Social and psychological determinants of criminal subculture. The influence of criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a juvenile delinquent denisov nikolay leonidovich
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Denisov Nikolai Leonidovich Influence of criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a juvenile delinquent: Dis. ... cand. legal Sciences: 12.00.08: Moscow, 2002 194 p. RSL OD, 61:02-12/828-5
Introduction
Chapter one. Criminological characteristics of the criminal subculture and features of its manifestation among minors 14
1. The concept of criminal subculture 14
2. Criminal subculture of minors: its genesis and main elements 30
Chapter two. The formation of the personality of a juvenile delinquent under the influence of the criminal subculture 53
1. The role of the criminal subculture in shaping the personality of a minor 53
2. The mechanism of introducing minors to the criminal subculture 65
3. The main ways of introducing minors to the criminal subculture 79
Chapter three. The main directions of neutralizing the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a minor and the features of countering it by the internal affairs bodies 99
1. The main directions and subjects of neutralizing the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a minor 99
2. Legal foundations and main directions of counteraction by the internal affairs bodies to the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a juvenile offender 134
Conclusion 157
Appendix 167
References 175
Introduction to work
The relevance of the topic and the degree of its scientific development.
As scientific studies show, those “who commit the first crime as minors later (up to 63%) become recidivists”1. These data and numerous results of research by scientists prove that it is at the age of 18 that the foundations of the worldview and the further direction of the behavior of the individual are laid.
Unfortunately, this can be seen in the analysis of juvenile delinquency and its main trends. Minors in our country have become the most criminally active part of the population, and crime with their participation is growing more intensively than adult crime. This is happening against the backdrop of a downward trend in the birth rate that threatens the very existence of the Russian state. According to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and demographers, in eight to ten years there will be thirty percent fewer school-age children in Russia than today.
The motivation for committing many crimes by adolescents, such as murders and other serious and especially serious crimes, differs significantly from the motivation for committing similar crimes by adults. In contrast to adults, moral guidelines and value orientations play a large (if not the main) role in motivating the behavior of minors.
There is a threat of spreading juvenile delinquency in the country, an attempt by the criminal world to extend its influence on a certain part of the younger generation in order to use it for their own criminal purposes1. One of the main reasons that led to this result is the subsequent criminalization of many aspects of our life, which led to the penetration and even to a certain extent the popularization in society of the way of life inherent in representatives of the criminal world and the criminal subculture2.
As many scholars note, "introduction to the criminal subculture of different layers of minors is one of the reasons for their antisocial and criminal behavior" .
Carriers of the criminal subculture influence minors not only when they join criminal groups with them, within groups, but also when they indirectly commit illegal acts, often being the inspirers and organizers of their criminal activities. An important role in this belongs to the paraphernalia and lifestyle of the so-called "authorities", who, due to the crisis in our educational system, the weakening of family ties, often serve as the only mentors and even idols for minors.
Juveniles, joining the criminal subculture, due to their psychology, largely based on imitation of adults, not only acquire a tendency to commit crimes, to criminal activity, but also become conductors of this subculture among other minors. Involving their peers in their social circle, they, in turn, introduce them to the criminal subculture, promote a criminal lifestyle, and recruit accomplices from among them to commit crimes. The nature of the criminal activity of such groups is characterized by great public danger.
In this regard, it is especially important to know how the criminal subculture is formed among minors, how it becomes their dominant. Without this, it is impossible to effectively combat crime, the nutrient medium of which, especially among minors, is the criminal subculture. At the same time, it is very important to know not only the mechanism for the formation of a criminal subculture among minors, but also to empower law enforcement agencies, especially employees of internal affairs bodies, scientific foundations neutralization of this influence on minors, which will make it possible to resist it more effectively, to develop and adopt scientifically based programs for this purpose.
This does not mean that this phenomenon was previously ignored in science. The criminal subculture and the impact of the criminal environment on the formation of the personality of minors have been constantly studied by scientists of different generations, such as G.A. Avanesov, Yu.M. Antonyan, M.M. Babaev, I.P. Bashkatov, N.I. Vetrov, M.N. Gernet, A.I. Dolgova, V.D. Ermakov, K.E. Igoshev, I.I. Karpets, V.N. Kudryavtsev, S.Ya. Lebedev, B.C. Ovchinsky, V.V. Pankratov, V.F. Pirozhkov, I.V. Sukhanov and others, but the subject of study was mainly its individual elements: customs, traditions, entertainment, etc. Moreover, this phenomenon was studied, as a rule, in relation to the adult environment of criminals, while the formation, formation of personality mainly occurs at a minor age1 . At the same time, the criminal subculture of minors is not an exact copy of the criminal subculture of adults. It has its own differences, largely due to the characteristics of this age category, which was the subject of study in this dissertation research.
The purpose and objectives of dissertation research. The purpose of the study is to theoretically and methodologically study the role and mechanism of the influence of the criminal subculture on minors and to scientifically substantiate measures to counter this phenomenon. This goal predetermined the objectives of the study, which are:
analysis of the scientific concepts available in the legal literature on the concept and elements of the criminal subculture of minors;
consideration of the problems of formation, formation and characteristics of the criminal subculture among minors;
revealing the mechanism of the influence of the criminal subculture on minors and the main ways of joining it;
determination of the main directions in organizing the prevention of the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of minors;
conducting research among juvenile delinquents to find out the mechanism of their involvement in the criminal subculture;
formulating conclusions based on the results of research and making appropriate recommendations and proposals for organizing the activities of government bodies, including internal affairs bodies, to neutralize the influence of the criminal subculture on minors.
The object of the study is social relations associated with the influence of the criminal subculture on minors, the peculiarities of their criminal subculture and the mechanism of introducing minors to the criminal subculture.
The subject of this dissertation work are:
a) criminal subculture of minors as socio-psychological and social phenomenon;
b) external and internal determinants of the criminal subculture of minors;
c) mechanisms of influence and involvement of minors in the criminal subculture;
d) the personality of a juvenile delinquent, formed under the influence of a criminal subculture, the motives for joining it and his criminal behavior;
e) countering the antisocial influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of minors and preventing them from committing crimes.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation research lies primarily in the fact that for the first time the concept, the genesis of the criminal subculture of minors, the causes and mechanism of the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a juvenile offender, and its features were clarified and considered in a complex. The main directions of counteraction to this phenomenon are theoretically substantiated.
Provisions for defense:
8. Subculture is a special social phenomenon in which many individuals try to self-determine and self-realize in a certain autonomy from society. A criminal subculture is a kind of subculture whose norms are opposed to generally accepted social norms and are associated with a violation of criminal law norms.
9. The criminal subculture of minors, as well as the subculture of adults, is a special system and structure of certain relations of individuals that have developed on the basis of special value orientations and activities in a relatively isolated environment, the way of life and behavior in which is regulated by a system of informal norms, attitudes, ideas (traditions, customs, rituals, rules) of the underworld, which determine the behavior and lifestyle of this category of minors and are reflected in external attributes and manifestations.
10. At the heart of the phenomenon of the criminal subculture of minors is a personality with its age characteristics: egocentrism, mental characteristics and an orientation towards informal connections and relationships with peers and adults, increased suggestibility and a tendency to imitate, perceive negative, antisocial value orientations.
11. The conducted studies, analysis of the causes and conditions of the criminalization of the juvenile environment indicate that many adolescents under the influence of the criminal subculture can form attitudes towards criminal behavior by the age of 10-12. This is largely due to the microenvironment in which they live, are brought up, spend their leisure time, study.
5. The involvement of minors in the criminal subculture is one of the reasons for their persistent antisocial and criminal behavior, and the criminal subculture itself, thus, becomes a link between primary and recurrent, as well as professional crime.
6. The impact of the criminal subculture on minors negatively affects the process of becoming a minor's personality, opposes it to society, deforms the psyche, undermines morality, the foundations of society, threatens the national security of the country. Of particular danger are minors who have united in criminal groups, whose behavior and actions contribute to the cultivation of a criminal subculture among relatively well-off minors.
7. Prevention of the influence of a criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a juvenile offender is aimed at eliminating the causes and conditions favorable for the formation of a criminal subculture, at creating the necessary conditions, the purpose of which is to prevent the impact of a criminal subculture on a minor.
8. A special role in preventing the influence of the criminal subculture on minors is assigned to law enforcement agencies, including internal affairs agencies, as subjects of social ties and legal relations that have the widest range of general and special measures that can have a decisive impact on reducing and neutralizing the influence of the criminal subculture.
Methodology and methods of dissertation research. The methodological basis of the thesis is the general theoretical provisions of philosophy and sociology, including the categories and principles of materialistic dialectics and, above all, the doctrine of the unity of the general and the special, the relationship of economic, political, social and legal phenomena, fundamental scientific works in the field of theory of state and law, criminology, criminal and penitentiary law, psychology.
In the process of dissertation research, the following methods were used:
Comparative legal - in the analysis of the current legislation, as well as the points of view of researchers available in the scientific literature on the subject of research;
System-structural - in the analysis of the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a minor as a multifaceted phenomenon, as well as in the study of its various types;
Statistical - to analyze the state, dynamics and trends of the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a juvenile offender;
Prognostic - when predicting the processes associated with the action of the mechanism of influence of the criminal subculture on the personality of a minor.
We also used historical, concrete sociological methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization, generalization of modeling, and others.
The dissertation researcher used various methods obtaining, summarizing, analyzing information in accordance with the latest scientific requirements. The development of the questions posed in the dissertation was carried out taking into account the current state of these areas of scientific activity. Materials of law enforcement agencies, primarily internal affairs agencies, and foreign experience were used.
The empirical basis of the study was statistical data, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and other law enforcement agencies, the results of sociological studies of criminologists, other Russian and foreign scientists, and the author's research.
The information base of the study was the data obtained from the study of questionnaires specially developed by the applicant, with the help of which 437 minors (287 male minors in the SIZO of Smolensk, in educational colonies (hereinafter VC) of Kaluga and Bryansk regions, 78 female minors serving sentences in VK Ryazan region, 72 minors registered with the internal affairs bodies of the city of Smolensk), 40 employees of the internal affairs bodies. Research was carried out in the Moscow, Smolensk, Ryazan and Bryansk regions.
The validity and reliability of the scientific provisions, conclusions and recommendations put forward by the dissertator are ensured by a deep and multifactorial criminological analysis of the criminal subculture of minors and the features of the mechanism of its influence on the formation of the personality of minors, the circumstances of their crimes, generalization of the practice of law enforcement agencies, including internal affairs agencies involved in prevention juvenile delinquency.
When writing the work, a comparative analysis of the results of other studies with the data obtained by the author was carried out.
The provisions of the dissertation are also based on generalized data and analytical materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Research Institute for the Problems of Strengthening Law and Order under the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation.
Approbation of the results of the study was carried out at international, all-Russian and interregional scientific and practical conferences held in Moscow and Smolensk.
The main ideas and provisions contained in the work are reflected in the author's publications and speeches at scientific and practical conferences. They were used in conducting classes in criminology at the Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Smolensk branch of the same institute with cadets, students, at the All-Russian State Tax Academy under the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation with students, as well as employees of internal affairs bodies. Scientific articles published by the applicant on the topic of dissertation research are used in the educational process of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
The practical significance of the dissertation research lies in the fact that its results can be used in the development of programs to combat juvenile delinquency, to improve legislation both at the federal and regional levels, as well as in determining methods for identifying and analyzing the causes and conditions that contribute to the involvement of adolescents into criminal activity, in the development of specific measures to counteract the influence of the criminal subculture on minors. The conclusions, generalizations, recommendations, research materials obtained in the course of the study can be used in scientific work and the educational process in higher educational institutions, and above all in the teaching of relevant disciplines, special courses in criminology and criminal law in higher educational institutions The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, in the practical activities of law enforcement agencies, as well as employees of institutions and bodies executing punishment for juvenile offenders, local governments and public organizations, by the nature of their activities, influencing the formation and education of the personality of minors.
In addition, the results, suggestions and conclusions presented in the dissertation can help improve the differentiation of individual educational work with minors, and can also be used in activities to prevent their involvement in criminal activities.
The structure of the dissertation consists of an introduction, including the above provisions, three chapters, a conclusion, an appendix and a list of references.
The concept of criminal subculture
When considering the patterns and ways (mechanism) of influencing crime in the conditions of the material and spiritual life of society, "...the question of culture inevitably arises as one of the most important phenomena with which all forms of human activity, including illegal behavior, are directly connected" one.
A person, the social environment and the culture of society constitute an inextricable link, the study of which makes it possible to identify the main trends and ways of development of society.
Crime, criminal communities at all times have had a serious impact on the moral state of society, and therefore the subculture of criminals must be considered as an integral part of culture. "If crime is a barometer of the state of moral health of society, then the prevalence of the subculture of criminals outside the spheres of their communication performs the same functions." Thus, the culture of any society is not only the values recognized in official circles. Its structure includes the views, lifestyle inherent in criminal communities and testifying to the particular relevance of this problem for Russia, in which restructuring is taking place in all areas and when the future of the country is being determined.
Culture and its varieties, as well as its system, were most often the subject of study of such sciences as philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, historical sciences etc. However, in connection with the growth of crime, the criminalization of society and the perception of the values and lifestyle of criminal communities by a certain part of the population, there was a need for scientifically based counteraction to these phenomena, which required a deeper study of these processes within the framework of criminology, including the criminal subculture, serving as spiritual nourishment for the underworld.
In order to clarify the concept of "criminal subculture", it is necessary to reveal and delineate similar concepts and definitions that will more accurately define this phenomenon and outline the main ways and directions to overcome its development and spread.
It is especially important to define the concept of culture in general. So, N.P. Petrova, having analyzed the existing variety of definitions of culture, taking into account the current state of the sociology of culture, formulates the concept of culture as follows: “Culture is a set of values and norms, products of material and spiritual production and ways of life of people by their creation, distribution and consumption”1. The structure of culture, in her opinion, is multifaceted and includes: a) values and norms; b) products of material and spiritual production; c) the way in which people create, disseminate and consume these components of culture and observe its norms2. These features are generally inherent in the criminal subculture, and will be taken into account by us in the future. Culture is complex social education, which has many subsystems. They differ depending on what underlies their typology. One of these grounds is the subject of culture, namely: what social group is the bearer of this subsystem of culture, its subject. In sociology, the specific features of the culture of various social groups received a generalized expression in the concept of "subculture".
For the first time the concept of "subculture" as scientific term appeared abroad in the 30s of the XX century, and on the pages of domestic literature - in the 60s in connection with the consideration and critical analysis youth movements in the West (hippies, beatniks, representatives of the occult, mysticism, etc.).
In most definitions, the understanding of a subculture is based on its difference from the dominant (dominant) culture.
At the heart of the allocation of subculture from common culture, in addition to the subject of culture, lies the conflict of norms, values and ideology. This same conflict becomes "the reason that individual people choose one subculture or another. But, having become a member of a subculture, a person does not become isolated in its space: he must interact with the general culture.
In society, there are many microgroups that have values and traditions that are different from general cultural values. The system of norms and values that are peculiar only to a certain part of the population, distinguishing a microgroup from a social society, distinguishes it into a separate microenvironment with a subculture inherent only to it. So, in society there are a number of respected subcultures (for example, the subculture of doctors, military, etc.).
Criminal subculture of minors: its genesis and main elements
Criminal subculture, including minors, is formed under the influence of such factors as ethnic origin, religion and place of residence, family, social environment. The criminal subculture is generated by the same objective reasons as crime, which is alien to the official culture of society and is in it, as it were, “another life”. But, on the other hand, the criminal subculture remains a part of culture, since criminals are a social microgroup of our society. In this regard, it "depends on the processes taking place in it (general social, economic, ideological, socio-demographic, socio-technical, social, social, educational, legal, organizational and managerial, etc.)"
