Problems in the social adaptation of students of higher education. The problem of adaptation of first-year students

At the moment, the Russian manufacturing sector is going through hard times. The assertion that working specialties are low-paid and unattractive is firmly held in public consciousness. There are not enough hands in the industry, you can’t lure young people into such work with a roll. Why did such a situation arise? And how to raise the prestige of the profession?

Do you provide youth?

Production enterprises now employ mainly specialists of pre-retirement age - those who received the appropriate education back in the Soviet Union. Recruiters say that attracting young people to such work is not an easy task, and there is no need to talk about middle-aged workers at all.

“There are simply no such employees. For example, a turner and a miller cannot be found for quite a long period of time. If applicants of this profile apply for vacancies, then these are mostly people over 40 years old,” says Tatyana Trofimova, HR manager at NPO Unihimtek.

At first glance, there is nothing wrong with this. A mature and experienced worker does not need to be adapted and introduced into the profession. On the other hand, a couple more years - and there will simply be no one left at the enterprises: the young shift will leave to find jobs in fashionable and highly paid industries. Why are things like this?

Let's start with the fact that in working specialties, whatever one may say, there is little romance, and representatives of the new generation clearly do not dream of becoming leaders in production.

“On the part of a young specialist, such factors as relatively low wages, shift work, night shifts can act as arguments not in favor of industrial specialties,” says Natalya Boytsova, HR manager at PROPLEX.

Tatyana Trofimova says that the problem is also related to the existing system of vocational education: “Colleges and universities do not enroll students in blue-collar courses. And for several years, graduates do not enter the market. For example, in Podolsk schools and technical schools for more than three years there has been no recruitment for such specialties as a turner, milling machine operator, there have been interruptions in the recruitment of fitters, repairmen.

Alexander Karpov, Human Resources Director of LG Electronics RUS, links the prestige of the profession with the state of the Russian manufacturing sector as a whole.

“In order for the specialty “worker” to be regarded as prestigious, it is necessary that the domestic industrial production. If production develops, working professions will be in demand and prestigious,” adds the expert.

Money is the engine of progress

Middle-aged specialists also do not strive to become a key link in the production process. Probably, the point is not so much that the profession is not considered fashionable, but in the amount of salary. There is an opinion that among the workers it is, to put it mildly, not very high. Therefore, specialists prefer to get a job, for example, as sales managers (a job that for the most part does not require experience and special knowledge).

Are Manufacturing Occupations Really Low Paid?

"And there is. In fact, the search for a job in a commercial structure is due to the fact that the salary for working specialties is much lower than that of the same sales managers,” says Tatyana Trofimova.

Natalya Boytsova notes that a lot depends on qualifications: “At the induction stage, while the work of a newcomer is controlled by a mentor, the employee really gets a little. Nevertheless, if we are talking about the long term, a competent, qualified specialist will always cost a lot.”

“Comparison of the level of payment of workers and, for example, sales managers is not yet in favor of the workers. During the crises, our production "fell" and, as a result, the demand for workers, which caused at least a freeze on them. wages. But this is in the relatively short term. I think that the demand for skilled workers and their wage levels will grow more rapidly than the demand for sales managers and the level of their remuneration,” comments Alexander Karpov.

Raise the prestige!

The conclusion suggests itself as follows: there is only one way to ensure a bright future for the Russian manufacturing sector - to increase the attractiveness of blue-collar jobs. How to do it? Our experts shared their opinion on this issue.

Natalya Boytsova believes that a whole range of measures is needed to attract young people: “Employment centers, youth labor exchanges, job advertisements not only in newspapers, but also in universities, technical schools, participation in job fairs in educational institutions. The most important thing is to convince young professionals that big quick money is not always a smart choice. After all, the guarantee of personal financial stability of everyone is precisely high qualifications, which can be obtained not only after graduation from the university, but also by working in production.

Alexander Karpov is of the opinion that it is necessary to develop the domestic industry, in fact, to carry out reindustrialization at a new innovative level. Moreover, it is necessary to develop, first of all, such high-tech, innovative enterprises, which ensure the production of demanded modern people goods with high added value. And in addition to this, purposefully engage in the popularization of working professions, starting from the school bench.

The prestige of the profession is one of the main social mechanisms that regulate the process of professional self-determination, and is understood as a comparative assessment of the significance and attractiveness of various professions based on certain values. Each social and socio-professional group has a certain scale of prestige, determined by various systems values. Therefore, professions that are attractive to some social groups of young people may not enjoy prestige from others. The hierarchy of prestige in the public consciousness changes over time, which depends on changes in the field of professional stratification and mobility. The prestige of professions in demand at a given time in the labor market ensures the attractiveness of the relevant faculties and specialties in the university.

At various socio-professional groups available common set of values, but they functional weight is different. Therefore, young people rate higher the prestige of those professions with which they are better acquainted, but according to the same criteria. This partly explains the overestimation of the prestige of one's own profession.

The role of profession prestige in regulating the process of professional self-determination of young people lies in the fact that prestige determines the attractiveness of professions and their popularity among young people, and thus orients young people to prefer certain professions to others. According to American sociologists, the prestige of professions reflects the system of stratification of a particular society, therefore, the study of prestige is one of the methods for studying social stratification.

In addition to the prestige of the profession, the prestige of the university is also seen as social mechanism regulation of professional self-determination of young people by social institutions professions and education.

In the public mind, the prestige of the profession and the university is associated with employment opportunities, as well as professional careers. nod professional career refers to the successful promotion of the professional, social, official, property and other hierarchy. Career opportunities determine the choice of a promising profession and a prestigious university, which ensures the regulation of professional self-determination at the personal level.

