adopted - detachments of young pioneers named after Spartak. On May 7, 1922, the first pioneer bonfire was held in the Sokolnichesky forest in Moscow.
In the Soviet Union, the Day of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin, or, to put it more simply, Pioneer Day, was officially celebrated on May 19. It was on this day in 1922 that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of the Komsomol decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere. The social hierarchy: October - pioneer - Komsomol member, was aimed at creating an internal ideological core in Soviet children and adolescents, the desire to grow and improve. The pioneer organization taught children how to live in a socialist society, how to coexist with their peers. Now many citizens see shortcomings in this approach to educating young people, they say, ideological clouding of the brain, which made puppets out of people. Even so, at that time the level of drug addiction and crime among young people was ultra-low, compared to our time. After the collapse of the USSR, Pioneer Day ceased to be an official holiday. Today Pioneer Day is unofficially celebrated by some children's organizations and companies involved in the organization of children's leisure. And there will always be people who remember the young pioneer years with pleasure.
Which of the Soviet pioneers does not remember the excitement with which he was preparing to join the ranks of a mass socio-political organization? How were scarlet ties tied to the sound of horns and drums? How, for the first time in our lives, did we solemnly swear allegiance to the cause of Lenin and the Communist Party? The Soviet country spared nothing for the young. Beautiful Palaces of Pioneers and children's camps were built. The very activity of children's communist organizations in the USSR and in other socialist countries was of such a serious scale that it even surpassed in significance its "bourgeois" prototype and analogue - the scout movement. The Pioneer movement differed from it in significant aspects: the system was of an all-encompassing state character and aimed at the ideological education of children as citizens completely devoted to the Communist Party and the state. At the same time, it should be noted that, as the movement evolved, the role of the heritage of scouting in it fell (which can be clearly seen in the evolution of the pioneer camp from the type of sports and tourist tent camp to the type of a sanatorium complex). Among particular differences, one can point out the absence of separate organizations for boys and girls. Until 1924, the pioneer organization bore the name of Spartak, and after the death of Lenin received his name.
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!"
Pioneer Oath
I, I.F., joining the ranks of the All-Union Pioneer Organization, in the face of my comrades, solemnly swear: to love my Motherland passionately; to live, study and fight as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches; always comply with the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union."
"Be ready!"
"Always ready!" Note. Until 1986, it was: "... passionately love your Motherland, live, study and fight, as the great Lenin bequeathed, as the Communist Party teaches, always follow the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union."
Revision 1922
With my word of honour, I promise that I will be faithful to the working class, that I will help my fellow workers every day, that I know the laws of the pioneers and that I will obey them.
Revision 1923
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, solemnly promise in the face of my comrades that
1) I will stand firmly for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the workers and peasants of the whole world.
2) I will honestly and steadily carry out the laws and customs of the young pioneers.
Revision 1924
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, solemnly promise before the face of my comrades that I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the workers and peasants of the whole world. I will honestly and unswervingly fulfill the precepts of Ilyich, the laws and customs of the young pioneers.
Revision 1928
I, a young pioneer of the USSR, solemnly promise before my comrades that: 1) I will firmly stand for the cause of the working class in its struggle for the liberation of the working people of the whole world. 2) I will honestly and steadily fulfill the precepts of Ilyich - Laws of the UP Laws of young pioneers - a set of basic rules for the life and work of a member of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V. I. Lenin. in figurative and understandable children's form outlines the goals and objectives of the children's communist organization, the basic principles of communist morality, moral and ethical standards of behavior for young pioneers.
For the first time, the Laws of Young Pioneers, developed by the commission of the Central Committee of the RKSM with the participation of N. K. Krupskaya, were approved by the 5th Congress of the RKSM in October 1922. In the Laws of Young Pioneers, it was singled out as one of the main laws - "I will strive always, wherever possible, to obtain knowledge in order to use it for the benefit of the working people."
The changes in the conditions of activity of the pioneer organization that took place during the years of socialist construction, the deepening of the content and the improvement of the forms and methods of its work were reflected in the new text of the Laws of the Young Pioneers, approved in 1957 by the 8th Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.
The laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union
The pioneer is devoted to the motherland, the party, communism.
Pioneer is preparing to become a member of the Komsomol.
The pioneer looks up to the heroes of struggle and labor.
Pioneer honors the memory of the dead fighters and is preparing to become a defender of the Fatherland.
Pioneer is the best in studies, work and sports.
The pioneer is disciplined.
The Pioneer is an honest and faithful comrade, always boldly standing up for the truth.
Pioneer - comrade and counselor of the October.
Pioneer is a friend to pioneers and children of working people of all countries.
Pioneer is honest and truthful. His word is like granite.
Pioneer habits.
Pioneer does not lie in bed in the morning, but rises immediately, like a roly-poly.
