The most famous underground organization in Krasnodon has become. Young guard
Researchers who have studied the history of The Young Guard and read the novel say that this story was invented twice: first, the policemen invented it, and only then, reworking the facts in their own way, the writer Alexander Fadeev invented it.
He did not hide the fact that he wrote fiction, but for some reason left the real names of some Young Guardsmen, making their role more significant (for example, he made the main character out of Oleg Koshevoy, although Koshevoy did nothing special. Fadeev just lived in Krasnodon from Koshevoy's mother, who, of course, told the writer about her son), and put real heroes into the shadows, and even so that suspicion of betrayal fell on them. After Fadeev received the Stalin Prize for the novel, the book took on a life of its own, elevating some and crippling the fate of others. There is a version that it was the novel that first led to depression, and then to the suicide of Fadeev himself.
The Central Archive of the Main Directorate of the FSB has 28 volumes of case No. 20056 - these are the materials of the investigation on charges of the executioners who dealt with the Young Guards. The journalists who got to these materials in the nineties did not leave a stone unturned in the history of the Young Guard, but time puts everything in its place, and now the feat of the Young Guard sounded in a new way.
Did what they could
Yes, the organization was not that big, but it was, that's a fact. Teenagers listened to the radio, distributed reports of the Soviet Information Bureau, put up leaflets. Valeria Borts recalled that on November 7, the Young Guards managed to hang out flags on the office of the mine and on the roof of the club. Lyuba Shevtsova, Sergei Tyulenin and Vitya Lukyanchenko burned down the labor exchange, where there were lists of young people whom the Nazis wanted to take into slavery. The guys freed prisoners of war and stole cattle from the Germans. This is a lot, considering that they were 16-17 years old, and no one led them.
Immediately after the liberation of Krasnodon, lists of the dead were compiled - there were 52 of them. But how many guys really took part in the fight? Valeria Boruts said that in August 1942 there were six people in the Hammer group: Viktor Tretyakevich, Tyulenina, Shevtsova, Koshevoy, Ivan Zemnukhov, Ulyana Gromova. There were several such groups, but it is unlikely that the organization could grow much in six months.
And who betrayed?
According to the memoirs of the young guard Vasily Levashov, they were opened by accident: in December 1942, the guys robbed a truck with gifts for the Germans. Soon the police detained a 12-year-old boy with German cigarettes, he said that Yevgeny Moshkov gave him cigarettes. They raided Moshkov's apartment and found German products there, immediately arrested Moshkov's colleagues in the club - Tretyakevich and others. At Tosya Mashchenko's, they saw a letter from Olga Lyadskaya, in which she called work in Germany slavery, and she was also arrested. The girl was frightened by the threats and named the names of her acquaintances one after another. The case contains her confession: “I named the persons whom I suspected of partisan activity: Kozyrev, Tretyakevich, Nikolaenko ... I betrayed my friend Mashchenko - Borts.”
The policemen grabbed everyone, a rare opportunity arose to distinguish themselves and “open” the underground, the case grew like a snowball, the son of the local burgomaster Zhora Statsenko, who also wrote a list of unreliable people, was arrested.
Gennady Pocheptsov turned out to be a traitor, he really betrayed many himself, but at that moment they had already been detained. He betrayed a group in Pervomaisky settlement, the entire headquarters and the commander of his "five" - Popov.
The policemen themselves tried to denigrate Vitya Tretyakevich - for not betraying anyone and steadfastly enduring torture. Obviously, the writer Fadeev also followed this false trail, and his fellow villagers recognized Tretyakevich in his traitor Stakhovich, which made life difficult for his family.
Levashov believed that the Nazis learned the names from the lists of employees of the club, which was led by Moshkov. He made lists for the exchange, because the club's employees were supposed to have a "booking" from work in Germany.
There was another traitor - Gury Fadeev, who worked for the Germans as a geologist and was an informer. He handed over Vanya Zemnukhov and Koshevoy to the policemen.
The fate of these people was sad: Pocheptsov was shot, Olga Lyadskaya was in the camps until 1956, and then she was released due to a severe form of tuberculosis. She returned home and none of her friends condemned her. Gury Fadeev was given 25 years in the camps, Zhora Statsenko received 15 years, then he was reduced to five, and then, according to the testimony of Vasily Levashov, his guilt was removed.
The fate of the young guards
All the detainees were subjected to terrible torture by the gendarmes, from January 13 to 15, they were taken in batches to the pit of mine No. 5-bis and executed, and the bodies were thrown down. Some were thrown into the mine alive.
Oleg Koshevoy was detained later. During interrogations in Rovenki, he turned gray in a few days, later he was taken into the forest and shot. Even a few years later, the executioners were able to remember the gray-haired young man who, dying, looked into their eyes.
But there were those who survived. Georgy Arutunyants managed to leave the city, fought against the Nazis, after the war he became a military man, worked as a teacher. Valeria Borts became a translator, Nina and Olga Ivantsov were able to get out, after the war Nina worked in the regional committee of the city of Voroshilovgrad, and Olga worked in the field of trade. Vasily Levashov ended the war as a lieutenant, served in the navy and rose to the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Anatoly Lopukhov managed to cross the front line, joined the Red Army, liberated Ukraine, and after the war served as a political commissar in air defense units. Mikhail Shishchenko graduated from a mining technical school, worked at the Donbassanthracite plant, and was a deputy of the city council. Olga Saprykina served in the railway troops, after the war she worked as an auditor. Radiy Yurkin became a pilot, fought with the Japanese, returned to Krasnodon, worked as a mechanic, and, together with other young guards, tried to remove suspicion from Tretyakevich.
Viktor Tretyakevich was rehabilitated in 1959 and posthumously, in 1961, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree.
collaborators
In the materials devoted to the defeat of the "Young Guard", the same expression is used: "subjected (subjected) to severe torture." Those who tortured, as a rule, are designated vaguely as fascist monsters, occupiers, occasionally (which is closer to the truth) policemen, accomplices of the occupiers. While the author of these lines in the early 90s did not plunge into the documents of the regional state security department, he, like millions of Soviet pioneers, was brought up Soviet school, believed that the feet of the patriots were cut, the skin on the back was cut out in stripes, the eyes were gouged out by German soldiers. After all, this is what they mean when they write: "the invaders seized, tortured, shot." No, no, no one is going to reconsider the guilt, crimes, responsibility of the German soldier, officer, military leaders who committed mass crimes in the occupied territories under their control. That's it - let it go. Mass executions were carried out just by German punitive groups special purpose- Einsatzgruppen. (Einsatzgruppe C arrived in the Luhansk region in September 1942, the headquarters was located in Starobelsk, the group commander was SS Brigadeführer Major General Max Thomas. From that moment on, the repression machine began to increase its momentum.) But if a German soldier, an officer, putting aside the Schmeiser ", did not pull out the nails of the underground worker, but did it an accomplice, a former Soviet citizen who deliberately took the side of the enemy, then this circumstance should be indicated in this way: the accomplice Ivanov-Petrov-Sidorov was arrested, tortured, shot. Why do I insist on this? Because I see clearly: in the cruelty shown against the arrested partisans, underground workers, but simply Soviet people, does not shine through, but distinctly blackens non-German ferocity. The German death machine worked like a well-oiled giant production. The death conveyor was switched on according to the schedule, lubricated, inspected, repaired. The same investigators, policemen, like medieval kats, did not disdain blood, they ruled teenagers with pleasure. Moreover, the commandant did not stand behind his back, he did not correct the process - they themselves, they tried. They got drunk, of course, but how about ... It is also a distinguishing feature: for greater ferocity, and not to drown out conscience.
"Mom, I'm fine..."
Lidia Androsova was arrested by accomplices on January 12. Lydia made friends with Nikolai Sumsky while still at school. Friendship grew into love. The girl spent five days in the police. When the body of Androsova was removed from the pit ... Without an eye, an ear, a hand, with a rope around his neck.
Nikolai Sumsky was taken on January 4 at the mine, ten days later he was sent to Krasnodon, executed on January 16 (according to other sources - January 18), four days after Lidia Androsova.
Alexandra Bondaryova, Vasily Bondaryov's sister, was arrested by the police on January 11. The torture began on the very first day. Brother and sister were kept in different cells. On January 15, Vasily Bondaryov was taken to be executed. He was not allowed to say goodbye to his sister. He was thrown alive into a mine shaft No. 5. On the evening of January 16, Alexandra was also taken to execution (according to mother Praskovya Titovna - January 17). One of the policemen hit Alexandra on the head with a rifle. The girl fell down on the snow. The head hung.
Seventeen-year-old Nina Gerasimova (executed on January 11) was identified with difficulty: “ broken left arm the whole body, and especially the chest, are black from beatings, the right side is mutilated”(RGASPI Fund M-1, inventory 53, item 329.) Boris Glavan was removed from the mine associated with Yevgeny Shepelev barbed wire. They were tied face to face, and the young man's face was mutilated, his hands were cut off, his stomach was ripped open. From Evgeny Shepelev the head was smashed, the hands were cut off. Mikhail Grigoriev tried to escape. He was wounded and thrown alive into a mine shaft. The execution took place on 31 January.
Vasily Gukov, who was executed on January 15, was identified by his mother by a scar on his chest. Seventeen-year-old Leonid Dadyshev was tortured for ten days. His mercilessly flogged with whips, chopped off the brush on the right hand. Shot and thrown into a pit January 15. Maya Peglivanova was disfigured - breasts cut off, legs broken. A friend of Maya Peglivanova, a young teacher Alexandra Dubrovina, refused to leave the city: "Where Maya is, there I will be." January 16, before being thrown into the pit, Alexandra Dubrovina they cut off his chest, stabbed him several times, dragged him still alive to the trunk, smashed his head with rifle butts near the trunk y.
Friends - Antonina Dyachenko and Evgenia Kiykov - were buried in the same coffin. Antonina was arrested on January 12, Yevgenia on January 13. In one of her mother's notes, Evgenia wrote: “Dear mother, don't worry about me - I'm fine. Kiss grandfather for me, have pity on yourself. Your daughter is Zhenya. According to the teacher Antonina Dyachenko, who participated in the funeral of the Young Guards, it was impossible to recognize her friends. Antonina Eliseenko was arrested on January 13 at two in the morning. The police broke into the room where Antonina was sleeping and ordered her to get dressed. The girl refused to dress in front of men. The police were forced to leave. Executed on January 18th. Antonina's body was disfigured.
Vladimir Zhdanov was one of the first to be arrested, on January 3. On January 14, he managed to send a note to his relatives: “Hello, dear ones ... I am still alive. My fate is unknown. For the rest, I don't know anything. I sit separately from everyone in solitary confinement. Goodbye ... I kiss you tightly. On January 16, Vladimir, along with other Young Guardsmen, was taken to the pit. The area was cordoned off by the police. Several people were brought to the place of execution and shot. At the last moment, Zhdanov resisted, trying to push police chief Solikovsky into the mine well, but was shot dead. "Volodya Zhdanov, 17 years old, taken from a lacerated wound in the left temporal region, the fingers were broken and twisted, there were bruises under the nails, two strips three centimeters wide, twenty-five centimeters long were cut on the back, the eyes were gouged out and the ears were cut off"(Museum "Young Guard", f. 1, d. 36). One of the first to be arrested was Nikolai Zhukov. From the police, he gave his mother a note in which he asked not to worry. On January 16, 1943, he was shot and thrown into the pit of mine No. 5: “Nikolai Zhukov, 20 years old, extracted without ears, tongue, teeth, hand and foot cut off"(Museum "Young Guard", f. 1, d. 73). Vladimir Zagoruiko was arrested on January 28. The chief of police Solikovsky participated in the arrest. The chief of police was sitting in a cart, Vladimir Zagoruiko walked through the snowdrifts bound, barefoot, in his underwear. The police pushed him with the butts of machine guns. Vladimir they twisted their arms, pulled out their hair. They threw him alive into the pit.
Antonina Ivanikhina was arrested on 11 January. Before last hour the girl cared for her comrades who were weakened after torture. Execution - January 16th. "Tonya Ivanikhina, 19 years old, extracted without eyes, the head is tied with a handkerchief and wire, the breasts are cut out "(Museum "Young Guard", f. 1, d. 75). Antonina's sister Lilia was arrested on January 10, and was also executed on the 16th. The sister of Antonina and Lilia Lyubov recalled: “Once our relative came to us and said: “My husband was appointed as a watchman near mine No. 5. I don’t know if yours are there or not there, but my husband found combs and combs. Look at things, maybe you will find yours. Most likely, do not look for (daughters. - Ed.), Probably yours are there (in the pit. - Ed.). When they were shooting, my grandfather was forced to leave, to climb the waste heap, and he saw that some girls were jumping themselves, some hugged, the guys resisted. (…) One of the sisters had a hand (cut off. - Ed.), Eyes were tied with wire. Then they brought coffins, our Ivanikhins were put in one coffin.
Claudia Kovaleva was executed on 16 January. “Klava Kovaleva, 17 years old, was taken out swollen, the right breast was cut off, the feet were burned, the left arm was cut off, the head was tied with a scarf, there were signs of beatings on the body. It was found ten meters from the trunk, between the trolleys, it was probably thrown alive ”(Museum“ Young Guard ”, f. 1, d. 10.)
Antonina Mashchenko was executed on 16 January. Antonina's mother Maria Alexandrovna: “As I later found out, my beloved child was also executed by terrible torture. When the corpse of Antonina was removed from the pit along with other young guards, it was difficult to identify my girl in it. There was barbed wire in her braids, half of her lush hair was missing.. My daughter was hung up and tortured by animals.”
Nina Minaeva was executed on 16 January. The brother of the underground worker Vladimir Petrovich recalled: “... My sister was recognized by woolen leggings - the only clothes that remained on her. Nina's arms were broken, one eye was knocked out, there were shapeless wounds on her chest, her whole body was in black stripes ... "
Policemen Krasnov and Kalitventsev drove Yevgeny Moshkov around the city all night. Eugene's hands were tied. stood very coldy. police officers Moshkov was lowered into the well of a water column. Then Kalitventsev brought everyone to his home. Moshkov was put in front of the stove. They let me smoke. Then they took it again.
Vladimir Osmukhin (arrested on January 5, executed on January 15) was identified by his clothes. Vladimir's sister Lyudmila: “When I saw Vovochka, mutilated, almost completely without a head, without a left arm up to the elbow I thought I was going crazy. I didn't believe it was him. He was in one sock, and the other leg was completely bare. Instead of a belt, a warm scarf is worn. No outerwear. Head is broken. The back of the head fell out completely, only the face remained, on which only Volodya's teeth remained. Everything else is ruined. The lips are distorted, the nose is almost completely missing ...»
Viktor Petrov was arrested on 6 January. On the night of January 15-16, he was thrown alive into a pit. Victor's sister Natalya Petrova: “When Vitya was taken out of the pit, he could have been given 80 years. There was no left ear, nose, both eyes, teeth were knocked out, hair remained only on the back of the head. There were black stripes around the neck (apparently, traces of hanging), all the fingers on the hands were finely broken, the skin on the soles of the feet rose in a bubble, on the chest there was a large deep wound inflicted by a cold weapon. Obviously, it was inflicted while still in prison, because the tunic and shirt were not torn.
Anatoly Popov was born on January 16th. On his birthday, January 16, he was thrown alive into a pit. The last meeting of the headquarters of the "Young Guard" was held at the apartment of Anatoly Popov. " On the left hand, the fingers and the foot on the right leg were cut off"(RGASPI F-1 Op.53 D.332.)
Angelina Samoshina (executed on January 16): “Traces of torture were found on Angelina’s body: hands are twisted, ears are cut off, a star is carved on the cheek”(RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331.) Angelina’s mother Anastasia Emelyanovna: “She sent a note from prison, where she wrote that many products should not be passed on, that she is fine here, “like in a resort.” On January 18, they did not accept the parcel from us, they said that they were sent to a concentration camp. My mother, Nina Minaeva, and I went to the camp in Dolzhanka, where they were not there. Then the policeman warned us not to go and look. But rumors spread that they were thrown into the pit of mine No. 5, where they were found. That's how my daughter died...