At the moment, there is a situation that lies in the inconsistency of the hierarchy of prestige. The prestige of professions that correspond to the highest wages and ample opportunities to make a career is growing (lawyer, manager), and there is a decrease in the prestige of a number of professions that require high qualifications and a level of education (engineer, teacher). This hierarchy of prestige reflects the crisis transitional state of society - the discrepancy between education, profession and income as indicators of social status. As a result, focusing on a certain social status, young people entering universities have few opportunities to get a job or income that matches their profile and level of professional training. The disruption of the connection between the level of education, the sphere of professional employment and the remuneration of a specialist forms an appropriate scale of prestige and thus not only leads to forced employment outside the specialty, but also affects the motivation for choosing the level of education, profession and university.

Russian sociologists conducted a study of the image of the profession, which is interconnected with the concept of the prestige of the profession. The image of the profession- a subjective picture of the world, it reflects the interaction of the subject (professional) and his environment, the dynamics of the formation of professionalism and its change depending on the change in the social environment. Potential specialists do not choose a profession, but the image of the profession, or rather, the image of a specialist of a certain professional group. They choose a profession not as a functional, as a type of activity, but as a group of belonging and, in general, as a future social status, a model of the desired future. The future profession is perceived by them as a tool for shaping this future.

Professional affiliation, taking into account qualification, educational and other characteristics, can be considered as an indicator characterizing the social position of a person in society, since social groups ns can exist otherwise than through professional groups. concept the prestige of the profession associated with the concept professional career. Both of these terms act as an indicator and indicator of individual success from the standpoint of a change in the social position of the individual.

Terminology issues

Giving a definition of a career in the Dictionary of the Russian Language, S.I. Ozhegov notes that there are several meanings of this word. The first is where a career is understood as an occupation. In another meaning, a career is "the path to success, a prominent position in society, in the service field, as well as the very achievement of this position."

Russian scientists conducted a study, during which it turned out that the attitude towards the prestige of the profession among students changes throughout their studies at the university. In the transition from junior to senior years, the proportion of students who are guided in choosing their future occupation by the motive of vocation is steadily decreasing, and at the same time the proportion of those who intend to build their relationship with a professional life world based on the assessment of prestige future work, job growth prospects, level of remuneration.

The prestige of a profession is mobile over time: the hierarchy of professions in the public mind is changing, which depends on changes in the field of professional stratification and mobility. The movements of various professions on the scale of social prestige over time are explained by the changing needs of the labor market for specialists of a certain profile and certain qualifications.

The prestige of a profession is also determined by the level of qualification, the time spent on professional training to master the profession. Consequently, the choice of a profession is carried out already with the choice of a training system, a level of professional education. Thus, the high prestige of the professions of intellectual labor for certain segments of young people orients them towards entering universities.

The prestige of professions that are currently in demand in the labor market ensures the attractiveness of the relevant faculties and specialties in the university; the most prepared applicants who are able to pass competitive exams are guided by these specialties. The rest are forced in their choice to focus, rather, not on the prestige of the profession, but on obtaining higher education in general, thus pre-forming a situation where subsequent plans are not related (or almost not related) to employment and a career in the specialty received at the university. Therefore, the social orientation in this case completely replaces the professional one.

So, the prestige of a profession and a university in the public mind is associated with opportunities for professional growth, a professional career, which at the personal level regulates the process of professional self-determination.

Interviews with students from various universities in the city of St. Petersburg. The sample structure included students from different faculties receiving completely different specialties. Target this study- collection and analysis of data to determine the factors influencing the professional self-determination of student youth.

Based on the analysis of the survey data, the following conclusions can be drawn. Almost all students today are working students. The nature of their activities affects the value consciousness of students. Students who do not have any practical experience are less career oriented and professional growth. The values of education and professionalism are more significant for those students whose work is related to the profile of the received specialty. If a student plans to work in a specialty, then it becomes an actual value for him. Otherwise, material values prevail. The specificity of professional self-determination at the student stage lies in the fact that the choice of the future profession has already been made, but it remains incomplete, can be rethought taking into account new experience and revised. In many ways, this depends on satisfaction with the choice of university and specialty that has already been made, since the motivation for choosing a future place of work and professional plans largely depend on this. Half of the respondents are satisfied with the choice of university and profession. High satisfaction with the choice of profession and university is observed among economists, architects, and lawyers. This is largely due to the prestige and high pay in these professions. Students who are satisfied with their choice more often plan to work in their specialty. Among the motivating values, the interesting nature of the work prevails, status motivation - they value the prestige of the profession. Almost all respondents are characterized by the dominance of the motive of high earnings in their future or present work. You can also note a certain egocentrism in the process of professional orientation: a profession is needed in order to realize one's potential, make a career, and have a good income. Students seek to benefit for themselves, and not to give to people, society, the state.

Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1982. S. 239.

When choosing a profession, one must also remember that it is not the place that makes the person beautiful, but the person the place. Do not forget that the profession should correspond to the abilities and bring moral satisfaction.

The prestige of a profession is determined not only by high income and social status, but also such indicators as stability, prospects career development demand in the distant future.

TOP 10 most prestigious professions in Russia:

Programmers, IT specialists. Specialists in this field are in high demand at the present time, their work is well paid. The rapid development of IT technologies in Russia implies a constant demand for the profession for many years to come.
Entrepreneurs, businessmen. Private business in the presence of commercial abilities can bring high incomes. An additional advantage is independence from the employer.
A top manager is the face of a company, a senior executive, which is prestigious in itself. And paid accordingly. In addition to professional skills and specific knowledge in their industry, a top manager must have creative and flexible thinking, high analytical skills constantly learning new things. Moreover, in different periods of the company's activity, a variety of qualities are required from a top manager: at the start-up stage, he must prove himself to be a bright leader and a successful entrepreneur; in the heyday - a far-sighted strategist; at the time of the crisis - an experienced anti-crisis manager.
Lawyers, lawyers. The population of Russia for the most part is legally illiterate, and jurisprudence is cumbersome, so lawyers will be in constant demand. The most demanded and highly paid at all times are civil lawyers.
Doctors. The profession is considered the most noble and prestigious in the whole world, but not very highly paid in Russia. The highest salary of doctors in Kamchatka.
Pilots and astronauts. These professions are not only prestigious, but respected, romantic and highly paid in any region of Russia.
Creative professions (designers, artists) are prestigious in terms of respect and recognition. It all depends on talent, dedication, luck. As it is rightly said about creative professions: “In the first half of life, a person works for the name, in the second half, the name works for the person.”
Engineers. The prestige of this profession increases during the development of industry, but with material point vision is not the most profitable profession in Russia.
Bankers. All professions associated with finance are initially prestigious. Being a banker was considered prestigious at all times. It all depends on the size of the bank, position, region, etc. recent times It is more prestigious to work in a state bank than in a private one.
Economists. The prestige of the profession also depends on the place of work, position, region. But there is no doubt that this profession is universal and in demand in any social system, in any branch of the national economy and at all levels.