The origins and causes of subculture date back to the distant past, to the period of division of society into classes. As a socio-psychological phenomenon of anti-social behavior, it became a product of a class antagonistic society. F. Engels wrote: “The basest motives - vulgar greed, a rude passion for pleasure, dirty stinginess, a selfish desire to rob the common property - are the recipients of a new, civilized, class society, the most vile means - theft, violence, deceit, treason - undermine old classless society and lead it to destruction...” . And then he writes: “... The further civilization advances, the more it is forced to throw a veil of love on the negative phenomena inevitably generated by it, to embellish them or falsely deny, in a word, to put into practice generally accepted hypocrisy, which was not known to anyone. earlier forms of society, not even the first stages of civilization.
The economic inequality of people in any society gives rise to their social inequality. This leads to the emergence of negative phenomena, the worst of which is crime.
“The transmission of patterns of criminal subculture within groups of offenders is a completely informal process and is carried out through the communication of offenders who are closely related. At the same time, the pressure of interpersonal relations on the members of the group, which encourages them to observe the accepted customs and traditions, is extremely high”3.
In this regard, when studying the causes and origins of the criminal subculture, “special attention should be paid to the socio-psychological communication of offenders and the means by which they interact with each other”4.
It is obvious that the criminal subculture is a product of criminal and antisocial activity, developed by its experience, preserved and transmitted from generation to generation among offenders Speaking about the genesis of the phenomenon, V.M. Anisimkov pointed out that any subculture should be viewed through the prism of activity, since initially culture is human activity in all spheres of being and consciousness. It is the activity of the individual, - he says, - including antisocial or criminal, that is a material prerequisite for the cooperation of this individual with others, causes him a psychological need with those who are close to his craft, views, ideas, orientations. For a person, emphasizes V.M. Anisimkov, is a social being and always strives to belong to some prestigious group for him. If, for various reasons, he chose illegal or anti-social activities, then over time he becomes more and more alienated from public formal ties (family, work, professional) and the main positive values of society. Then he inevitably seeks relationships, moral incentives for his activities and protection in groups of people like himself.
Thus, the origins of the criminal subculture were not only socio-economic, but also psychological factors, in particular, the mechanisms of self-affirmation, integration, and psychological protection. The criminal subculture is still a minority culture. It comes into conflict with the general human culture. Society rejects criminals, isolates them in special institutions and prisons. In order to feel comfortable, to restore the value of their personality, not to feel rejected, an outcast, people of a criminal orientation unite in communities of similar people, develop their own ideology, modifying the values existing in society and developing their own, oppose themselves to a law-abiding society (“we” - "they").
The role of criminal subculture in shaping the personality of a minor
In the previous chapter, we examined the concept of a criminal subculture, its genesis, its main elements and the features of the manifestation of this subculture in minors. In this chapter, we will look at how and why minors join this subculture.
Of particular importance and significance in this regard is the consideration of the process of introducing the personality of a minor to this subculture, then, in the second paragraph, the mechanism of initiation will be revealed, and in the third - the ways and features of introducing a minor to a criminal subculture.
The need to consider this problem within the framework of the science of criminology is due to the fact that the culture of the individual has a significant impact on decision-making when choosing one or another variant of behavior in a given situation. Below we will consider the significant influence of the criminal subculture on the choice of a criminal behavior.
First of all, I would like to note that introducing a person to culture in general is an objective, necessary process. “A child cannot become a person, a person, without joining the creations of the culture already created by the history of past generations.”
There are many cases that prove that if children from a very early age develop outside of society and the culture created by society, then they remain at the level of almost animals, though much more intelligent, they lack articulate speech and consciousness, specific human forms of relationship with reality.
An important feature of culture is that its objective structures are always ultimately limited to personal acceptance (or rejection), interpretation, reproduction and change. Entry into a culture (enculturation) can be "automatically" provided by the mechanisms of culture, but it can also be a problem that requires moral and creative efforts (which usually happens when dissimilar cultures clash or when there is a conflict of generations, worldviews, etc.). Thus, the correlation of oneself with culture is one of the fundamental properties of personality.
Introduction to culture makes it possible for a person, in particular a minor, to become a full-fledged member of society. The social behavior of people in more governed by institutionalized cultural attitudes rather than instincts. In the process of familiarization with culture, the individual develops his own subjective culture. The formation of a personality culture, which includes the action of both objective and subjective factors interacting with each other, occurs not only as a result of a conscious and purposeful impact on it, but also spontaneously, under the influence of the objective conditions of people's lives. Yurichka Yu.I., confirming this idea, in his work pointed out that the internal regularity of the development of human society and the characteristic of the dominant social behavior in the conditions of the corresponding socio-economic formation generates a certain type of social behavior, that deviations in behavior are not only what exists objectively, but also what reflects this objective in a subjective form and is determined by the concrete historical, socio-economic state of society1.
Considering the process of introducing a minor to culture, it is necessary to touch on the current state of society. Speaking about today's picture of the state of society, we can cite the results of studying this issue by M.Z. Ilchikov and B.A. Smirnov, who believe that at the present time “in fact, new moral criteria and guidelines are being put forward. Broad confrontation, confrontation covers all segments of the population, all aspects of society. Therefore, the system of social institutions, their target and regulatory mechanisms are in a state of decay or modernization. New values for the culture of the last 70 years are being affirmed. Others, which were on the periphery, go to the rank of priority. So far, it is difficult to talk about any established system of values, a new culture of the people. There is a process of searching, throwing, breaking.
Thus, modern society gives the minor a wide choice to determine moral values and orientations, including those related to the achievement of goals by criminal means, which he can follow and which he can take as a basis for choosing life guidelines and a line of behavior. "The specifics of modern social situation development of the child ... - in the maximum uncertainty and variability of the world and, therefore, requires changing thinking and the search for non-standard behavior strategies, different approaches.
The main directions and subjects of neutralizing the influence of the criminal subculture on the formation of the personality of a minor
Minors are people with a particularly vulnerable psyche and consciousness. They are characterized by imitation of elders and authoritative people and susceptibility to outside influence. Their “life experience is insufficient and their ideas about moral and ethical values are unstable. The emerging problems are exacerbated by psycho-physiological imbalance, the presence of "adult" needs and desires in the absence of adequate material opportunities"
The consciousness of a teenager is unstable, he is full of self-doubt and his powers, therefore, the reasons for illegal behavior are often the motives of solidarity, self-affirmation, combined with group dependence or age-related frivolity. So, for example, according to the dissertation's research, about 14% of minor respondents committed their crimes "for the company" and the same number - because of the desire to increase their authority among their peers.
The difficulties of the "transitional period" are complemented by the instability of the psyche of minors, which also affects their behavior and makes it easier for criminals to reorient them into an anti-social illegal course. The absence of the former moral foundations, the liberalization of morals led to a state where the observance of many norms of a civilized community became optional. However, the resulting “value vacuum”, which replaced the collapsed national ideology, is inevitably filled with negative content in a crisis. Minors have to develop views on life in an atmosphere of moral permissiveness of the so-called "period of initial replenishment of capital." Under these conditions, the individualistic orientations of adolescents and young men are rapidly gaining strength, and enrichment at any cost becomes the goal. Young people at an earlier age and more acutely than just recently face material problems, there is a need to at least partially take care of self-sufficiency. According to a study conducted by the dissertator, approximately 17% of minor respondents named a difficult financial situation as the reason that prompted them to commit a crime.
In this regard, older minors are in the most difficult position. It is during this period that the main life priorities are largely determined, laid down, and “the formation of core, electoral interests takes place”1.
Many analysts of law enforcement agencies among the tendencies characteristic of this age category point out that the motive that led to the commission of crimes, greed, and the lust for easy money came to the fore as the motive that led to the commission of crimes. For this age, there is also an increase in "accidental crimes committed by teenagers in a state of passion, under the influence of alcohol and drugs1, which is also confirmed by the research of the dissertation - 25% of juvenile respondents indicated that they had committed crimes under the influence of alcohol, toxic or narcotic drugs
This issue is quite broad and multifaceted. Considering the ways of introducing minors to the criminal subculture, three directions can be distinguished among them: - voluntary; - forced; - forced.
1. Subject, object and tasks of penitentiary psychology.
1.1. Subject and object of penitentiary psychology
1.3. Interdisciplinary connections of penitentiary psychology.
1.4. What is the difference between penitentiary psychology and deviant psychology?
1.5. With what areas of psychological knowledge is penitentiary psychology associated?
2. History of penitentiary psychology, its methodological foundations.
2.1. The problem of reforming convicts in penitentiary system.
3.1. Biological and social determinants of deviant (delinquent) behavior of a person.
3.3. The structure of the criminal subculture and its functions
3.4. Features of human behavior in a group.
3.6. Psychology of organized crime.
4. Classification of delinquent persons
5. Forms and structure of deviant behavior
1.1. Subject and object of penitentiary psychology.
The object of penitentiary psychology is people of a certain group: offenders serving criminal sentences of all kinds, as well as individuals and groups that carry out the execution of criminal sentences and the re-education of convicts. The study of the facts, patterns and mechanisms of mental activity of these specific groups of people (convicts and communities of convicts, as well as educators and teams of employees of the ITU) is the subject of research in penitentiary psychology.
Penitentiary psychology cannot confine itself to the individual psychological study of the personality of the convict or the personality of the educator. Personality as an open system should also be studied in the socio-psychological aspect, that is, in all its connections and relations with the surrounding people.
1. 2. Goals and objectives of penitentiary psychology.
The goal of penitentiary psychology is re-education, correction and return to society through the adaptation of the convict. Tasks of penitentiary psychology:
1. The most important task of penitentiary psychology is the study of the individual psychological characteristics of the personality of the convict subject to correction. The specificity of this task of corrective labor psychology is determined by the fact that the convict, and especially the person deprived of liberty, has its own characteristics that distinguish it from other people.
2. The task of corrective labor psychology also includes a study from the psychological standpoint of the process of corrective
correction and re-education of the convict, i.e. the study of the laws and mechanisms of changing the psyche of the convict, the development of his personal qualities and motives of behavior based on a psychological analysis of the influence of criminal punishment and living conditions in the process of serving the sentence.
3. The task of studying the peculiarities of the convict's behavior in connection with his various movements. Psychological study of human behavior in conditions of deprivation of liberty, his ability to adapt to new conditions of life and life helps to properly organize the preliminary psychological preparation of convicts sent from pre-trial detention centers after the entry into force of the sentence to serve their sentences in correctional labor institutions of various types .
4. The task of developing the psychological foundations for the use of means of correction and re-education of convicts: the regime, socially useful work, educational work, general education and vocational training.
5. The task of studying the psychological foundations for consolidating the results of corrective labor influence on convicts after their release from the ITU.
6. The task of studying the characteristics of convicts, due to their age, life experience, profession, nationality, and most importantly - the type of criminal activity and the severity of the crime committed, and the definition of psychological tactics in working with them.
7. The task of taking into account such phenomena as self-correction, self-education of offenders, the complex psychological nature of which must be deeply investigated, and justify the ways and means of managing the self-education of convicts.
8. An important task is the socio-psychological analysis of the activities of employees of a correctional labor institution and their psychological preparation for working with convicts, professional orientation and the formation of the qualities of an educator.
9. Task scientific analysis and critical use of advanced views of domestic and foreign penitentiary psychology.
1. 3. Interdisciplinary connections of penitentiary psychology.
1. The relationship of penitentiary psychology with social and natural sciences, constituting its methodological, theoretical and natural scientific basis.
2. The relationship of penitentiary psychology with the legal sciences (primarily with the science of corrective labor law) and criminology.
3. Relationships of correctional labor psychology with correctional labor pedagogy, the organization of work of convicts and the economy of correctional labor institutions, the science of ITU management.
4. Relationships of corrective labor psychology with other sciences that seem to be far from it, for example, with criminal statistics, mathematics, and especially with mathematical methods of processing material.
5. Relationships with cybernetics.
1.4. What is the difference between penitentiary psychology and deviant psychology.
Penitentiary psychology studies deviations from social norms (moral and criminal), which are not pathological in the literal sense of the word, while it uses pedagogical measures and means of influence, while deviant psychology studies mental deviations associated with impaired brain activity, while using means and predominantly of a medical nature.
1.5 With what areas of psychological knowledge is penitentiary psychology associated.
Penitentiary psychology is connected with other branches of psychological science: general, social psychology, labor psychology, etc. Penitentiary psychology makes extensive use of the achievements and conclusions of other branches of psychological science. In particular, she uses the doctrine of personality psychology developed in general and social psychology, data on the assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities accumulated in pedagogical psychology. From social psychology, penitentiary psychology borrows generalizations and conclusions about relationships in a team and a group, about the mechanisms for the formation of group moods, the structure and general ways of forming public opinion, etc. Labor psychology data on the patterns of formation of motor skills, dynamics the labor process and the psychological factors of increasing labor productivity contribute to the scientific organization of the work of convicts and the education of industriousness in them. This is also facilitated by engineering psychology, which provides information on ways to reconstruct the production of correctional labor institutions, taking into account data on the human psyche. Correction and re-education of convicts is also facilitated by the psychology of art, which reveals the mechanisms of the influence of aesthetic values on the development of a person’s personality, and medical psychology, which substantiates the tactics of the doctor’s relationship with mentally ill convicts, as well as methods of influencing persons with a mentally defective, etc. . P.
2. The history of the development of penitentiary institutions in Russia.
There are several periods in the history of the development of penitentiary institutions in Russia: the first period is associated with 1917, when V.I. Lenin signed a decree on the liquidation of the penitentiary institutions of tsarist Russia, the dominant principle of which was the suppression and oppression of the personality of the convict. However, reality soon demanded the creation of penitentiary institutions, since the Soviet government intended to re-educate and correct convicted citizens. The second stage in the development of the penitentiary system is associated with the reign of I.V. Stalin, when penitentiary institutions grew into the Gulag and were an instrument of repression and suppression without guilt of the guilty. The next period in the development of penitentiary institutions was the reign of N.S. Khrushchev and L.I. Brezhnev, when these institutions were used to fight political opponents and dissidents. With the beginning of the democratization of society, a new stage began in the development of penitentiary institutions in Russia, the main purpose of which was the re-education, correction and return to society of convicted citizens.
2.1. The problem of correction of convicts in the penitentiary system. There are two points of view on the problem of correction of convicts in the penitentiary system. Supporters of the first point of view believe that criminal inclinations are inherent in a person from birth and deny the possibility of qualitative changes in the human psyche and the personality of a criminal (characteristic of Western penitentiary psychology, representatives of classical - A. Feuerbach, Grolman, anthropological - C. Lombroso and sociological schools - G. Spencer, W. James, E. Thorndike, A. Combs, K. Hall).
Proponents of a different point of view believe that criminal inclinations are acquired as a result of adverse living conditions, the negative influence of the environment or improper upbringing and can be eliminated. These include representatives national school psychology - I.P. Pavlov, A.S. Makarenko.
2.2. Methodological principles of penitentiary psychology.
In domestic psychology, the following methodological principles are distinguished:
general
1. The principle of dialectical materialistic monism;
2. The principle of determinism;
3. The principle of mental reflection (the reflex nature of the psyche);
4. The principle of social conditioning of the psyche and historicism;
5. Principle of development;
6. The principle of personal approach;
7. The principle of unity of consciousness, activity and communication;
specific
1. The principle of correctability;
2. The principle of compliance of the goals of correction and re-education with the needs of society and the personality of the convict;
3. The principle of socialization and humanization of the individual;
4. The principle of the integrity of the process of correction and re-education of the personality of the convict;
5. The principle of differentiation and individualization.
3. The essence of the criminal subculture.
3.1. Biological and social determinants of deviant (delinquent) behavior of a person.
Biological: poor heredity (parents are alcoholics, drug addicts, mentally ill, etc.), type nervous system, type of brain activity, intellectual level, the presence of relatives or relatives with deviant behavior.