Anna Sopova's parents - Dmitry Petrovich and Praskovya Ionovna: “They began to ask her who she knows, with whom she had a connection, what did she do? Silent. They ordered her to strip naked. She turned pale - and from a place. And she was beautiful, her braids were huge, lush, to the waist. They tore off her clothes, wrapped her dress over her head, laid her on the floor and started whipping with a wire whip. She screamed terribly. And then, as they began to beat on the hands, head, could not stand it, poor thing, asked for mercy. Then she fell silent again. Then Bad, one of the chief executioners of the police, hit her in the head with something…”
Nina Startseva was removed from the pit on the third day. Mom recognized her by her hair and the embroidery on her shirt sleeve. They drove needles under the girl's fingers, cut strips of skin on her chest, her left side was burned with red-hot iron and fire. Before being thrown into the pit, the girl was shot in the back of the head.
Demyan Fomin (Dema) was subjected to particularly cruel torture. They cut off all the skin from his back in narrow strips. Body decapitated. When asked what he was like, Demyan's mother Maria Frantsevna answered: “A kind, gentle, sympathetic son. Dreamed of driving trains.
Alexander Shishchenko was arrested on January 8, executed on the 16th: “ The nose, ears, lips were cut off, the arms were twisted, the whole body was cut, shot in the head ... "
Uliana Gromova made the last entry in her book on November 9, 1942: “It is much easier to see how heroes die than to listen to the cries of some coward for mercy. Jack London". Executed on 16 January. "Ulyana Gromova, 19 years old, a five-pointed star was carved on her back, her right arm was broken, her ribs were broken.(KGB archive under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, d.100-275, v. 8.)
History after history
On September 8, 1943, Nikita Khrushchev, secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, sent a memorandum to Stalin, in which he asked that five Young Guards "as the most outstanding organizers and leaders of the Young Guard" be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and "award 44 members of the Young Guard with orders of the Union SSR for displayed valor and courage. "Orders of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic" - this is the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree and the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree".
Honorary awards, like other awards of the USSR. By 1984, about 25 thousand orders of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree were awarded, in 1991 over 56 thousand people were awarded the medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree". But…
In February 1943, immediately after the liberation of Krasnodon, the second history of the Young Guard began. Posthumous history.
There is enough of everything in it - from the strange disappearance of Anatoly Kovalev, who fled from the execution, the appeal of the mother of Sergei Tyulenin, Alexandra Vasilyevna, to Leonid Brezhnev (with demands that I will not dare to cite here, they are so contrary to the official history of the organization) and to the shameless slander erected on Viktor Tretyakevich. Much in the activities of the Young Guard can be interpreted in this way and that way. But one thing is beyond doubt: “breasts were cut off, legs were broken” - and one order, one medal? “extracted without ears, tongue, teeth, an arm and a foot were cut off” - and only “for valor shown”? “The nose, ears, lips were cut off, the arms were twisted, the whole body was cut, shot in the head” - and a partisan medal? After 1953, more than a million people were enrolled as partisans, tens of thousands who did not have stars cut out on their cheeks were awarded the same medal. I don't think this is fair.
In the summer of 1943, after returning from a front-line trip, the writer Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev was invited to the Central Committee of the Komsomol. There he was introduced to people who had just returned from the Donetsk city of Krasnodon, where they collected information about the youth underground organization "Young Guard".
The Germans occupied Krasnodon on July 20, 1942 and from the first days established a regime of cruel terror there - roundups, executions, mobilization for work in Germany.
Several high school students and recent graduates of the school created a military headquarters, united a combat group of peers around it and began their underground war with the Nazis.
The history of the "Young Guard" in brief is as follows. At the end of September 1942, after the Germans captured the Donbass, an underground organization spontaneously arose in the small mining town of Krasnodon (before the war, according to the census, 22 thousand inhabitants). The basis of it was young people aged 14 to 25 years, the total number - up to 100 people. 16-17-year-old boys and girls wrote and distributed leaflets among the population, attacked German vehicles, destroyed food prepared by the Nazis for their troops. They managed to free large group prisoners of war and disrupt the mobilization of young people to work in Germany. They collected a lot of weapons in order to raise an armed uprising in the city by the time the Soviet troops approached.
Leaflets appeared on the walls of houses, on November 7 a red flag was raised, and anti-fascist agitation was carried out among the population.
By the end of December 1942, the "Young Guard" included about a hundred people, the organization's arsenal was 15 machine guns, 80 rifles, 10 pistols, 300 grenades, about 15 thousand cartridges, 65 kilograms of explosives. The organization did not last long and in early January 1943, after an attack on a car with gifts for German officers was revealed.
On January 1, 1943, foolishly, several members of the organization got into the police. The betrayal that followed led to the fact that by January 10, 1943, almost the entire "Young Guard" was in prison. The young guards were brutally tortured.
On the back of Uli Gromova, a beautiful slender girl, a star was carved. Tosya Eliseenko was put on a hot stove. Tolya Popov's foot was cut off, and Volodya Osmukhin's hand. Vita Petrov's eyes were gouged out.
One of the jailers, the later convicted defector Lukyanov, said: “There was a continuous groan in the police, because during the entire interrogation the arrested were beaten. They lost consciousness, but they were brought to their senses and beaten again. .
They were tortured terribly - they put them on stoves, drove needles under their nails, cut out stars, - and in the end they were all executed - they were thrown alive into mine No. 5. They were thrown in separate batches, 15-20 people each. Bullets were not used up, and dynamite, sleepers, and trolleys flew into the mine after the executed. The shaft was worked out, filled with water, so that the grave was already ready.
February 14, 1943 entered the city Soviet troops. Parents came to the police building, where the young guards spent their last days. In the cells they saw traces of blood on the floor, and on the walls there were inscriptions: "Death to the German occupiers", a drawn heart pierced by an arrow, and a number of names of the girls who were sitting there.
Pink streams flowed from the police yard - it was a thaw. With a shudder, people realized that it was blood with melted snow.
Then the parents went to the pit of mine No. 5. For several days, stones, piles of earth, rails, trolleys were removed from the mine, then parts of the bodies of the Young Guards began to come across. Having thrown children into the pit, the Nazis, in order to cover their tracks, threw grenades into the mine. There were no faces, and relatives recognized their children, sisters and brothers only by special signs, by clothes. All this was terrible - 14-16-year-old boys and girls, tortured by a terrible death. More than 30 bodies were recovered from the mine, but not all of them could be identified. They tried to quickly put Vanya Zemnukhov's head in a coffin and nail it up so that his mother would not suffer. And for her this atrocity was a secret for a long time. The corpses that did not fit in the bath were laid on the street, in the snow, under the walls of the bath. Painting. was terrible. In the bathhouse and around the bathhouse there are corpses and corpses, seventy-one corpses.
Parents recognized their children, washed, dressed, laid them in the coffins they brought.
By March 1, 1943, all extraction work was completed. In the park named after Lenin Komsomol a mass grave was prepared. Coffins with the bodies of the dead were brought here. A lot of people gathered military unit. Funeral fireworks - and in solemn sadness the Young Guards were buried.
In the autumn of 1943, the Young Guards were awarded. Five were awarded the title "Hero of the Soviet Union". The museum "Young Guard" was created in Krasnodon.
In 1946, the feat of children was highlighted by Alexander Fadeev in the novel The Young Guard.
2. 2 HEROES OF KRASNODON: MYTH OR REALITY?
Materials on the "Young Guard" are in various archives of Ukraine and Russia, some of them have been lost, the facts of its activities have been distorted repeatedly, but main problem, from my point of view, was the problem of reticence, the desire to artificially make these children "heroes", stone idols, zombified robots that do not have internal contradictions and human feelings. And it is completely incomprehensible why it had to be done? They were heroes anyway, and even more than those that propaganda tried to create from them.
About how these children lived, what they read, what they wrote about in diaries, how they treated each other, what questions tormented them, what they thought about themselves and their lives - Alexander Fadeev asked himself all these questions when he worked on the book. .
What were these people? What force led them through life? What did they dream of there, in the pit, when they groaned from their wounds, lying under the weight of the bodies of their comrades, under the weight of the sleepers and trolleys dropped on them?
And did these children even exist? Is this not an invention? Isn't it the work of Soviet propaganda?
Yes, they were, they lived and suffered, suffered, but they left life unbroken.
TWO COMMISSIONERS
2. 3VIKTOR TRETYAKEVICH
Meanwhile, the very history of the "Young Guard" and the novel keep many mysteries and even secrets.
Shortly after the book was published, Fadeev would say in one of his letters: “The novel as a whole was received favorably, but there was an ominous silence from Krasnodon.” Alexander Alexandrovich, until the end of his days, did not dare to visit the homeland of his heroes again. Moreover, in every way he avoided meeting with their parents, with the survivors of the Young Guard. And there were good reasons for that.
Take, for example, the story of Viktor Tretyakevich. He stood at the origins of the creation of the "Young Guard", was its first commissar. Fadeev could not have been unaware of this. Of course, one can argue whether he brought Tretyakevich in the image of Stakhovich or not. We do not have direct evidence, and Fadeev himself has repeatedly emphasized that his novel is a work of art. Another thing is that in the martyrology published on last page, the name of Tretyakevich is missing. And this is a fact:
Before the occupation of Krasnodon, Viktor Tretyakevich fought in a partisan detachment, and then he was sent to the city to organize an underground. Tretyakevich participated in many military operations of the Young Guard. Arrested among the first, Victor steadfastly held on to interrogations. The father of the young guard Vasily Levashov was in the same cell with Tretyakevich and said that he recognized him only by his voice: he was so disfigured.
In order to persuade the arrested person to confess and take revenge on the commissar for his impudent behavior, the Nazis spread a rumor about his betrayal through the cells. However, the true traitor was free, and Victor was martyred in the mine shaft on January 15, 1943.
In the very first publications about the Young Guard, Viktor Tretyakevich is still mentioned. With the beginning of the work of the commission from the KGB, headed by A. V. Toritsyn, Viktor was declared a traitor, and Oleg Koshevoy was declared a commissar.
Fadeev used the report of the commission. So the image of Stakhovich appears in the novel, and at the end of the book, among the listed names of the dead, there is no Tretyakevich's name.
Victor's surviving comrades spared no effort to restore the honest name of the commissar.
Only in 1959 did publications appear about his innocence, he was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War.
Then a sharp turn began again in the history of the Young Guard. To please unknown officials, the name of Viktor Tretyakevich, the commissar, was erased on temporary Komsomol certificates that were issued by the headquarters.
Today, only a few people in our country remember the history of the Young Guard: Ukraine is already a different state, Fadeev's novel has long been removed from school curricula. But historical truth must triumph, and the good name of Commissar Victor
Tretyakevich should be restored.
2. 4 OLEG KOSHEVOY
For some, Oleg Koshevoy was a hero, for others - a victim, for someone - an instrument of indoctrination of the youth of the Land of Soviets. And who was this guy really?
Thanks to Alexander Fadeev, Oleg Koshevoy was raised to an unattainable height. Although his friends, members of the "Young Guard", deserve no less kind words, as well as fame and honors.
Now it is difficult to say why so much attention was paid to the image of Koshevoy. But there is one unofficial version of this: the close relationship between Fadeev and the mother of Oleg Koshevoy.
For the most part, the parents of the Young Guard were poorly educated people, and Elena Nikolaevna favorably differed from them in her youth, intelligence, and extraordinary beauty. Maybe that's why she kept a little apart, almost none of her parents kept in touch with her. Nevertheless, it was she who was elected to the regional committee of the party, a delegate to various party and Komsomol congresses. It seems that popular rumor could not forgive her increased attention to herself. Yes, and rumors about the close relationship between Kosheva and Fadeev probably appeared due to ordinary jealousy.
Oleg's father was frightened that his son did not have a craving for some kind of craft. The guy was only interested in books, music and dancing. Abrupt changes happened to Oleg after the death of his stepfather. By that time, it was the first death of a loved one in his life. This had such an effect on him that he became more serious, more attentive to his relatives.
In Krasnodon, in a short time, Oleg gained authority among his comrades. And it was not surprising. A strong, literate and intelligent guy beyond his years could not help but attract attention. Even in the first grade, he impressed teachers with his knowledge, composed poems, and drew. And in the first class, he studied for only three days, after which he was immediately transferred to the second.
The director of the Krasnodon School No. 1 admired Oleg's analytical mindset, who could quote Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in whole chapters. But at the same time he continued to be the soul of any cheerful company. The girls were crazy about him.
After the defeat of the Young Guard and the arrests that began, Oleg tried to escape from Krasnodon along with some other members of the organization, but was captured by a traitor in Rovenki. “During interrogations by the chief of police, Oleg behaved courageously. In the cell, Oleg did not let his comrades lose heart, he said that he would never ask for mercy from the executioners
Oleg tried to escape. Someone handed him a nail file. During the night, with the help of his comrades, he sawed through the bars on the window and fled, but he could not go far - weakened, he was caught by the Gestapo and again subjected to severe torture. He taught the youth in the cell to sing songs, and he himself sang first, ”his mother Elena Nikolaevna Koshevaya writes about Oleg in The Tale of a Son. (3)
After the release of Rovenek, she, not finding her son among the dead young guards in Krasnodon, went there, hoping to find her son alive. But this was not destined to happen.
“My son, who was not yet seventeen years old, lay before me gray-haired. The hair at the temples was white-white, as if sprinkled with chalk. The Germans gouged out Oleg's left eye, smashed the back of his head with a bullet, and burned the number of his Komsomol card on his chest with an iron.
During interrogation in November 1947, gendarme Yakov Shults said: “At the end of January 1943, I participated in the execution of members of the underground organization“ Young Guard ”, among which was the head of the organization, Koshevoy. This group was shot in the Rovenkovsky forest. I remember Koshevoy, because he had to be shot twice.
After the first shot, all the arrested fell down and lay motionless, only Koshevoy got up and, turning around, looked intently in our direction. This greatly angered the commander of the gendarmerie platoon Fromet, and he ordered the gendarme Dervits to finish him off, which he did by shooting Koshevoy in the back of the head.
Oleg Koshevoy and A. Fadeev, and Soviet propaganda, was declared the commissar of the "Young Guard" to please some political figures, although today it is known for certain that he was Viktor Tretyakevich. But this does not make his feat any less significant.
One thing is certain: if Oleg Koshevoy is lowered from the ideological skies and shaken off the dust of a propaganda raid from his personality, he is worthy of fame, eternal memory and fresh flowers on his grave.
2. 5IVAN TURKENICH
The situation with the commander of the "Young Guard" Ivan Turkenich remains a mystery. His subordinates are Heroes, and he is "only" the Order of the Red Banner.
In the novel about the commander, as if in passing. Same question: why?
Before appearing in Krasnodon, Turkenich, being in the rank of senior lieutenant, fought, was surrounded, captured, but managed to escape. To his misfortune, however, like hundreds of thousands of other soldiers and commanders, in the summer of 41, Stalin's order No. 270 came out, stating that all military personnel remaining in the territory occupied by the enemy were declared traitors. There were two ways out: either make your way to your own people and then redeem the "temporary delusion" with blood in battles, or shoot yourself. Turkenich did neither.
The authority of the 22-year-old Turkenich among the underground was indisputable. In the organization, he introduced military discipline, taught how to handle weapons, disguise. According to all the rules of military affairs, he developed military operations, he himself was a direct participant in many of them: the defeat of enemy vehicles, the release of prisoners of war from the Volchensk camp and Pervomaiskaya hospital, the execution of policemen.
C light hand Fadeeva seemed to be out of work. The author mentions it only in passing. The writer's logic is clear: one who has been in German captivity cannot be a hero. Obvious absurdity: the rank and file members of the Young Guard are Heroes, but the commander is not.
When the arrests of the "Young Guard" began, the commander managed to escape unnoticed, crossed the front line. Endless interrogations began in SMERSH, but then the decree of September 13 arrived. Turkenich is sent to the active army. He will never know that, in the presentation of the military council of the Southwestern Front, the Young Guards to the highest ranks he was number 1.
Turkenich fought bravely, as his comrades testified, he was not afraid of death. One of them, director high school in the Zhytomyr region, Alexander Leontyevich Rudnitsky, spoke about last days commander. In a fierce battle for the Polish city of Gongow Turkenich died a hero's death.
The Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has a performance on Turkenich - for the battle near Gongów. From it it is clear that the commanders of all degrees - from the battalion commander to the commander of the army - were in favor of conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on Captain Turkenich.
At the last moment, again, someone's evil will put a fat cross on the fate of the brave officer. And only 46 years later, the truth was able to triumph - the commander of the "Young Guard" was posthumously awarded this high rank.
2. 6 LOVE SHEVTSOV
Quite different than in the novel by A. Fadeev, Love Shevtsova appears in life.
In the novel, she is a beautiful, cheerful, courageous, charming laughing girl. “Sergey Tyulenin in a skirt,” Fadeev writes about her.
Only after the release of Krasnodon did some facts from the life of Lyubov Shevtsova become known. She was left in the city as a radio operator to communicate with the underground. Knowing well from the school the future leaders of the Young Guard, Lyuba could not help but become one of its active members who participated in the most daring sorties of the Young Guard.
After the defeat of the organization, she was captured in Rovenki.
She did not give evidence and, as a radio operator, categorically refused to cooperate.
She was tortured in such a way that the Inquisition fades. A friend managed to send Lovely cotton trousers to the cell: open wounds made it impossible to sit or lie down. As if in mockery on the eve of the execution, she was offered to take a bath. Shevtsova answered: "The land will accept me!" Lyubov Shevtsova was shot on February 9, 1943 in the Rattlesnake Forest. And soon parts of the Red Army entered the city.
The legend says: just before her death, Lyubka sang "In the wide expanses of Moscow."
All those who were shot were buried in the forest.
When the bodies were brought to the surface, in the pocket of Lyubin's trousers they found a note of religious content, as archival evidence calls it. Mom sent her daughter a prayer "Our Father". And in response I received a letter full of childish longing and adult pain:
“Hello, Mommy and Mikhailovna! Mommy, I’m very sorry now that I didn’t listen to you. I never thought that it would be so difficult for me. Mommy, I don’t know how to ask you to forgive me, but it’s too late now. Mommy , do not be offended! Your daughter Lyubasha. In the next world I will see my dad. "
A pure, simple, cheerful, brave girl from the Izvarino mine. What permanents and silk stockings! Felt boots for the winter, canvas slippers for going out, the rest of the time - barefoot. She was weak in literacy. Didn't get along with discipline. She graduated from the seven-year plan as an "overage", just before the war. Rushed to the front. The military enlistment office was refused, but they remembered him as an active comrade, although not a Komsomol member. After all, only the best are taken there!
She was accepted into the Komsomol quickly: in February 1942, when the issue of enrolling in the NKVD school was finally decided.
In Fadeev's novel, as we can see, many heroes are glossed over. They have almost no flaws, because Soviet heroes cannot have flaws. Komsomol member Lyubov Shevtsova cannot believe in God, she does not study diligently, etc.
The communist ideologists were in such a hurry to use the names of new heroes that they themselves mixed up these names. For example, Vanya Zemnukhov was actually Zimnukhov. Sergei Tyulenin actually bore the surname Tyulenev. But when the decree was issued to award them the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, it was already too late. It is interesting that later even parents had to change their surnames to incorrect, but already famous ones.
2. 7TRAITORS
The criminal case against 16 traitors, one way or another involved in the death of the underground Komsomol organization "Young Guard" in the occupied Krasnodon, was sent to the archive back in 1957.
AT famous novel Alexander Fadeev does not say a word about these people - they were arrested after the publication of the book. That is why their testimonies remained "top secret". Otherwise, history would have to be corrected. After all, the main question - who is to blame for the failure of the "Young Guard" - Fadeev's book does not give an answer. The author himself repeated more than once: "I wrote not true story young guards, but a novel that not only allows, but even suggests fiction.
What is the truth in this tragedy and what is History stubbornly silent about?
"Bookish" traitors
The novel was published in 1946. According to the surviving members of the underground, Fadeev very accurately conveyed the characters of the characters. However, the book, remarkable in artistic terms, was not up to par in terms of observing historical truth. First of all, this concerned the personalities of the traitors - the perpetrators of the failure of the "Young Guard". They were Fadeev's young guard Stakhovich, who betrayed his comrades during torture, as well as two schoolgirl girlfriends who collaborated with the policemen - Lyadskaya and Vyrikova.
Stakhovich is a fictitious surname. The prototype of this anti-hero was one of the organizers of the "Young Guard" Viktor Tretyakevich. But it is by no means Fadeev who is to blame for the fact that the name of this fighter was anathematized. The version about Tretyakevich's cowardly behavior during interrogations was already presented to the writer as an absolute truth (as you know, in 1960 Viktor Tretyakevich was completely rehabilitated and even posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree).
Unlike the fictional Stakhovich, Zinaida Vyrikova and Olga Lyadskaya are real people, and therefore the novel The Young Guard played a tragic role in their lives. Both girls were convicted of betrayal and sent to camps for a long time. Moreover, suspicion on Lyadskaya, for example, fell only because she spent 9 days in police custody and returned home safe and sound. Olga Alexandrovna herself later said that the police simply abused her. And they never even asked. And they released her for a bottle of moonshine - her mother brought it.
The stigma of traitors was removed from women only in 1990 after their numerous complaints and strict inspections by the prosecutor's office.
Here, for example, what kind of "certificate" Olga Alexandrovna Lyadskaya received after 47 years of shame: "The criminal case on charges of O. A. Lyadskaya, born in 1926, was reviewed by the military tribunal of the Moscow Military District on March 16, 1990. The decision of the Special Meeting at The Ministry of State Security of the USSR dated October 29, 1949 in relation to Lyadskaya O. A. was canceled, and the criminal case was discontinued due to the absence of corpus delicti in her actions. Lyadskaya Olga Alexandrovna was rehabilitated in this case. "
Approximately the same document was received by Zinaida Vyrikova, who spent more than 10 years in the camps. By the way, these women were never girlfriends, as described in the novel, and first met only after rehabilitation. (6)
We see how the fate of these two women was crippled by Fadeev's book. Talking about the feat of some people, one should not forget that other people lived and suffered next to these heroes. A writer, like no one else, must feel responsible for his words.
2. 8 WAS THE PARTY LEADERSHIP?
But the biggest oversight was the status of the "party and Komsomol underground" imposed on the "Young Guard" in 1982.
The organizational design of the "Young Guard" took place in August - October 1942 without party patronage. But, having familiarized himself with Fadeev's novel, Stalin discovered that the author did not show the leading and guiding role of the party. The position of the leader was voiced by the Pravda newspaper. She was picked up by other media, abruptly moving from praise to accusations that this, they say, was done by the writer almost intentionally. The Lugansk regional committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine also filed claims against the author for the fact that the retreat and evacuation from Krasnodon in July 1942 were shown as a spontaneous, uncontrollable process. And Alexander Fadeev had to rewrite the novel, creating monumental images of communists - the leaders of the underground.
The Young Guards are just children who loved their fatherland and were so well brought up that they were not afraid to stand up for it.
And the party leaders should have been proud that, without any prompting from above, these children already in the first days of the war understood what and how they needed to do.
We see how the party "leadership" of literature crippled the fate of many people, how, for the sake of truth, events and people were portrayed not as they really were, but as the party leaders wanted to see them.
3. CONCLUSION
A. A. Fadeev, of course, thought a lot in his novel "The Young Guard", but he wrote a work of art, literally in hot pursuit. He needed to embellish the events, otherwise his book would simply not be interesting to readers. And yet, perhaps, there is more truth in the work than fiction. The author tried to bring his "Young Guard" as close as possible to the one that is celebrating its 60th birthday the other day!
In connection with the anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, talk about the "Young Guard" is of great interest to journalists and writers, and although it is said that the history of the "Young Guard" is still awaiting detailed study, some facts have become known for certain. But what is paradoxical is that if you ask someone about Oleg Koshevoy, the answer will be related to the Young Guard, and if you name, say, Anna Sopova, you will receive only a surprised look in response. People don't forget those they are reminded of. But not only do they deserve respect and fame. After all, there were dozens of young guards who were not awarded the title of Hero. But their feat was no less significant.
Of course, the Young Guards, as they were, will remain heroes, only the older generation does not need to be reminded of their feat, and the current ones do not even know about the existence of A. And Fadeev's novel "The Young Guard", they began to forget about it and removed it from school curriculum. But this is our memory and without it it is impossible! Maybe it's worth thinking about it?
In the Soviet years, ships and schools were named after these guys and girls, monuments were erected to them, books, songs and films dedicated to their feat. Their actions were cited as an example of the mass heroism of the Komsomol youth in the Great Patriotic War.
Then, in the wake of the post-reform boom of "glasnost", many lovers of "revise" the merits of young heroes before the fatherland. Active myth-making has done its job: today the word "Young Guards" is used by a considerable number of modern people associated, rather, with the youth wing of a popular political party, rather than with the dead Komsomol members of the Great Patriotic War. And in the homeland of heroes, in general, part of the population raises the names of their executioners to the flag ...
Meanwhile, everyone should know the true story of the feat and the true tragedy of the death of the “Young Guards”. fair man.
School hobby group. In a Cossack costume - Seryozha Tyulenin, the future underground worker.
"Young Guard" - an underground anti-fascist Komsomol organization that operated during the Great Patriotic War from September 1942 to January 1943 in the city of Krasnodon, Voroshilovgrad region Ukrainian SSR. The organization was created shortly after the beginning of the occupation of the city of Krasnodon by the troops of Nazi Germany, which began on July 20, 1942.
The first youth groups of underground workers to fight the fascist invasion arose in Krasnodon immediately after its occupation. German troops in July 1942. The core of one of them was the soldiers of the Red Army, who, by the will of military fate, found themselves surrounded in the rear of the Germans, such as soldiers Yevgeny Moshkov, Ivan Turkenich, Vasily Gukov, sailors Dmitry Ogurtsov, Nikolai Zhukov, Vasily Tkachev.
At the end of September 1942, underground youth groups merged into single organization"Young Guard", the name of which was proposed by Sergei Tyulenin.
Ivan Turkenich was appointed commander of the organization. The members of the headquarters were Georgy Arutyunyants - responsible for information, Ivan Zemnukhov - chief of staff, Oleg Koshevoy - responsible for conspiracy and security, Vasily Levashov - commander of the central group, Sergey Tyulenin - commander of the combat group. Later, Ulyana Gromova and Lyubov Shevtsova were brought into the headquarters. The vast majority of the Young Guard were members of the Komsomol, temporary Komsomol certificates for them were printed in the organization's underground printing house along with leaflets.
The younger guys aged 14-17 were liaisons and scouts. The Krasnodon Komsomol youth underground included about 100 people, more than 70 were very active. According to the lists of underground workers and partisans arrested by the Germans, forty-seven young men and twenty-four girls appear in the organization. The youngest of the prisoners was fourteen years old, and fifty-five of them never turned nineteen ...
Lyuba Shevtsova with friends (pictured first on the left in the second row)
The most ordinary, no different from the same boys and girls of our country, the guys were friends and quarreled, studied and fell in love, ran to dances and chased pigeons. They were engaged in school circles, sports clubs, played stringed musical instruments, wrote poetry, many of them were good at drawing. They studied in different ways - someone was an excellent student, and someone with difficulty overcame the granite of science. There were also a lot of tomboys. Dreamed of a future adult life. They wanted to become pilots, engineers, lawyers, someone was going to enter the theater school, and someone - to the pedagogical institute ...
The "Young Guard" was as multinational as the population of these southern regions THE USSR. Russians, Ukrainians (there were Cossacks among them), Armenians, Belarusians, Jews, Azerbaijanis and Moldavians, ready to help each other at any moment, fought against the Nazis.
The Germans occupied Krasnodon on July 20, 1942. And almost immediately the first leaflets appeared in the city, a new bathhouse, already ready for the German barracks, was on fire. It was Serezha Tyulenin who began to act. So far, one...
On August 12, 1942, he turned seventeen. Sergei wrote leaflets on pieces of old newspapers, and the police often found them even in their pockets. He began to slowly carry weapons from the policemen, not even doubting that they would definitely come in handy. And he was the first to attract a group of guys ready to fight. It initially consisted of eight people. However, by the first days of September, several groups were already operating in Krasnodon, practically unrelated to one another - in total there were about 25 people in them.
The birthday of the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard” was September 30: then a plan was adopted to create a detachment, specific actions for underground work were outlined, a headquarters was created, the organization’s assets were divided into combat fives. For the purpose of conspiracy, each member of the five knew only his comrades and the commander, being unaware of the full composition of the headquarters.
The "Young Guards" put up leaflets - first handwritten, then they took out a printing press and opened a real printing house. 30 series of leaflets were issued with a total circulation of about 5,000 copies. The content is mainly calls for sabotage of forced labor and fragments of reports from the Soviet Information Bureau, received thanks to a secretly stored radio.
On occasion, Komsomol members stole weapons from the Germans and policemen - at the time of the defeat of the organization, 15 machine guns, 80 rifles, 300 grenades, about 15 thousand rounds of ammunition, 10 pistols, 65 kilograms of explosives and several hundred meters of Fickford cord had already been accumulated in its secret warehouse. With this arsenal, Oleg Koshevoy was going to arm the Komsomol partisan detachment "Hammer", which he intended to soon separate from the organization and relocate outside the city to openly fight the enemy, but these plans were no longer destined to come true ...
The guys burned a barn with bread, taken by the Germans by force from the population. On the day of the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution, red flags were hung around the city of Krasnodon, which the girls had sewn the day before from the red curtains of the stage of the former House of Culture. Several dozen prisoners of war were rescued from the camp.
Most of the actions of the "Young Guard" were held at night. And by the way, there was a curfew in Krasnodon during the entire period of occupation, and a simple walk around the city after six in the evening was punishable by arrest followed by execution. The Komsomol tried to establish contact with the partisan detachments operating in Rostov region. True, it was not possible to reach the Voroshilovgrad partisans and underground fighters. First of all, because the partisans conspired well in the forests, and in the city the underground had already been defeated by the enemy and actually ceased to exist.
This is where the first myth arises, created back in the era of work on the famous novel by the writer Alexander Fadeev. As if the Komsomol members of Krasnodon fought against fascism exclusively as messengers and saboteurs under the leadership of an underground party organization led by Nikolai Barakov and Philip Lyutikov. Senior comrades develop a plan of operation - Komsomol members, risking their lives, carry it out ...
By the way, in the first edition of Fadeev's novel there is no mention of the "adult" communist underground. Only by the second edition did the author "strengthen" the ties between the Komsomol and the "adult" underground and introduced a scene of joint preparation of sabotage at one of the mines that the Germans wanted to launch.
In fact, communist miners Barakov and Lyutikov really planned to disrupt the launch of the mine. But - completely independent of the "Young Guard". The guys were also preparing a sabotage - on their own - and it was they who carried it out.
For the Nazis, coal was a strategic raw material, so they sought to put into operation at least one of the Krasnodon mines. Using the labor of prisoners of war and the force of driven local residents, the Germans prepared Sorokin Mine No. 1 for launch.
But literally on the eve of the start of work at night, an underground Komsmol member Yuri Yatsinovsky penetrated into the pile driver and spoiled the cage lift: he misaligned the mechanism and cut the lifting ropes. As a result, when the lift was started, a cage with a mining tool, in which there were also German foremen, and policemen with weapons, and forced slaughterers, and several strikebreaker workers who voluntarily agreed to work for the enemy, collapsed into the shaft of the mine. It is a pity for the dead slaves of fascism. But the launch of the mine was disrupted, until the end of the occupation, the Germans failed to raise the cage and clean the shaft shaft from the collapsed parts of the lift. As a result, for half a year of their rule, the Germans were not able to take out a ton of coal from Krasnodon.
The Krasnodon Komsomol members also thwarted the mass deportation of their peers to Germany. The "Young Guard" introduced one of the underground workers to the labor exchange, who copied the list of young people compiled by the Germans. Having learned about the number and timing of the departure of the echelon of "Ostarbeiters", the guys burned the stock exchange with all the documentation, and potential laborers were warned about the need to flee the city. This action infuriated the policemen and the German commandant's office, and almost two thousand Krasnodon residents were delivered from German hard labor.