When choosing a profession, one must also remember that it is not the place that makes the person beautiful, but the person makes the place. Do not forget that the profession should correspond to the abilities and bring moral satisfaction. You can understand your predisposition to a certain profession at a career guidance consultation at the Elmira Davydova Center.

The most prestigious professions in the world

Nanotechnologies. Specialists in this field will be constantly in demand in the future. Since the industry is the most relevant government program in the developed world and is well funded, high wages for nanotechnologists are guaranteed for many years to come.
IT specialists. This profession has been on the list of prestigious ones for many years, and in the future it is also expected to be in high demand, decent pay, due to the fact that IT-technologists ensure the functioning of almost all processes in the modern world.
Biotechnologists are the profession of the future in agriculture, healthcare and the food industry. Being a government program that is going to be rapidly developed, biotechnology is adequately financed. Being a scientist or practitioner in this field is very prestigious.
Ecologists. The problem of environmental pollution is only getting worse with time. Therefore, ecologists will always be in demand not only for the purpose of cleansing the environment, but also for the development of new environmentally friendly technologies and industries.
Marketers. The modern world is oversaturated with goods and services. It is impossible to do without marketers in their implementation and production of new ones that consumers need.
Doctors of various specializations: anesthesiologists, surgeons, psychiatrists, therapists, dentists. Health is the main thing that people value and what they do not save on. And good doctors are respected.
Technical and executive directors in various industries. To create a new competitive product or new technologies requires the ability to work with large amounts of information, to coordinate the work of many hundreds of people. Such work is within the power of extraordinary personalities.
Lawyers. In all countries of the world, legal professionals have a prestigious status. Indeed, even in the age of Internet technologies, when books on legislation are available to anyone, not everyone can understand their cumbersome intricacies.
Pilots. Airliner passengers are initially treated with respect for the professionals they trust with their lives. A modern aircraft is a super-complex machine that requires serious technical knowledge, excellent physical fitness, psychological stability, and the ability to make responsible decisions promptly.
A financial market analyst is a specialist who has information about price fluctuations, the relationship between supply and demand in the market. He can give competent advice on transactions in the financial markets and a forecast for the future.

The concept of the prestige of the profession

It has long been known that prestige is the most important criterion for professional choice. A distinctive feature of prestige is the degree of respect for this object, as well as the influence of the person who has mastered this object or this activity. In an era of change in the social system, in which Russia is not very well, the problem of the prestige of the chosen activity has a special meaning. As is known in the turning points historical eras the social mobility of the population is increasing, namely, the transition from one social sphere to another is noticeably facilitated. The former "elite" sharply reduces its mental capacity, activity. And vice versa, some of those people who used to belong to the "lower" strata of society are quickly enriched, gaining social influence. In particular, the appearance in Russia of the so-called "new Russians" is, first of all, the trend of the "new elite".

Basically, a young person chooses this particular profession not because he is attracted by the labor process and its contents (he still does not really know, has not felt all the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen professions), a young person rather chooses a certain way of life, where the profession is only one thing. from the means of building your happiness. This is precisely what explains why many adolescents and young people choose professions such as lawyers or economists: in themselves, these professions are unlikely to be of interest to most young people (working with regulations and financial reports - this is still "an amateur"), but it is these professions that still allow a person to earn a lot and build a certain, "rich", "comfortable", and most necessary - "prestigious" lifestyle.

A teenager who is self-determining has a risk of making a mistake in his choice when the prestige of professions changes: he was guided by prestige and “elitism”, but ended up among the so-called losers, in the mass of a huge number of unclaimed specialists.

Just making teenagers think about the future is not enough. We must provide them with the means to reflect on these difficult problems. But these problems are indeed the most complex and important, since we are talking about social forecasting. If you do not understand in time where our country is heading, you can make a big mistake with professional choice, because it is not clear in what "space" to self-determine.

True professional self-determination is influenced by self-knowledge and self-esteem. If they are not correct, a wrong self-determination occurs. Unfortunately, correct self-assessment is available to a small number of students. Basically, they tend to either overestimate themselves or underestimate themselves.

The prestige of a profession is determined by the content (the share of creative functions, creative functions, creative nature) of this type of work and the degree of popularity of the profession. Work that involves monotonous manual operations or does not give prospects for promotion leads to a low prestige of the respective professions. When it comes to prestige and popularity, one should not forget about socio-psychological factors. Here even the name of the profession matters: there are cases when its change significantly increased the prestige of this profession.

The list of aspects by which the most prestigious profession is determined is varied. It contains the conditions and salary level, confidence in the stability of one's position, the opportunity for creativity, free work schedule, career advancement opportunities, access to power, work abroad, independence, etc.

* this work is not scientific work, is not a final qualifying work and is the result of processing, structuring and formatting the collected information, intended for use as a source of material for self-study educational work.

Introduction.

Chapter Ι Theoretical aspects studying the features of professional self-determination of students.

1.1 The concept of the prestige of the profession.

1.2 The main approaches to the definition of the concept of "professional self-determination".

1.3 Professional self-determination of students.

1.4 Professional suitability.

Conclusion on Ι chapter.