Social:
1) the negative influence of the microsocial environment (the influence of child neglect, the bad influence of family relations, the negative influence of the street environment, etc.);
2) the manifestation of negative aspects in the macrosocial environment (elements of improper economic planning and stimulation of people's activities, disproportion in the production of individual consumer goods, lack of social justice, the presence of corruption, bribery, bureaucracy and formalism, the presence of a criminogenic situation;
3) errors in education in the family, school, production and other teams, ignorance of the personality of the educated person, etc. Psychological and pedagogical unpreparedness of people who are called upon to exert educational influence on the younger generation;
4) contradictions of educational influences in the family and school, at work and in the surrounding social environment, etc.
3.2. The concept of antisocial subculture.
An antisocial subculture is understood as a set of spiritual and material values that regulate and streamline the life and criminal activities of criminal communities, which contributes to their vitality, cohesion, criminal activity and mobility, continuity of generations of offenders. The asocial subculture is based on values, norms, traditions, and various rituals of young criminals united in groups that are alien to civil society. They reflect the age and other social and group characteristics of minors in a distorted and perverted form. Its social harm lies in the fact that it socializes the individual in an ugly way, stimulates the development of age opposition into a criminal one, which is precisely why it is a mechanism for the "reproduction" of crime among the youth.
The asocial subculture differs from the usual teenage subculture in the criminal content of the norms that regulate the relationship and behavior of group members among themselves and with persons outside the group (with "strangers", representatives of law enforcement agencies, the public, adults, etc. .P.). It directly, directly and strictly regulates the criminal activity of minors and their criminal lifestyle, introducing a certain “order” into them. It clearly shows:
1) a pronounced hostility towards generally accepted norms and its criminal content;
2) internal connection with criminal traditions;
3) secrecy from the uninitiated;
4) the presence of a whole set (system) of attributes strictly regulated in the group consciousness.
3.3. The structure of the criminal subculture and its functions. The criminal subculture includes subjective human forces and abilities implemented in group criminal activity (knowledge, skills, professional criminal skills and habits, ethical views, aesthetic needs, worldview, forms and methods of enrichment, ways of resolving conflicts , management of criminal communities, criminal mythology, privileges for the "elite", preferences, tastes and ways of spending leisure time, forms of relations with "ours", "strangers", persons of the opposite sex, etc.), the objective results of the activities of criminal communities (tools and methods of committing crimes, material values, money, etc.).
The criminal subculture is based on defects in legal consciousness, among which one can single out legal ignorance and misinformation, social and legal infantilism, legal lack of culture, social and legal negativism and social and legal cynicism. In the youth criminal environment, a special group legal consciousness is formed with its own “laws” and norms as an element of this subculture. At the same time, defects in legal consciousness are aggravated by defects in moral consciousness, which neglects the universal principles of morality.
Functions of the criminal subculture. All structural elements criminal subcultures are interconnected, interpenetrate each other. However, depending on the functions they perform, they can be classified into following groups:
1) stratification (norms and rules for determining the status of an individual in a group and the criminal world, nicknames, tattoos, privileges for the "elite");
2) behavioral "laws", "orders", rules of conduct for different classification castes, traditions, oaths, curses);
3) replenishment of the criminal community with “personnel” and work with newcomers “registration”, “jokes”, definition of areas and zones of criminal activity);
4) identification of “us” and “them” (tattoos, nicknames, criminal jargon);
5) maintaining order in the criminal world, punishing the guilty, getting rid of unwanted "showdowns", stigmatization, ostracism, "lowering");
6) communications (tattoos, nicknames, oaths, criminal jargon, "manual jargon");
7) sexual and erotic (erotica as a value, “wafflerism”, “paraffin”, sodomy as ways to reduce the status of objectionable persons, etc.);
8) material and financial (manufacturing and storage of tools for committing crimes, creating a "common fund" for mutual assistance, renting premises for brothels, etc.);
9) leisure (perverted culture of recreation and entertainment);
10) the function of a specific attitude to one's health - from complete neglect of it: drug addiction, drunkenness, self-mutilation - to bodybuilding, active sports in the interests of criminal activity.
The analysis allows us to conclude that many elements of the criminal subculture, firstly, are multifunctional (tattoos, for example, ethical and aesthetic values, which simultaneously perform the functions of stratification, stigmatization and communication, identification of “friends”, and nicknames - ethical and aesthetic values that perform the same functions); secondly, each element of the criminal subculture has a main function (for example, tattoos have a stratification function, and nicknames have a communication function); thirdly, each element of the criminal subculture is differently refracted in the psychology of the group and internalized by the individual (from satisfaction with a prestigious nickname or tattoo, to the desire to get rid of them by all means). Knowing the adherence of a group and an individual to certain values (for example, enthusiasm for karate) makes it possible to predict their behavior with sufficient probability and take the necessary preventive measures in advance.
3.4. Features of human behavior in a group. Criminal groups, whose members feel psychological and moral support of each other, most often commit daring robberies, robberies, thefts, gang rapes, commit cynical hooligan actions. Criminal groups that have developed on an antisocial basis and pursue asocial goals of activity arise not so much on the basis of common sympathies, but on the basis of common criminal interests, the need for support in joint criminal activity. Being in a group, the individual feels like a single whole with this group, so he often loses his individuality and begins to think and act like everyone else, obeying a single group impulse.
Psychic infection, suggestion, imitation, conformity, competition (rivalry) are considered important ways of the psychological influence of a group (collective) on a person.
Mental contagion is explained by the susceptibility of individuals to certain emotional states of other individuals and especially groups. Its effect depends on the strength of the emotional charge received by the person from the outside, on the degree of direct contact between communicating people, as well as on the size of the audience and the degree of excitement of the person or group influencing.
The mechanism of mental infection is often used by the leaders of criminal groups when organizing mass riots, mass refusal of convicts from work, inciting hatred among convicts for members of the activist, positive-minded convicts, and the administration. Knowledge of the mechanism of mental infection is also necessary in educational work with the aim of evoking group enthusiasm in solving production problems, strengthening group, collective cohesion.
Suggestion is one of the methods of group integration, with the help of which rallying into groups into one whole is also achieved by calling and maintaining the necessary mental state that ensures the success of group activity. Suggestion is used by criminal "authorities" with the aim of subordinating convicts to their influence, creating a front to counter educational influences emanating from the administration or the collective.
Imitation is one of the most massive forms of socio-psychological communication, which is aimed at reproducing by an individual certain traits and patterns of behavior, actions, actions, manners. It is usually accompanied by a certain mental state, rational activity and can act in the form of a conscious and blind copying of a behavior pattern or a creative reproduction of one or another example.
Conformism is the desire to feel and be like everyone else (tattoos, jargon, behavior, etc.).
Rivalry is the desire to surpass someone from your group in something (in impudence, cynicism, arrogance, luck, etc.).
3.5. Subjective factors of existence of antisocial subculture.
The criminal subculture, like any culture, is inherently aggressive. It invades the official culture, hacking it, devaluing its values and norms, planting its own rules and paraphernalia in it. Carriers of the criminal subculture are criminal groups, and personally recidivists. They accumulate, having passed through prisons and colonies, stable criminal experience, "thieves' laws", and then pass it on to the younger generation.
Criminal subculture whose values are formed by the criminal world with maximum consideration age features minors, attractive to teenagers and young men:
1) the presence of a wide field of activity and opportunities for self-affirmation and compensation for the failures that have befallen them in society;
2) the process of criminal activity, including risk, extreme situations and a touch of false romance, mystery and unusualness;
3) removal of all moral restrictions;
4) the absence of prohibitions on any information and, above all, on intimate information;
5) taking into account the state of age-related loneliness experienced by a teenager, and providing him in his “own” group with moral, physical, material and psychological protection from outside aggression.
Types of criminal groups of minors. Socio-psychological structure of criminal groups.
Criminal groups of minors differ in their number, age composition and sex, duration of existence, degree of their organization, cohesion and independence, degree and types of criminal activity, criminal mobility.
According to the number of participants, it is possible to conditionally distinguish: small (2-4 people), medium size (5-8 people) and large number (9 or more people) criminal groups.
The size of the group is an important indicator that affects its cohesion, criminal activity and criminal mobility. As a rule, the greater the number of members of the group, the less its cohesion, but the higher its criminal activity and criminal mobility.
According to the age composition, criminal groups were identified:
1) only from minors;
2) with the participation of an adult (adults) in a group of minors;
3) with the participation of a minor (minors) in a criminal group of adults.
Each criminal group of minors has its own varieties, depending on the division of its members by age. So, for example, there are criminal groups of minors of the same age (11-14 years old or 15-17 years old) and mixed-age (12-17 years old and even 9-17 years old) composition. More often, criminal groups of the same age composition (older teenagers or young men) specialize in specific types of crimes, since their formation and functioning are based on a certain age and criminal interest. The proximity of ages (for example, 11-14 years old or 15-17 years old) favors the formation of common interests, attitudes, ways of behaving, spending leisure time, etc. This ensures the speed of formation of criminal activity and increases criminal mobility. Here, the basis of self-assertion of the individual in the group are personal, psychological and physical qualities.
Among the criminal groups of minors with the participation of adults, the most typical are groups in which one member (rarely two) is an adult. This is usually a person who has recently reached the age of majority, i.e. age 18-20 years. The reasons for the entry of this adult into a criminal group of minors are very diverse. However, in all cases it is necessary to distinguish:
a) criminal groups of minors created by the recidivist himself to achieve the criminal goals clearly defined by him and to implement his program;
b) groups of minors that arose spontaneously as criminal groups and are used by an adult criminal for their criminal purposes.
Criminal groups of adults with the participation of a minor. Adults include in their criminal group a minor with certain clearly defined goals to achieve high performance in criminal activity. They need a minor as an instrument of criminal craft.
The most common criminal groups are only from minors (of the same age and of different ages). However, in a number of regions, in many groups of juveniles, adults also participate in crimes. Regional fluctuations here are very significant - from 10-12% to 75%. The same picture is observed with criminal groups of adults, which include a minor (minors) in their composition.
On the basis of gender, groups can be: 1) same-sex (predominantly male and less often female); 2) mixed (with the participation of males and females).
By duration of existence. Most groups exist from 1 to 6 months. However, even during this period of time, they manage to commit an average of 7 crimes per group before their criminal prosecution begins. Bringing to criminal responsibility can lead to the disintegration of only a part of such groups (some members of the group are arrested, others are sent to special educational institutions, others are registered in the department for the prevention of juvenile delinquency, etc.). In some groups, and after the arrest of their members, adolescents continue to maintain interpersonal contacts through correspondence, in the hope of restoring direct interpersonal contacts of their members after serving their sentence, returning from a colony or special school. Particularly dangerous are the long-existing criminal groups of minors, in some cases it is not possible to identify the moment of their occurrence.
The degree of organization and cohesion.
1. Type of groups of minors, standing on the verge of law-abiding behavior. These are ordinary teenage groups that are outside the proper control of adults, they do not have the goal of violating legal prohibitions. They represent a variant of age opposition to adults (according to the mechanism of age emancipation - “to be and seem to be adults”).
2. Groups in which a crime, although committed by chance, but microenvironmental norms diverge from law-abiding attitudes, not reaching the level of criminal orientation. These are, as a rule, clans of the "street tribe" (teenagers of extreme neglect, vagrants, repeaters who are prone to drinking alcohol). In such groups, adolescents are forced out of schools, vocational schools, dissatisfied with their educational activities and their position in the official system of collective relations.
3. Groups in which microenvironmental norms are focused on the violation of legal prohibitions. Playful attitude to views and actions, transferred from the criminal subculture to motivation group behavior, most noticeable when studying group norms, values, in which the attitude towards "ours" and "them" is clearly defined.
4. Groups specially created to commit crimes. Here, from the very beginning, criminal activity is a group-forming factor and is subject to the will of one person - the organizer of the group (leader). The group criminal setting is clearly expressed in them. Microenvironmental norms are oriented towards the values of the criminal subculture. In accordance with this, the structure of the group is also determined, the roles in it are distributed: the leader, his confidant, the encouraged asset, the newcomers attracted. A variety of this type of group, which is distinguished by a special secrecy, great cohesion and a clear organization, distribution of functions in the commission of a crime, is a gang.
An armed group that commits predominantly violent crimes (robbery attacks on state, public and private enterprises and organizations, as well as individuals, hostage-taking, terrorist acts) is a gang (from Italian - banda). The main features of the gang are its weaponry and the violent nature of criminal activity. Band belongs to higher type organized criminal groups. And then follows a secret criminal organization that brings together several criminal groups to commit terrorist acts, smuggling drugs, weapons, controlling gambling houses and prostitution, which belongs to the mafia (from Italian - mafa). The mafia makes extensive use of blackmail, violence, kidnapping, murder, and money laundering. Differs in extreme authoritarianism of management, strict subordination and rigid discipline.
3.6. Psychology of organized crime. Organized crime is the functioning of stable socially organized criminal groups with a material base and corrupt connections with power structures for the purpose of illegal enrichment and self-defense from social control.
The subject of organized crime deliberately deforms social structures, adapts them to his criminal activities, corrupts economic and law enforcement agencies. As a kind of disguised crime, organized criminal groups function in the form of a socially organized community, unite into a single functionally hierarchized system with broad social ties, create large financial funds, and ensure their security by corrupting law enforcement agencies.
There are primitive, medium organized and highly organized criminal groups.
Primitively organized criminal groups are composed of no more than 10 people. According to the intragroup structure of communication, they belong to the type of frontal communication (leader - participants). Mostly, their criminal activity is episodic racketeering, fraud. Intragroup differentiation is not developed - they act together.
Medium-organized criminal groups function according to the type of hierarchical intra-group organization (there are intermediate links between the leader and the executors). Such groups consist of many dozens of people. Criminal groups of this type are distinguished by significant intra-group differentiation, narrow specialization of various group units - intelligence officers, militants, performers, bodyguards, financiers, analysts. Their main activities are stable racketeering, blackmailing large entrepreneurs, smuggling, drug trafficking. These criminal groups have stable connections with the administrative structures.
Highly organized criminal groups are distinguished by the network structure of their organization - they have a complex hierarchical management system, stable, income-generating property (bank accounts, real estate), official cover (registered enterprises, funds, shops, restaurants, casinos). These groups sometimes consist of several thousand people, have collective control centers, a stable organization similar to large social groups, a system of intra-group norms, a special control service, information, inter-regional relations, ensuring interaction with corrupt government structures, law enforcement and judicial authorities. These groups own vast areas of influence, numerous regional and "industry" divisions (control over the gaming business, prostitution, the provision of criminal services). They are deeply rooted in corrupt official structures.
Organized crime is a major threat to the well-being of society. It threatens the socialization of the younger generation, undermines the foundations of society, undermines the economy of society, and damages the business and credit and banking system. It carries out spontaneous criminally organized redistribution of the national income.
Organized crime uses all socio-psychological mechanisms for the effective functioning of a social group. Various types of crime are involved in this mechanism - from corrupt public authorities to fraudsters, speculators, drug and porn business dealers, thieves and violent criminals. Organized crime is the highest form of professional-criminal association, a kind of criminal syndicate that uses all the mechanisms of social life for criminal purposes.
The organized criminal community is distinguished by a high level of cohesion, criminal monopolization within the region, a high level of protection from legal liability as a result of the systematic neutralization of all forms of social control, the use of legal ways to "launder" criminally obtained funds.