Even such a seemingly purely demonstration action as hanging red flags by November 7 and congratulating residents on the 25th anniversary of the October Revolution was of great importance for the occupied city. Impatiently awaiting release, the residents understood: “We are remembered, we are not forgotten by ours!”.
Oleg Koshevoy
In addition, the “Young Guards” recaptured more than 500 heads of livestock confiscated from the population from the police officers. To whom they could, they returned the livestock, the rest of the cows, horses and goats were simply distributed to the population of the surrounding farms, who were very poor after being robbed by German marauders. How many peasant families were saved from starvation thanks to such a “partisan gift” is now even difficult to calculate.
A real military operation was the organization, jointly with the partisans, of a mass escape of prisoners of war from a temporary camp organized by the occupiers outside the city under open sky. Those of the Red Army who were not yet completely exhausted from wounds and beatings joined the partisan detachment. Those unable to hold weapons were taken home villager- and everyone left. Thus, the lives of almost 50 people were saved.
Breaks in the German telephone wire were regularly made. Moreover, the restless Serezha Tyulenev came up with or read somewhere about a tricky method: the wire was cut with a thin knife in two places along. Then, with a crochet hook, a section of the copper core was removed between the incisions. Outwardly, the wire looked intact until you felt along the entire length - you simply did not find these thinnest cuts. Therefore, it was not easy for the German signalmen to eliminate the communication gap - most often they were forced to lay the line again.
Basically, the guys acted secretly, the only armed action of the underground took place on the eve of the New Year 1943 - the Young Guards made a daring raid on German vehicles with New Year's gifts for soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht. The cargo was confiscated. In the future, German gifts, which consisted mainly of food and warm clothes, were planned to be distributed to Krasnodon families with children. Cigarettes, which were also in gifts, the Komsomol members decided to slowly sell at the local flea market, and use the proceeds for the needs of the organization.
Isn't that what killed the young underground workers? In 1998, one of the surviving "Young Guards" Vasily Levashov put forward his version of the disclosure of the organization. According to his recollections, some of the cigarettes were given to a 12-13-year-old boy familiar with the underground, who went to the market to change tobacco for food. During the raid, the guy was caught, he did not have time to throw off the goods. They began to interrogate him, moreover, with cruelty. And the teenager "split" under the beatings, confessing that his older friend, Genka Pocheptsov, gave him cigarettes. On the same day, the Pocheptsovs were searched, Gennady himself was arrested and also tortured.
According to Levashov's version, it was Gennady, who was tortured in the presence of his named father - Vasily Grigoryevich Gromov, head of mine No. 1-bis and part-time secret agent of the Krasnodon police - on January 2, 1943, began to admit to participating in the underground. The Germans pulled out of the guy all the information that he possessed, and the commandant's office became aware of the names of those underground workers whose group operated in the Pervomayka area.
Then the Germans took up the search for the partisans seriously, and after a few days two high school students were arrested, who did not have time to safely hide the bags with gifts. The names of these guys, as well as the younger friend of Gena Pocheptsov, Levashov did not name.
One can doubt Levashov's version, because, according to his memoirs, Gena Pocheptsov began to speak on January 2. And on the first day, the Germans took three "Young Guards" - Yevgeny Moshkov, Viktor Tretyakevich and Vanya Zemnukhov. Most likely, this was the result of an investigation that the Germans conducted after the Komsomol attack on a convoy with Christmas gifts.
On the day of the arrest of three members of the Young Guard headquarters, a secret meeting of Komsomol members took place. And it was decided that all the "Young Guards" should immediately leave the city, and the leaders of the combat groups should not spend the night at home that night. All underground workers were informed about the decision of the headquarters through messengers. But the whole apparatus of punishers has already set in motion. Mass arrests have begun...
Why did most of the "Young Guards" not follow the order of the headquarters? After all, this first disobedience cost almost all of them their lives? There can be only one answer: during the days of mass arrests, the Germans spread information around the city that they knew the full composition of the “bandit partisan gang”. And that if any of the suspects leave the city, their families will be shot without exception.
The guys knew that if they ran away, their relatives would be arrested instead of them. Therefore, they remained faithful children to the end and did not try to protect themselves by the death of their parents, - Vladimir Minaev, a surviving underground worker, later said in an interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda journalists.
Only twelve "Young Guards" at the insistence of their relatives managed to escape in those days. But later, two of them - Sergei Tyulenin and Oleg Koshevoy - were nevertheless arrested. The four cells of the city's police prison were packed to capacity. In one they kept girls, in the other three - boys.
No matter how much they write about the "Young Guard" earlier, as a rule, researchers spare the feelings of readers. They write carefully - about the fact that Komsomol members were beaten, sometimes, following Fadeev, they talk about bloody stars carved on the body. The reality is even worse... But none of the popular publications give the names of the torturers in detail - only general phrases: "fascist fiends, occupiers and accomplices of the occupiers." However, the documents of the regional department of state security show that the mass tortures and executions were by no means carried out by ordinary soldiers of the Wehrmacht. For the role of executioners, the Germans used either special units SS - Einsatzgruppen, or police units recruited from the local population.
The SS Einsatzgruppen arrived in the Lugansk region in September 1942, the headquarters was located in Starobelsk, the SS Brigadeführer Major General Max Thomas commanded a special squad of executioners. However, he, a professional torturer, preferred to put his fighters in the cordon of the prison, sending only three hefty soldiers to punish the prisoners with rubber whips. And, in fact, the massacre of the underground was repaired mainly by the policemen of the local Krasnodon branch. Cossacks, as they called themselves...
Leaflet "Young Guard"
What these monsters did to the young partisans - both the SS men and their local henchmen - is even scary to read. But you have to. Because without this it is impossible to fully understand either the horrors of fascism or the heroism of the one who dared to oppose himself to it.
Almost immediately after the massacre of teenagers, Krasnodon was liberated from the Nazi invaders - in February 1943. Two days later, NKVD investigators began arresting people involved in the death of the underground organization. As a result, lists of people directly involved in the crimes were compiled - both Germans and local Nazi minions. Hence the special scrupulousness of the investigation and the search for criminals.
Lidia Androsova was arrested on January 12. According to Pocheptsov's denunciation. It was the policemen who took it - and according to the testimony of the girls' parents, during the search, they mercilessly robbed the house, not disdaining even women's underwear. The girl spent five days in the police ... When Lida's body was removed from the pit of the mine, where she was executed, her relatives identified her daughter only by the remnants of her clothes. The girl's face was mutilated, one eye was cut out, her ears were cut off, her hand was chopped off with an ax, her back was slashed with whips so that ribs were visible through the cut skin. A piece of a rope loop, with which Lida was dragged to execution, remained around her neck.
Lida Androsova
Kolya Sumsky, whom friends considered Lida's first friend and even boyfriend, was taken on January 4 at the mine, where he selected coal crumbs from the waste heap. Ten days later they were sent to Krasnodon, and four days later they were executed. The teenager's body was also mutilated: traces of beatings, broken arms and legs, cut off ears...
Alexandra Bondaryova and her brother Vasily were arrested by the same police officers on January 11. The torture began on the very first day. Brother and sister were kept in different cells. On January 15, Vasya Bondarev was taken to be executed. He was not allowed to say goodbye to his sister. The young man was thrown alive into the same pit of mine No. 5, where Lida Androsova was killed. On the evening of January 16, Shura was also taken to the execution. Before pushing the girl into the mine, the police beat her again with rifle butts until she fell to the snow. Vasya and Shura's mother Praskovya Titovna, when she saw the bodies of her children raised from the mine, almost died of a heart attack.
Shura Bondareva
Seventeen-year-old Nina Gerasimova was executed on January 11. From the protocol of identification of the body by relatives: “A girl of 16-17 years old, thin build, was thrown into a pit almost naked - in her underwear. Broken left arm the whole body, and especially the chest, are black from beatings, the right side of the face is completely mutilated ”(RGASPI Fund M-1, inventory 53, item 329.)
Close friends Borya Glavan and Zhenya Shepelev were executed together - they were tied face to face with barbed wire. Under torture, Boris's face was smashed with a rifle butt, the hands of both hands were cut off, and they were stabbed in the stomach with a bayonet. Yevgeny's head was pierced, his hands were also cut with an ax.
Borya Glavan
Mikhail Grigoriev tried to escape on January 31 on the way to the place of execution. Pushing the guard away, he rushed across the virgin snow into the darkness ... The policemen quickly overtook the teenager, exhausted by the beatings, nevertheless they dragged him to the mine and threw him alive into the pit. The women who went to the waste heap for coal chips later heard for several days that Misha remained alive for a long time, groaning in the trunk, but they could not help in any way - the pit was guarded by a police patrol.
Vasily Gukov, who was executed on January 15, was identified by his mother by a scar on his chest. The young man's face was trampled by police boots, his teeth were knocked out, his eyes were cut out.
Seventeen-year-old Leonid Dadyshev was tortured for ten days. He was mercilessly flogged with whips, and the hand on his right hand was cut off. Lenya was shot with a pistol and thrown into a pit on January 15th.
Zhenya Shepelev
Maya Peglivanova experienced such tortures before her death that no inquisitor would have imagined. The girl's nipples were cut off with a knife, both legs were broken.
Maya's friend Shura Dubrovina probably could even escape - the Germans failed to prove her connection with the underground. In prison, the girl looked after the wounded Maya to the last and was literally forced to carry her friend to execution in her arms. Policemen also cut Alexandra Dubrovina's chest with knives, and then, right next to the mine shaft, they killed the girl with a rifle butt.
Zhenya Kiykova, who was arrested on January 13, gave her family a note from prison. “Dear mommy, don’t worry about me - I’m fine. Kiss grandfather for me, have pity on yourself. Your daughter is Zhenya. This was the last letter - at the next interrogation, the girl broke all her fingers. For five days in the police, Zhenya turned gray like an old woman. She was executed together with her friend Tosya Dyachenko, who had been arrested the day before - bound. The friends were later buried in the same coffin.
Maya Peglivanova
Antonina Eliseenko was arrested on January 13 at two in the morning. The police broke into the room where Antonina was sleeping and ordered her to get dressed. The girl refused to dress in front of men. The police were forced to leave. The girl was executed on January 18. Antonina's body was disfigured, with excised genitals, eyes, ears...
"Tosya Eliseenko, 22 years old, was executed in a pit. During torture, she was forced to sit on a red-hot potbelly stove, the body was removed from the pit with 3rd and 4th degree burns on her thighs and buttocks."
Tosya Eliseenko
Vladimir Zhdanov was taken home on January 3rd. He also handed over a note to his family, hiding it in the bloody linen being taken out for washing: “Hello, dear ones ... I am still alive. My fate is unknown. For the rest, I don't know anything. I sit separately from everyone in solitary confinement. Farewell, they will probably kill me soon ... I kiss you tightly. On January 16, Vladimir, along with other Young Guardsmen, was taken to the pit. The area was cordoned off by the police. 2-3 people were brought to the place of execution, they shot the prisoners in the head and threw them into the mine. Bound and severely beaten with a rubber whip and a Cossack whip, Vovka Zhdanov at the last moment tried to shove his head into the pit of the chief of police, Solikovsky, who was watching the execution. Fortunately for the executioner, he stood on his feet, and the executioners immediately began to torture Vovka himself, then they shot him. When the body of the young man was lifted from the mine, the parents fainted: “Volodya Zhdanov, 17 years old, was taken out with a lacerated wound in the left temporal region from point-blank shooting, the fingers of both hands were broken and twisted, there were bruises under the nails, two strips three centimeter, twenty-five centimeters long, eyes gouged out and ears cut off ”(Museum“ Young Guard ”, f. 1, d. 36).
In early January, Kolya Zhukov was also arrested. After being tortured, on January 16, 1943, the guy was shot and thrown into the pit of mine No. 5: “Nikolai Zhukov, 20 years old, was removed without ears, tongue, teeth, an arm was cut off at the elbow and a foot” (Museum “Young Guard”, f. 1, d. 73).
Vladimir Zagoruiko was arrested on January 28. The chief of police Solikovsky personally participated in the arrest. On the way to the prison, the chief policeman was sitting in a cart, Vladimir was walking through the snowdrifts, bound, barefoot, in his underwear, in minus 15 degrees. worked in a dance ensemble! During the torture, Volodya's arms were twisted on the rack at the shoulders and hung up by his hair. They threw him into the hole alive.
Vova Zhdanov
Antonina Ivanikhina was arrested on 11 January. Until the last hour, the girl looked after her comrades who had weakened after torture. Execution - 16 January. “Tonya Ivanikhina, 19 years old, was taken out of the mine without eyes, her head was tied with a scarf, under which a wreath of barbed wire was tightly put on her head, her breasts were cut out” (The Young Guard Museum, f. 1, d. 75).
Antonina's sister Lilia was arrested on January 10, and was also executed on the 16th. The surviving third sister, Lyubasha, who was very small during the war, recalled: “Once our distant relative, the wife of a policeman, came to us and said:“ My husband was appointed as a watchman near mine number 5. I don’t know if yours are there or not there, but my husband found combs, combs ... Look at the things, maybe you will find your own. Most likely, do not look for daughters, probably yours are there, in the pit. When they were shooting, the grandfather, who was collecting coal, was forced to leave. But he climbed onto the waste heap and saw from above: some girls jumped themselves, not wanting to be touched by the hands of the executioners, some friends or lovers jumped embracing, the guys sometimes resisted - they spat at the police, scolded them with their last words, shoved, tried to drag them into the trunk mines behind them ... When the Red Army men later dismantled the mine, they brought the dead sisters. Lily's hand was cut off, her eyes were tied with wire. Tonya is also mutilated. Then they brought coffins, and our Ivanikhins were put in one coffin.
Tonya Ivanikhina
Klavdia Kovaleva was arrested in early January and executed on the 16th: “Klavdia Kovaleva, 17 years old, was taken out swollen from beatings. The right breast was cut off, the feet were burnt, the left hand was cut off, the head was tied with a scarf, black marks of beatings were visible on the body. The girl’s body was found ten meters from the trunk, between the trolleys, she was probably thrown alive and was able to crawl away from the pit” (Museum “Young Guard”, f. 1, d. 10.)
Antonina Mashchenko was executed on 16 January. Antonina's mother, Maria Alexandrovna, recalled: “As I later found out, my beloved child was also executed by terrible torture. When the corpse of Antonina was removed from the pit along with other young guards, it was difficult to identify my girl in it. There was barbed wire in her braids, and half of her luxuriant hair was missing. My daughter was hung up and tortured by animals.”
Klava Kovaleva. Fragment family portrait with mom and uncle
Nina Minaeva was executed on 16 January. The brother of the underground worker Vladimir recalled: “... My sister was recognized by woolen leggings - the only clothes that remained on her. Nina's arms were broken, one eye was knocked out, there were shapeless wounds on her chest, her whole body was in black stripes ... "
Nina Minaeva
Policemen Krasnov and Kalitventsev led Yevgeny Moshkov bound around the city all night. There were severe frosts. The policemen brought Zhenya to the water intake well and began to dip it on a rope. Into ice water. Dropped several times. Then Kalitventsev froze and brought everyone to his house. Moshkov was put in front of the stove. They even let me smoke. They drank the moonshine themselves, warmed themselves and took them out again... Zhenya was tortured all night, by dawn he could no longer move independently. The twenty-two-year-old "Young Guard", a communist, nevertheless, having chosen a good moment during the interrogation, hit the policeman. Then the fascist beasts hung Moshkov by his legs and kept him in that position until blood gushed from his nose and throat. He was taken down and interrogated again. But Moshkov only spat in the face of the executioner. The enraged investigator who tortured Moshkov hit him with a backhand. Exhausted by torture, the communist hero fell, hitting the back of his head on the door frame, and lost consciousness. They threw him into the pit unconscious, perhaps - he had already died.