Chapter ΙΙ Experimental study of the influence of the prestige of the profession on the professional self-determination of students.

2.1 The contingent of subjects and research methods.

2.2 Analysis and interpretation of results.

Conclusion on ΙΙ chapter.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Applications.

Introduction

Choosing a profession is a difficult and responsible step in the life of every person, on which his future fate largely depends, this is the relevance of the topic I have chosen. Choosing the right profession means finding your place in life; haste, frivolity can upset life's aspirations and make a person unhappy. The need for career guidance services has appeared in society for a long time. This year marks exactly 100 years since the first career guidance office was opened in Strasbourg, France. Everyone is well aware that by the beginning of the 20th century, due to the rapid growth of industrial production in a number of countries, many people began to migrate to the cities in search of work. A significant number of people faced the real problem of freedom of choice. It was then that specialists began to be in demand to help people choose a profession. The problem of freedom of choice and today makes career guidance work necessary and in demand in the service market.

In my opinion, there is practically no profession into which a student could "step" without prior psychological work above oneself. There is no such individual psycho-physiological organization that, even before the start of professional activity, would be both in general and in individual functions corresponding to this activity. An individualized ability structure that satisfies the requirements of a certain activity is formed only in the course of this activity and thanks to the efforts of the person himself.

In choosing a profession and preparing for it, the role of motivation, perseverance, activity, independence of the students themselves is great. Vocational consultation is a kind of catalyst for that big and often lengthy independent work to be carried out by the student. The choice of a profession cannot be considered as a one-time event, which is the result of a psychological examination. It provides for a lot of cognitive work, self-study, to a certain extent, remaking oneself in accordance with what the profession requires from a person.

The object of research is the professional self-determination of students. The subject of the study is the factor of the prestige of the profession, which affects the professional self-determination of students.

The purpose of the study: to determine the influence of the prestige factor of the profession on the professional self-determination of students.

The main objectives of my course project:

1. Understand what is the prestige of the profession for students;

2. Selection of methods for research;

3. Processing of research results;

The hypothesis - professional self-determination - is a difficult and responsible step in the life of every person, on which his future fate largely depends.

Chapter Ι Theoretical aspects of studying the features of professional self-determination of students.

1.1 The concept of the prestige of the profession

It has long been known that prestige is the most important criterion for professional choice. A distinctive feature of prestige is the degree of respect for this object, as well as the influence of the person who has mastered this object or this activity. In an era of change in the social system, in which Russia is not very well, the problem of the prestige of the chosen activity has a special meaning. As is known, in critical historical epochs, the social mobility of the population increases, namely, the transition from one social sphere to another is noticeably facilitated. The former "elite" sharply reduces their mental abilities and activity. And vice versa, some of those people who used to belong to the "lower" strata of society are quickly enriched, gaining social influence. In particular, the appearance in Russia of the so-called "new Russians" is, first of all, the trend of the "new elite".

Basically, a young person chooses this particular profession not because he is attracted by the labor process and its contents (he still does not really know, has not felt all the advantages and disadvantages of the chosen professions), a young person rather chooses a certain way of life, where the profession is only one thing. from the means of building your happiness. This is precisely what explains the choice by many adolescents and young people of professions such as a lawyer or an economist: by themselves, these professions are unlikely to be of interest to most young people (working with regulations and financial reports is still “an amateur”), but it is these professions still allow a person to earn a lot and build a certain, “rich”, “comfortable”, and most necessary - “prestigious” lifestyle.

Just making teenagers think about the future is not enough. We must provide them with the means to reflect on these difficult problems. But these problems are indeed the most complex and important, since we are talking about social forecasting. If you do not understand in time where our country is heading, you can make a big mistake with your professional choice, as well. it is not clear in what "space" to self-determine.

1.2 The main approaches to the definition of the concept of "professional self-determination"

The most important criterion for awareness and productivity professional development personality is its ability to seek personal meaning in professional work, as well as create their own professional career, make timely decisions about choosing a profession, specialty and place of work. Such things make a person pay attention to himself throughout his life. Constant clarification of the place in the world of professions, understanding of one's own professional role, attitude to work, organizational environment and oneself become important aspects of a person's life.

Professional development is a large part of human ontogenesis, which covers the period from the beginning of the formation of professional intentions to the end of professional life. In this heterochronous process, the stages of option, vocational education and training, professional adaptation, professionalism and mastery can be distinguished. Briefly, professional development can be defined as the "shaping" of the personality, adequate to the activity, and the individualization of the activity by the personality.

A person faces problems that need to analyze their own professional achievements, make decisions when choosing a profession.

It is worth mentioning the researchers who consider the problem of professional self-determination, then I will pay attention to the statements from their works to determine own position about this question.

A. Maslow proposed the concept professional development and singled out as central concept self-actualization as a person's desire to improve, express, manifest himself in a matter that is significant for him. In his concept, synonyms for the concept of "self-determination" are such as "self-actualization", "self-realization" and "self-realization". P.G. Shchedrovitsky considers self-determination as a person's desire to build himself, his individuality, how to be able to rethink his own essence.

Analyzing in more detail the statements of E.A. Klimov, we see that he considers self-determination as an important manifestation mental development, as active search its capabilities, becoming a full-fledged member of the community of "doers" of something useful, a community of professionals.

An integral part of the concept is Klimov's idea that the observed and perceived process of acceptance final decision about the choice of a professional educational institution, the scope of work may seem instantaneous. This is just an imaginary effect of events.

In the previous years of development, the personality has developed a certain attitude to different areas of work, an idea of many professions and a reassessment of one's capabilities, which characterizes the state of readiness for the next professional self-determination.

Summarizing Klimov's reasoning, we can draw the following conclusion: professional self-determination is not reduced to a one-time act of choosing a profession and does not end with the final stage of professional training in the chosen specialty, it continues throughout the entire professional career.

Professional and personal self-determination became the subject of research by N.S. Pryazhnikov.