The sharp increase in the level of organized crime has led to the formation of a new type of modern criminal. Members of medium and highly organized criminal groups, along with the traditional features inherent in the violently mercenary type of criminal (inclusion in the criminal subculture), are characterized by a fairly high level of education, knowledge of the basics of economics, law, customs regulations, some technological processes "general orientation in the value of individual cultural objects and art. Many of the ways in which they commit criminal acts involve the use of the latest technology. The laundering of money obtained by criminal means abroad requires knowledge of foreign languages, the basics of banking and international law.
Typology of criminal aggression.
Aggression (lat. - agressio - attack, attack) - motivated destructive behavior of an individual, contrary to the accepted rules and norms of people's existence in society, causing moral, physical, material or psychological damage to other people.
In psychology, it is customary to distinguish the following types of aggression:
1) physical, i.e. use of physical force against another person or object;
2) verbal, manifested in the expression negative feelings both through the form (quarrel, scream, squeal) and through the content of verbal reactions (threats, curses, swearing, insults);
3) direct, directly directed against a specific object or subject;
4) indirect - the commission of actions directed in a roundabout way at another person (evil gossip, jokes, fabrications, etc.), and actions characterized by non-direction and disorder, manifested in explosions of rage, screaming, stamping feet, beating with fists on table, etc.;
5) instrumental, which is a means of achieving any goal (for example, achieving victory in competitions);
6) hostile, expressed in actions aimed at causing harm to the object (murder, infliction of grievous bodily harm, sexual violence, etc.);
7) auto-aggression, manifested in self-accusation, self-humiliation, self-inflicted bodily harm up to suicide.
Modern concepts of the classification of convicts. A number of modern researchers are developing a classification of criminals based on the characteristics of the orientation of their personality.
Of undoubted interest is the classification developed by A. G. Kovalev. It is based on the degree of criminal infection of the personality of the offender. Accordingly, there are:
1) a global criminal type, i.e. an asocial personality with a complete criminal infection, with a negative attitude towards work and other people, who cannot imagine a life other than criminal. All the thoughts of representatives of this type are directed to the commission of crimes, their will is firm and unshakable in the implementation of the planned criminal acts, the commission of crimes brings them satisfaction. This type includes various subtypes: lustful molester and rapist, embezzler, bandit, etc.;
2) a partial criminal type is a person with a partial criminal infection, his personality is split, it combines the features of a normal social type and the features of a criminal. He respects authoritative people, has friends, is interested in the events of public life, reads newspapers, visits museums and theaters, but at the same time systematically commits crimes, has many convictions. Most of these persons commit crimes in the form of theft of public and state property, theft of personal property of citizens, speculation or fraud, etc.;
3) pre-criminal type. It includes persons with such moral and psychological properties, in the presence of which these persons, once in a certain situation, inevitably commit crimes.
Varieties of this type (subtypes) are as follows: a) extremely emotionally excitable, with insufficient self-control, committing in certain situations hooligan actions, murders or serious bodily harm in a state of jealousy, anger, etc.; b) a frivolous lazy person, very susceptible to temptations, who likes to live well without bothering himself.
The global criminal type, A. G. Kovalev believes, is created in chronic, i.e., stable, negative conditions of family life with conflict relations between parents and parents and children, contributing to the formation of anger, rudeness, heartlessness in the latter; an additional reason may be the aggravation of personality development by alcoholic heredity or other conditions of intrauterine life. The partial criminal type is formed as a result of the contradictory impact on the personality of two different communities: a) schools and enterprises, where the qualities of a person - a citizen are formed and developed, and b) a street campaign, where petty theft is considered something "heroic", or families where children, using the example of their elders, learn illegal ways of personal enrichment. The common opinion, common among some citizens, is also influenced by the fact that it is not shameful to "take" from a state that is "rich and will not become poorer." The pre-criminal type matures in connection with the shortcomings in the education of stable moral principles and will, as well as with some natural imbalance.
The concept and essence of the stratification of adolescents in the criminal hierarchy. There is a hierarchy of positions, roles and responsibilities in any group of law-abiding teenagers and young men. However, the division in the criminal environment of people into castes (stratification) and giving them rights and obligations in accordance with this is one of the main manifestations of the criminal subculture.
Basic principles of this stratification.
1. “Who is who” or cruel division of people into “us” and “them”, and “us” into hierarchical groups from “top” to “bottom”. In modern conditions it is difficult to determine who borrowed from whom the division of people into “us” and “them”. The criminals of the "new democrat-nationalists" or these "democrats" are planting these prison-camp variations. When some people are local, indigenous, declare themselves “in law”, and others, brought here (in this republic) by fate, it turns out, they are assigned the role of syavok and sixes. At the same time, “ours” and “grandfathers” must be obeyed and protected in every possible way from the oppression of “strangers”, and mocked, robbed and humiliated at “strangers” and the lower classes.
2. Social stigmatization: belonging to the “elite” is denoted by sublime, and to the “lower classes” and “strangers” - by humiliating and offensive symbols (nicknames, jargon terms, tattoos).
3. Difficult upward mobility and easier downward mobility. Changing statuses from lower to higher is difficult, and from higher to lower is facilitated, i.e. and among "their own" it is very difficult to break out to the "tops", but it is much easier to lose one's occupied status.
4. The basis of upward mobility is the successful passing of tests in a competitive struggle with rivals who must be defeated, or the guarantee of “authority”, downward mobility is a violation of the “laws” of the criminal world.
5. Authoritarianism and strict subordination in relations between the “tops” and “bottoms”, merciless exploitation and oppression by the “tops” of “their own”, standing at the bottom of the hierarchical ladder.
6. The autonomy of the existence of each caste, the difficulty, more often, the impossibility of friendly contacts between the "lower classes" and the "elite" because of the threat of ostracism for those from the "elite" who agreed to contacts.
7. The "elite" of the criminal world has its own "laws", a system of values, privileges.
8. Stability of status: attempts by people from the “lower classes” to get rid of it are severely punished, as well as attempts to use privileges in the criminal world that are not based on status.
It was found that the status of a person in the criminal world is formed under the influence of a number of factors, each of which is a component in the general hierarchy of the prestige of a person.
Tattoos in the value system of an asocial subculture. Tattoos are an integral part of the criminal subculture. The phenomenon of tattooing has been known for a long time and is found not only in criminal communities, but also in law-abiding groups of minors, but has a different psychological significance. At adolescence, neglected children and persons prone to vagrancy usually make tattoos, having learned this in reception centers. In adolescence, cases of tattooing are more common, especially when a demonstration of independence, bravado with one's adventures is required. In criminogenic groups, tattoos have a more complex psychological meaning. Here, tattoos become a symbol of familiarization with the criminal subculture. So, over 70% of offenders have tattoos.
With the help of tattoos, the position of a minor in the criminal hierarchy is fixed. This is the third - the stratification function of tattoos: they can accurately determine the status of a teenager's personality in a criminal group. In addition to these functions, tattoos can perform decorative and artistic functions, that is, aesthetic, religious, sexual and erotic, sentimental, professionally oriented and humorous.
The concept of criminal jargon. The criminal world has its own language, which manifests itself in the form of thieves' (prison) jargon ("thieves' speech", "blat", "thieves' music", "fenya"). Criminal jargon is not an accident, but a natural phenomenon that reflects the specifics of the subculture of the criminal environment, the degree of its organization and professionalism. Criminal jargon is an international phenomenon. It was born and develops along with crime. There are many studies on the history of the emergence, development and functioning of criminal jargon, as well as various dictionaries and reference books.
The possession of criminal jargon has always been used by minors and young people as a means of self-assertion in a criminal environment, emphasizing the imaginary superiority of the community of criminals over other people. It also arose from the objective necessity of recognizing “ours” and separating them into a special “caste” that opposes law-abiding citizens. In this, criminal jargon is similar in function to tattoos.
One of essential functions of criminal jargon is to detect with its help persons who would like to penetrate into the criminal community - this is a process of hierarchical diagnostics. Knowledge of thieves' jargon is also necessary to reflect the intra-group hierarchical structure. Thieves' jargon performs the function of servicing thieves' activities. It provides inner life criminal community, acts as a communicative tool.
4. Features of the delinquent type of behavior. A variety of criminal (criminal) human behavior is delinquent behavior - deviant behavior, in its extreme manifestations representing a criminally punishable act. The differences between delinquent and criminal behavior are rooted in the severity of offenses, the severity of their antisocial nature. Offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors. The essence of a misdemeanor lies not only in the fact that it does not pose a significant public danger, but also in that it differs from a crime by the motives for committing an unlawful act.
K. K. Platonov singled out the following personality types of criminals:
1. determined by the relevant views and habits, internal craving for repeated crimes;
2. determined by the instability of the inner world, the person commits
a crime under the influence of circumstances or surrounding persons;
3. is determined by a high level of legal awareness, but a passive attitude towards other violators of legal norms;
4. is determined not only by a high level of legal awareness, but also by active resistance or attempts to counteract in violation of legal norms;
5. is determined by the possibility of only a random crime.
The group of persons with delinquent behavior includes representatives of the second, third and fifth groups. In them, within the framework of volitional conscious action, due to individual psychological characteristics, the process of anticipating the future result of a misconduct is violated or blocked. Such individuals frivolously, often under the influence of external provocation, commit an illegal act without imagining its consequences. The strength of the incentive motive for a certain action slows down the analysis of its negative (including for the person himself) consequences.
Delinquent behavior can manifest itself, for example, in mischief and a desire to have fun. A teenager, out of curiosity and for company, can throw heavy objects (or food) from the balcony at passers-by, getting satisfaction from the accuracy of hitting the “victim”. In the form of a prank, a person can call the airport control room and warn about a bomb allegedly planted in the plane. In order to draw attention to his own person (“on a bet”), a young man may try to climb a television tower or steal a notebook from a teacher from a bag.
So, delinquent behavior means a chain of misdemeanors, offenses, minor offenses (from the Latin delinquo - to commit a misdemeanor, to be guilty), different from crime, that is, serious offenses and crimes punishable according to the Criminal Code.
5. Pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior. The pathocharacterological type of deviant behavior is understood as behavior due to pathological changes in character that have formed in the process of education. These include the so-called personality disorders (psychopathy) and obvious, pronounced character accentuations. The disharmony of character traits leads to the fact that the whole structure of a person's mental activity changes. In choosing his actions, he is often guided not by realistic and adequately conditioned motives, but by significantly altered "motives of psychopathic self-actualization." The essence of these motives is the elimination of personal dissonance, in particular, the mismatch between the ideal "I" and self-esteem.
According to L. M. Balabanova, in emotionally unstable personality disorder (excitable psychopathy), the most common motive for behavior is the desire to realize an inadequately high level of claims, a tendency to dominate and rule, stubbornness, resentment, intolerance for opposition, a tendency to self-inflate and search for reasons for discharging affective tension. In persons with hysterical personality disorder (hysterical psychopathy), the motives for deviant behavior are, as a rule, such qualities as egocentrism, a thirst for recognition, and high self-esteem. Overestimation of one's real capabilities leads to the fact that tasks are set that correspond to an illusory self-assessment that coincides with the ideal "I", but exceeds the capabilities of the individual. The most important motivational mechanism is the desire to manipulate others and control them. The environment is considered only as tools that should serve to satisfy the needs of a given person. In individuals with anacastic and anxious (avoidant) personality disorders (psychasthenic psychopathy), pathological self-actualization is expressed in the preservation of their usual stereotype of actions, in avoiding overstrain and stress, unwanted contacts, in maintaining personal independence. When such people collide with others, with overwhelming tasks due to vulnerability, softness, low tolerance for stress, they do not receive positive reinforcement, they feel offended, persecuted.
Pathocharacterological deviations also include the so-called neurotic personality development - pathological forms of behavior and response formed in the process of neurogenesis on the basis of neurotic symptoms and syndromes. Deviations manifest themselves in the form of neurotic obsessions and rituals that permeate all human life activities. Depending on their clinical manifestations, a person can choose ways to painfully confront reality. For example, a person with obsessive rituals can perform stereotypical actions for a long time and to the detriment of his plans (open and close doors, let a trolley bus approaching a stop a certain number of times), the purpose of which is to relieve a state of emotional stress and anxiety.
A similar paramorbid pathocharacterological condition includes behavior in the form of behavior based on symbolism and superstitious rituals. In such cases, a person's actions depend on his mythological and mystical perception of reality. The choice of actions is based on a symbolic interpretation external events. A person, for example, may refuse to take any action (get married, take an exam, or even go out) due to “inappropriate location of the heavenly bodies” or other pseudoscientific interpretations of reality and superstitions.
Addictive type of deviant behavior. Addictive behavior is one of the forms of deviant behavior with the formation of a desire to escape from reality by artificially changing one's mental state by taking certain substances or by constantly fixing attention on certain types of activity, which is aimed at developing and maintaining intense emotions (Ts. P. Korolenko, T. A. Donskikh).
The main motive of individuals prone to addictive forms of behavior is an active change in their mental state that does not satisfy them, which is considered as “gray”, “boring”, “monotonous”, “apathetic”. Such a person fails to discover in reality any areas of activity that can attract his attention for a long time, captivate, please, or cause another significant and pronounced emotional reaction. Life does not seem interesting to him, because of its routine and monotony. He does not accept what is considered normal in society: the need to do something, to engage in any activity, to observe any traditions and norms accepted in the family or in society. It can be said that an individual with an addictive orientation of behavior has a significantly reduced activity in everyday life, filled with demands and expectations. At the same time, addictive activity is selective in nature - in those areas of life that, albeit temporarily, but do not bring satisfaction to a person and pull him out of the world of emotional insensitivity, he can show remarkable activity to achieve the goal.
The following psychological features of persons with addictive forms of behavior are distinguished:
1. reduced tolerance to the difficulties of everyday life, along with good tolerance to crisis situations;
2. hidden inferiority complex, combined with outwardly manifested superiority;
3. external sociability, combined with fear of persistent emotional contacts;
4. the desire to tell lies;
5. desire to blame others, knowing that they are innocent;
6. the desire to avoid responsibility in decision-making;
7. stereotyping, repeatability of behavior;
8. addiction;
9. anxiety.
The main, in accordance with the existing criteria, features of an individual with a tendency to addictive forms of behavior is the mismatch of psychological stability in cases of ordinary relationships and crises. Normally, as a rule, mentally healthy people easily (“automatically”) adapt to the requirements of everyday (everyday) life and endure crisis situations more difficultly. They, unlike people with various addictions, try to avoid crises and exciting non-traditional events.
An addictive personality has the phenomenon of “thirst-seeking” (V.A. Petrovsky), characterized by an impulse to take risks, due to the experience of overcoming danger.
According to E. Bern, a person has six types of hunger: hunger for sensory stimulation, hunger for contact and physical stroking,
sexual hunger, structural hunger or time structuring hunger and incident hunger.
Within the framework of the addictive type of behavior, each of the listed types of hunger is exacerbated. A person does not find the satisfaction of hunger in real life and seeks to relieve discomfort and dissatisfaction with reality by stimulating certain types of activity. He tries to achieve an increased level of sensory stimulation (prioritizes intense
influences, loud sound, pungent odors, bright images), recognition of the extraordinary actions (including sexual ones), the filling of time with events.
At the same time, objectively and subjectively poor tolerance of the difficulties of everyday life, constant reproaches for unsuitability and lack of love for life from relatives and others form a hidden "inferiority complex" in addictive individuals. They suffer from being different from others, from being unable to "live like people." However, such a temporarily emerging "inferiority complex" turns into a hypercompensatory reaction. From low self-esteem, evoked by others, individuals go immediately to overestimated, bypassing adequate. The appearance of a sense of superiority over others performs a protective function. psychological function, contributing to the maintenance of self-esteem in adverse microsocial conditions - conditions of confrontation of the individual with the family or team. The feeling of superiority is based on the comparison of the "gray philistine swamp" in which everyone around is and the "real life free from obligations" of an addicted person.