Zhenya Moshkov with friends (left)
Sister Lyudmila identified Vladimir Osmukhin, who spent ten days in the hands of the policemen, by the remains of his clothes: “When I saw Vovochka, disfigured, almost without a head, without his left arm to the elbow, I thought I would go crazy. I didn't believe it was him. He was in one sock, and the other leg was completely bare. Instead of a belt, a warm scarf is worn. No outerwear. Head is broken. The back of the head fell out completely, only the face remained, on which only the teeth remained. Everything else is ruined. The lips are twisted, the mouth is torn, the nose is almost completely absent ... "
Viktor Petrov was arrested on 6 January. On the night of January 15-16, he was thrown alive into a pit. Victor's sister Natasha recalls: “When Vitya was taken out of the pit, he could have been given about 80 years old. A gray-haired, emaciated old man ... There was no left ear, nose, both eyes, teeth were knocked out, hair remained only on the back of the head. There were black stripes around the neck, apparently, traces of strangulation in the noose, all the fingers on the hands were finely broken, the skin on the feet on the soles rose in a bubble from the burn, on the chest there was a large deep wound inflicted by a cold weapon. Obviously, it was inflicted while still in prison, because the tunic and shirt were not torn.
Shura Dubrovina
Anatoly Popov was born on January 16th. On his birthday, January 16, he was thrown alive into a pit. The last meeting of the headquarters of the "Young Guard" was held at the apartment of Anatoly Popov. From the report of the examination of the body of a young man: “He was beaten, fingers and a foot on the right leg were cut off on the left hand” (RGASPI F-1 Op.53 D.332.)
Angelina Samoshina was executed on 16 January. From the protocol of examination of the body: “Traces of torture were found on Angelina’s body: arms were twisted, ears were cut off, a star was carved on her cheek” (RGASPI. F. M-1. Op. 53. D. 331.). Geli's mother Anastasia Emelyanovna wrote: “She sent a note from prison, where she wrote that many products should not be passed on, that she was fine here, “like in a resort.” On January 18, they did not accept the parcel from us, they said that they were sent to a concentration camp. My mother, Nina Minaeva, and I went to the camp in Dolzhanka, where they were not there. Then the policeman warned us not to go and look. But rumors spread that they were thrown into the pit of mine No. 5, where they were found. That's how my daughter died...
Gel Samoshin
Anna Sopova's parents - Dmitry Petrovich and Praskovya Ionovna - witnessed the torture of their daughter. Parents were specifically forced to watch this, in the expectation that the older generation persuade the young partisans to confess and hand over their comrades. The old miner recalled: “They began to ask my daughter who she knew, with whom she had a connection, what did she do? Silent. They ordered her to undress - naked, in front of the policemen and her father ... She turned pale - and did not move. And she was beautiful, her braids were huge, lush, to the waist. They tore off her clothes, wrapped her dress over her head, laid her on the floor and began to whip her with a wire whip. She screamed terribly. And then, as they began to beat on the hands, head, could not stand it, poor thing, asked for mercy. Then she fell silent again. Then Plokhikh, one of the main executioners of the police, hit her in the head with something ... ”They lifted Anya from the pit, half bald - the girl, in order to further torment, hung on her own braid and pulled out half of her hair.
Anya Sopova with her friends by the sea (second from left)
Viktor Tretyakevich was among the last to be raised from the mine. His father, Iosif Kuzmich, in a thin patched coat stood day after day, grabbing a post, not taking his eyes off the pit. And when they recognized his son - without a face, with a black-and-blue back, with shattered hands - he, as if knocked down, fell to the ground. No traces of bullets were found on Victor's body, which means they threw him alive ...
Nina Startseva was removed from the pit on the third day after the execution - the girl almost did not live to see the liberation of the city. Mom recognized her by her hair and the embroidery on her shirt sleeve. They drove needles under Nina's fingers, cut strips of skin on her chest, her left side was burned with a red-hot iron. Before being thrown into the pit, the girl was shot in the back of the head.
Demyan Fomin, who had a sketch of a leaflet during the search, was subjected to especially cruel torture and was executed by decapitation. Before his death, the guy was cut off all the skin from his back in narrow strips. When asked what he was, Dyoma's mother Maria Frantsevna answered: “A kind, gentle, sympathetic son. He was fond of technology, he dreamed of driving trains.
Alexander Shishchenko was arrested on January 8, executed on the 16th: “The nose, ears, lips were cut off, the arms were twisted, the whole body was cut, shot in the head ...”
Ulyana Gromova kept a diary until her execution, managing to carry the notebook even into the dungeons. An entry in it dated November 9, 1942: “It is much easier to see how heroes die than to listen to the cries of some coward for mercy. Jack London". Executed on 16 January. “Ulyana Gromova, 19 years old, a five-pointed star was carved on her back, her right arm was broken, her ribs were broken”
Ulya Gromova
In total, at the end of January, the invaders and policemen, alive or shot, threw 71 people into the pit of mine No. 5, among whom were both the “Young Guards” and members of the underground party organization. Other members of the "Young Guard", including Oleg Koshevoy, were shot on February 9 in the city of Rovenki in the Rattlesnake Forest.
In the liberated city of Krasnodon, there are many living witnesses of both the struggle of the “Young Guards” and their death.
Uli's letter from prison
The first document of the declassified archival criminal case is a statement by Mikhail Kuleshov addressed to the leadership of the regional department of the NKVD dated February 20, 1943, says Vasily Shkola. - Then the first investigative actions were carried out. The facts of brutal torture of young people, whose bodies were removed from the pit of mine No. 5, have been established. In the materials of interrogations of members of the organization who were still alive at that time and who were tortured, there is a description of the office of the policeman of the city of Krasnodon Solikovsky. - We are talking about the presence of whips, heavy objects, including wooden ones.
From the testimony of Captain Emil Renatus, who commanded the district Krasnodon gendarmerie during the occupation: “The arrested, suspected of criminal activity and refusing to testify, were laid on a bench and beaten with rubber lashes until they confessed. If previous measures failed, they were transferred to a cold room, where they were supposed to lie on an ice floor. The same arrested persons were tied behind their backs with their hands and feet, in this position they were hung face to the ground and held until the arrested person confessed. Moreover, all these executions were accompanied by regular beatings.
Nina Ganochkina, a resident of Krasnodon, said: “Two other women and I, on the orders of the police, cleaned the girls’ cell. They themselves could not do the cleaning, as they were constantly taken for interrogation, and after being tortured they could not even get up. I once saw Ulya Gromova being interrogated. Ulya did not answer questions accompanied by abuse. Policeman Popov hit her on the head so that the comb holding the scythe broke. He shouts: “Pick it up!” She bent down, and the policeman began to beat her in the face and anywhere. I was already cleaning the floor in the corridor, and Ulya had just finished torturing her. She, who had lost consciousness, was dragged along the corridor and thrown into a cell.”
Oleg Koshevoy
As the burgomaster of Krasnodon Vasily Statsenkov testified during interrogation after the war, in 1949, over 70 people were arrested for involvement in the Young Guard in Krasnodon and its surrounding areas over a few days for involvement in the Young Guard.
Walter Eichhorn, who, as part of a gendarmerie group, was directly involved in the beatings and executions of members of the Young Guard, was found in Thuringia, where he worked ... at a doll factory. They also found and arrested in Germany Ernst-Emil Renatus, the former head of the German district gendarmerie in Krasnodon, who also tortured the "Young Guards" and ordered the policemen to gouge out the eyes of the guys.
From the testimony of Eichhorn (9.3.1949):
“While still in Magdeburg, before being sent to the occupied Soviet territory, we received a number of instructions regarding the establishment of a“ new order ”in the East, which said that the gendarmes should see a communist partisan in every Soviet citizen, and therefore, with all composure, each of we are obliged to exterminate peaceful Soviet citizens as their opponents.
From the testimony of Renatus (VII.1949):
Arriving in July 1942 as part of a gendarmerie team in the city of Stalino, I participated in a meeting of officers of the "Einsatzkommando gendarmerie" ... At this meeting, the head of the team, Lieutenant Colonel Gantsog, instructed us to first of all deal with the arrests of communists, Jews and Soviet activists. At the same time, Gantsog emphasized that the arrest of these persons does not require any action against the Germans at all. At the same time, Gantsog explained that all communists and Soviet activists should be destroyed and only as an exception imprisoned in concentration camps. As the appointed head of the German gendarmerie in the mountains. Krasnodon, I followed these directives…”
“Artes Lina, a translator, told me that Zons and Solikovsky are torturing the arrested. He especially liked to torture the arrested Zons. It was a great pleasure for him after dinner to call the arrested and subject them to torture. Zons told me that it is only through torture that he brings those arrested to confession. Artes Lina asked me to release her from work in the gendarmerie due to the fact that she could not be present at the beatings of those arrested.
From the testimony of the district police investigator Cherenkov:
“I interrogated members of the Young Guard organization, Komsomol members Ulyana Gromova, two Ivanikhin sisters, a brother and sister Bondarev, Maya Peglivanova, Eliseenko Antonina, Nina Minaeva, Viktor Petrov, Klavdia Kovalev, Vasily Pirozhok, Anatoly Popov, about 15 people in total ... Using special measures of influence (torture and bullying), we found that soon after the arrival of the Germans in the Donbass, the youth of Krasnodon, mostly Komsomol members, organized and led an underground struggle against the Germans ... I admit that during interrogations I beat the arrested members of the underground Komsomol organization Gromova and the Ivanikhin sisters ".
Volodya Osmukhin
From the testimony of policeman Lukyanov (11.XI.1947):
“The first time I participated in the mass execution of Soviet patriots at the end of September 1942 in the Krasnodon city park ... At night, a group of German gendarmes led by officer Kozak arrived in Krasnodon police in cars. After a short conversation between Kozak and Solikovsky and Orlov, according to a list drawn up in advance, the police began to take the arrested people out of their cells. In total, more than 30 people were selected, mainly communists ... Having announced to the arrested that they were being transported to Voroshilovgrad, they took them out of the police building and drove them to the Krasnodon city park. Upon arrival at the park, the arrested were tied by the hands of five people and led into a pit that had previously served as a refuge from German air raids and shot there. ... Some of the shot were still alive, in connection with which the gendarmes who remained with us began to shoot those who still showed signs of life. However, the gendarmes soon got tired of this occupation, and they ordered to bury the victims, among whom were still alive ... ".
Among the recently declassified documents of the investigation is a statement written by Gennady Pocheptsov. According to Levashov - under torture, according to the parents of the executed - voluntarily. ..
"To the head of mine No. 1 bis, Mr. Zhukov
from Mr. Pocheptsov Gennady Prokofievich
Statement
Mr. Zhukov, an underground Komsomol organization "Young Guard" was organized in the city of Krasnodon, in which I became an active member. I ask you to come to my apartment in your free time and I will tell you in detail about this organization and its members. My address: st. Chkalova, house 12 entrance number 1, Gromov D.G.
20.XII.1942 Pocheptsov.
From the testimony of Gury Fadeev, an agent of the German special forces:
“There was such an order in the police that the first person arrested was brought to Solikovsky, he brought him back to consciousness, and ordered the investigator to interrogate him. Pocheptsov was called to the police. He said that he really is a member of an underground youth organization that exists in Krasnodon and its environs. He named the leaders of this organization, or rather, the city headquarters, namely: Tretyakevich, Zemnukhov, Lukashov, Safonov and Koshevoy. Pocheptsov called Tretyakevich the head of the citywide organization. He himself is a member of the May Day organization, headed by Anatoly Popov. The May Day organization consisted of 11 people, including Popov, Glavan, Zhukov, Bondarevs (two), Chernyshov and a number of others. He said that the headquarters had weapons, Popov had a rifle, Nikolaev and Zhukov had submachine guns, and Chernyshov had a pistol. He also said that in one of the quarries in the pit there is a storehouse of weapons. There used to be a warehouse of the Red Army, which was blown up during the retreat, but the youth found a lot of cartridges there. The organizational structure was as follows: headquarters, May Day organization, an organization in the village of Krasnodon and a city organization. He did not name the total number of participants. Up to 30 people were arrested before I was fired. Personally, I interrogated 12 people, incl. Pocheptsov, Tretyakevich, Lukashov, Petrov, Vasily Pirozhok, and others. Of the members of the headquarters of this organization, Koshevoy and Safonov were not arrested, because. they fled.
As a rule, preliminary interrogations were carried out personally by Solikovsky, Zakharov and the gendarmerie with the use of whips, fists, etc. Even investigators were not allowed to be present during such “interrogations”. Such methods have no precedent in the history of criminal law.
After I was recruited by the police to identify those distributing the Young Guard leaflets, I met Zakharov, deputy head of the Krasnodon police, several times. At one of the interrogations, Zakharov asked me the question: “Which of the partisans recruited your sister Alla?” I, knowing about this from the words of my mother Fadeeva M.V., gave Zakharov Vanya Zemnukhov, who really made my sister an offer to join an underground anti-fascist organization. I told him that Korostyleva's sister Elena Nikolaevna Koshevoy and her son Oleg Koshevoy were listening to radio broadcasts from Moscow in Korostylev's apartment, who was recording the messages of the Sovinformburo "...
From the testimony of the head of the Rovenkovsky district police, Orlov (14.XI.1943)
“Oleg Koshevoi was arrested at the end of January 1943 by a German gendarme and a railway policeman at a junction 7 km from the city of Rovenka and brought to my police station. During the arrest, a revolver was confiscated from Koshevoy, and during a second search in the Rovenkovskaya police, a seal of the Komsomol organization and some two blank forms were found on him. I interrogated Koshevoy and received evidence from him that he was the head of the Krasnodon underground organization.”
From the testimony of police officer Bautkin:
“In early January 1943, I arrested and brought to the police a member of the underground Komsomol organization “Young Guard” discovered by the police in Krasnodon ... Dymchenko, who lived at mine No. 5. She was tortured by the police and, along with her other friends in the underground, was shot by the Germans ... I arrested the "Young Guard" who lived in mine No. anti-fascist leaflets.
From the testimony of Renatus:
“... In February, Venner and Sons reported to me that my order to execute the Krasnodon Komsomol members had been fulfilled. Part of those arrested ... were shot in Krasnodon in mid-January, and the other part, in connection with the approach of the front line to Krasnodon, was taken out of there and shot in the mountains. Rovenki.
From the testimony of policeman Davidenko:
“I admit that I participated in the executions of the “Young Guards” three times and about 35 Komsomol members were shot with my participation ... Before the eyes of the “Young Guards”, 6 Jews were first shot, and then in turn all 13 “Young Guards”, whose corpses were thrown into the pit mine No. 5 with a depth of about 80 meters. Some were thrown into the mine shaft alive. To prevent the shouting and proclamation of Soviet patriotic slogans, the girls' dresses were raised and twisted over their heads; in this state, the doomed were dragged to the shaft of the mine, after which they were shot at and then pushed into the shaft of the mine.
From the testimony of Schultz, a gendarme of the German district gendarmerie in Rovenki:
“At the end of January, I participated in the execution of a group of members of the underground Komsomol organization Young Guard, including the head of this organization, Koshevoy. ... I remember him especially clearly because I had to shoot him twice. After the shots, all the arrested fell to the ground and lay motionless, only Koshevoy got up and, turning around, looked in our direction. This greatly annoyed Fromme and he ordered the gendarme Drevitz to finish him off. Drevitz went up to the lying Koshevoy and shot him in the back of the head.
... Before fleeing from Rovenki on February 8 or 9, 1943, Fromme ordered me, Drevitz and other gendarmes to shoot a group of Soviet citizens held in Rovenkov prison. Among these victims were five men, a woman with a three-year-old child, and an active young guard Shevtsova. Having delivered the arrested people to the Rovenkovsky city park, Fromme ordered me to shoot Shevtsova. I led Shevtsova to the edge of the pit, stepped back a few steps and shot her in the back of the head, but the trigger mechanism of my carbine turned out to be faulty and a misfire occurred. Then Hollender, who was standing next to me, shot at Shevtsova. During the execution, Shevtsova behaved courageously, stood on the edge of the grave with her head held high, a dark shawl slipped over her shoulders and the wind ruffled her hair. Before the execution, she did not utter a word about mercy ... ".
From the testimony of Geist, a gendarme of the German district gendarmerie in Rovenki:
“... I took part, along with ... other gendarmes, in the execution in Rovenkovsky Park of Komsomol members arrested in Krasnodon for underground work against the Germans. Of the executed members of the Young Guard organization, I remember only Shevtsova. I remember her because I interrogated her. In addition, she drew attention to herself by her courageous behavior during the execution ... ".