Pryazhnikov significantly enriched the theory and practice of professional self-determination. He constantly drew attention to the inextricable link between professional self-determination and self-realization of a person in other important areas of life.

Exploring the professional self-determination of the individual, Pryazhnikov substantiated the content of the procedural model:

Awareness of the value of socially useful labor and the need for professional training.

Orientation in the socio - economic situation and forecasting the prestige of the chosen work.

General orientation in the world of professional work and the allocation of professional goals - dreams.

Definition of near professional goals as stages and paths to a distant goal.

Informing about professions and specialties, relevant vocational schools and places of employment.

The idea of the obstacles that complicate the achievement of professional goals, as well as the knowledge of one's own merits that contribute to the implementation of the plans and prospects.

The presence of a system of backup options in case of failure in the main option of self-determination.

Summarizing the analysis of the professional development of the individual, we can highlight the main points of this process:

1. Professional self-determination is the selective attitude of an individual to the world of professions in general and to a specific chosen profession.

2. The core of professional self-determination is the conscious choice of a profession, taking into account one's own characteristics and capabilities, requirements professional activity and socio-economic conditions.

3. Professional self-determination is carried out throughout the entire professional life: a person constantly reflects, rethinks his professional life and asserts himself in the profession.

4. Actualization of professional self-determination of the individual is initiated different kind events such as the end secondary school, vocational school, change of residence, etc.

5. Professional self-determination is an important characteristic of social - psychological maturity personality, its needs for self-realization and self-actualization.

Thus, in this paragraph, we have studied approaches to the definition of the concept of "professional self-determination". Previously, we summarized the analysis of the professional development of the individual and highlighted the main points of this process.

1.3 Professional self-determination of students

By the time they graduate from high school, girls and boys from many imaginary professions are ultimately required to choose the most suitable options for them. Taking care of their future, they understand that well-being and success in life, first of all, will depend on right choice professions.

Young people who have received vocational training face employment issues. To determine the level of professional readiness for the requirements of the profession in a person, professional selection is carried out in a number of specialties. The implementation of this gives rise to many new problems: it is necessary to establish the normative characteristics of the profession, to determine psychological properties and the qualities necessary to carry out this activity.

Before a person during life there are vital important issues. The ability to find personal meaning in professional work, independently design, create one's professional life, make responsible decisions about choosing a profession, specialty and place of work is the most important criterion for the awareness and productivity of a person's professional development. Personality is constantly improving. This means that at different moments of its development, the same tasks of prof. definitions are allowed and interpreted in their own way. Constant understanding of one's socio-professional role, clarification of one's place in the world of professions (or a specific profession), attitudes towards professional work, the team and oneself become important aspects of a person's life. Sometimes there is a feeling of alienation from the profession, a person begins to be weary of it, feels dissatisfaction with his professional position and the results of his work. Cases of a forced change of workplace are not uncommon.

Such concepts as "personality", "professional activity", "professional development of the personality", "profession" and "professional self-determination" play important role. Consider the interpretation of these concepts. In psychology, there are several definitions of personality. In humanistic psychological concepts, a person is a person as a value for which the development of the whole society takes place.

Unfortunately, the concept of professional development of personality in psychology has not yet been fully entrenched. We will further consider becoming as a process of progressive personality change under the influence of social impacts. Becoming necessarily implies the existence of a need for development and self-development, the possibility and reality of its satisfaction, as well as the need for professional self-preservation.

Exploring the professional self-determination of the individual, N.S. Pryazhnikov substantiated the following content-procedural model:

1. Awareness of the value of socially useful labor and the need for professional training (the value-moral basis of self-determination).

2. Orientation in the socio-economic situation and forecasting the prestige of ..chosen ..labor.

3. General orientation in the world of professional work and identification of professional..goals..—..dreams.

4. Definition of near professional goals as stages and paths to a distant .. goal.

5. Informing about professions and specialties, relevant vocational schools and places of employment.

6. The idea of the obstacles that complicate the achievement of professional goals, as well as the knowledge of one's own merits that contribute to the implementation of the plans and prospects.

7. The presence of a system of backup options in case of failure in the main option of self-determination.

8. The beginning of the practical implementation of a personal professional perspective and the constant adjustment of plans based on the feedback principle.

The success of professional work is called the professional formation of the subject of activity. Thus, it can be noted that the professional development of a subject is a part of a person's ontogeny from the beginning of the formation of professional intentions to the completion of an active professional activity.

The professional development of the personality replenishes the psyche, enriches the life of a person with a special meaning, gives professional biography significance. Professional development is accompanied by changes: deformations, stagnation and personality crises. Because of these changes, there is a discontinuity and unevenness of the professional development of the individual, they are of a normative and non-normative nature. Professional development is necessarily accompanied by unforeseen circumstances that radically change the trajectory of a person's professional life.

A team whose members are of different ages, adaptation to professional activities, mastering a new social role give rise to a new set of problems. The changed professional situation stimulates the formation of new psychological properties and qualities. There is a radical restructuring of the psychological structure of the personality, as the existing system of coordinates of human life is changing. Instead of the old system "school-family-society", a new situation arises, determined by the coordinates "profession-family-socio-economic conditions".

Based on the assessment of their abilities, the prestige of the profession and the content of its work, as well as the socio-economic situation, girls and boys, first of all, determine themselves in the ways of obtaining professional education and reserve options for joining professional work. Thus, for older adolescents and for girls and boys, educational and professional self-determination is relevant - a conscious choice of ways of vocational education and training.

Comprehensive school with its romantic aspirations and professionally oriented dreams is a thing of the past. However, many experience dissatisfaction and disappointment in the choice of the educational and professional field. Attempts are being made to make adjustments to the professional start.