Given the fact that the pressure on such people from the society is quite intense, addictive individuals have to adapt to the norms of society, play the role of "their own among others." As a result, he learns to formally fulfill those social roles that are imposed on him by society (an exemplary son, a courteous interlocutor, a respectable colleague). External sociability, ease of establishing contacts is accompanied by manipulative behavior and superficiality of emotional ties. Such a person is afraid of persistent and prolonged emotional contacts due to the rapid loss of interest in the same person or type of activity and fear of responsibility for any business. The motive for the behavior of a "hardened bachelor" in the case of the prevalence of addictive forms of behavior may be the fear of responsibility for a possible spouse and children and dependence on them. The desire to tell a lie, deceive others, and also blame others for their own mistakes and mistakes stems from the structure of an addictive personality that tries to hide its own “inferiority complex” from others, due to the inability to live in accordance with the foundations and generally accepted norms.
Thus, the main thing in the behavior of an addictive personality is the desire to escape from reality, the fear of an ordinary “boring” life filled with obligations and regulations, a tendency to search for transcendent emotional experiences even at the cost of serious risk and the inability to be responsible for anything.
Peculiarities aggressive behavior delinquent individuals in correctional institutions are that their aggression is directed primarily against the workers of the correctional institution, activists, and their cellmates. Aggression can be expressed both in acts of disobedience and sabotage, and in the desire to dodge corrective labor in any way, in damaging tools and machines, in starting fights and quarrels - all these actions can have both the nature of hysteria and the nature of well-planned and in advance thoughtful actions. The strongest and continuous aggression of delinquent individuals is subjected to their cellmates, who can be subjected to extremely sophisticated bullying and prolonged humiliation.
Features of auto-aggressive behavior of delinquent individuals in places of deprivation of liberty.
These features consist in the fact that auto-aggression manifests itself primarily in self-accusation, self-humiliation, self-inflicted bodily harm up to suicide. These delinquent individuals may repeatedly open their veins, inflict scars, cuts, bodily harm on themselves (for example, sew up their mouths with wire, swallow a tablespoon, steel needles), they may even enjoy beatings and mutilations by inmates. All actions of delinquent individuals seem absurd from the point of view of common sense.
Age features of deviant teenagers. A wide area of scientific knowledge covers abnormal, deviant human behavior. An essential parameter of such behavior is deviation in one direction or another with varying intensity and for various reasons from behavior that is recognized as normal and non-deviant. The characteristics of normal and harmonious behavior are: balance mental processes(at the level of temperament properties), adaptability and self-actualization (at the level of characterological features) and spirituality, responsibility and conscientiousness (at the personal level). Just as the norm of behavior is based on these three components of individuality, so anomalies and deviations are based on their changes, deviations and violations. Thus, a person's deviant behavior can be defined as a system of actions or individual actions that contradict the norms accepted in society and manifest themselves in the form of an imbalance in mental processes, non-adaptation, a violation of the process of self-actualization, or in the form of deviations from moral and aesthetic control over one's own behavior.
Since self-esteem of minors has not yet been determined, value orientations have not developed into a system, we can talk about their specificity in adolescent delinquents. First, they rate themselves significantly below the law-abiding self-assessment categories of attractiveness, intelligence, academic achievement, kindness, and honesty. Each type of psychopathy and character accentuations has certain features of delinquent behavior. The unstable have two age peaks of delinquency. One of them coincides with the transition to the 4th-5th grades of the school - from one teacher to a subject system with the complication of training programs and simultaneously with the onset of puberty. Another peak falls at the end of 8 years of education and the transition to vocational training. The delinquency of the unstable in 90% is combined with early alcoholization.
In hyperthyms, the onset of delinquency in 50% falls on the preadolescent age - by 10-12 years.
Delinquency of hysteroids begins in different years - from 10 to 15 years. They have a particular tendency to petty theft, fraud, defiant manner of behaving in public places. Alcoholization in hysteroids occurred only in 35%. But in 60%, the threat of punishment for committed misconduct pushed them to demonstrative suicidal behavior.
The age-related features of the onset of delinquency in epileptoids are similar to those in unstable ones, however, fights and even severe beatings are not inferior to stealing.
It has been established that in juvenile delinquents the need for social prestige loses its direction, developing into the lowest form of self-affirmation, when the individual is satisfied with becoming the object of attention of other people. A delinquent teenager is characterized by a hypertrophied need for freedom, independence: already at the age of 12-13, he cannot bear the situation when he must receive permission from others for his every act.
Most of these teenagers live in families with an unfavorable psychological climate. They have a combination of at least three gross criminogenic qualities, character accentuations, the most common of which are epileptoid, unstable, hyperthymic. The vast majority of adolescents with deviant behavior are boys, among whom 50% have a tendency to alcoholism; social relationships of these teenagers
have high conflict.
One of the factors of possible deviations in the behavior of younger adolescents is undeveloped logical, concrete thinking. It is possible that adolescents with deviant behavior have a distortion of reality, expressed in the desire to present themselves in a more favorable light, to hide deviant behavior. They celebrate more of the good in themselves by denying "unapproved" behavior. Therefore, it is paradoxical to note that adolescents with deviant behavior are more conscientious, disciplined, have high self-control of behavior, emotions and feelings; consider themselves as people who observe moral norms and standards.
It is possible that this feature is determined by their reduced critical thinking. Deviant adolescents are characterized by rigidity of behavior, which is less controlled by the intellect. Consequently, they are more susceptible to the influence of emotions, immersed in the world of their own experiences.
The ego structure of deviant adolescents is overstressed, which is reflected in higher rates of self-control of behavior, morality, demonstrativeness and the strength of the "I". It is possible that among deviant adolescents there is a distortion of reality, expressed in the desire to present themselves in a more favorable light. They say more good things about themselves, denying bad behavior.
Summarizing the research allows us to state the following psychological features in a teenager with deviant behavior: rejection of pedagogical influences; inability to overcome difficulties; ignoring obstacles; overstress; apathetic subordination to a group with asocial attitudes; reduced self-criticism, dual locus of control; a syndrome of anxious expectation, self-doubt, generated by systematic educational failures; negative attitudes towards educational activities, physical labor, towards oneself and other people; weakness of self-control; extreme degree self-centeredness; aggressiveness.
Psychological diagnosis of delinquent personalities in places of deprivation of liberty is important, as it makes it possible to make the whole complex of educational and correctional measures (correctional labor, shock work, participation in amateur performances) more effective, aimed at transforming the personality of the convict in order to adapt it to society. A large role in the diagnosis is given to the psychologist, since only a specialist is able to identify individuals with such deviations.
Psychological correction of convicts in places of deprivation of liberty. As you know, a person who first entered a correctional labor institution experiences a feeling of psychological discomfort. Cases of mental disorders in penitentiary institutions are 15% more common than in the wild, people cannot adapt to a new environment, ¼ of convicts live in a state of chronic stress. It has also been proven that after 5-8 years of imprisonment there are very often irreversible changes in the human psyche. Therefore, in the penitentiary system it is necessary to create psychological laboratories and services with a highly qualified staff of psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers. Now in Russia, work is underway to create an organizational and methodological basis for a psychological service. The importance and effectiveness of psychological support for the resocialization of criminals is evidenced by both frontier and domestic experience.
The need to create a psychological service in ITU arose long ago, but only in September 1992 did it acquire a legislative basis. Psychological laboratories began to be created. Thus, psychological laboratories were organized on the basis of the ITU of the Saratov, Orel and Perm regions to study the personality of convicts on the basis of psychological and pedagogical assistance and behavior correction.
Bibliography
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4. Kovalev A.G. Psychological foundations corrections of offenders. - M., 1968.
5. Minkovsky G.M. To the question of the typology of juvenile offenders // Issues of forensic psychology. Abstracts of reports and communications at the All-Union Conference on Forensic Psychology. - M., 1971.
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Culturology
Criminal culture: origins and specifics of reproduction
Introduction
Culture and criminal subculture
The structure of the criminal subculture
Features of the criminal subculture
The development of a criminal subculture in modern Russia
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
A.K. Cohen said that a person develops in a group of equals or in a criminal gang, whose members have a stable value system that differs from the value system that exists in a large society. A person in such an environment develops in accordance with the values and norms of his environment, without perceiving the values of culture as a whole. A similar approach to the study of the causes of crime in criminology began to be called the theory of subcultures.
With regard to the criminal subculture, certain ideas have developed that have been mythologized, as well as criminals, who are its main carriers. The most common myth is that the criminal culture is recent and is unique phenomenon. Meanwhile, prominent domestic criminologists were engaged in the study of the criminal subculture back in the 19th century: D.A. Dril, M.N. Gernet, P.I. Lublinsky and others.
The criminal subculture more and more penetrates modern Russian culture, deforming it. Therefore, the study of this topic is vital and necessary.
1. Culture and criminal subculture
Culture? it is a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of people. Culture in a broad sense means a high level of something, high development and skill. Will I add? the development of social benefits and the ability to use material achievements for the benefit of mankind. Culture has a complex nuclear structure. There is a core of culture that provides storage and transmission from generation to generation of information, rules and norms of behavior. The core of the culture is highly stable because it is protected by a special cultural belt. This belt consists of a system of social, behavioral and moral reactions to all types of acculturation. The protective belt prevents the reverse impact on the core of culture from the external quasi-cultural environment (to which I refer, first of all, the criminal subculture), protects against destruction and transformation.
More specifically, culture (it is also customary to talk about the dominant culture) is the sum characteristic features social relationships. Culture includes the beliefs and moral values of society as a whole, in contrast to the social structure, which consists of roles, classes, political and economic agreements. In turn, a subculture is a system of values and behavior that becomes traditional among certain groups population. Groups are various types, including professional and ethnic, social classes, etc. The central link in the relationship between official culture and subculture are norms - group prescriptions, rules that allow or prohibit certain behavior. These rules are approved by the large majority of society, which rewards obedience and condemns disobedience. I want to emphasize that we are talking about a subculture, because in this case it is impossible to attribute a criminal subculture to a subculture for reasons that I will discuss below. Criminal or, as it can also be called, “delinquent” (from Latin delinquens - committing a misdemeanor) subculture is characterized by the behavior of groups of people, reflecting values that are directly opposed to the official culture. These groups include people with criminal professionalism and groups of people of various ages who are in "closed institutions" such as prisons, secure psychiatric hospitals, etc. They are an important reporting system by which individuals and groups come to know the world and interpret it for their own purposes. The "delinquent" subculture is characterized mainly by behavior that reflects values that are directly opposed to the surrounding culture. The theory of the criminal subculture thus explains criminal behavior as being taught - the delinquent of the subculture learns values that are deviant (from Latin deviatio - deviation).
The criminal subculture consists of substantive, so to speak, material elements and subjective human moments. The elements of the mechanism for the formation of a criminal subculture consist of the following components: 1) the search for psychological and physical protection by an unstable person; 2) mutual aggression of members of the modern crisis community.
In the narrow sense of the word, a criminal subculture is a spiritual area of a special community of people, usually organized into criminal gangs, criminal gangs and organizations. As paradoxical as it sounds, the criminal life of criminals is primitive, but at the same time, very diverse.
Speaking figuratively, the criminal subculture is like a layer cake. Each layer looks like a subculture of certain groups engaged in specific criminal activities. From this point of view, we can talk about the prison subculture, the thieves' subculture, the subculture of prostitutes and drug addicts, etc. In addition, the criminal subculture is a way of life of a very specific criminal group. The most important characteristics of the criminal subculture of the criminal group are the following points:
) the criminal subculture does not like publicity;
) the criminal subculture is organized on the principle of the so-called "hanging out" among their own and for their own.
In other words, each criminal group has its own behavioral attributes, symbols, signs, traditions and customs.
The criminal subculture is an objective phenomenon that is in a complex relationship with the culture of the society, the social processes taking place in our society. The spread of criminal subculture is directly affected by the dynamics of the spread of crime in the country, changes in its nature and basic criminological indicators.
During the period of the collapse of the tsarist empire, there was a massive penetration of prison rules of conduct into public life, including because the people who came to power for the most part had experience of being in hard labor and in prisons, which, in my opinion, regardless of the conditions for serving sentences , cannot but be socially harmful. In turn, the sharp decline in morals in Soviet society during its peak and decline (1960–1980s) led to a decline in morals in the underworld as well. Thieves' laws have lost their sacred and inviolable character. Unfortunately, the considered socially negative phenomena take place even now. Thus, about 1% of the able-bodied population in our country annually experiences prison life. This is a huge number! A huge number of people are returning to everyday life as preachers of prison life and lifestyle.
The criminal (delinquent) subculture is not only generated by the official culture, but is also in antagonistic contradictions with it. Criminal subculture - denial of official rules.
The formal (official) structure is designed to help a person in his daily life, which is quite strictly regulated. This is both its strength and weakness. It is impossible to regulate everything, there will always be separate social niches that will turn out to be unfilled with official rules of conduct.
In an informal (informal) structure, nothing is ever given from above. Rules and customs here are absolutely autonomous and do not fit into structures of a higher order. The seeming anarchy and disorder of the existing thieves' rules is actually subject to a strict and direct line of progressive behavior? everything that can harm the criminal community is destroyed. At the same time, simplicity and clarity are attractive to people, especially from the social lower classes of society.
2. The structure of the criminal subculture.
The criminal subculture consists of the following elements:
Criminal ideology, which is a system of concepts and ideas that has developed in the group consciousness of criminals. In addition, we are talking about a kind of philosophy that justifies, explains and encourages a criminal lifestyle, removes psychological and moral barriers from people who are faced with the choice of an illegal or social type of behavior. The presence of a criminal ideology is the main condition for launching the mechanism of self-justification and denying one's responsibility to the criminal;
Criminal morality, in turn, is opposed to social morality. The main thesis here is that public morality is essentially hypocritical, aimed at oppressing the majority of the population. Criminal preachers, not without reason, argue that there are many standards of morality, and often they contradict each other. In each specific case, that standard of morality is applied, which is beneficial to those who are in power. Morality in the criminal world is supposedly the same for everyone. She cannot be hypocritical, because she is simple. Everyone is responsible for non-compliance with established moral standards, and the punishment for anyone, whether it be a novice criminal or a criminal authority, is one thing - death;
A criminal lifestyle, which is an attractive standard type of behavior that affects primarily the young person. The main principle is to spend the stolen money on fun and beautiful expensive cars. There is no point in saving money, you need to spend it today, because you don’t know what will happen tomorrow. At the same time, it is important to give a certain part of the money in advance to the savings bank of criminals in the so-called "thieves' common pool", in short - "common fund". It is a kind of criminal activity insurance;
A criminal organization that appears not as a monster, extremely clumsy, as a rule, shown in the cinema, but in the form of very specific people rushing to help in difficult times (providing an experienced lawyer to an inexperienced offender, helping a family whose member was in the dock , etc.). People representing this kind of organizations do not consider themselves criminal authorities, the organizations themselves are rather amorphous and not structured. This, among other things, explains the unsuccessful attempts to defeat them in the usual way, by bringing their leaders to justice, in whose place others immediately take their place. But at the same time, when the vital interests of such organizations are attacked, their leaders surprisingly unite and act as a single whole;
The criminal cult, which comes down to two components: the cult of personality and the cult of weapons. Often there is a cult of an expensive car or motorcycle and women, but this can rather be attributed to a criminal lifestyle. The cult of personality will be discussed below, it is important to emphasize that the cult of strength and the cult of organizational skills are equally important for the criminal world. As for the weapon, it is it that gives extraordinary self-confidence, especially to young offenders. Many criminals are true connoisseurs and connoisseurs of modern weapons; For them weapons? an important component of habitual behavior. Themselves, not realizing this, they are afraid to admit that without weapons they are nothing. This is one of the characteristics of any cult - a person is afraid to lose it, because he does not have real significance of his own. Weapons give: a) a sense of superiority over other criminal groups; b) the impulse to immediately demonstrate one's strength. If a criminal group has a weapon, it will definitely use it.
. Features of the criminal subculture
Representatives of the criminal subculture are characterized by patriotism, which is surprisingly interspersed with primitive rationalism. Patriotism is inherent because the most prominent carriers of the criminal subculture have a totalitarian consciousness. In turn, the central characteristic of the totalitarian consciousness is the belief in the simplicity of the world. Any phenomenon can be reduced to an easily described, visual combination of several primary phenomena. The illusion of simplicity creates the illusion of omnipotence. Any problem can be solved, it is enough to give correct and correct orders. This is especially liked by the younger generation, which almost always and at all times, up to a certain age threshold, seeks to know the world through simplicity of perception. Therefore, young people are attracted to totalitarian-oriented individuals. Totalitarian-oriented individuals and groups unconsciously perceive civilization as having lost its prestige. The past primitive structure of life and interpersonal relationships attracts them, because in it they can find psychological comfort. It is because of this that they begin to fight civilization with such ferocity. Hence the manifestations of aggression and vandalism incomprehensible to others. Both Hitler and Stalin had manifestations of primitivism. For many criminals, the image of Stalin is still iconic.
Until recently, there was an opinion that the criminal subculture took place only in penitentiary institutions. It is fair that it is here that the criminal subculture is most prominently expressed and, most likely, it was here that it originated. Therefore, in the social layer of the criminal subculture, the greatest influence is prison subculture. Prison thinking breeds criminal behavior. Criminal consciousness, a way of thinking arise in the psyche of a criminal even before he commits a crime.
In prison communities, the signs of a criminal subculture are as follows:
) the presence of warring asocial groups;
) rigid group stratification (hierarchy of roles);
) the presence of a system of small exceptions for the "tops";
) psychological and physical isolation of the "outcast";
) the presence of nicknames;
) the spread of gambling
) distribution of prison lyrics and criminal (criminal) songs;
) the spread of criminal jargon;
) distribution of tattoos;
) planting prison traditions and thieves' oaths;
) vandalism.
Professional criminals of the past had a stricter morality. Before the revolution, the morality of professional criminals was supported by the tsarist police, since it was profitable. Dealing with criminals who adhered to certain rules and principles was easier. I myself was a witness when the investigator told me that it is easier to deal with a professional: he will not deny the obvious facts. If there is evidence, he immediately confesses and starts bargaining that he admits that he doesn’t, who he betrays and who doesn’t. If a newcomer comes across, he denies even the obvious things, and it is much more difficult with him. You never know what he will throw out the next moment, it is impossible to agree with him about anything. By the way, such people are more subject to the power of lawyers, and professional criminals know their price and do not stand on ceremony with them!
AT recent times there have been significant changes in the criminal world and the criminal subculture:
Corruption and blat corrode not only society as a whole, but also the criminal environment.
There is a certain mosaic of the causes of criminal behavior. It is impossible to isolate the root cause or the main or root cause of criminal behavior.
There has been a deformation of political psychology, which is manifested in the widespread misconception that democracy is permissiveness. There is growing distrust in the stability of state institutions, the stability of power, its ability to ensure the normal functioning of society, the rule of law, and the protection of the rights and interests of citizens. Against this background, there is a revival of political and ideological extremism, largely provoked by representatives of the underworld.
The deformation of legal consciousness is manifested in legal nihilism, a negative attitude towards law, legal illiteracy, loss of guidelines for legal behavior, disbelief that law can act as an effective regulator of social relations, belief in the lack of equality of citizens before the law, distrust of law enforcement agencies, confidence in the impunity of criminals. It is not uncommon for citizens to pay money to police officers to protect their legitimate interests. I emphasize that in order to bring the criminal to justice, police officers extort money from the victims! And this is not an exception, but the rule: 39% of citizens talk about their lack of rights in cases of communication with representatives of law enforcement agencies.
There was a deformation of the moral consciousness of people, which permeates all spheres of human life. Morality determines the scope of permissibility of any kind of human behavior, sets the boundaries of good and evil. Now these boundaries are blurred, and will soon be erased.
A number of factors influenced the transformation of the criminal subculture: at various times, many scientists and cultural figures who ennobled the underworld were imprisoned. It was also in the days of tsarism, it was also under Stalin, it was also later. I must say that knowledgeable people have always been valued in prisons. For example, the well-known researcher of the manners of royal hard labor V.M. Doroshevich once met with the well-known, as they would now say, criminal authority Pazulsky. Unexpectedly, Pazulsky announced that he would speak with Doroshevich on English language. The trouble was that Pazulsky taught himself the language and never heard a living English dialect. In the hands of Doroshevich was the fate of Pazulsky, or rather, his life. It was worth saying that he did not understand what Pazulsky was telling him, and hard labor would have destroyed his idol. However, Doroshevich managed to answer Pazulsky something, and, according to Doroshevich, one should have seen with what reverence the convicts listened to this whole strange conversation in a language they did not understand.
The trend of the criminal subculture is streamlining and systematization. At the same time, in its total mass, it remains an amorphous structure. As soon as the criminal subculture develops into a system, it becomes impossible to find its root cause. It develops according to spontaneous laws, and it becomes more and more difficult to stop its growing influence and penetration into the general culture.
The criminal subculture has its own aesthetic tastes, priorities and values. This applies to the concepts of a beautiful life, easily accessible girls, expensive cars, the opportunity to relax in style at expensive exotic resorts, etc.
All ideological, legal, aesthetic and ethical elements of the criminal subculture act in unity and interconnection.
The dynamics of the criminal subculture: the tightening of the morals of vulgar criminals and, at the same time, democratization in groups of professional criminals. Vulgar crime is called vulgar crime because force and cruelty rule the show. All this is reflected in the ways of determining the status of an individual, his role in a criminal group. Professional crime is characterized by intelligence and cold calculation. Democratization has taken place in such a criminal environment, so gangs are not led alone.
criminal subculture moral deformation
4. The development of a criminal subculture in modern Russia
I must say that in recent decades there have been significant changes in society's attitude to crime and its manifestations. The criminal subculture, which was previously preferred not to be talked about, has now received a legal status along with the general culture. Some argue that this is part of the general culture and there is nothing wrong with the fact that society will know some of the postulates of the criminal subculture. Meanwhile, the most important thing is not taken into account? the criminal subculture is not part of the general culture, but its direct antipode. In addition, by its nature it is socially aggressive. Representatives of the criminal subculture spare no effort or means to displace the best centuries-old traditions cultural heritage humanity and replace them with a surrogate for dubious works of so-called prison art. At the same time, the substitution of concepts takes place in veiled forms, frankly criminal songs are called “everyday” songs for some reason, criminal jargon and terminology are called “everyday” conversation. No one is surprised that leading journalists talk to their readers on the pages of newspapers and on television in a semi-criminal language. The prison term "lawlessness" has become common. I'm not talking about the fact that mass editions of books written in obscene language. In feature films, actors allow themselves to use foul language in order, as the directors say, to bring the on-screen life of the characters closer to real life.
The criminal (delinquent) subculture has not yet become, but is becoming an integral part of our life. From the TV screens, we are frightened by endless serials about the life of gangster groups, on the radio, “thieves” (criminal) music, which is now called “household”, does not stop. Sponsors, the origin of whose money can only be guessed at, organized the broadcast and regular operation of a specific radio station - "Chanson". The very name of the radio station, given its content side, looks incorrect. Chanson (from the French chanson) is a French folk song of the 15th-16th centuries, professionally polyphonic, which was performed by a choir, usually from among artisans, during work. (Polyphony is a type of polyphony in music based on the equality of voices. In the 15th-16th centuries, choral polyphony of a strict style, based on diatonic themes simple in intonation and rhythm, became widespread. It was replaced by free-style polyphony, often instrumental, using the main in the way of major and minor, complex in intonation and rhythm themes.)
In this sense, probably, domestic barge haulers were direct performers of chanson. In modern French, chanson? this is a modern pop, usually author's, song from the chansonnier's repertoire, i.e. those who write songs and perform them themselves. We call such songs author's and they have nothing to do with thieves. Based on this, should the radio station be called rather? "Chansonette". Chansonette (from the French chansonnette) is a song of playful, often frivolous content, usually performed by a lady, often of easy virtue. The performers of such songs in restaurants and cafes were called chansonettes. Apparently, the name "chansonette" for the organizers of the radio station seemed too frivolous and ambiguous. By the way, does this also manifest a certain hypocrisy of the representatives of the criminal subculture? accusing everyone and everything of deceit, they themselves act on the principle of deceit and duplicity.
The development and spread of the criminal subculture is currently directly influenced by destructive general social processes:
) insane destruction of their own national culture;
) the collapse of the ideals of youth;
) disorganization and imbalance of all public institutions;
) de-ideologization;
) destruction of school secondary education
At the same time, it should be emphasized that the processes associated with de-ideologization have received a rather unexpected development. The resulting vacuum in the field of ideology turned out to be unfilled. And we have grown up a whole generation for which the ideology is the absence of ideology!
Surprising in this regard is the massive introduction into the minds of citizens of things alien to us. A variety of television games ("The Weak Link", "The Last Hero", "Behind the Glass", etc.) are built on the principles of personal victory at the cost of destroying one's comrade. At the same time, at all times, even among some of the criminals, was the motto different? die yourself, but save a comrade! Therefore, we won the victory in the Great Patriotic War, and not our enemies.
As V.N. Kudryavtsev, two circumstances have particularly affected the modern criminal subculture. Firstly, there was a massive displacement of the former thieves in law and their inherent views and traditions by a new generation of criminals who do not isolate themselves from the general social environment, but, on the contrary, actively infiltrate it, introducing their new “rules of the game”. Secondly, there is a convergence of the criminal subculture with the mores of the modern crisis society, in which " there is a war all against all, "which suits the representatives of the thieves' world very much.
The spread of the criminal subculture is facilitated by the growth in the number of detective literature, detective films in which elements of criminal activity are savored, the role, place, significance and influence of each member of the criminal community on public life, and, mainly, by exaggerating such influence. We have to hear that the American society survived the film "The Godfather", which did not have a negative impact on him, but became a masterpiece of world cinema. This is a double trick. Firstly, as soon as the film was released on the big screen, heated debates broke out around it, and the majority of not only criminologists, but also public figures and influential representatives of the cultural elite pointed out, and still point out, serious negative elements of the film. First of all, we are talking about a certain idealization of the mafia world and frank sympathy of both the scriptwriter Mario Puzo and director Francis Coppola for the on-screen hero? godfather. Secondly, and most importantly, the film had a retrospective basis and was shot, and even more so, was shown at a time when the most odious "mafiosi" were in US prisons, and most of the most dangerous criminal gangs (murder corporation) were defeated. Moreover, in the 1930s and 1940s, when the United States was really run by criminal families, was there an unspoken rule? it was impossible to show the police in a negative way, and in the films the police always defeated the criminals.
Another reason for the spread of the criminal subculture is the migration processes that began in connection with the great migration of young people to the "buildings of communism", and are continuing now, but already in connection with the collapse of the once united country. As for the "buildings of communism", then, unfortunately, this problem has never been given due attention. It is no secret that, in addition to the Komsomol activists, these construction sites were mainly sent to conditionally released and conditionally convicted persons from among the youth. Living and working conditions were not the most ideal, and there was practically no proper preventive work with this contingent. Strictly speaking, these construction sites were a kind of hard labor, with the only condition that they paid quite decent money for the work. wages. But thanks to a short-sighted social policy, the youth and criminal subcultures in large construction sites created a special socio-psychological climate.
The worst thing is that the criminal subculture is directly connected with minors and young people who have a criminal orientation. The norms and values of the criminal subculture are powerful regulators individual behavior, have the highest degree of reference due to the action of the mechanisms of mental infection, imitation, pressure, constantly creating a situation of frustration and mental trauma for a young man. Reference group, according to D. Glasser, ? it is a group to which a person is oriented and which serves as a standard for him, regardless of whether he wants to belong to it or not. M. Sherif believes that the norms and values of the reference group are the main guidelines for a person, in accordance with which he organizes his life. In turn, M.R. Haskell said that a street group that commits illegal acts, and which becomes a reference group for a teenager, belongs to a delinquent (criminal) subculture.
The "party" youth subculture is a treasury of criminal experience, a regulator of the activities of underage delinquent adolescents, approving one type of behavior (usually illegal) and suppressing another (socially useful).
The peculiarity of the criminal subculture among juvenile delinquents is that it constantly updates and improves the norms and values of the criminal environment. About 60% of the participants in the youth party are psychologically ready to drink alcohol, 8%? to drug use, 5% ? to the use of toxic substances. Only 36% of them are self-employed. It can be said without exaggeration that the criminal subculture is the main mechanism for the criminalization of the youth environment.
Conclusion
Crime is an eternal negative social phenomenon. Only ignorant people can talk about its eradication. What is the order of life in a given society, such is the order of violation of its basic foundations. The cause of crime is everything that interferes with the normal functioning of a given society. Thus, the dysfunction of economic and social structures immediately gives rise to a surge in the shadow, criminal economy. Dysfunction of political, power institutions leads to a sharp increase in official crime. The typification of criminals is determined by the social anatomy of a given society; a stable criminal is the bearer of typical social defects of a given society, superimposed on the individual psychological characteristics of his personality.
Bibliography
1.Babochkin P.I. The formation of viable youth in a dynamically changing society. M., 2000.
2.Belik A.A. Culturology. M., 1999.
3.Gurov A.I. professional crime. M., 1990.
4.Enikeev M.I. Criminal psychology. // Legal psychology, 2006 No. 4.
.Criminologists about informal youth associations. Ed. I.I. Karpets. M., 1990.
.Criminology. Ed. V.D. Malkov. M., 2004.
.Kudryavtsev V.N. Crime and mores of a transitional society. M., 2002.
.Culturology. Ed. A.N. Markova. M., 1998.
9.Culturology. Ed. N.G. Bagdasaryan. M., 1998.
10.Stolyarov D.Yu., Kortunov V.V. Culturology. M., 1998.
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.Encyclopedic dictionary of cultural studies. Rostov-on-Don, 1997.
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4. On the causes and origins of the criminal subculture.
The criminal subculture, like crime, has many causes. There is no complete concept of the causes and conditions of its occurrence and functioning yet. This is largely due to the lack of knowledge of social processes not only among the youth, but also in the spiritual sphere of society as a whole.
In our opinion, it is impossible to approach the study of the origins of the criminal subculture from the standpoint of searching for a single cause or a number of causes that are not related to each other. Looks like you need to look complex of multilevel causes and conditions that are in constant dynamics and make up a certain system: main and secondary, direct and indirect, external and internal (within the crime itself and its subculture, contributing to its self-development).
It is only clear that there is no crime without a criminal subculture, just as this subculture cannot exist without crime. The criminal subculture is generated by the same objective reasons as crime, which is alien to the official culture of society and is, as it were, "another life" in it.
It is impossible to understand the essence of crime in general, and juvenile and youth crime in particular, without analyzing the criminal subculture that is its breeding ground. Let's try to understand how crime and criminal subculture are connected.
Crime is not only illegal actions themselves, but also groups, communities of persons who commit them. According to statistics, there are about 10 thousand criminal groups in the CIS, each with at least 8-10 people. However, many of them have their own "branches" in the form of adolescent and youth groups (291).
There are contacts between many groups, the division of spheres of influence has been made. Thus, criminals represent a social community, a layer of society. Like any other community, criminals adhere to a certain way of life. It is the criminal subculture that is a certain stabilizer that regulates the life of criminal communities, introducing a kind of order into it, no matter how we treat it.
The criminal subculture as part of the culture of society (it does not matter that it is only a surrogate of culture) depends on the processes taking place in it (general social, economic, ideological, socio-demographic, socio-technical, social, social, educational, legal, organizational and managerial, etc. .) (355, pp. 38-40).
Consider general social processes. Probably, in the first place here we can put the destruction unprecedented in the world so far, which came as a result of the revolution and many years of totalitarianism, of a national culture. The damage done to it cannot be repaired, as many researchers and outside observers point out. A descendant of the emigrants of the first wave, Russian nobleman M.P. Orlov, argues: “Traditional Russian culture has been destroyed, not to mention class subcultures, merchants, and so on ... I have seen many countries, but nowhere have I felt such a global devastation of a culture historically inherent in a nation "(99). Yu. Nagibin echoes him: "Our culture has disappeared... Our rulers don't need culture. Unfortunately, the people don't need it either" (317a).
But "a holy place is never empty." A culture of totalitarianism arose on the ruins of a nationwide culture, which directly affected the youth subculture. After all, the culture of totalitarianism did not allow the dialogue of class cultures. The majority of juvenile and young offenders cannot attribute themselves to a certain social class (class), and those who can do this cannot characterize the basic principles, norms and rules of life of the parents of their class (skilled workers, peasants, doctors, scientists, entrepreneurs). , representatives of trade, officials, etc.). In the family, such conversations are not cultivated. Parents do not value the spiritual values of their kind, family, profession and do not pass them on to their children. Therefore, minors and young people are attached to what is: to the yard subculture (the subculture of "dormitories", communal apartments and barracks), from which one step to criminal.
It should also be taken into account that violations of the principles of democracy and social justice led to the collapse of the social ideals of youth, the emergence of a tendency towards dehumanization in interpersonal and intergroup relations. All this, of course, resulted in a search for other ideals and norms of life, led to the emergence of numerous informal youth associations with their own rules, norms and attributes that operate in the group. Soil arose for a criminal subculture, which took from the barracks-barracks youth subculture all the worst, alien to universal morality.
The current process of social instability at all levels and in all areas, disorganization of society, the collapse of its social structures, the aggravation of political, regional, national and other social contradictions helped to strengthen and develop the criminal subculture. Under the influence of this factor, intensive renewal processes have arisen and are developing in it. Elements of dehumanization, unjustified rigidity towards the victims, sadism, violence, aggression, vandalism are growing in it (320).
Influenced the development of the criminal subculture and economic turmoil in the country, the presence of a shadow economy. They gave rise to a wild market, special types of economic crimes (among cooperators, entrepreneurs, bankers, etc.) and new types of crimes associated with this, such as the artificial creation of a deficit and speculation on it, the capture of wealthy citizens as hostages in order to obtain a ransom , racketeering, smuggling, etc. The functioning of the wild market is largely due to the high rates of economic crime.
This is most clearly manifested in the process of analyzing the sources of commodity supply for the "black market". According to estimates, approximately 5/6 of its turnover comes from criminal sources, including 1/3 from theft, almost the same amount from extortion, extortion and the so-called "gray" economy (material benefits for counter services, including illegal, and the rest - for speculation and smuggling) (78).
A wide stream (from embezzlement and racketeering to speculation and smuggling) includes criminal groups of minors and youth in economic crime. In the pursuit of profit, young people cross such moral barriers that it would seem impossible to overcome. For example, extortion of money from relatives. So, the son deserted from the army, went into racketeering, began to extort money from .. his mother, which caused indignation even among the members of a criminal gang: “Stop that you are bullying your mother! Where will she get this money ...”, - shouted at him one of the members of the gang (the mother of the extortionist worked as a kindergarten teacher (66)). In the city of Togliatti, the son kills both parents - workers of a car factory, in order to take possession of their old "Zhigulenka" and miserable household belongings.
These examples are not isolated. They testify that in the criminal environment the level of intra-group "morality" under the influence of the economic factor has sunk to the limit. Thus, the criminal subculture reacted to the emergence of new types of mercenary and mercenary-violent crime and criminal communities. A subculture of racketeers, hostage takers, drug trafficking clans, prostitute business, cattle thieves, and so on has emerged.
It is possible to trace the influence ideological factor on the development of a criminal subculture. Formalism in ideological work, the stereotype of methods of ideological influence, the emergence of ideological "clichés" caused people, especially young people and minors, to react negatively, aggressively and leaving for "another life", where, as they think, everything is more honest and open: friendship, partnership, "thieves' honor", nobility, material, physical and psychological mutual assistance, etc.
The criminals filled the ideological vacuum not only and not only with stories of "apolitical" anecdotes (this is not typical of criminals, but of the so-called "dissidents"), but with the "philosophy" and ideology of gangsterism, the creation of their own asocial "clichés", stereotypes of a "beautiful" criminal life. This is where inexperienced teenagers are caught, drawing them into a life of crime, with its criminal romance, risk to life, greed, etc. The process of departization and de-ideologization of social institutions (schools, vocational schools, the army, law enforcement agencies, labor collectives) does not help in the fight against this. The communist dogmas are being replaced by the dogmas of modern democrats with their ultra-left phraseology, the destruction of monuments, the overthrow of the former totalitarian ones and the glorification of new "leaders - the liberators of the people."
Criminal subculture intensively enriched at the expense of others socio-cultural(or rather "subcultural") sources. Thus, the growing alcoholization of the population led to the dominance of the traditions of alcoholic feasts with their own traditions and attributes. All of them moved to vulgar criminal groups of minors and young offenders prone to alcoholism.
The emergence of video art led not only to video piracy, but also to the preaching of extreme forms of hedonism, the business of erotica, and the demonstration of sexual perversions. All this contributed to the growth of the number of groups of violent criminals, the increase in the level of cruelty to victims criminal encroachments etc.
Here is an example. Underage Vladimir S. and Vladimir 3. stopped a private Zhiguli and asked the owner to give them a ride. Once in the car, they killed the owner with particular cruelty and were detained at the scene of the crime. "Despite the whole nightmare of the crime committed, they did not feel any remorse. Both, as it turned out, are big fans of video films, and precisely those that show unbridled violence and cruelty. They admitted that they wanted to bring what they saw in the films to life" (326 ).
extreme manifestations of youth fashion spawned speculation, consumerism, materialism, prostitution. Corresponding criminal groups of minors and youth have appeared.
Prostitution has always existed with us, but they turned a blind eye to it. However, "... recently, this "profession", covered with legends about gigantic earnings, has become considered prestigious and romantic among the youth." (210) This led to a sharp rejuvenation of the ranks of prostitutes. Pimps who "specialize" in "catching" 11-12-year-old provincial women and trading them are exposed.
It also has its own morality, its own way of life, its own rules and values. Today, many are demanding the legalization of prostitution in order to more successfully fight the crime associated with it.
The almost uncontrolled repertoire of video salons, where pornographic films predominate, also affects the decline in the morals of minors. Recently, the number of those who are engaged in homosexuality, including lesbianism, has increased among teenagers - lovers of "strawberries". Here, there are already different customs than those of prostitutes and their keepers, the environment (509).
Sociotechnical reasons in the form of the costs of scientific and technological progress, urbanization and out of control migration processes, the development of the media, also significantly influenced the criminal subculture. Thus, the constant migration ("unidirectional" and "pendulum") of the youth part of the population contributes to the rapid spread of the norms and traditions of the criminal world in various regions of the country.
"Improved" criminal subculture due to the connections of domestic criminals with mafias abroad, including at the level of groups of minors and youth (168;87;90;256;291;384;403;476;481).
The computer "boom" has led to the emergence of groups of minors and young people doing criminal business on computer technology. There are thefts not only of computers, but also of programs, the use of computers for various financial frauds, the infection of computers with a "computer virus", etc. Criminals do not work alone in this area. Uniting in groups of specialists in this technique, they develop rules, norms, values of "techies" who do business, by which they live.
Mass media and the information itself (including printed materials) also became the object of criminal fraud, speculation in printed materials of dubious quality, especially erotic and pornographic content.
Young people and minors, uniting in groups, divide here spheres of influence and territory among themselves, create their own subculture serving their criminal business. There are certain intergroup intragroup relations.
As a result of mass motorization and motorization, groups of motorized criminals(not only rockers, but also specialists in robbing cars, dismantling them, speculating in spare parts (570)). There are criminal groups engaged in night cabs, night trade in alcohol, "personal" service to the "bosses" of the underworld and currency prostitutes. It also has its own rules, norms and values. Relations between criminals and criminals with citizens are also strictly regulated.
Social factor- the underdevelopment of the sphere of domestic services also affects the development of the criminal subculture. Criminal elements flock here. They divide spheres of influence, establish their own rules, impose a monopoly on prices and services, rob cooperators, private traders, and competitors. It is on this basis that clashes between criminal groups often occur, often leading to the death of innocent people who are not involved in criminal activities. This is how it constantly happens in Moscow during clashes between the Ivanteevskaya, Solntsevo and other groups, in the process of fighting in the markets of Moscow for the spheres of influence of the "Lyubertsy" and "Chechen" groups. Minors are often used as scouts and instigators in such groups.
In these groupings there is an iron discipline, an army-like order, a strict distribution of roles and responsibilities, unquestioning obedience to the "boss". Cold and firearms are used here, bodyguards operate, alcohol is strictly prohibited.
In the years of stagnation, the fundamental objective social, political, economic and other causes of crime, especially among minors and young people, were denied. The whole complex of causality was reduced to shortcomings in educational work, i.e. to the subjective factor. However, in modern conditions, one should also remember about the shortcomings in the educational work of many social institutions, such as schools, vocational schools, technical schools, universities, labor and army teams, trade unions, which affect the development of the criminal subculture.
The main disadvantages of recent parenting are underestimation universal values, preference for a class approach, the formalization of all educational work, the suppression of the individual, an attack on her beliefs, her inner world. These shortcomings still make themselves felt in the field of education. Therefore, in all social institutions, the so-called "toilet-school" subculture arose and began to develop. "She is the little sister" of the asocial, criminal subculture, its beginning.
As you know, youth and minors tend to unite. They are attracted to romance. This was taken advantage of in the West long ago, by creating a scouting movement, which, by the way, was developed in pre-revolutionary Russia (91, 191, 293).
It ceased to exist after the revolution (the last Scout Congress took place on April 23, 1918). Instead of scout organizations, a pioneer organization was created, which adopted the rules, traditions, and all the external paraphernalia of scouts. The difference between them lies in one thing: the scouting movement stood outside politics, and the pioneers were immediately included in the "struggle for the cause of the party of Lenin-Stalin." To the limit, formalized pioneer and Komsomol organizations did not give the opportunity to show, liberate the personality. They gave rise to opportunists, careerists, little bureaucrats. From the double morality (they say one thing from the rostrum, but in fact another) the minors fled, fixing their rules and norms on the walls and fences, ridiculing the bureaucratic activists. As soon as teenagers and young people, capable and strong-willed organizers with criminal inclinations, got into this environment, the “toilet-school” subculture was reborn into a criminal one.
It is impossible not to say about the impact on the criminal subculture socio-legal factors. The criminal subculture is very dynamic. It spreads rapidly in new environments. Therefore, any inconsistency in the application of legal measures in the fight against crime causes a quick reaction of criminal groups, i.e. the creation of norms and rules that help to use any "gap" in the laws in the interests of a criminal group.
The role of shortcomings is great organizational and managerial factor in the formation of a criminal subculture. Thus, the untimeliness and inconsistency in solving urgent youth problems, the lack of a detailed youth policy in the country, form a "social niche", which is immediately occupied by the criminal subculture.
These are common sources fueling the criminal subculture. In special educational and correctional institutions, in addition, and possibly in parallel, there are several more causes and conditions. Scientists are trying to explain the causes of the emergence of a criminal subculture, as well as the division of minors and youth in closed institutions into castes, based on various hypotheses. One of these hypotheses is the influence of thieves' traditions. Of course, the role of these traditions cannot be underestimated. It is difficult to deal with them, because they are not only conservative, but also mobile, able to transform, taking on a modern look under the influence of fashion, changed modern conditions. The strength of the thieves' traditions is in their emotional attractiveness and contagiousness, in the maximum consideration of the age characteristics of minors with their craving for risk, romance, mystery and unusualness. Therefore, among minors and young people, especially those who are completely or partially deprived of their liberty, criminal traditions come to life and spread faster than among adult criminals.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that most minors and young people who adhere to criminal traditions do not know their true meaning. Therefore, when organizing groups, they are forced to create these traditions themselves. Here the "role" of "prompters" from among adults or "experienced" people is great. Along with many similar rules of conduct adopted among juvenile delinquents, each special school, each special vocational school and VTK, as well as the reception center, have their own norms and values. So there is a local "rule-making", proceeding along the same socio-psychological mechanisms, both in socially positive and in criminal groups of minors.
It would be wrong to explain the causes and conditions for the emergence of a criminal subculture in special educational institutions, colonies and reception centers only by the action of criminal traditions. These reasons also have not so much psychological (age) and socio-psychological (group) as social nature. The social nature of the criminal subculture in these institutions, its relationship with crime is also evidenced by the fact that many of the elements of this subculture (group stratification, norms, functions, traditions, jargon, tattoos, etc.) are common in the criminal environment and at large. They can be transferred to closed educational and correctional institutions. The social nature of the "other life" and its connection with crime is manifested in the fact that the contingent of convicts in the ITU, students in special schools and special vocational schools, if I may say so, is "deteriorating" in terms of criminological indicators. This contributes to the intensive development of the criminal subculture.
The desire to ignore the phenomena of "another life" in VTK, special schools, special vocational schools, in the army, or to deny the possibility of their occurrence out of considerations of a falsely understood prestige, causes serious social harm. The criminal subculture arises in connection with the incomplete inclusion of a person in social culture, the dissatisfaction of not only his elementary, but also higher needs. It is a "field" of self-affirmation of a person who has not received recognition or is dissatisfied with his social role in the system of official relations.
The criminal subculture helps such a person to fulfill himself. A model for him often becomes a "lump", a "businessman" who thrives on unearned income, reselling video cassettes, tape recorders, branded items. This corrupts a certain part of teenagers and youth, forms in them consumerism, a cult of things and pleasures. In the criminal subculture, interaction is manifested, and, for the time being, mutual support, psychological and physical protection, etc. The same socio-psychological mechanisms operate in it as in the system of official relations (imitation, suggestion, infection, competition, rivalry). But they are filled with the specific content of the criminal subculture.
There is an opinion that one of the reasons for the emergence of "another life" is the separation of youth and adults in special educational institutions and colonies on the basis of gender. In the absence of persons of the opposite sex, due to age characteristics among minors, a division of adolescents into active and passive homosexuals can easily arise. However, as noted above, homosexuality among adolescents is common in the wild. In addition, homosexuality in special and correctional institutions is not so much a means of satisfying sexual needs as a way of asserting some ("bumps") and overthrowing others ("lower classes"). This phenomenon is reflected in group norms and rules. Persons who acted in sexual acts as passive partners fall into the "lower classes" (26 89, 173, 367).
Other sexual perversions, the so-called "fetish homosexuality" (he picked up the "bull" from the floor in the toilet, washed himself with soap, with which the "bump" washed the genitals), oral satisfaction of sexual needs, etc. . Let's take an example. Khudakov, a prison worker, interviewed Zhenya T. about the reasons for his escape from the Moscow special school for children in need of special conditions of education. He pointed out that the "bump" forced him to collect cigarette butts in the toilet, tried to knock out his teeth on his knees, then at night the teenagers urinated on his bed. Another "hillock" forced him to take his penis into his mouth. Subsequently, acts of sodomy began to be systematically carried out over Zhenya. Therefore, he constantly ran away from school. Here we see a whole system of discrediting a teenager (8, 358).
Only in some special schools, special vocational schools, VTK such phenomena do not occur. In them, the energy of adolescents and young people is switched to various types of socially useful activities (the principle of sublimation is used). In addition, benevolent, humane relations among minors and young people are formed and maintained in these institutions, the facts of mockery of a person are strictly suppressed. The author wrote about the need to humanize relations among minors back in 1979 (351).
It is believed that one of the sources and causes of the criminal subculture is mutual aggression of minors in closed institutions.
Now we often learn from the periodical press about unmotivated crimes committed by aggressive people with particular cruelty and sophistication (546; 553). There are various theories explaining this phenomenon (biological, social, psychological) that deserve separate consideration (320). Here we turn to the problem of aggression of minors and youth in closed institutions within the framework of the criminal subculture.
The emergence of mutual aggression in the criminal environment "in the zone" is influenced not so much by the very fact of isolation of adolescents and young people from society, but by combining it with punishment, based on the interpersonal system in which minors and young people are included against their will. A teenager or young person who finds himself in a closed special institution experiences a state of frustration (breaking of life plans), which generates tension and stress. He becomes highly aggressive, suspicious, distrustful, quarrelsome, conflict.
Here, psychological, moral and criminal incompatibility arises easier and faster than in freedom, in this case, adolescents and young people take the most decisive measures to protect their "I".
Sending a minor to these institutions means for him a situation of pressure caused by strong environmental pressure on his personality. This situation can distort her behavior, causing conformist behavior or retaliatory aggression.
Being in these institutions creates for a juvenile and a young offender a serious traumatic situation, characterized by the destruction of previous ties, circle of friends, support of friends, as well as the need to live in a foreign environment. Such a situation inevitably activates the mechanism of psychological defense (search for friends, countrymen, accomplices, etc.), as well as ways to relieve mental trauma.
In addition, it is known that being in closed institutions makes you work more intensively. imitation mechanisms(contagiousness), caused by patterns of behavior of more experienced people around, who are able to show resourcefulness and "well" get along by exploiting and oppressing newcomers and the weak.
Deprived of the opportunity to habitually satisfy a number of elementary needs (choose food and diet, move freely, freely choose the form of leisure, etc.), constantly under the control of other adolescents (boys), testing what he is capable of, waiting for imaginary, and often real, punitive claims on the part of the administration, a teenager or young man is forced to seek protection measures. One of such measures is the association of minors and youth in informal groups. It seems to a teenager and a young person that in these groups he will not stand out and thus will attract the attention of the administration and educators less. He thinks that there are always more experienced people in the group who will help him choose a strategy of behavior. In addition, a teenager or young person believes that the group will not betray him to the administration and will support him in case of claims from other groups.
Thus, in the criminal subculture, minors and young people are united in groups where mutual support and psychological protection begin to manifest themselves, and other socio-psychological mechanisms are activated.
It should be noted that the considered processes take place not only among adolescents and young people who are in closed educational and correctional institutions, but also in Kazan "winders", Almaty "gangs" and "offices" in other cities. The "street" is becoming more and more hostile to a teenager and a young man, everywhere he is in danger in the form of aggression from "offices" and "gangs" from neighboring microdistricts or "stray" (visitors from other settlements) (21,23,39,56,97,109,140,141,408 ).
Together, teenagers and young men feel their strength and superiority. If you try to disunite such a group, it will resist by strengthening intra-group solidarity, setting a common task that unites all its members, transferring aggression to one of them, creating their own norms, values, conventions based on informal connections, especially regulating relations in the group.
It is risky to resolve one's aggression by speaking out against the administration of a closed educational and correctional institution (representatives of law enforcement agencies and the public at large). Only one object remains - his own comrade (convicted in the VTK, a student in a special school or special vocational school, and a teenager from a neighboring block or house is free).
However, mutual aggression among their own kind leads to chaos, which cannot last long.
Therefore, minors and young people try to organize interpersonal relations in such a way that aggression itself becomes regulated by certain unwritten rules and norms. In the youth environment, such codification is much faster. Adolescents and young people adhere to the established group rules more readily. The same can be said about mutual support, called "ourism": if "ours" are beaten, in this case the group comes to their defense, without thinking about the causes of the conflict and the guilt of the parties.
"A variant of" oursism "is" hazing. "The ideal structure of the hierarchy: at the head is a professional (company commander, foreman); behind him are our real demobilizations. Next are our second and third ranks (grandfathers, years, etc.). And in at the base of the hierarchy are disenfranchised rookies, who can be mocked by the most worthless grandfather. But when confronted with outsiders, especially civilians, the invocative "they beat us" sounds, and even demobilizations stand up for the honor of their uniform, and the godfather covers them "(23).
These are some of the origins and mechanisms of the emergence of a criminal subculture, its norms and rules that determine the behavior of hierarchical groups, individual adolescents and young people. All of them operate on the basis of age-related emancipation, the desire for age-related independence. Thus, in the criminal subculture, mutual punishments (aggression) and mutual support are transformed into a strictly ordered system of punishments and pleasures. This system allows those at the top of the group hierarchy to receive certain informal benefits that ease the pressure of being isolated and separated from home, relatives and friends while in a closed institution. In freedom, this system provides such an adolescent with certain guarantees of personal protection in the immediate environment (116,357, 364).
Consequently, the formation of a criminal subculture is affected by two directly opposite mechanism:
1. A mechanism for a person to search for psychological and physical protection in a new environment, including protection from the administration of a closed institution (at liberty - from law enforcement agencies) and hostile youth groups;
2. The mechanism of mutual aggression of members of the community, mutual punishment and oppression of the weak for the sake of their own satisfaction and exaltation.
From the foregoing, it can be concluded that the main socio-psychological measures prevention of criminal subculture are:
creation of reliable psychological protection for each teenager and young person (both in a closed correctional and educational institution, and at the place of residence);
formation in all institutions for minors (schools and vocational schools, special schools and special vocational schools) as well as in VTK socially valuable
traditions that could compete with and supplant antisocial and prison traditions;
maximum humanization of the adolescent and youth population on the basis of universal ideals of benevolence, compassion, mercy, justice;
stimulation of official independent rule-making activity of minors and youth, which would regulate their interpersonal relations and behavior, life in educational, educational and correctional institutions.
In a previously published work, based on the party-class approach that was being implanted at that time, the author was forced to write that "another life" received wide use in correctional institutions for juveniles and young offenders only in capitalist countries, often taking precedence over official life, which was allegedly facilitated by the exploitative system of class relations that penetrates these institutions. The division into "strata" there is due to the class inequality of juvenile delinquents. "Being in the grip of class contradictions," the author wrote, "bourgeois society cannot liquidate the 'other life' no matter what measures it takes, since such a society cannot liquidate exploitative class relations" (355, p. 219).
Further, the author was forced to write that allegedly in institutions for juvenile delinquents of the socialist countries, "another life" does not have a class-economic basis, just as crime does not have class-economic roots" (355, pp. 219-220).
In a work published at that time, the author said that the work of minors in our institutions is regulated by labor legislation. It does not allow adolescents to be involved in work that is harmful to health. But in fact, the existing legislation relating to minors and young people is hopelessly outdated. In addition, in special schools, special vocational schools and VTK, it is constantly violated "due to production needs."
In practice, adolescents are involved in work that is harmful to health or such work that causes a persistent negative reaction in them, for example, in the manufacture of containers, handles for hammers, handles for shovels, etc. Often they have to move loads that weigh more than the norm established for them. Not everyone is involved in the work. This work is not always paid according to its quantity and quality. Therefore, juveniles who leave special schools and special vocational schools and are released from VTK often cannot earn for themselves at least for the first time of life at large and are forced to again embark on the path of crime.
Minors are not equal before the law. The financial situation of the family, the level of education, nationality and religion also influence. As an example, we talked about the explosion of nationalist passions and the suffering of non-indigenous teenagers who are subjected to harassment in different regions of the country. All this requires the development of a scientific approach to the study of the causes of the emergence of a criminal subculture among minors and young people and ways to overcome it, to move away from the party-class principle.
As we can see, the party-class approach to the problem leads the researcher into a dead end, ignoring objective reality. The criminal subculture is widespread in our country, not only in closed educational and correctional institutions, but also abroad in the criminalized teenage and youth environment and in army conditions. It permeates all spheres of life of society, which has become essentially a criminal society. In closed institutions, the criminal subculture is only more pronounced and more clearly defined in organizational terms.
For many years we overestimated the role student team, referring to the experience of A.S. Makarenko, forgetting that it was a different time and a different situation. Creating at school October starlets, pioneer squads, Komsomol groups, we ourselves cultivated leaderism, a cult of personality, from which one step is one step to "hazing" and "bugrism". In this regard, the idea is correct that "the collective, if it exists long enough, will necessarily strive for a corporation. Sooner or later, the generator of ideas or the coordinator will become leaders. A cult of personality will appear. The collective will acquire a rigid structure, only subordinates and performers will appear. By creating a children's team, we bring in the gene of corporate associations, the gene of hazing.Hazing is planted by us, adults, from the first grade.
When we create "asterisks" and give children as a leader a child of 7-9 years old who does not know what leadership is, does not own the means of leadership, he begins to carry out the functions of a leader. If we start creating children's groups earlier age when children are ready for them, we provoke children to develop corporate tendencies in them - tendencies to violence, to unaccountable power" (461). And power is one of the strongest drugs.
Of course, the viability of the criminal subculture is affected by the violation of the principles of social justice, the collapse of social ideals among young people, mistakes in working with minors, misunderstanding of the peculiarities of their age (it is impossible to do this in totalitarian conditions), the desire for communication and grouping for the purpose of self-expression and self-affirmation. But all this is secondary. Primary, as we have argued, are the root (social and economic) causes. The criminal subculture is a cast of the "socialist" culture that was created in the country after the revolution, its mirror image. The totalitarian society gave the country a totalitarian crime, in which there was a place for minors and youth, their criminal groups, gangs and gangs.
Morgunov Sergey Vasilyevich, PhD in Law, Senior Researcher of the Research and Editorial Publishing Department of the FGKU DPO "Tyumen Institute for Advanced Training of Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation" [email protected]
Sociopsychological determinants of recidivism
Annotation. The article is devoted to the problems of the emergence of determinants of recidivism at the socio-psychological level. The author reveals these problems from the standpoint of the different impact of microsocial groups (family, work collective, domestic and informal environment) on the formation of the criminogenic motivation of a recidivist, depending on his age. , determinants of recidivism.
Repeat offenders, after being released from places of deprivation of liberty, lose some professional skills, face changing working conditions (changes in the technological process, wages, duration of work, requirements for labor discipline, etc.). As a result of a survey of persons with previous convictions, it was found that every second (48.6%) was denied employment due to a previous conviction. All this leads to psychological discomfort, on the basis of which emotional breakdowns occur. Due to the low educational and moral level, recidivists are trying to remove psychological stress by drinking alcohol, narcotic substances, absenteeism, frequent transition from one place of work to another. Avoiding problems in the work team in such marginal ways does not contribute to a respectful attitude towards work among the recidivist. Persons of this category in the adaptation period after hiring very often develop difficult interpersonal relationships with the employer and other members of the work team. In addition to low labor qualifications, the first time after hiring, a significant role is played by the past conviction of a recidivist, which alarms the employer and sometimes forces him to play it safe, not trust a new employee, and also entrust control over him to long-working members of the team. Excessive guardianship, distrust of a recidivist who has got a job does not contribute to the development of a positive attitude towards the employer of this person. In the speedy socialization of a person with a previous conviction, an important role is played by interpersonal relations between him and the workers of the labor collective. At present, the educational role of the labor collective has been reduced to a minimum. The environment in which the recidivist works is made up not only of working conditions, but also of the behavior of other workers during working and non-working hours. In conditions where there is an unskilled, low-paid heavy physical work, a working recidivist, as a rule, is surrounded by workers with a socially marginal attitude, who drink alcohol, have low professional qualifications, and do not seek to improve their professional level. Between these workers on the basis of alcohol abuse, scandals and quarrels break out, the participants of which are often repeat offenders, which ultimately leads to the commission of crimes. Very often, labor collectives, where there are positive, well-established traditions, reject people who have previously been convicted and are trying to improve relations in a new workplace, since educational process is very time consuming and unpaid by the employer, and therefore most experienced workers refuse mentoring. According to our research, only 39.4% of recidivists returned to the old labor collectives after their release, and most of this contingent - 60.6% - tried to join the new labor collective. The difficulty of adapting a recidivist in the work team leads to emotional breakdowns, which are very often accompanied by conflicts, alcohol abuse, drugs, indifference to work, which leads to frequent job changes. All this negatively affects the consciousness of a recidivist and ultimately leads to the commission of repeated crimes. Informal communication occupies a significant place in the life of a recidivist, and this is confirmed by our research, more than half (51.2%) of recidivists spent their free time in non-family relations, that is, in an informal setting. With insoluble problems that arise in family, household and work life, the recidivist satisfies the need for communication and other human needs in an informal environment. Sometimes the informal environment remains for him the last place of socialization, absorbing completely all the time the recidivist is at large.
In the event of a negative impact of the informal leisure environment, there is a partial or complete blocking of the positive influence on the part of the family, neighbors, labor collective in relation to the recidivist. Our study found that they spent time in an informal setting for the following purposes: drunkenness -4.8% of recidivists, physical idleness -1.6%, visiting friends -16.2%, being on the street -8.9%, being in a cafe -4.0%, aimless freedom -9.7% and visits to entertainment establishments -0.4% of repeat offenders, total -45.6%. Almost half of the recidivists, being at large, prefer to lead an idle, aimless lifestyle, accompanied by drinking alcohol, using drugs, disorderly sex, consumption of low mass culture, orgies, drinking bouts, physical idleness. The informal leisure environment of the recidivist is closely connected with the criminal subculture, which he is the bearer. The role of criminal traditions and customs not only maintains the stability and continuity of recidivist crimes, but also serves as a moral and spiritual justification for the antisocial lifestyle of a recidivist. Together with the criminal subculture, the informal leisure environment accelerates the production by the recidivist of the most diverse forms of antisocial behavior at the level of sociopsychological determination of recidivism. At a young age, the family has both a negative and a positive influence on the recidivist, it almost completely dominates the influence of other small social groups (schools, streets, neighbors). In adolescence, the consciousness of a recidivist is increasingly negatively influenced by the informal environment, alienating him from the positive influence of his family, school, and neighbors. At the age of majority and up to 25 years old, the recidivist is almost completely influenced by the informal environment, betraying him some isolation, independence from the family, neighbors and work collective. In more adulthood the recidivist tries to establish positive relationships with the family and work environment, but he often fails because of the criminal habits and customs deeply rooted in his mind, which lead him to frequent psychological breakdowns during the period of social adaptation. In this regard, an informal leisure environment comes to the fore, in which a recidivist can feel relatively comfortable and be perceived by other people. different degree The negative influence of small social groups, depending on the age of the recidivist, determines at the socio-psychological level the determination of recidivist crime in his minors, minors and adults. family, work or school groups, household and informal environment), leading to a complete loss of the status of a member of these groups and contributing to the acquisition of membership in an informal criminogenic environment, on the other hand, a decrease in the anticriminogenic potential of positive microsocial groups.
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Kim E.P., Romanov G.A. Prevention of domestic crimes by internal affairs bodies: a lecture. M .: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1989. 32 p. 7. Lebedev S. Ya. Antisocial traditions, customs and their impact on crime: a study guide. Omsk: Omskaya graduate School militia of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, 1989. 72 p.
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