Pioneers make beds with their own hands, not with the hands of others.
Pioneers wash themselves thoroughly, not forgetting to wash their necks and ears, brush their teeth and remember that teeth are the friends of the stomach.
Pioneers are accurate and accurate.
Pioneers stand and sit straight, not hunched over.
Pioneers are not afraid to offer their services to people. Pioneers do not smoke; a smoking pioneer is no longer a pioneer.
Pioneers don't keep their hands in their pockets; one who keeps his hands in his pockets is not always ready.
Pioneers protect useful animals.
Pioneers always remember their customs and laws.
Pioneer anthem
Music: S. Deshkin Lyrics: A. Zharov
We, the pioneers, are the children of the workers.
Chorus (after each verse):
The time is coming /aut:era/
bright years,
The call of the pioneer
"Always be ready!"
With a joyful step, with a cheerful song,
We stand for the Komsomol.
We raise the red / aut: scarlet / banner,
Children of workers, boldly follow us!
We will thunder together the song of the daring
For the pioneers of the world family
Fire up, blue nights!
We, the pioneers, are the children of the workers.
1922
Signals and marches of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V. I. Lenin (Parts 1, 2)
Genre: signals and marches
Disc release year: 1983
Disc manufacturer: USSR
Audio Bitrate: 320 kbps
Duration: 00:16:11
|
I Signals
1. Entry - 00:00:35 |
II squad line
8. Signal "Gathering" - 00:00:40 |
|
III Accompanying Marches pioneer system 14. Solemn greeting - 00:00:36 |
IV Signals pioneer military sports game "Zarnitsa" 21. Signal "Dawn" - 00:01:04 |
Regulations on the symbols, attributes and rituals of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. IN AND. Lenin provides for the use in educational work of state symbols established by the Constitution of the USSR. The Pioneer Organization instills in children and adolescents a deep respect for the Coat of Arms, the Flag, the Anthem of the USSR, as well as for the Coat of Arms, the Flag, and the Anthem of the Union Republic. These state symbols personify the heroic history, power and greatness of the socialist Fatherland.
The educational purpose of the symbols of the pioneer organization, the importance of using it in its work state symbols First of all, it consists in explaining to them in a specific bright, imaginative, emotional and understandable form for children:
The idea of revolutionary continuity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers, loyalty of the young generation to revolutionary, military and labor traditions Soviet people readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union;
the socio-political meaning of the activities of the communist organization of children and adolescents;
the significance of the pioneer organization as a shift and reserve Lenin Komsomol;
the need to strengthen the unity of the members of the pioneer organization.
The symbolism of the pioneer organization was distinguished by the following ideological and political orientations:
The deep ideological and political content of each symbol, the inextricable link with communist ideas;
concreteness and accuracy of expression of the ideological and political content of certain communist ideas;
brightness and emotional appeal external form symbol;
simplicity and accessibility of disclosing political concepts that are difficult for children.
Red banner and red flag. The Communist Party and the Komsomol entrusted pioneer organizations and squads with the right to have the Red Banner, the detachment - the red pioneer flag. These were symbols of the young generation's loyalty to the cause. October revolution, the cause of the Communist Party, a symbol of loyalty to the motherland, honor and unity of the pioneers.
On the Red Banner of the All-Union Pioneer Organization are two Orders of Lenin and the Commemorative Ribbon of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. The first Order of Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization named after. IN AND. Lenina was awarded on May 17, 1962 in connection with her 40th birthday for her great work in the communist education of children. The commemorative ribbon of the Central Committee of the Komsomol was presented to the pioneer organization on June 30, 1970 at the XVII All-Union Pioneer Meeting in Leningrad for successful work in preparation for the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin. The pioneer organization was awarded the second Order of Lenin on May 18, 1972 in connection with its 50th anniversary and for its great work in raising children in the spirit of Lenin's precepts.
The red banner was solemnly presented by representatives of the Lenin Komsomol to the pioneer organizations of the allied and autonomous republics, national districts, regional and regional, city and district organizations, the squad of the school, the temporary squad of the pioneer camp.
Samples of the Red Banners of pioneer organizations and squads were established by the Central Committee of the Komsomol. These banners bore the pioneer badge and inscribed the words of the pioneers' motto: "Be ready to fight for the cause of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union!" On the ribbon attached to the flagstaff is the name of the organization or squad. Commemorative ribbons for successes in all-Union and republican pioneer affairs were also attached to the flagpole of the squad. Careful attitude to the Red Banner was the sacred duty of every leader and pioneer.