The formation of professional intentions of schoolchildren goes through several stages. The first stage (grades 1-6) is the primary choice, during which undifferentiated ideas about the world of professions that are familiar to students only by name and some outward signs. This stage is also characterized by an inadequate, often indefinite, idea of one's own resources and the possibilities of their further development. Primary career choice applies to students younger age when there are no expressed interests and inclinations, there is an easy change of interests, there are no questions about the content of the profession, working conditions, prestige, remuneration, etc. Sometimes adolescents also linger at this stage, although the social situation already requires from ninth graders specific solution about choosing your path in life.

The next stage (7-11) is the stage of professional self-determination, and here the student must already quite independently formulate for himself the task of choosing a future professional activity, taking into account the available psychological and psychophysiological resources.

According to E.A. Klimov, there are eight corners of the situation of choosing a profession. After all, the student takes into account information not only about the features of various professions, but also a lot of other information.

Position of senior family members. Of course, the care of the elders about the future profession of their child is understandable - they are responsible for how his life develops.

It is not uncommon for parents to give their child complete freedom of choice, thereby demanding independence, responsibility, and initiative from him. It happens that parents do not agree with the choice of the child, offering to reconsider their plans and make a different choice, believing that he is still small. In order to choose the right profession, the attitudes of parents often interfere, who want their children to compensate for their shortcomings in the future, in the activity in which they could not fully express themselves.

Children agree with the advice of their parents, in most cases, counting on the support of their parents when entering any educational institution- show observations. At the same time, children, of course, forget that it is they who will have to work in this specialty, and not their parents.

peer position. The friendly relations of students are strong and their influence on the choice of profession is not excluded, since the attention of their peers to their professional future is also increasing. It is the position of the microgroup that can become decisive in professional self-determination.

The position of teachers, school teachers, class teacher. Each teacher, observing the behavior of the student, "penetrates the thought behind the facade external manifestations person, makes a kind of diagnosis regarding the interests, inclinations, thoughts, character, abilities, preparedness of the student. The teacher knows a lot of information that is unknown to the student.

Personal professional plans. In human life, ideas about the near and distant future play an important role. A professional plan or image, a mental representation, its features depend on the mindset and character of a person. It contains the main goal and goals for the future, ways and means to achieve them. But plans are different and what they are depends on the person.

Capabilities. The abilities and talents of a high school student must be considered not only in studies, but also in all other types of socially valuable activity, since it is the abilities that include future professional suitability.

The level of claims for public recognition. The first stage of professional training is the realism of the student's claims.

Awareness. Important, undistorted information is an important factor in choosing a profession.

Inclinations. Inclinations are manifested and formed in activity. Consciously engaging in different types of activities, a person can change his hobbies, and hence the direction. For a student, this is important, because professional hobbies are the way to the future.

Students strive to choose the type of activity that would correspond to their understanding of their own capabilities.

Without self-assessment, it is impossible to outline the right program for self-development, it is difficult to choose a job that will appeal to you.

Students cannot objectively evaluate themselves. Some tend to overestimate themselves, others vice versa. Of course, those who believe that students only overestimate themselves, as well as those who believe that they underestimate themselves, are wrong. They have both options.

Students who choose a profession are guided by the presence of, first of all, moral and strong-willed, then intellectual, and only then organizational qualities.

For high school graduates, choosing a profession is a serious step. But the problem is that they do not understand the psychological foundations of professional self-determination. Most boys and girls lack general knowledge of personality psychology, it is difficult for them to understand their interests, abilities, qualities and character traits. Their ideas about personality often remain at the level of everyday life. Now it can be argued that psychological education as a condition for the formation of objective self-esteem is very necessary for high school students.

Adequate self-assessment is not available to all students. Basically, they tend to either underestimate themselves or overestimate themselves. In case of revaluation, the level of claims is lower than the available possibilities. The choice of profession made on this basis leads to disappointment. Low self-esteem also negatively affects the choice of profession and personal development.

Thus, in this paragraph, we have studied the professional self-determination of students, identified the main factors that influence the choice of profession.

1.4 Professional suitability

When analyzing the professional suitability and performance of a person, a huge number of questions arise. Introduction to the market economy creates the problem of professional suitability, competitiveness of workers.

A huge number of problems arise because of unemployment. Increased psychological tension due to lack of confidence in tomorrow. For many unemployed, retraining will become relevant. A new profession requires changes in professional habits, qualities and traits. In addition to qualified professional advice, professional development will need to be corrected. Any problems require the psychological support of employment services.

As the experience of vocational counseling work has shown, students who hesitate to choose a profession often turn to a psychologist with a request to determine what type of activity they are most capable of, expecting to receive advice on their professional suitability. The confusion often arises because modern students there is no complete, established idea of what professional suitability is and as a result of which it arises, due to the inability to evaluate oneself, one's abilities, and opportunities.

Psychologists (K.M. Gurevich) divide all professions into 2 large groups. Professions of the 1st type require absolute professional suitability. It's important to know what this means. People who have certain psychophysiological and psychological characteristics are suitable for them (about them we will talk later), for the rest of the people, effective and high-quality work in them is practically unattainable. This, for example, is the work of operators of various types, test pilots, firefighters, etc. There are relatively few such professions, and the bulk constitutes the second group. Professions of the 2nd type do not impose strict, absolute requirements on the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, which allows almost any healthy person to master them. These occupations are occupations with relative professional suitability. There may be people with different individual psychophysiological characteristics, but the options for their adaptation to the profession will be different. Each person in the process of activity develops an individual style of activity. Having your own individual style allows you to compensate for some of the shortcomings of natural features. In other cases, employees choose the most suitable jobs for themselves (as in the medical profession). It is precisely through the development of individuality in relation to activity that almost any person can master a profession of the second type. Professions of the first type require a strict selection and therefore a detailed study of the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, such as: strength, balance, mobility nervous system(NS). Force nervous processes characterizes the ability of the NS to withstand heavy loads and irritants. This is a natural feature that shows the level of endurance and performance. The balance of nervous processes, such as excitation and inhibition, regulate their ratios, i.e. they can either be balanced with each other - of the same strength, or one of them prevails, dominates.

The characteristics of the NS listed above are innate, or formal-dynamic features of the psyche. Impossible with positive or negative side characterize the properties and types of NS. Strength and weakness, balance or imbalance, mobility and inertia are manifested only in extreme situations. These natural features of a person, his NS, as a rule, are masked by experience. With any pronounced features of the National Assembly, a person can achieve high level social and professional achievements in professions of the second type.

This can be demonstrated with examples. Many people with weak NS have a higher sensitivity compared to "strong" ones, cope better with monotonous and monotonous work, and are focused on high accuracy of work. Therefore, it is easier for them to master such professions as, for example, a taster, where high sensitivity is required, or a diamond cutter, where the highest precision is required, as well as some artistic professions.

People with strong NS may difficult situation correctly assess the situation, maintain self-control, restraint, perform the necessary actions. Strong NS is characterized by high performance of nerve cells and their ability to withstand superstrong stimuli. In particular, the strength of the National Assembly provides the psychological, emotional stability of a person to the effects of superstrong stimuli, thereby increasing the reliability of his work in extreme situations.

Conclusion on Ι chapter

Having considered aspects of the features of professional self-determination and the influence of the prestige of the profession on this, we will draw the following conclusions.

Professional self-determination is an emotionally colored attitude of a person to his position in the field of professions. Professional self-determination is an important factor in the self-realization of a person in a particular profession and in culture in general. The constant search for one's place in the world of professions allows the individual to find an area of activity for the final realization.

At the stage of adolescence, the choice of a profession takes place on the basis of knowledge of one's capabilities, abilities, inclinations, as well as the state of the labor market. The choice of a profession can be influenced by a number of factors identified by E.A. Klimov, such as: the position of parents, the position of comrades, the position of teachers, personal professional plans, abilities, level of claims, awareness and inclinations.

The problem of choosing a profession is not an easy test for university students. For many, for the first time in their lives, they will have to think and take a serious step. It depends on the correct choice of profile. further fate student.

Chapter ΙΙ Experimental study of the influence of the prestige of the profession on the professional self-determination of students.

2.1 Subjects and research methods

My contingent of subjects is students of higher educational institutions. I applied a number of methods to them, with the help of which I revealed how much the prestige of the profession affects her choice.

The main research methods are: a questionnaire of professional inclinations (modified by G.V. Rezapkina), a Klimov DDO questionnaire, J. Holland's method (see appendices).

The questionnaire consists of sentences that must be completed with one of those options. Simple and easy to process and interpret, the technique reveals professional inclinations and the degree of their severity.

The survey is empirical method obtaining information based on answers to specially prepared questions that make up the questionnaire. The survey material is subjected to qualitative and quantitative processing. Questioning can be both group and individual.

Testing is a psychodiagnostic method of using standardized test methods to identify and quantify the level of development of cognitive, intellectual, typological and personal characteristics of students and teachers, the structure of interpersonal relationships and interaction in teams.

2.2 Analysis and interpretation of results

In this chapter, we review the results, analyze them, and draw conclusions.

In our case, there were fifteen subjects who were asked to answer the questions of a questionnaire of professional inclinations, after processing the results, the results of each subject were calculated separately.

No. 6 turned out to be the dominant column. Thus, we can conclude that most of the subjects are characterized by a tendency to plan-economic activities. Professions related to calculations and planning (accountant, economist); office work, text analysis and their transformation (editor, translator, linguist); schematic representation of objects (drawer, topographer). These professions require a person to be attentive to details, composure and accuracy.

When choosing a profession, it is important to consider your inclinations. An inclination is an attraction to an activity.

The differential diagnostic questionnaire (DDO) was developed under the guidance of E.A. Klimov (see Appendix 2) and is designed to determine the interests and inclinations of a person. It can be used in the work of professional consultants of the employment service and psychologists in the career guidance of adolescents and adults and in the selection for training in various types of professions.

The methodology is based on the classification of professions proposed by E.A. Klimov according to the subject of labor, to which they (professions) are directed.

The methodology is a questionnaire of twenty questions.

Each question contains two alternatives (“a” and “b”).

The test subject must choose only one type in each of the 20 pairs of proposed activities. According to the results of the survey, in accordance with the key, a person's orientation to 5 types of professions is revealed, according to the classification of E.A. Klimov:

1. man - nature;

2. man - technology;

3. person - person;

4. man - iconic technique, iconic image;

5 persons - artistic image.

Let us now consider the results of the questionnaire presented in Table No. 2, after which we will draw conclusions based on its results.

Analyzing the results of the average values, for the entire sample of students, one can note the predominance of the humanitarian orientation in the choice of the field of activity.

Orientation to the sphere of activity of Man-Man prevails over the orientation to the sphere of activity of Man-Technology. At the same time, the leading personality type is social, and the least significant are the realistic and entrepreneurial personality types. Perhaps this is related to age characteristics: leading activity in given age- this is the development of relationships with people, society and the assimilation of the norms of these relationships. The sample can be considered as representative, since the educational success of university students is close both in the field of humanities and natural subjects.

Conducting a comparative analysis of the average values of indicators in a sample of boys and girls, a number of statistically significant differences were found between the average values of the measured indicators.

Thus, the differences obtained by us with qualitative analysis. The focus on the field of activity Man-Technology is higher among young men than among girls. And the focus on the sphere of activity Man-Man is higher for girls than for boys.

Thus, young men are most focused on such areas of activity as technology and sign system, and the girls on the person and the artistic image. This is due to the fact that adolescents typify many professions by gender as female and less often as male. Similar perceptions of adolescents about professions as feminine or masculine also affect their value orientations and professional identity.

The technique of J. Holland (see Appendix 3) - the technique is an example of a subjective typological approach to the study of personality. This test is designed to study the professional interests and preferences of a person. It will help to correlate inclinations, abilities and interests with various, specific professions.

The test form lists a wide range of interests and attitudes. Of the two proposed professions, you must choose one that is most interesting to the subject, and mark it on the answer sheet with a cross. Then go to the second two professions, also noting the most interested.

Analyzing the prevailing personality type in a sample of students, we see that boys have a more realistic personality type than girls. And at the same time, girls have a more pronounced social type of personality, compared to boys.

Among the subjects, 61% of people who have decided on their future profession, the rest have not yet made this choice. Still, 39% of students from the group under consideration is a fairly large number.

University teachers should take a number of measures to activate professional self-determination.

The activating technique is in many ways close to the game technique, but it also has its own characteristics. The main characteristics of the activating professional consultation method are the following:

1. Interestingness, fascination of the methodology procedure for students.

2. Personal significance of the issues discussed in the methodology.

3. Voluntary participation in the procedure of this technique.

4. Two-plan action, which implies, on the one hand, a plan of real actions, and on the other hand, a plan of fictional actions.

Consider just some of the methods that activate professional self-determination:

Career guidance games with a group are designed for real working conditions in a university: many games are played within a couple; assume high dynamics of work; have a more "modest" effect than longer "therapeutic" consultations.

Activating career guidance questionnaires are more like a “test game”, since the main goal is to make you think about those issues that seem “boring” when they are discussed in a discussion mode or in a normal conversation, in an activating questionnaire these difficult questions are simply included in the activity of completing the form.

As well as a set of measures aimed at assisting students in choosing a profession, professional advice should be used - this is the "orientation" of the student.

Students of a higher educational institution should take their choice of profession more seriously, start thinking about their future profession in advance.

When choosing a future profession, they should take into account a number of important factors:

1. Tendencies.

2. Ability.

3. Motives of professional activity.

4. State of health.

If these and a number of other factors are not taken into account, then the wrong choice of profession may occur, which will lead to disappointment even during the period of study and students do not want to work in their chosen specialty.

Conclusion on chapter ΙΙ

During the experiment, I studied professional inclinations and the degree of their severity. With the help of DDO Klimov, a classification of professions according to the subject of labor was carried out. A study of professional interests and preferences of students was conducted.

Thus, having considered the obtained results, we can conclude that such factors as abilities, inclinations, objects of labor, health status and prestige are quite strong factors influencing professional self-determination. As for other factors, they have little effect on professional self-determination.

The results of testing can be used in the career guidance of university students, in organizing a student-centered approach in the learning process, to increase motivation in certain subjects related to the area of choice of future professional activity.

There is no profession that a student could “step into” without preliminary psychological work on himself. There is no such individual psycho-physiological organization that, even before the start of professional activity, would be both in general and in individual functions corresponding to this activity. An individualized structure of abilities that satisfies the requirements of a certain activity is formed only in the course of this activity and thanks to the efforts of the person himself.

In choosing a profession and preparing for it, the role of motivation, perseverance, activity, independence of the students themselves is great. Vocational consultation is a kind of catalyst for that large and often lengthy independent work that a student must carry out. The choice of a profession cannot be considered as a one-time event, which is the result of a psychological examination. It provides for a lot of cognitive work, self-study, to a certain extent, remaking oneself in accordance with what the profession requires from a person.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to note that professional activity occupies an important place in the life of every person. From the first steps of the child, parents think about his future, closely monitor the interests and inclinations of their child, trying to predetermine his professional fate.

For young people enrolled in a vocational school, the problem of choosing a profession has not been finally resolved. Some of them are disappointed in the correctness of their choice already in the first year of study, others - at the beginning of independent professional activity, and others - after 3-5 years of work in the profession.

The problem of professional development became relevant at the beginning of the 20th century. Until that time, there was no free choice of professions. The professional life of people was limited by class traditions, as well as the patriarchal way of society. The Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of a labor market and new professions. Huge masses of people faced the problem of finding a job and professional readiness for it.

My research was aimed at studying prestige as a factor in students' professional self-determination. As a hypothesis, the assumption was made that professional self-determination is a difficult and responsible step in the life of every person, on which his future fate largely depends, and the prestige of the profession affects the professional self-determination of the individual.

To prove our hypothesis, I studied the approaches to the concept of professional self-determination, the features of professional self-determination of students, on the basis of the experiment, identified the factors influencing the choice of profession and concluded that:

1. Professional self-determination is an emotionally colored attitude of a person to his place in the world of professions. Professional self-determination of a person is influenced by social conditions, prestige and interpersonal relationships in a collective.

2. Professional self-determination is an important factor self-realization of the individual in a particular profession and in culture in general.

3. At the stage of adolescence, there is a real choice of profession based on knowledge of one's capabilities, inclinations, abilities, as well as the state of the labor market. The choice of a profession can be influenced by a number of factors identified by E.A. Klimov, such as: the position of parents, the position of comrades, the position of teachers, personal professional plans, abilities, level of claims, awareness and inclinations.

4. The wrong choice is not ruled out in this case, many experience dissatisfaction and disappointment in the choice of the educational and professional field.

5. The correctness of professional self-determination is influenced by self-knowledge and self-esteem. If they are wrong, wrong self-determination occurs. The results of the research showed that the majority of the subjects are characterized by a propensity for planning and economic activities; boys have a more realistic personality type than girls; one can also note the predominance of a humanitarian orientation in the choice of a field of activity.

Thus, we can say that the goal of the work has been achieved, the research hypothesis has been confirmed.

According to the results experimental study it can be concluded that such factors as abilities, the subject of work, the influence of parents, prestige and health status are quite strong factors influencing the professional self-determination of students. As for other factors, they have little effect on professional self-determination, but despite this, their influence should not be completely discarded.

Bibliography

1. Large soviet encyclopedia, 1975

2. Zeer E.F. Psychology of professions. - M.: Academic project; Yekaterinburg. 2003

3. Klimov E.A. Psychological and pedagogical problems of professional consultation. - M.: 1983. - No. 2.