From the testimony of policeman Kolotovich:
“Having arrived at the mother of the young guard Vasily Bondarev, Davidenko and Sevastyanov told her that the police were sending her son to work in Germany, and he asked me to hand over things to him. Bondarev's mother gave Davidenko gloves and socks. The latter, when leaving, took gloves for himself, and gave Sevastyanov socks and said: “There is an initiative!”
Then we went to the house of the young guard Nikolaev. Entering Nikolaev's house, Davidenko, turning to Nikolaev's sister, said that the police were sending her brother to work in Germany, asking for food and things on the way. Nikolaev's sister apparently knew that he had been shot, so she refused to give any things or food. After that, Davidenko and Sevastyanov, a policeman (I don’t know my last name) and I forcibly took away a man’s coat and a sheep from her. Then we went to another Young Guard (I don’t know the last name) and they also forcibly took four pieces of lard and a man’s shirt from the mother of the latter. Having put the fat in the sleigh, we went to the family of the young guard Zhukov. In this way, Davidenko, Sevastyanov and others robbed the families of the Young Guards.
Vanya Turkenich
From the testimony of Orlov, the head of the Rovenkovsky district police:
“Shevtsova was required to indicate the location of the radio transmitter, which she used to communicate with the Red Army. Shevtsova categorically refused, saying that she was not Lyadskaya, and called us monsters. The next day, Shevtsova was handed over to the gendarmerie and shot "...
It's time to talk about another myth related to the history of the "Young Guard". In Fadeev's novel, written in hot pursuit after the liberation of the city, the collapse of the underground is explained by betrayal. The names of informers are called - a certain Stakhovich, Vyrikova, Lyadskaya and Polyanskaya.
Where did the writer get these "traitors" from? The fact is that literally immediately after the arrest of three representatives of the headquarters, the Germans started a rumor that Viktor Tretyakevich “split during interrogation. The writer, who was lodging while working on the book with the mother of Oleg Koshevoy, allegedly received a note in which an unknown local resident named the names of the scammers ...
The version does not stand up to scrutiny. Fadeev wrote the book hastily, he did not even have time to meet with the relatives of many of the Young Guards, for which many Krasnodon residents later reproached him. Meanwhile, the parents of many young guards - L. Androsova, G. Harutyunyanyants, V. Zhdanova. O. Koshevoy, A. Nikolaev, V. Osmukhin, V. Petrov, V. Tretyakevich - not only knew about the underground activities of their sons and daughters, but also helped them in every possible way in equipping a printing house, storing weapons, radios, collecting medicines, making leaflets , red flags...
The note itself has not been preserved, perhaps that is why researchers have not yet been able to establish the authorship of the forged document. But for a long time there was a rumor in Krasnodon that Viktor Tretyakevich was bred under the name of Stakhovich in Fadeev's novel. Until 1990, the Tretyakevich family was stigmatized as "relatives of a traitor." For many years they collected eyewitness accounts and documents about Victor's innocence ...
Olga Lyadskaya - real face. The girl was only 17 years old when the Germans captured her for the first time. The young beauty liked the deputy chief of police Zakharov, who had a separate office for intimate meetings. A few days later, her mother managed to ransom her daughter from the concubines for moonshine and warm clothes. But the stigma of "police litter" for Olya remained. The frightened girl, whom the policeman promised to hang if she did not return to him, and whom all the neighbors blamed for her connection with the punisher, was even afraid to leave the house. Isn't that why Lyuba Shevtsova said at one of the interrogations the words "I'm not Lyadskaya to you!"?
After the release of Krasnodon, Olga first passed as a witness in the case of the atrocities of the policemen, but later told the SMERSH investigator that she was taken to face-to-face confrontations with the arrested "Young Guards". They asked: “Do you know someone like that?”. And she, seeing that her peers were being cruelly tortured, said that she studied at school with some of the guys, danced with someone in an ensemble, made gliders with someone in the House of Pioneers ... Lyadskaya allegedly did not say anything about the underground because I just didn't know about it. But nevertheless, in the materials of the investigation there is a confession personally signed by Olya in cooperation with the occupiers and the police. Most likely, a girl with a broken will by Zakharov, considered that for cohabitation with a policeman, especially - forced, her worst case, just sent. And to live for several years away from shame, even in Siberia, she saw as not the worst outcome of the case ... But as a result, Olga received ten years in Stalin's camps ...
And after the publication of the novel "The Young Guard", the investigation into the case of "the betrayal of Lyadskaya" was resumed, a show trial was being prepared. True, it did not take place: Olga fell ill with tuberculosis and was released, and there was clearly little evidence “from the book” for Soviet justice. She managed to recover, even unlearn at the institute, get married, give birth to a son ... Later, Olga Lyadskaya, through the prosecutor's office, applied for additional investigation - herself. And all accusations of betrayal of the "Young Guard" were dropped after a thorough study of the materials of her case.
Zina Vyrikova and Serafima Polyanskaya, released from the police as "not involved in a partisan gang", also went into exile in Bugulma after the liberation of the city. SMERSH arrested them even before the publication of Fadeev's book. Subsequently, Zinaida Vyrikova also got married, changed her surname and left for another city, but until her death she was afraid that she would be recognized as a “traitor” and arrested ... By the way, neither Zina nor Sim could extradite any of the “Moldoguards” - their own knowledge of the composition and activities of the underground was limited to rumors that "boys from our school are planting leaflets."
For Vitya Treryakevich, who died in the fascist dungeons, slandered by German henchmen, his parents stood up. They wrote right up to the Central Committee of the Komsomol, they sought the truth. Only 16 years after the war, it was possible to arrest one of the most ferocious executioners who tortured the Young Guards - policeman Vasily Podtynny. During the investigation, he stated: Tretyakevich was slandered. They wanted to “set an example for other partisans” in this way - they say, your leader has already spoken, it's time for you to untie your tongue! A special state commission created after the trial of the policeman established that Viktor Tretyakevich was the victim of a deliberate slander, and “one of the members of the organization, Gennady Pocheptsov, was identified as a real traitor.”
Levashov, a survivor of the underground, confirmed that his father was arrested three times in order to find out where his son was hiding. Levashov Sr. sat with Tretyakevich in the same cell, where he saw how the latter was brought from interrogations completely crippled, which, according to Levashov's father himself, was clear evidence that "... Victor still did not split."
By the way, the fate of Gennady Pocheptsov himself, who was released from the police three days after the denunciation, was cruel but fair: after the Red Army liberated the city of Krasnodon, Gena Pocheptsov, as well as police agents Gromov and Kuleshov, were put on trial.
The investigation into the case of traitors of the Young Guard lasted for 5 months. On August 1, 1943, Pocheptsov and Gromov were indicted. After reviewing him, Pocheptsov said: “I fully admit my guilt in the charge against me, namely, that, being a member of the underground youth organization Young Guard, I betrayed its members to the police, named the leaders of this organization and told the policeman about the presence of weapons " .
After the approval of the indictment by the head of the operational group of the NKGB of the Ukrainian SSR, Lieutenant Colonel of State Security Bondarenko, the case on charges of Pocheptsov and his stepfather was considered by the Military Tribunal of the NKVD troops of the Voroshilovgrad (now Lugansk) region, whose offsite meetings were held in Krasnodon from August 15 to August 18, 1943. When Gromov, contrary to previous his testimony, he began to assert that he did not advise his stepson to betray the underground, the latter asked for the floor and said "Gromov is not telling the truth, he advised me to file a complaint with the police against members of the youth organization, telling me that by doing this I would save my life and the life of my family, We have never quarreled with him on this matter." In his last speech, Pocheptsov, addressing the court, stated: "I am guilty, I committed a crime against the Motherland, I betrayed my comrades, judge me as the law requires."
Funeral of the "Young Guards"
Having found Gromov and Pocheptsov guilty of treason, the Military Tribunal sentenced them to capital punishment - execution by firing squad with confiscation of personal property.
On September 9, 1943, the question of the verdict of the Military Tribunal of the NKVD troops was discussed at the Military Council of the Southwestern Front. In his resolution, signed by the front commander, General of the Army R.Ya. crime scene in public.
Having familiarized themselves with the verdict of the Military Tribunal, Gromov and Pocheptsov appealed to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with a petition for pardon. Pocheptsov wrote, “I consider the verdict of the tribunal to be correct: I filed a complaint with the police as a member of an underground youth organization, saving my life and the life of my family. But the organization was disclosed for other reasons. My statement did not play an appropriate role, because it was written later than the organization was revealed. And therefore I ask the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union to save my life, since I am still young. I ask you to give me the opportunity to wash away the black spot that has fallen on me. I ask you to send me to the front line."
However, the petitions of the convicts were rejected, the sentence of the Military Tribunal was carried out on September 19, 1943. A native of Krasnodon, Igor Cherednichenko, who studied the history of the organization, cited in one of his articles the words of his godfather, who witnessed the execution:
“Gromov stood terrified as chalk, white. His eyes ran around, hunched over, he was trembling like a hunted animal. Pocheptsov first fell, a crowd of residents leaned on him, they wanted to tear him to pieces, but the soldiers at the last moment managed to pull him out of the crowd. And Kuleshov stood near the side of the car with his head up and it seemed that this did not concern him.He died with indifference on his face ... Pocheptsova was even going to shoot her own mother, but someone held her, although she roared and demanded to give her rifle. By the way, his mother was a very respected person in the city. She sheathed everyone at the lowest prices, she did not refuse anyone. "
So almost 17 years later, the truth triumphed. By decree of December 13, 1960, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR rehabilitated Viktor Tretyakevich and awarded him the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree (posthumously). His name began to be included in everything official documents along with the names of other heroes of the Young Guard.
Anna Iosifovna, Victor's mother, who never took off her mourning black clothes until the end of her life, stood in front of the presidium of the solemn meeting in Voroshilovgrad when she was presented with her son's posthumous award. The crowded hall, standing up, applauded her. Anna Iosifovna turned to her comrade who awarded her with only one request: not to show the film “Young Guard” these days in the city, shot by the brilliant director Gerasimov based on Fadeev’s novel ...
By the decision of the Presidium of the Luhansk Regional Court, which, in fulfilling the Law of Ukraine of April 17, 1991 "On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repressions in Ukraine", on December 9, 1992, considered the conclusion of the Luhansk Regional Prosecutor's Office on criminal cases on charges of Gromov and Pocheptsov, it was recognized that these citizens were convicted justified and not subject to rehabilitation.
So another myth collapsed. And the feat will remain for centuries ...
The pit of mine No. 5, where the heroes were executed, became part of the memorial park
Novaya Gazeta is completing a cycle of publications about the legendary underground organization Young Guard, which was created exactly 75 years ago. And about how people live today in the Lugansk region, where active phase The last hostilities ended in March, not 1943, but 2015, and where there is still a front line. It is also the demarcation line established by the Minsk agreements between the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the formations of the self-proclaimed "Luhansk People's Republic" ("LNR").
After examining the party archives stored in Lugansk, Novaya's special correspondent Yulia POLUKHINA returned to Krasnodon. Based on the materials of the archives, in previous publications we managed to tell about how the underground Komsomol organization of Krasnodon was created in September 1942, what role the connection with partisan detachments and underground regional committees of Voroshilovograd (as Lugansk was called during the war) and Rostov- on-Don and why the commissar of the "Young Guard" was first Viktor Tretyakevich (the prototype of the "traitor" Stakhevich in Fadeev's novel), and then Oleg Koshevoy. And both suffered posthumously for ideological reasons. Tretyakevich was branded a traitor, although even the author of The Young Guard himself said that Stakhevich was a collective image. Koshevoy, on the contrary, got it during the wave of the struggle against Soviet mythology: they began to talk about him, too, as a collective image that Fadeev “painted” to please the party leadership.
Perhaps, neither the Krasnodon nor Luhansk archives make it possible to unequivocally say who was the leader of the Young Guard, how many great and small feats (or, speaking modern language, special operations) on her account, and which of the guys already captured by the police, confessed under torture.
But the fact is that the Young Guard is not a myth. It united living young people, almost children, whose main feat, accomplished against their will, was martyrdom.
We will tell about this tragedy in the last publication of the cycle about the Krasnodontsy, based on the memories of the native Young Guards, the stories of their descendants, as well as the protocols of interrogation of policemen and gendarmes involved in torture and executions.
The boys play football at the memorial to the executed young guards. Photo: Yulia Polukhina / Novaya Gazeta
Genuine, material evidence of what happened in Krasnodon in the first two weeks of 1943, when the Young Guards and many members of the underground party organization were first arrested and then executed, began to disappear already in the first days after the liberation of the city by the Red Army. The more valuable each unit of scientific funds of the museum "Young Guard". Museum staff introduce me to them.
“Here we have materials on policemen Melnikov and Podtynov. I remember how they were tried in 1965. The trial took place in the Palace of Culture. Gorky, the microphones were brought to the speakers outside, it was winter, and the whole city stood and listened. Even today we cannot reliably say how many these policemen were, one was caught in 1959, and the second in 1965, ”says chief keeper Funds Lyubov Viktorovna. For her, as for most museum workers, “The Young Guard is a very personal story. And this main reason the fact that in the summer of 2014, despite the approach of hostilities, they refused to evacuate: “We even started to put everything in boxes, what to send first and second, but then we made a joint decision that we would not go anywhere. As part of decommunization, we were not ready to lie on the shelves and become overgrown with dust. At that time, there was no such law in Ukraine, but such conversations were already going on.
Decommunization really overtook Krasnodon, which ceased to exist, because in 2015 it was renamed Sorokino. However, this is not felt in the museum, and it would never occur to any of the local residents to call themselves Sorokinets.
“Look at this photo. On the walls of the cells in which the young guards were kept after the arrest, inscriptions are clearly visible - Lyubov Viktorovna shows me one of the rarities. And explains what its value is. - These photos were taken by Leonid Yablonsky, photojournalist of the newspaper of the 51st army "Son of the Fatherland". By the way, he was the first to film not only the story about the Young Guards, but also the Adzhimushkay quarries, and the Bagerov ditch, where the bodies of the executed residents of Kerch were dumped after mass executions. And a photo from Yalta Conference- also him. By the way, this did not prevent Yablonsky from being repressed in 1951 for allegedly disrespectful statements about Stalin, but after the death of the leader, the photographer was released and later rehabilitated. So, according to Yablonsky, when the Red Army entered Krasnodon, it was already dark. Everything in the cells was scratched with inscriptions, both the window sills and the walls. Yablonsky took a few shots and decided that he would return in the morning. But in the morning he came - there was nothing, not a single inscription. And who rubbed, not the Nazis? This was done by local residents, we still don’t know what the guys wrote there, and which of the locals erased all these inscriptions.
“Children were identified by their clothes”
The pit of mine No. 5 is a mass grave of the Young Guards. Photo: RIA Novosti But it is known that Vasily Gromov, the stepfather of the Young Guard Gennady Pocheptsov, was initially entrusted with leading the work of extracting the bodies of the executed from the pit of mine No. 5. Under the Germans, Gromov was an unspoken police agent and was directly related at least to the arrests of the underground. Therefore, of course, he did not want the bodies with traces of inhuman torture to be raised to the surface.
Here is how this moment is described in the memoirs of Maria Vintsenovsky, the mother of the deceased Yuri Vintsenovsky:
“For a long time he tormented us with his slowness. Either he doesn’t know how to extract, or he doesn’t know how to install a winch, or he simply delayed the extraction. Parents-miners told him what to do and how to do it. Finally, everything was ready. We hear Gromov's voice: "Who voluntarily agrees to go down in the tub?" - "I! I!" - we hear. One was my 7th grade student Shura Nezhivov, the other was a worker, Puchkov.<…>We, the parents, were allowed to take a seat in the front row, but at a decent distance. There was absolute silence. It was so quiet that you could hear your own heartbeat. Here comes the tub. Shouts are heard: "Girl, girl." It was Tosya Eliseenko. She was dropped by one of the first batch. The corpse was put on a stretcher, covered with a sheet and taken to the pre-mine bathhouse. Snow was laid out along all the walls in the bath, and corpses were laid on the snow. The tub descends again. This time the guys shouted: "And this is a boy." It was Vasya Gukov, also shot in the first game and also hanging on a protruding log. Third fourth. “And this naked one, he probably died there, his hands are folded on his chest.” Like an electric current went through my body. "Mine, mine!" I screamed. Words of consolation were heard from all sides. "Calm down, this is not Yurochka." What, in fact, is the difference, not the fourth, so the fifth will be Yuri. Grigoriev Misha was taken out third, Vintsenovsky Yura was the fourth, Zagoruiko V., Lukyanchenko, Sopova and the next Tyulenin Serezha were the fifth.<…>In the meantime, evening came, there were no more corpses in the mine. Gromov, after consulting with the doctor Nadezha Fedorovna Privalova, who is present here, announced that he would no longer extract corpses, since the doctor said that cadaveric poison was fatal. There will be a mass grave here. Work on the extraction of corpses was stopped. The next morning we were again at the pit, now it was already allowed to go into the bathhouse. Each mother tried to recognize her own in the corpse, but this was difficult, because. the children were completely disfigured. For example, I recognized my son only by signs on the fifth day. Zagoruika O.P. I was sure that my son Volodya was in Rovenki ( part of the Young Guard was taken away from Krasnodon to the Gestapo, they were already executed in Rovenki. — Yu. P.) passed a transmission there for him, walked calmly around the corpses. Suddenly a terrible scream, fainting. At the fifth corpse on his trousers, she saw a familiar patch, it was Volodya. Despite the fact that the parents identified their children, they went to the pit several times during the day. I went too. One evening my sister and I went to the pit. From a distance they noticed that a man was sitting over the very abyss of the pit and smoking.<…>It was Androsov, the father of Androsova Lida. “It’s good for you, they found the corpse of their son, but I won’t find the corpse of my daughter. Cadaveric poison is deadly. Let me die from the poison of my daughter's corpse, but I must get her. Just think, it's a tricky business to manage the extraction. I have been working in the mine for twenty years, I have a lot of experience, there is nothing tricky. I will go to the city committee of the party, I will ask permission to lead the extraction. And the next day, having received permission, Androsov set to work.
And here is a fragment of the memoirs of Makar Androsov himself. He is a hard worker, a miner, and casually describes the most terrible moments of his life as work:
"Arrived medical expertise. The doctors said that the bodies can be removed, but special rubber clothing is needed. Many parents of the Young Guard knew me as a professional miner, so they insisted that I be appointed responsible for rescue work.<…>Residents volunteered to help. The bodies were removed by mountain rescue workers. Once I tried to drive with them to the end, into the depths of the pit, but I could not. A suffocating stench wafted from the shaft. Rescuers said that the mine shaft was littered with stones and trolleys. Two corpses were placed in a box. After each extraction, the parents rushed to the box, cried, screamed. The bodies were taken to the mine bath. The cement floor of the bathhouse was covered with snow, and the bodies were laid directly on the floor. A doctor was on duty at the pit and revived the parents, who were losing consciousness. The bodies were mutilated beyond recognition. Many parents recognized their children only by their clothes. There was no water in the mine. The bodies retained their shape, but began to "disorder". Many bodies were found without arms and legs. Rescue work was carried out for 8 days. Daughter Lida was removed from the pit on the third day. I recognized her by her clothes and green cloaks that a neighbor sewed. In these cloaks she was arrested. Lida had a string around her neck. They probably shot in the forehead, because there was a big wound on the back of the head, and less on the forehead. One arm, leg, eye was missing. The cloth skirt was torn and kept only on the belt, the jumper was also torn. When they took out Lida's body, I fainted. A.A. Startseva said that she even recognized Lida by her face. There was a smile on his face. A neighbor (who was present when the corpses were removed) says that Lida's entire body was covered in blood. In total, 71 corpses were taken out of the pit. Coffins were made from old boards of dismantled houses. On February 27 or 28, we brought the bodies of our children from Krasnodon to the village. The coffins were placed at the council in one row. The coffin of Lida and Kolya Sumsky was placed in a grave nearby.
Tyulenin and his five
Sergei Tyulenin When you read these "sick" memoirs of your parents, even if recorded over the years, you understand what exactly escapes during the debate about the historical truth in the history of the "Young Guard". That they were children. They got involved in a big adult nightmare and, although they took it with absolute, even deliberate seriousness, it was still perceived as a kind of game. And who, at the age of 16, will believe in a close tragic ending?
Most of the parents of the Young Guard had no idea what they were doing with their friends in the city occupied by the Germans. The principle of conspiracy also contributed to this: the Young Guard, as you know, were divided into fives, and ordinary underground workers knew only members of their group. Most often, the fives included young men and women who were friends or simply knew each other well before the war. The first group, which later became the most active five, was formed around Sergei Tyulenin. You can argue endlessly about who was the commissar in the Young Guard and who was the commander, but I got the confidence: the leader, without whom there would be no legend, is just Tyulenin.
His biography is in the archives of the Young Guard Museum:
“Sergey Gavrilovich Tyulenin was born on August 25, 1925 in the village of Kiselevo, Novosilsky district, Oryol region, in a working class family. In 1926, his entire family moved to live in the city of Krasnodon, where Serezha grew up. The family had 10 children. Sergei, the youngest, enjoyed the love and care of his older sisters. He grew up as a very lively, active, cheerful boy who was interested in everything.<…>Seryozha was sociable, gathered all his comrades around him, loved excursions, hikes, and Seryozha especially loved military games. His dream was to become a pilot. After graduating from seven classes, Sergei is trying to enter flight school. For health reasons, he was recognized as quite fit, but not enlisted by age. I had to go back to school: in the eighth grade.<….>The war begins, and Tyulenin voluntarily leaves for the labor army - to build defensive structures.<…>At this time, at the direction of the Bolshevik underground, a Komsomol organization was created. At the suggestion of Sergei Tyulenin, she was named the "Young Guard" ...
Tyulenin was one of the members of the headquarters of the "Young Guard", took part in most military operations: in the distribution of leaflets, in setting fire to stacks of bread, collecting weapons.
November 7th was approaching. Sergey's group received the task to hoist the flag at school number 4. ( Tyulenin, Dadyshev, Tretyakevich, Yurkin, Shevtsova studied at this school. —Yu. P.). Here is what Radiy Yurkin, a 14-year-old participant in the operation, recalls:
“On the long-awaited night before the holiday, we went to carry out the task.<…>Serezha Tyulenin was the first to climb the creaky ladder. We are behind him with grenades at the ready. They took a look and immediately got to work. Styopa Safonov and Seryozha climbed onto the very roof using the fasteners on the wire. Lenya Dadyshev stood at the dormer window, peering and listening to see if anyone had crept up on us. I attached the banner towel to the pipe. Everything is ready. The "senior miner" of the steppe Safonov, as we later called him, said that the mines were ready.<…>Our banner proudly flies in the air, and below in the attic are anti-tank mines attached to the flagpole.<…>In the morning, a lot of people gathered near the school. Enraged police officers rushed to the attic. But immediately they returned back, confused, mumbling something about mines.
This is how the second high-profile and successful action of the Young Guard looks like in Yurkin’s memoirs: the arson of the labor exchange, which made it possible to avoid sending two and a half thousand Krasnodontsy to forced labor in Germany, including many “Young Guards” who received summons the day before.
“On the night of December 5-6, Sergey, Lyuba Shevtsova, Viktor Lukyanchenko quietly made their way to the attic of the exchange, scattered pre-prepared incendiary cartridges and set fire to the exchange.”
And here Tyulenin was the ringleader.
One of Sergey's closest friends was Leonid Dadyshev. Leonid's father, an Azerbaijani of Iranian origin, came to Russia to look for his brother, but then married a Belarusian. They moved to Krasnodon in 1940. Nadezhda Dadysheva, the younger sister of Leonid Dadyshev, described these months in her memoirs as follows:
“Sergei Tyulenin studied with his brother, and we lived next door to him. Obviously, this was the impetus for their future friendship, which was no longer interrupted until the end of his short but bright life.<…>Lenya loved music. He had a mandalin, and he could sit for hours and perform Russian and Ukrainian folk melodies on it. Favorite were songs about the heroes of the Civil War. There were abilities in the field of drawing. The favorite subject of his drawings were warships (destroyers, battleships), cavalry in battle, portraits of generals. (During the search during the brother's arrest, the police took away a lot of his drawings.)<…>One day my brother asked me to bake homemade donuts. He knew that a column of Red Army prisoners of war would be led through our city, and, wrapping donuts in a bundle, went with his comrades to the main highway. The next day, his comrades said that Lenya threw a bundle of food into a crowd of prisoners of war, and also threw his winter hat with earflaps, and he himself walked in a cap in severe frost.
The finale of Nadezhda Dadysheva's memories brings us back to the pit of mine No. 5.
“On February 14, the city of Krasnodon was liberated by units of the Red Army. On the same day, my mother and I went to the police building, where we saw a terrible picture. In the police yard we saw a mountain of corpses. These were shot Red Army prisoners of war, covered with straw on top. With my mother, I went into the premises of the former police: all the doors were wide open, broken chairs and broken dishes lay on the floor. And on the walls of all the cells were written arbitrary words and poems of the dead. In one cell, it was written all over the wall in large letters: “Death to the German occupiers!” On one door was scrawled with something metallic: “Dadash Lenya was sitting here!” Mom cried a lot, it took me a lot of effort to take her home. Literally a day later, they began to remove the corpses of the dead Young Guardsmen from the shaft of mine No. 5. The corpses were disfigured, but each mother recognized her son and daughter, and with each winch lifting, heart-rending cries and weeping of exhausted mothers were heard for a long time.<…>More than forty years have passed since then, but it is always painful and disturbing to remember those tragic events. I can’t hear the words from the song “Eaglet” without excitement: I don’t want to think about death, believe me, at 16 boyish years “... My brother died at 16.”
The Dadyshevs' mother died soon after, she could not survive the death of her son. From the pit of Leonid they took out everything blue, because they were flogged with whips, with a severed right hand. Before being thrown into the pit, he was shot.
And Dadyshev's sister Nadezhda is still alive. True, it was not possible to talk with her, because due to the serious state of health last years She spends her life in the Krasnodon hospice.
Policemen and traitors
Gennady Pocheptsov The scientific fund of the museum contains not only memories of heroes and victims, but also materials about traitors and executioners. Here are excerpts from the interrogations of investigative case No. 147721 from the archives of the VUCHN-GPU-NKVD. It was investigated against police investigator Mikhail Kuleshov, agent Vasily Gromov and his stepson Gennady Pocheptsov, a 19-year-old Young Guard who, frightened of arrests, wrote a statement on the advice of his stepfather, indicating the names of his comrades.
From the protocol of interrogation of Gromov Vasily Grigorievich dated June 10, 1943.“... When, at the end of December 1942, young people robbed a German car with gifts, I asked my son: was he involved in this robbery and did he receive a share of these gifts? He denied. However, when I came home, I saw that someone from outsiders was at home. But from the words of his wife, he learned that Gennady's comrades came and smoked. Then I asked my son if there were members of an underground youth organization among those arrested for the theft. The son replied that indeed some of the members of the organization had been arrested for stealing German gifts. In order to save my son's life, and also so that the guilt of belonging to my son's organization would not fall on me, I suggested that Pocheptsov (my step-son) immediately write to the police a statement that he wants to extradite the members of the youth underground organization. The son promised to fulfill my proposal. When I soon asked him about it, he said that he had already written a statement to the police, which one he had written, I did not ask.The police investigation into the Krasnodon case was headed by senior investigator Mikhail Kuleshov. According to the documents of the archives, before the war he worked as a lawyer, but his career did not develop, he was convicted and distinguished by systematic drinking. Before the war, he often received reprimands along the party line from Mikhail Tretyakevich - the elder brother of the young guard Tretyakevich, who was later exposed as a traitor - for "domestic decay." And Kuleshov had a personal dislike for him, which he later took out on Viktor Tretyakevich.
Policemen Solikovsky (left), Kuleshov (standing on the right in the central photo) and Melnikov (on the far right, the photo in the foreground). About the "betrayal" of the latter became known only from the words of Kuleshov, who was interrogated by the NKVD. Viktor Tretyakevich became the only young guard whose name was deleted from the award lists, worse than that, on the basis of Kuleshov’s testimony, the conclusions of the “Toritsyn commission” were formed, based on the materials of which Fadeev wrote his novel.
From the protocol of the interrogation of the former investigator Kuleshov Ivan Emelyanovich dated May 28, 1943 .
“... There was such order in the police that the first person arrested was brought to Solikovsky, he brought him “to consciousness” and ordered the investigator to interrogate, draw up a protocol that must be handed over to him, i.e. Solikovsky, for viewing. When Davidenko brought Pocheptsov to Solikovsky's office, and before that, Solikovsky took out a statement from his pocket and asked if he had written it. Pocheptsov answered in the affirmative, after which Solikovsky again hid this statement in his pocket.<…>Pocheptsov said that he really is a member of an underground youth organization that exists in Krasnodon and its environs. He named the leaders of this organization, or rather, the city headquarters. Namely: Tretyakevich, Levashov, Zemnukhov, Safonov, Koshevoy. Solikovsky wrote down the named members of the organization for himself, called the policemen and Zakharov, and began to make arrests. He ordered me to take Pocheptsov and interrogate him and present him with the protocols of the interrogation. During interrogation, Pocheptsov told me that the headquarters had weapons at their disposal.<…>. After that, 30-40 members of the underground youth organization were arrested. I personally interrogated about 12 people, including Pocheptsov, Tretyakevich, Levashov, Zemnukhov, Kulikov, Petrov, Vasily Pirozhok, and others.”
From the protocol of interrogation of Pocheptsov Gennady Prokofievich dated April 8, 1943 and June 2, 1943.
“... On December 28, 1942, police chief Solikovsky, his deputy Zakharov, Germans and policemen drove up to Moshkov’s house (he lived next to me) on a sleigh. They searched Moshkov's apartment, found some kind of bag, put it on a sled, put Moshkov in a seat and left. My mother and I saw it all. Mother asked if Moshkov was from our organization. I said no, because I did not know about Moshkov's affiliation with the organization. After a while, Fomin came to see me. He said that, on behalf of Popov, he went to the center to find out which of the guys had been arrested. He said that Tretyakevich, Zemnukhov and Levashov had been arrested. We started discussing what to do, where to run, who to consult, but no decision was made. After Fomin left, I thought about my situation and, finding no other solution, showed cowardice and decided to write a statement to the police that I knew an underground youth organization.<…>Before writing a statement, I myself went to the Gorky Club and looked at what was being done there. Arriving there, I saw Zakharov and the Germans. They were looking for something in the club. Then Zakharov came up to me and asked if I knew Tyulenin, while he was looking at some kind of list, which included a number of other names. I said that I don't know Tyulenin. He went home and at home decided to extradite the members of the organization. I thought the police already knew everything…”
But in fact, it was Pocheptsov's "letter" that played a key role. Because the guys were initially taken as thieves, and there was no evidence against them. After a few days of interrogation, the chief of police ordered: "To flog the thieves and kick them out in the neck." At this time, Pocheptsov, summoned by Solikovsky, came to the police. He pointed out those whom he knew, primarily from the village of Pervomaika, in the group of which was Pocheptsov himself. From January 4 to 5, arrests began in Pervomaika. Pocheptsov simply did not know about the existence of underground communists Lyutikov, Barakov and others. But the machine shops where their cell operated were monitored by agents of Zons ( Deputy Chief of the Krasnodon Gendarmerie. — Yu. P.). Zons was shown lists of arrested underground workers, where there were only children of 16-17 years old, and then Zons ordered the arrest of Lyutikov and 20 other people, who had been closely monitored by his agents for a long time. So in the cells there were more than 50 people who had one or another relation to the "Young Guard" and the underground communists.
Testimony of police officer Alexander Davydenko.“In January, I went to the office of the secretary of police, it seems, to receive a salary, and through open door I saw in the office of the chief of police Solikovsky the arrested members of the "Young Guard" Tretyakevich, Moshkov, Gukhov (inaudible). The chief of police Solikovsky, who was there, interrogated him, his deputy Zakharov, the translator Burchard, a German whose last name I do not know, and two policemen, Gukhalov and Plokhikh. The young guards were interrogated about how and under what circumstances they stole gifts from cars intended for German soldiers. During this interrogation, I also went into Solikovsky's office and saw the entire process of the said interrogation. During the interrogation of Tretyakevich, Moshkov and Gukhov, they were beaten and tortured. They were not only beaten, but hung on a rope from the ceiling, staging an execution by hanging. When the Young Guards began to lose consciousness, they were removed and poured on the floor with water, bringing them to their senses.
Viktor Tretyakevich Viktor Tretyakevich was interrogated by Mikhail Kuleshov with particular passion.
On August 18, 1943, in an open court hearing in the city of Krasnodon, the Military Tribunal of the NKVD troops of the Voroshilovograd region sentenced Kuleshov, Gromov and Pocheptsov to capital punishment. The next day, the sentence was carried out. They were shot in public in the presence of five thousand people. Pocheptsov's mother Maria Gromova, as a member of the family of a traitor to the Motherland, was exiled to the Kustanai region of the Kazakh SSR for a period of five years with a complete confiscation of property. Her further fate is unknown, but in 1991, Art. 1 of the law of the Ukrainian SSR "On the rehabilitation of victims of political repression in Ukraine". Due to the lack of a body of evidence confirming the validity of bringing to justice, she was rehabilitated.
Policeman Solikovsky managed to escape, he was never found. Although he was the main one among the direct executors of the execution of the Young Guard in Krasnodon.
From the protocol of the interrogation of gendarme Walter Eichhorn dated November 20, 1948.“Under the force of torture and bullying, testimonies were obtained from those arrested about their involvement in an underground Komsomol organization operating in the mountains. Krasnodon. About these arrests, Master Shen ( head of the gendarmerie post Cransodon. — Yu. P.) reported on command to his boss Venner. Later, an order was received to shoot the youth.<…>They began to bring out to our courtyard one by one the arrested, prepared to be sent to execution, besides us, the gendarmes, there were five policemen. Commandant Sanders escorted one car, and Sons was in the cockpit with him ( Deputy Chief Shen. — Yu. P.), and I stood on the running board of the car. The second car was accompanied by Solikovsky, and there was the head of the criminal police Kuleshov.<…>About ten meters from the mine, the cars stopped and were cordoned off by gendarmes and policemen, who escorted them to the place of execution<…>. I personally was close to the place of execution and saw how one of the policemen took the arrested people one by one from the cars, undressed them and brought them to Solikovsky, who shot them at the shaft, threw the corpses into the mine pit ... "Initially, the case of the Young Guard was conducted by the Krasnodon police, because they were accused of a banal criminal offense. But when a clear political component emerged, the gendarmerie of the city of Rovenki joined the case. Part of the Young Guard was taken there, because the Red Army was already advancing on Krasnodon. Oleg Koshevoy managed to escape, but he was arrested in Rovenki.
Oleg Koshevoy Later, this created grounds for speculation that Koshevoy was allegedly an agent of the Gestapo (according to another version, a member of the OUN-UPA, an organization banned in Russia), and for this reason he was not shot, but went with the Germans to Rovenki and then disappeared, starting a new life on false papers.
Similar stories are known, for example, if we recall the Krasnodon executioners, then not only Solikovsky managed to escape, but also the policemen Vasily Podtynny and Ivan Melnikov. Melnikov, by the way, was directly related not only to the torture of the Young Guards, but also to the executions of miners and communists buried alive in the Krasnodon city park in September 1942. After the retreat from Krasnodon, he fought in the Wehrmacht, was captured in Moldova, and in 1944 was drafted into the Red Army. He fought with dignity, was awarded medals, but in 1965 he was exposed as a former policeman and subsequently shot.
The fate of policeman Podtynny was similar: he was tried many years after committed crime, but in Krasnodon, publicly. By the way, during the trial and investigation, Podtynny testified that Viktor Tretyakevich was not a traitor and that the investigator Kuleshov slandered him on the grounds of personal revenge. After that, Tretyakevich was rehabilitated (but Stakhevich remained a traitor in Fadeev's novel).
However, all these analogies are inapplicable to Koshevoy. The archives contain records of interrogations of direct participants and eyewitnesses of his execution in Rovenki.
From the transcript of the interrogation of Ivan Orlov, a Rovenkov police officer:
“I first learned about the existence of the Young Guard at the end of January 1943 from Oleg Koshevoy, a Komsomol member arrested in Rovenki. Then I was told about this organization by those who arrived at the beginning of 1943 in Rovenki st. investigators of the Krasnodon police Usachev and Didik, who took part in the investigation of the Young Guard case.<…>I remember that I asked Usachov if Oleg Koshevoy was involved in the Young Guard case. Usachev said that Koshevoy was one of the leaders of the underground organization, but he had escaped from Krasnodon and could not be found. In this regard, I told Usachov that Koshevoy had been arrested in Rovenki and shot by the gendarmerie.
From the protocol of interrogation of Otto-August Drewitz, a member of the Rovenky gendarmerie :
Question: You are shown a slide showing the head of the illegal Young Guard organization operating in Krasnodon, Oleg Koshevoy. Isn't this the young man you shot? Answer: Yes, this is the same young man. I shot Koshevoy in the city park in Rovenki. Question: Tell us under what circumstances you shot Oleg Koshevoy. Answer: At the end of January 1943, I received an order from the deputy commander of the gendarmerie unit Fromme to prepare for the execution of arrested Soviet citizens. In the yard, I saw police officers who were guarding nine arrested persons, among whom was also Oleg Koshevoy, who was identified. On Fromme's order, we took those sentenced to death to the place of execution in the city park in Rovenki. We placed the prisoners on the edge of a large pit dug in advance in the park and shot them all on Fromme's orders. Then I noticed that Koshevoy was still alive, he was only wounded, I went closer to him and shot him right in the head. When I shot Koshevoy, I was returning with the other gendarmes who had taken part in the execution back to the barracks. Several policemen were sent to the place of execution to bury the corpses.”
Record of the interrogation of the gendarme from Rovenky Drevnitsa, who shot Oleg Koshevoy It turns out that Oleg Koshevoy was the last of the Young Guards to die, and there were no traitors, except for Pocheptsov, among them.
The story of the life and death of the Young Guard immediately began to acquire myths: first Soviet, and then anti-Soviet. And much is still unknown about them - not all archives are in the public domain. But be that as it may, for modern Krasnodonians, the history of the Young Guard is very personal, regardless of the name of the country in which they live.
Krasnodon
document. 18+ (description of torture)
Information about the atrocities of the Nazi invaders, about the injuries inflicted on the underground workers of Krasnodon as a result of interrogations and execution at the pit of mine No. 5 and in the Thundering Forest of the city of Rovenka. January-February 1943. (Archive of the Young Guard Museum.)
The certificate was compiled on the basis of an act on the investigation of the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the Krasnodon region, dated September 12, 1946, on the basis of archival documents museum "Young Guard" and documents of the Voroshilovograd KGB.
1. Nikolai Petrovich Barakov, born in 1905. During interrogations, the skull was broken, the tongue and ear were cut off, the teeth and left eye were knocked out, the right hand was chopped off, both legs were broken, and the heels were cut off.
2. Daniil Sergeevich Vystavkin, born in 1902, traces of severe torture were found on his body.
3. Vinokurov Gerasim Tikhonovich, born in 1887. Extracted with a crushed skull, a broken face, a crushed hand.
4. Lyutikov Philip Petrovich, born in 1891. He was thrown into the pit alive. The cervical vertebrae were broken, the nose and ears were cut off, there were wounds on the chest with torn edges.
5. Sokolova Galina Grigorievna, born in 1900. Extracted among the last with a smashed head. The body is bruised, there is a knife wound on the chest.
6. Yakovlev Stepan Georgievich, born in 1898. Extracted with a smashed head, excised back.
7. Androsova Lidia Makarovna, born in 1924. Extracted without an eye, ear, hand, with a rope around the neck, which cut hard into the body, baked blood is visible on the neck.
8. Bondareva Alexandra Ivanovna, born in 1922. Removed without head, right mammary gland. The whole body is beaten, bruised, has a black color.
9. Vintsenovsky Yuri Semenovich, born in 1924. Extracted with a swollen face, without clothes. There were no wounds on the body. Apparently he was dropped alive.
10. Glavan Boris Grigoryevich, born in 1920. Removed from the pit heavily mutilated.
11. Gerasimova Nina Nikolaevna, born in 1924. The extracted head was flattened, the nose was pressed in, the left hand was broken, the body was beaten.
12. Grigoriev Mikhail Nikolaevich, born in 1924. The extracted one had a lacerated wound on the temple, resembling a five-pointed star. The legs were cut, covered with scars and bruises: the whole body was black, the face was mutilated, the teeth were knocked out.
Ulyana Gromova 13. Uliana Matveevna Gromova, born in 1924. A five-pointed star was carved on her back, her right arm was broken, her ribs were broken.
14. Gukov Vasily Safonovich, born in 1921. Beaten beyond recognition.
15. Alexandra Emelyanovna Dubrovina, born in 1919. Extracted without a skull, stab wounds on the back, the arm is broken, the leg is shot through.
16. Dyachenko Antonina Nikolaevna, born in 1924. There was an open fracture of the skull with a patchy wound, banded bruises on the body, oblong abrasions and wounds resembling prints of narrow, hard objects, apparently from blows with a telephone cable.
17. Eliseenko Antonina Zakharovna, born in 1921. The extracted body had traces of burns and beatings, there was a trace of a gunshot wound on the temple.
18. Zhdanov Vladimir Aleksandrovich, born in 1925. Extracted with a lacerated wound in the left temporal region. The fingers are broken, which is why they are twisted, there are bruises under the nails. Two strips 3 cm wide and 25 cm long are carved on the back. Eyes gouged out, ears cut off.
19. Zhukov Nikolai Dmitrievich, born in 1922. Extracted without ears, tongue, teeth. A hand and foot were cut off.
20. Zagoruiko Vladimir Mikhailovich, born in 1927. Extracted without hair, with a severed hand.
21. Zemnukhov Ivan Alexandrovich, born in 1923. Extracted decapitated, beaten. The whole body is swollen. The foot of the left leg and the left arm (at the elbow) are twisted.
22. Ivanikhina Antonina Aeksandrovna, born in 1925. The eyes of the extracted woman were gouged out, her head was tied with a scarf and wire, her breasts were cut out.
23. Ivanikhina Liliya Alexandrovna, born in 1925. Removed headless, left arm severed.
24. Kezikova Nina Georgievna, born in 1925. Extracted with a leg torn off at the knee, arms twisted. There were no bullet wounds on the body, apparently, it was dropped alive.
25. Evgeniya Ivanovna Kiykova, born in 1924. Extracted without the right foot and right hand.
26. Klavdia Petrovna Kovaleva, born in 1925. The right breast was taken out swollen, cut off, the feet were burned, the left breast was cut off, the head was tied with a handkerchief, there were signs of beatings on the body. Found 10 meters from the trunk, between the trolleys. Probably dropped alive.
27. Koshevoy Oleg Vasilyevich, born in 1924. The body bore traces of inhuman torture: there was no eye, there was a wound in the cheek, the back of the head was knocked out, the hair on the temples was gray.
28. Levashov Sergey Mikhailovich, born in 1924. The extracted one had a broken radius bone of the left hand. During the fall, dislocations were formed in the hip joints and both legs were broken. One in the thigh bone and the other in the knee area. The skin on the right leg is all torn off. No bullet wounds were found. Was dropped alive. Found far crawled from the crash site with a mouthful of earth.
29. Lukashov Gennady Alexandrovich, born in 1924. The man who was taken out had no foot, his hands showed signs of being beaten with an iron rod, his face was mutilated.
30. Lukyanchenko Viktor Dmitrievich, born in 1927. Extracted without a hand, eye, nose.
31. Minaeva Nina Petrovna, born in 1924. Extracted with broken arms, an eye gouged out, something shapeless was carved on her chest. The whole body is covered with dark blue stripes.
32. Moshkov Evgeny Yakovlevich, born in 1920. During interrogations, his legs and arms were broken. The body and face are blue-black from beatings.
33. Nikolaev Anatoly Georgievich, born in 1922. The extracted body was excised, the tongue was cut out.
34. Ogurtsov Dmitry Uvarovich, born in 1922. In Rovenkovskaya prison he was subjected to inhuman torture.
35. Ostapenko Semyon Makarovich, born in 1927. Ostapenko's body bore traces of cruel torture. The skull was shattered by a butt blow.
36. Osmukhin Vladimir Andreevich, born in 1925. During the interrogations, the right hand was cut off, the right eye was gouged out, there were traces of burns on the legs, the back of the skull was crushed.
37. Orlov Anatoly Alekseevich, born in 1925. He was shot in the face with an explosive bullet. The entire back of the head is shattered. Blood is visible on the leg, it was taken out with shoes on.
38. Peglivanova Maya Konstantinovna, born in 1925. She was thrown into the pit alive. Extracted without eyes, lips, legs are broken, lacerated wounds are visible on the leg.
39. Loop Nadezhda Stepanovna, born in 1924. The extracted left arm and legs were broken, the chest was burned. There were no bullet wounds on the body, she was dropped alive.
40. Petrachkova Nadezhda Nikitichna, born in 1924. The body of the extracted person bore traces of inhuman tortures, extracted without a hand.
41. Petrov Viktor Vladimirovich, born in 1925. A stab wound was inflicted on the chest, the fingers were broken at the joints, the ears and tongue were cut off, the feet were burned.
42. Pirozhok Vasily Makarovich, born in 1925. Removed from the pit beaten. Body in bruises.
43. Polyansky Yuri Fedorovich - 1924 year of birth. Removed without left arm and nose.
44. Popov Anatoly Vladimirovich, born in 1924. The fingers of the left hand were crushed, the foot of the left leg was cut off.
45. Rogozin Vladimir Pavlovich, born in 1924. The extracted man's spine, arms were broken, his teeth were knocked out, his eye was gouged out.
46. Angelina Tikhonovna Samoshinova, born in 1924. During interrogations, his back was cut with a whip. The right leg was shot in two places.
47. Sopova Anna Dmitrievna, born in 1924. Bruises were found on the body, a scythe was torn out.
48. Nina Illarionovna Startseva, born in 1925. Extracted with a broken nose, broken legs.
49. Subbotin Viktor Petrovich, born in 1924. The beatings on the face were visible, the limbs were twisted.
50. Sumy Nikolai Stepanovich, born in 1924. His eyes were blindfolded, there was a gunshot wound on his forehead, there were signs of beatings with a whip on his body, traces of injections under the nails were visible on his fingers, his left arm was broken, his nose was pierced, his left eye was missing.
51. Tretyakevich Viktor Iosifovich, born in 1924. Hair was torn out, the left arm was twisted, lips were cut off, the leg was torn off along with the groin.
52. Tyulenin Sergey Gavrilovich, born in 1924. In the police cell, they tortured him in front of his mother, Alexandra Tyulenina, while being tortured, he received a through gunshot wound on his left hand, which was burned with a red-hot rod, fingers were placed under the door and clamped until the limbs of the hands were completely dead, needles were driven under the nails, hung on ropes. When extracting from the pit was lower jaw and the nose is knocked to the side. Broken spine.
53. Fomin Dementy Yakovlevich, born in 1925. Removed from the pit with a broken head.
54. Shevtsova Lyubov Grigorievna, born in 1924. Several stars are carved on the body. Shot with an explosive bullet in the face.
55. Evgeny Nikiforovich Shepelev, born in 1924. They pulled him out of the pit, face to face, tied with Boris Galavan with barbed wire, his hands were cut off. The face is disfigured, the stomach is ripped open.
56. Shishchenko Alexander Tarasovich, born in 1925. Shishchenko had a head injury, knife wounds on his body, his ears, nose and upper lip were torn off. The left arm was broken in the shoulder, elbow and hand.
57. Shcherbakov Georgy Kuzmich, born in 1925. The person extracted was bruised, the spine was broken, as a result of which the body was removed in parts.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
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