Red flag was presented by a representative of the Komsomol organization to the newly created pioneer joy at ceremonial line. The sample of the red flag of the detachment was also approved by the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League. The front side of the flag featured a pioneer badge. A ribbon with an honorary name of the detachment embroidered in silk was attached to the flagpole, commemorative ribbons - a reward for success in pioneering affairs, for example. Ribbon of Honor of the Central Council of the All-Union Pioneer Organization. IN AND. Lenin's detachment - the "right-flank" All-Union march of pioneer detachments.
Red tie and pioneer badge.
Every pioneer wore a red tie. It was a symbol of loyalty to the cause of the Great October Revolution, a symbol of the indestructible unity of three generations: communists - Komsomol members - pioneers. A pioneer's tie is a particle of the revolutionary Red Banner. Protecting the honor of your pioneer tie means sacredly preserving the honor of the Red Banner. The badge is a symbol of the pioneer's belonging to a single mass communist organization of children and adolescents of the Soviet Union. “Such an icon,” wrote N.K. Krupskaya in the brochure "RKSM and Boy Scouting" - strengthens the bond between the organization and its members and strengthens the member's responsibility for his actions.
Pioneer badge.
The pioneer badge is an image of a five-pointed red star (a symbol of unity, the workers of the five continents) with the profile of V.I. Lenin in the center of the star (a sign of belonging to the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin and fidelity of the pioneer to Lenin's precepts), above the upper rays of the star there is a pioneer bonfire with three flames (a symbol of the unity of generations of communists - Komsomol members - pioneers), the lower rays of the star are intertwined ribbon with the words "Always ready!" (a symbol of a pioneer's readiness to fight for the cause of the Communist Party).
Pioneer salute. The salute of a pioneer means that for him the interests of society, his communist organization, squad and detachment are higher than personal ones. The pioneer gave a salute, lifting the bent at an angle right hand with tightly clenched fingers above the head:
Https://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/62701/108533029.23/0_211944_e1f9d85f_orig.jpg when handing him a red tie;
during the performance of the Anthem of the Communist Party "International", the Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, anthems of the union republics, the raising of the State flag of the USSR and the flags of the union republics;
at the Mausoleum and monuments to V.I. Lenin, memorials of the revolutionary, military and labor glory of the Soviet people, answering "Always ready!" to the words of the pioneer motto;
when presenting insignia to members of the councils of squads and detachments, awarding them during a solemn ceremony;
the pioneer also salutes the Red Banner - the flag of the detachment, salutes the leaders, the pioneer and military system with a salute.
honorary name. Assigning a pioneer organization, squad, squad name prominent figure Communist Party and revolutionary movement, the hero of our Motherland, was a symbol of loyalty to the glorious traditions of the struggle for communism. Samples of heroic life and struggle, " glorious work Soviet people, the feat of the heroes act as the high moral ideal of the pioneers, which they had to imitate. Already N.K. Krupskaya noted in her writings the significant educational power of the connection between the ideals and practical behavior of adolescents and children. The highest ideological and moral ideal for the pioneers was the life and work of V. I. Lenin.
Symbolism is inextricably linked with the attributes of the pioneer organization. Attributes - certain objects and signs that express the ideas, symbols and traditions of the pioneer movement in a bright and expressive form, emphasize the cohesion, unity and organization of pioneer teams, create an emotionally attractive design for a children's communist organization.
Some of the main symbols of the pioneer organization were at the same time its attributes (the red banners of the pioneer organizations and teams, the red flags of the detachments, the pioneer's tie and badge).
attributes, having symbolic meaning, reflected the revolutionary romance of pioneer life, the pathos of the heroic struggle of the people for the great cause of the Communist Party. Therefore, for example, both the bugle and the drum should not be considered only from the point of view of their utilitarian and practical purpose of giving signals. The horn and the drum became companions of the detachment as symbols of the battle trumpet of the Red Army regiments. fiery years civil war and the marching drums of the young Gavroches of the Paris Commune.
The attributes of the pioneer organization were the form of leaders and pioneers, insignia of the elected pioneer activists, awards of leaders and pioneers, commemorative emblems, signs and award badges of pioneer rallies, festivals, competitions, competitions, all-Union and republican games.
Thus, the goals and objectives of the pioneer organization were determined on the basis of party directives and formulated in the Charter of the Komsomol and the Regulations on the All-Union Pioneer Organization. V.I. Lenin, documents of the Lenin Komsomol.
The common and unified goal of the school, the Komsomol and the pioneer organization was the task of the all-round development of the communist personality. The purpose of the work of each squad was to prepare a worthy replacement for the Lenin Komsomol.
Symbolism and attributes gave a revolutionary-romantic mood to the life and work of the pioneers, helped to organizationally and ideologically strengthen the team of members of the communist organization of children and adolescents, bring emotional and solemn elation to pioneer affairs, and create an aesthetics of the life of the team. They expressed socio-political ideas public life, the pathos of the struggle for the construction of socialism and communism.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground