Determination of air purity using lichens. Evaluation of air purity by lichen indication in various microdistricts of Chekhov

Air Cube.

At an air temperature of 20 °C in a room, an adult emits an average of 21.6 liters of carbon dioxide per hour, being in a state of relative rest. The required volume of ventilation air for one person will then be 36 m3/h.

does not make it possible to widely use these indicators for normalizing air exchange.

The values ​​of the recommended ventilation volume are very variable, as they differ by an order of magnitude. Hygienists have established the optimal figure - 200 m3 / h, corresponding to building codes and regulations - at least 20 m3 / h for public premises in which a person is

continuously for no more than 3 hours.

Air ionization. To ensure air comfort indoors, the electrical condition of the air is also important.

The ionization of air changes more intensively with an increase in the number of people in the room and a decrease in its cubic capacity. At the same time, the content of light air ions decreases due to their absorption in the process of breathing, adsorption by surfaces, etc., as well as the transformation of some of the light ions into heavy ones, the amount of which increases sharply in the exhaled air and when dust particles rise into the air. With a decrease in the number of light ions, the loss of the refreshing ability of the air, a decrease in the physiological

and chemical activity.

The ionization of air in residential premises should be assessed according to such criteria.

It is proposed to consider the concentrations of light ions of both signs in the range of 1000-3000 ions/cm3 as the optimal levels of air ionization,

Lighting and insolation. The light factor that accompanies a person throughout life provides 80% of information, has a great biological effect, plays a primary role in regulating the most important vital functions organism.

Rational, from a hygienic point of view, is such lighting that provides:

a) optimal illumination values ​​on surrounding surfaces;

b) uniform illumination in time and space;

c) direct glare limitation;

d) limited reflected brilliance;

e) weakening of sharp and deep shadows;

f) increasing the contrast between the detail and the background, enhancing the brightness and color contrast;

g) the correct difference in colors and shades;

h) optimal biological activity of the light flux;

i) safety and reliability of lighting.

Optimal conditions for performing visual work at low values ​​of the background reflectance can be provided only with an illumination of 10,000-15,000 lux

and for public and residential premises, the maximum illumination is 500 lux.

Room lighting is provided by natural light(natural), light energy artificial sources(artificial) and, finally, combinations of natural and artificial sources (combined lighting).

Daylight premises and territories is created mainly due to direct, diffused, as well as sunlight reflected from surrounding objects. Natural lighting must be provided in all rooms intended for long-term stay of people.

Illumination levels by natural light are estimated using relative

indicator KEO (natural lighting coefficient) is the ratio of the level of natural light inside the room (on the work surface furthest from the window or on the floor) to the simultaneously determined level of light outside (outdoors), multiplied by 100. It shows what percentage of the outside illumination is the illumination inside the room. The need for normalization of the relative value is due to the fact that natural lighting depends on many factors, primarily on outdoor illumination, which is constantly changing and forms a variable mode indoors. In addition, natural lighting depends on the light climate of the area.

Complex of indicators of resources of natural light energy and sunshine

climate. Combined lighting - a system where the lack of natural light is compensated

artificial, that is, natural and artificial light are jointly normalized.

For living rooms in warm climates, the light factor should be 1:8

artificial lighting. The advantage of artificial lighting is the ability to provide the desired level in any room.

illumination. There are two systems of artificial lighting: a) general lighting; b) combined lighting, when the general is supplemented with local, concentrating light directly on the workplace.

Artificial lighting must meet the following sanitary and hygienic requirements: be sufficiently intense, uniform; ensure proper shadow formation; do not dazzle or distort colors; be safe and reliable; in terms of spectral composition approach daytime

lighting.

Insolation. Exposure to direct sunlight is an essential factor that has a healing effect on the human body and bactericidal effect on the microflora. environment.

The positive effect of solar radiation is marked as open areas, as well as indoors. However, this ability is realized only with a sufficient dose of direct sunlight, which is determined by such an indicator as the duration of insolation.

Prevention of adverse effects of physical chemical factors on the body during the operation of household appliances.

All household appliances powered by electric current form electromagnetic fields around them. Electromagnetic radiation is dangerous because a person does not feel their action and therefore cannot determine the degree of their danger without special devices. The human body is very sensitive to electromagnetic radiation. If you place an electric stove, microwave oven, TV, washing machine, refrigerator, heater, air conditioner, electric kettle and coffee maker in a small kitchen, then the human environment can become dangerous to human health.

With a long stay in such a room, there is a violation of the heart, brain, endocrine and immune systems. Electromagnetic radiation poses a particular danger to children and pregnant women. Most high level electromagnetic radiation fixed in a cell phone, microwave oven, computer and on the top cover of the TV .

To reduce the influence of electromagnetic fields helps to constantly ventilate the room and walk on fresh air. Try not to put the TV and computer in the room where you sleep. If you live in a one-room apartment or communal room, then do not install a computer, TV and cell phone at a distance of less than 1.5 meters from the bed. At night, do not leave the equipment in a mode where the red light of the panel remains on.

Health hazards are older generation televisions with a cathode ray tube, which itself is an active emitter. In LCD TVs, the principle of operation is different; inside them there are special lighting elements that change their transparency. They have no harmful radiation and screen flicker.

You can watch LCD TVs from almost any distance. But it is impossible to abuse the time when watching TV, this leads to overwork of the eyes and deterioration of vision. The eyes get tired very quickly if a person watches TV at an angle that is uncomfortable for seeing. To avoid deterioration of vision, after every hour of watching TV, you need to rest your eyes for at least 5 minutes.

The safest TV viewing distance for your eyes is a place that allows you to watch TV at a distance equal to the size of the TV diagonal multiplied by five.

Rural hygiene populated areas. Features of planning, building and improvement of modern rural settlements, rural dwellings.
Urbanization as a global historical process determined the deep structural transformations not only of cities, but also rural areas. This applies primarily to housing construction, technical equipment, and the spread of the urban lifestyle. new village has comfortable housing, outbuildings, power plants, schools, clubs, nurseries, hospitals.

Naturally, the improvement of the village must be carried out in full accordance with the basic requirements of hygienic science. However, the planning and development of rural areas settlements associated with natural conditions, the specifics of labor in agriculture, work on personal plots, etc.

The most expedient is a compact type of village planning with a pronounced division into residential areas with several parallel and perpendicular streets. The linear arrangement of buildings along the traffic artery is undesirable.

The planning of a rural settlement should provide for the division of its territory into two zones - economic and industrial and residential. A public center is also distinguished, where administrative and cultural institutions are located.

Proper planning of settlements contributes to the protection of the population from noise, dust, gases associated with the movement of mechanized transport, the work of repair shops, grain dryers, etc.

In the production zone, where livestock buildings, poultry farms and manure storages are located, breeding grounds for flies and others are formed. Soil contamination with helminth eggs and pathogens of zoonoses dangerous to humans is possible.

Production facilities will be located on the leeward side in relation to residential areas and lower in relief. Between them there are landscaped undeveloped areas - sanitary protection zones with a width of 150 to 300 m.

Significant distances from the residential area are provided for when placing livestock farms and especially reservoirs. Residential zone, which includes estates of collective farmers, community centers, cultural and community centers, children's, medical institutions, should be located in the most favorable territory. According to the internal layout, it differs significantly from the urban residential area. Each rural yard has a personal plot of about 0.25 hectares. As a result, the building density is 5-6%, and the population is 20-25 people per hectare.

The primary element of the residential area is a rural estate, the layout and sanitary condition of which ultimately determine the hygienic well-being of the entire settlement and the health of rural residents. An indispensable condition for the hygienic well-being of a rural settlement is the proper organization of water supply. Currently, almost all large settlements have water supply facilities, while decentralized water supply still exists in small ones. Where shaft wells are used, it is especially necessary to comply with sanitary requirements (“clay castle”, etc.).

A big role in improving living conditions rural population landscaping and engineering equipment of a rural settlement, improvement of its water supply, sewerage and solid waste treatment play a role. Works on land reclamation and vertical planning of a rural settlement include combating flooding and underflooding of territories, lowering the level of groundwater, regulating watercourses, draining floodplain areas and arranging open drainage. All these activities

improve the sanitary condition of the territory, buildings and structures. The issue of engineering equipment for rural settlements should be addressed in a comprehensive manner for residential and industrial zones, taking into account the sequence of construction and compliance with standards. When designing, as well as reconstructing a rural settlement, the tasks of supplying the population with water are solved. It must meet hygienic standards, regardless of whether a rural water supply is being built or a local water supply facility is being used. The planning project should indicate the sources of water supply, as well as the option for placing structures and laying engineering networks. The choice of water treatment methods, the composition and location of the main structures, as well as the sequence of construction of these facilities depend on the assessment of the sanitary situation in the settlement and the residential area development system adopted in the project (number of floors of houses, size of household plots, length of the street network, etc.). When solving the issue of sewerage of a rural settlement, one should first of all provide for the possibility and technical and economic feasibility of combining it with the system of a city or village, as well as an industrial enterprise that may be adjacent to the settlement. Recommendations for the sewerage of rural settlements usually contain two stages in the implementation of this type of improvement: the first stage of construction provides for the construction local systems, On the second

Development of centralized sewerage systems with appropriate treatment facilities. Small sewage treatment plants are selected depending on the number of incoming Wastewater. Sewer outlets from buildings to local treatment facilities small sewer is necessary

design taking into account their further use in the process of functioning of the centralized sewerage system. The system and methods of wastewater treatment are selected in accordance with local

conditions: sanitary characteristics of the reservoir in places of possible wastewater discharge, the presence land plots, the nature of the soil, etc. Sanitary cleaning of rural settlements must meet the same requirements as in the conditions of the city. However, it is also necessary to take into account the

as closer than in the city, the contact of the population with the soil; no need to remove waste from estates; the use of food waste for fattening domestic animals, etc. All this deserves attention, as it increases the risk of infection with zoonoses. Therefore, the health

household yard, the way manure is stored, the maintenance of yard latrines, etc. should be the subject of public health education. A modern village, built anew or reconstructed, has many innovations, but the backyard buildings, proximity

to agricultural land, which greatly facilitates the solution of the problems of sanitary cleaning.

Introduction.

Serious air pollution began in the 19th century due to the increase in the consumption of all types of fuel. The dimensions of the air ocean of our planet are enormous, and it may seem that hundreds of tons of pollution entering the atmosphere every year and constituting less than one ten thousandth of a percent of the mass of the atmosphere are just a drop in the ocean. However, this is far from being the case, because over time, the amount of air pollutants accumulates. At present, the increase in atmospheric air pollution with toxic substances emitted by industrial enterprises and road transport is one of the most important problems facing humanity. Air pollution has a harmful effect on humans and the environment.
The city of Chekhov is one of the youngest cities in the Moscow region. Chekhov district is located in the south of the Moscow region. Its territory is 860 sq. km. The industry of the district is represented by enterprises: energy, foundry, printing, confectionery and construction industries.
The ecological situation in Chekhov, as in any other densely populated and industrial city, is deteriorating. There is an increase in the number of inhabitants with limited growth in living space and an increase in the number of transport units and exhaust gases that pollute the atmosphere.
Some organisms are sensitive indicators of changes in environmental conditions. Such organisms include lichens, which absorb aerosols and gases throughout the surface of thalli. Lichens obtain a large number of chemical elements from the atmosphere with precipitation and dust. Especially a lot of mineral and organic matter enters the body of epiphytic lichens growing on tree trunks. Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution and therefore die quickly in large cities. For this reason, they can serve as indicators of air pollution with harmful substances. They are an ideal tool for pollution control, as their abundance and species diversity increase dramatically with increasing distance from the source of pollution. Therefore, in recent years, lichens have been widely used in assessing air pollution and monitoring the radioactive situation. According to their species composition and occurrence, one can judge the degree of air pollution. Lichens react most sharply to sulfur dioxide ...
Lichens are peculiar symbiotic organisms, the thallus of which is formed by a fungus and algae, with the former predominating in most cases.
Epiphytic lichens prefer old trees, the appearance of the surface of the bark plays a role. On the coarse bark of old trees, bushy species usually settle, leafy and scale species are less common, and scale lichens mainly settle on the smooth bark. There are species of lichens that are resistant and unstable to the urban environment. Correlation between air pollution by waste has been revealed industrial enterprises(sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, fluorine compounds) and species diversity of lichens: the higher the air pollution, the less rich their flora ( Appendix 1 , tab. No. 1). With an increase in air pollution, a consistent study of lichens differs: first, bushy ones die out, then leafy ones, then scale ones.

The most resistant to pollution are some species of the genera Xantoria (Xanthoria), Physcia (Fiscia), Anaptycia (Anaptychia), Hypogymnia (Hypogymnia), Lecanora (Lecanora).

On this basis, a special direction of indication ecology began to develop - lichen indication. Methods for assessing atmospheric pollution by the occurrence of lichens are based on the following patterns:

• the more polluted the air of the city, the less species of lichens are found in it, the smaller the area they cover on tree trunks and other substrates, and the lower their viability;
• with an increase in the degree of air pollution, fruticose lichens are the first to disappear, followed by leafy ones, and the last ones are scale ones.

Based on these patterns, it is possible to quantify the purity of the air in a particular place in a microdistrict of the city.

Research objectives:

• study of morphological and ecological features of lichens;
• study of species diversity of epiphytic lichens;
• study of the viability of species according to the state of the thallus;
• determination of the degree of projective coverage in various microdistricts of the city;
• assessment of the degree of air frequency in the study areas;
• suggesting ways to solve the problem of improving air purity.

Research methods:

• The study of theoretical material.
• The study of research methods.
• Practical implementation of the study.

The work was carried out in the classroom of the ecological circle of the MOU secondary school No. 1 of the city of Chekhov in the summer-autumn season of 2007–2008 in various microdistricts of the city:

1. Neighborhood of the Chekhov Printing Plant (park near the plant).
2. Neighborhood of the Chekhov regeneration plant (alley near the plant).
3. Park-estate of the Vasilchikovs-Goncharovs (1.5 km in the depths of the park).

Work No. 1. "Study of the morphological and ecological features of lichens."

Goals of the work:.

• To study the morphological and ecological features of lichens.
• Expand the understanding of the morphological types and ecological groups of lichens in relation to the substrate.

Completing of the work:

1. The study of special literature on this topic.
2. Description of morphological and ecological groups of lichens.

1. In relation to the substrate and other habitat conditions, several large main ecological groups are distinguished among lichens:

Epilithic lichens- living on the surface rocks.
Epiphytic lichens- growing on the bark of trees and shrubs.
Epigean lichens- growing on the surface of the soil.
Epiphilic lichens- developing on the needles and leaves of evergreens.
Epibriophytic lichens- living on tufts of mosses, and others.

2. In various habitats on rocks, soil, tree trunks, etc., lichens form plant groups - synusia, which are characterized by a certain species composition and certain morphological types. The distribution of lichens is influenced by both the physical and chemical properties of the substrate.

Work number 2. "Study of the species diversity of epiphytic lichens, their viability and the state of thalli"

Goals of the work:

• To study the species diversity of epiphytic lichens in the study areas.
• Investigate the viability and condition of lichen thalli.

Equipment:

• Reference book-determinant of lichen and bryophyte algae. Publishing house "Thought", Moscow, 1978.
• Notepad, pencil, sample collection box.

Completing of the work.

1. We chose 3 sites for visual inspection (2 s anthropogenic load near large industrial enterprises - the Chekhov Printing Plant and the Chekhov Regeneration Plant and one remote from the city - the park-estate of the Vasilchikovs-Goncharovs.)
2. We examined 10 randomly selected trees on each site in order to study species diversity; viability and condition of thalli.
3. Compared the results of the studies.
4. Explained the reasons for the differences found in the study of experimental sites.
5. Entered the data obtained in the table, drew conclusions.

The data are presented in table No. 2, Appendix 1. A systematic review of lichens is presented in Appendix 2.

Findings.

In areas with anthropogenic load, the species diversity of lichens is not high. The species of the genus Xanthoria and the genus Fiscia are mainly represented. At the base of tree trunks, the scale lichen lecanora is found. The viability of lichens in these areas is low, the thallus is stunted. On the site with a reduced anthropogenic load, there are species of the genera Xanthoria, Fiscia and Hypohymnia. The viability of lichens in this area is moderate, but there are lichens with a high degree of viability and a healthy thallus.

Results.

The observations carried out indicate that the species diversity, viability and condition of lichen thalli depend on the state of the atmosphere. According to the state of the lichen cover, one can judge the degree of air pollution. Lichens can serve as indicators of its purity. Serious anthropogenic loads are associated with the release of various polluting components by large industrial enterprises - the Chekhov Printing Plant (ChPK) and the Chekhov Regeneration Plant (ChRZ). Atmospheric air pollution is facilitated by a gas station located 200 meters from the ChPK and a car park near the ChRZ. The situation is aggravated by the busy flow of vehicles along Polygraphistov Street (ChPK microdistrict) and Chekhov Street (ChRZ microdistrict).

Work No. 3. "Assessment of air purity by the frequency of occurrence and the degree of projective cover by lichens"

Goals of the work:

• To investigate the degree of projective cover by lichens in percentage in microdistricts with high anthropogenic pressure and microdistrict with reduced anthropogenic pressure.
• Identify the number of lichen species and the number of lichens of the dominant species.
• To assess the purity of the air according to the frequency of occurrence and the degree of projective cover by lichens in the studied areas.
• Compare the results.

Completing of the work.

1. We identified three microdistricts in the city with different anthropogenic load.
2. The degree of projective cover by lichens on ten trees was determined using the grid-square method. We used meshes 10 x 10 cm, which are frames on which longitudinal and transverse thin wires are stretched through each centimeter. The frame was placed on a tree trunk and fixed.
Then the number (a) of single squares was determined, in which lichens occupy by eye more than half of the area of ​​the square, such coverage was taken as 100%; the number (b) of squares in which lichens occupy less than half of the area of ​​the square was determined; this coverage was taken as 50%. The total coverage in percent was calculated by the formula (c is the number of surveyed sites):

R = 100 a + 50 b / c.

3. The number of lichen species, the number of dominant species and the degree of projective cover on each tree from the southwestern and northeastern sides were determined.
4. Evaluation of occurrence and coverage was given on a five-point scale.
5. Compared the results obtained on three experimental sites. .
6. Entered the data obtained into tables and drew conclusions.

Data on the results of the work are presented in Appendix 3 tables 1-3

Findings.

The microdistrict of the Polygraphic Plant is located in the zone of moderate pollution (the degree of projective coverage is 3 points). Atmospheric air pollution is associated with the emission of polluting components by the Chekhov Printing Plant and a gas station located 200 meters from it.

The microdistrict of the Regenerate Plant is located in a zone of severe pollution (the degree of projective coverage is 2 points). On tree trunks, crustaceous lichens with low viability and stunted thallus are mainly found. The air is heavily polluted by substances emitted by the Chekhov regeneration plant, as well as by vehicles following along Chekhov Street.

The park-estate of the Vasilchikovs-Goncharovs is located in a zone of relatively clean air (the degree of projective coverage is 4 points). This is due to the fact that the park is one of the most green areas and is located quite far from industrial enterprises.

The problems of urban ecology are, first of all, the problems of reducing emissions of various pollutants into the environment. They need to be solved by creating new low-waste technologies of production processes and efficient treatment facilities.
It is necessary to conduct regular monitoring of the state of ecosystems and their elements - environmental monitoring.
Regularly (once every two years) assess the purity of the air using the lichen-indication method, study the diversity of lichens and the state of their cover.
In order to regulate gas composition air and the degree of its pollution, it is necessary to plant trees, lay out squares, lawns, parks in microdistricts with a high anthropogenic load (along major highways, near industrial enterprises, boiler houses, etc.).
Use for landscaping the most resistant to dust, smoke and gas types of tree species: poplar, linden, maple, elm, ash-leaved maple, white acacia, common hawthorn, wild rose, euonymus, common barberry, red elderberry. Carry out targeted and systematic work to update the green fund
Establish control over the construction of gas stations and car service enterprises within the city in order to improve the environmental situation and create places for intensive recreation.
A set of measures for organizing a recreation area, tourism and landscaping the territory of the Vasilchikov-Goncharovs' estate park: improvement of tourist and recreational routes (excursion, educational, ecological corners, etc.), arrangement and equipment of sites and recreation areas, drinking springs according to sanitary standards.
The research results and practical recommendations were sent to the environmental department of the city administration.

Literature

1. Plant life. T.3. Seaweed. Lichens. M., Education, 1977, 487 p.
2. "Algae, lichens and bryophytes"; reference guide, M .: "Thought", 1978
3. Key to lichens in Russia. T.6-8.
4. Pchelkin A.V., Bogolyubov A.S. Methods of lichen indication of environmental pollution: Methodological guide. M., Ecosystem, 1997, 25 p.
5. Mirkin B.M., Naumova L.G., Ecology of Russia"; 1996 M.:, JSC MDS.
6. Mansurova S.E."We monitor the environment of our city", M ., "Vlados", 2001

Golubchikova Maria

This research work contains Full description the work of Maria Golubchikova to determine the purity of the air.

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Scientific conference of students

« First steps in science»

Subject:

"Determination of air purity in the village of Kochetovka"

Work completed:

Golubchikova Maria

8th grade student

MBOU Kochetovskaya secondary school

Supervisor:

Biology teacher

I qualification category

Mokeeva Svetlana Nikolaevna

MBOU Kochetovskaya secondary school

S. Kochetovka

Introduction……………………………………...…………………………………….…………...……3 Chapter 1 Theoretical part………………….……………………………………….….….…..4 1.1 Characteristics of air composition …………………..………………………………………….4-5 1.2 Sources of air pollution in the village of Kochetovka…………….……………….……..……6 1.3 Influence of air composition on human health…………………..……………………………7
Chapter 2 Experimental part…………………………………..………………………..….8 2.1 Bioindicators in the village of Kochetovka………………………………..……………….…………..8 according to the condition of the needles of Scotch pine……………………………………………………………………….………….……9 2.3 Examination of air for the content of solid impurities…………………..…………….10 2.4. Determination of the content of lead ions in plant leaves………………..…………....11 2.5 Survey results local residents………..……………………...…………..12-13
Conclusion………………………………………………………………..…………………..…..14 Used literature…………………………………………………..……………….....15 Applications …………………………………………………………………..………………..…16

Introduction

Since ancient times, mankind has been striving to understand the environment. In his knowledge, man often changes nature. Most often, human activity has a depressing effect on plants and animals. natural balance already biased towards air, water and soil pollution, making living there impossible. Today in the world, a particularly significant problem is the problem of deterioration in the quality external environment habitation, especially the state of atmospheric air. There is nothing in the world more important than air. You can live without water for several days. Without food - several weeks. And without air, only a few moments. There are two main sources of air pollution: natural and anthropogenic. Anthropogenic air pollution is felt most acutely in most countries of the world. One of critical issues society should be the protection of the atmosphere.

The relevance of research:It is no secret that air purity is a progressive factor in human life. Since air and human health are in close relationship and interdependence.

Objective : determine the state of air purity in the village of Kochetovka

Tasks:

• to study the state of atmospheric air in the village of Kochetovka;
• identify major air pollutants;
• to draw a conclusion about the impact of polluted air on the health of villagers
• find ways to solve the problem.

Object of study: air.

Subject of study:air purity and its impact on the health of residents of the village of Kochetovka.

Research methods:work with literature, experiment and questioning.

Research result:based on the analysis of the data obtained, draw a conclusion about the air quality in the village of Kochetovka and its impact on the health of residents

Chapter 1

1.1 Characteristics of air composition

Air is a natural mixture of gases, mainlynitrogen and oxygen, component earth's atmosphere. Air is necessary for the normal existence of the vast majority of terrestrial living organisms. In industry and in everyday life, atmospheric oxygen is used for combustionfuelfor heat and mechanical energy ininternal combustion engines. In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air", atmospheric air is understood as "vital important component environment, which is a natural mixture of atmospheric gases located outside residential, industrial and other premises.

78,084

75,50

20,9476

23,15

0,934

1,292

0,0314

0,046

0,001818

0,0014

0,0002

0,000084

0,000524

0,000073

0,000114

0,003

0,00005

0,00008

0,0000087

0,00004

It is this composition of the atmosphere that is needed for normal human life, so it is important that it remains unchanged. However, various ecological problems lead to a change in the composition of the air. For example, in large cities carbon dioxide higher than in forests; in the mountains there is a low oxygen content, due to the fact that oxygen is heavier than nitrogen, and therefore its density decreases faster with height. So, oxygen is necessary for the respiration of all living organisms, for the processes of decay, for combustion, for the operation of industrial enterprises and transport. Carbon dioxide is involved in the process of photosynthesis, as a result of which organic substances are formed, and oxygen is released. In addition, excessive carbon dioxide production leads to the formation of smog, as well as to greenhouse effect. Currently, there are constant, variable and random components of air. The constant components of air are oxygen, nitrogen and noble gases, their content in the air is the same everywhere near the surface of the Earth. The variable components of air are carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. Their content can vary greatly depending on natural and industrial environment. To random components air include dust, microorganisms, plant pollen, some gases, including those that form acid rain. Air, free from variable and random parts, is transparent, devoid of color, taste and smell.

1.2 Sources of air pollution in with. Kochetovka

The most common respiratory disease associated with air pollution is chronic bronchitis. The dominant source of air pollution in our village is automobile transport, emitting into the air exhaust gases with a high content of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, soot and other toxic substances, and even a carcinogenic hydrocarbon - benzopyrene. The largest amount of harmful substances in the composition of exhaust gases is formed when the vehicle's fuel system is not adjusted. Its correct adjustment allows to reduce their number by 1.5 times, and special converters reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases by six or more times. Scientists have proven that the air is most polluted in the area of ​​roads. Most air pollutants irritate the respiratory tract, reduce resistance to airborne infections, increase the likelihood of cancer and damage the hereditary apparatus, which leads to an increase in the frequency of malformation and a general deterioration in the offspring. Today, the increase in the concentration of harmful substances in the air is also facilitated by the increase in the number of cars in the village. The second source of pollution are house furnaces that use coal or wood. During the combustion of solid fuels, smoke is released into the atmosphere, containing products of complete (carbon dioxide and water vapor) and incomplete (oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons) combustion. Intensive air pollution is also noted during the burning of garbage. Incomplete combustion of substances produces significant amounts of carbon monoxide. In the village of Kochetovka, a livestock farm is also an air pollutant. The room in which livestock is kept serves as a source of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other unpleasant-smelling gases that enter the atmosphere and spread over considerable distances. Another air pollutant is warehouses where seeds are dressed with pesticides, and fields where pesticides and mineral fertilizers are applied in one form or another.

1.3 Effect of air composition on human health

Many factors influence the health of people. This is the way of life of the person himself, his genetic predisposition to different kind diseases, level medical care population and, of course, the state of the environment. The state of cleanliness of atmospheric air is especially important as a factor affecting human health. If this component is contaminated, this, in turn, has an extremely negative effect on the health of the population, increasing its incidence. An increase in the concentration of any pollutant in the air adversely affects the well-being of people. The influence of many pollutants is specific. Atmospheric pollution has adverse effect not only for humans, but also for flora and fauna, for various kinds of structures and vehicles. For example, the appearance of sulfur dioxide in the air causes diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, blood and endocrine system. Carbon monoxide (II) or carbon monoxide, when inhaled, combines with hemoglobin to form carbohemoglobin. This compound disrupts the ability of the blood to deliver oxygen to the tissues and the person loses consciousness. Also, carbon monoxide causes spasms of blood vessels, reduces the immunological reactivity of the body. The presence of nitrogen oxides in the air enhances the action of carcinogens in the same place. Plus, nitrogen oxides cause diseases of the respiratory system, blood circulation, malignant neoplasms, which causes cancer.

Lead and its derivatives, contained in the exhaust gases of motor vehicles and being in the atmospheric air, cause damage to the nervous system, hematopoietic system, mutagenic effect. The amount of lead in human blood increases with the increase in its content in the air. The latter leads to a decrease in the activity of enzymes involved in blood oxygen saturation, and, consequently, to a violation of metabolic processes in the body.

The presence of particulate matter (dust) in the air is also detrimental to human health. Settling in the human respiratory tract, dust is a nasal contaminant.

cavity, nasopharynx and lungs. Dust can also cause various kinds of allergic reactions, and this is especially dangerous for allergy sufferers.

Chapter 2

2.1 Bioindicators in the village of Kochetovka

The most common and accurate indicators of the purity of atmospheric air are lichens. The method of determining air quality with the help of lichens is called lichen indication. Lichens are highly resistant to environmental pollution. The special sensitivity of lichens to toxic substances is explained by the fact that they cannot release the harmful elements absorbed by them into the environment. Sulfur dioxide concentration of 0.5 is detrimental to all types of lichens.

I counted the number of species and the density of overgrown lichens on different streets of the village of Kochetovka. Data definitions and calculations brought in the table.

Table 1: Determining the level of contamination

by density and species diversity lichens.

Conclusion: As a result of the study, I came to the conclusion that in our Kochetovka the state of the air is suitable for breathing. As a result of the experience, I found out that the air is most polluted on Molodezhnaya Street. This is due to the fact that in this territory constantly passes a large number of cars, as well as the state of the air is affected by the nearby federal highway. The street where the largest number of lichens was found was Frolovka. I determined that the reason for this is the lower population of the street, the lack of an asphalt road and, consequently, a decrease in the amount of transport

2.2 Studying the degree of air pollution

The height of the pines in the village is about thirty meters. Armed with a magnifying glass, I examined the needles of Scots pine on the streets: Frolovka, Kolkhoznaya and Molodezhnaya. Needles were present on all the trees I found in the village. Air pollution was determined by the state of pine needles. Having examined and compared the needles on the studied streets, I identified three classes of damage to the needles:

1. Needles without spots;

2. Needles with no a large number small spots;

3. Needles with a large number of black and yellow spots, some large, the entire width of the needles.

In Kochetovka, on all observed streets, the needles were spotless. This indicates the first class of damage. Almost all pines have paths trodden by people, pressed grass. With the help of pines, I determined the level of air pollution in our village. Data on air pollution, obtained on the basis of needles, entered in table 2.

Table 2. Degree of air pollution

according to the state of needles in Scots pine

Object of observation	signs	Damage class
	No stains	The presence of small spots	Lots of black spots
needles Scotch pine

Conclusion: With the help of pine trees, I determined the level of air pollution in Kochetovka. In all the studied streets, spots on the needles were not found. This means that the air in our village is clean. I did not meet trees with heavily fallen needles.

2.3. Study of air for the content of solid impurities

Dust is the smallest solid particles that can stay suspended in the air for a long time. Dust is characterized chemical composition, size and shape of particles, their density, magnetic, electrical and other properties. Depending on the composition of the dust, its harmfulness changes. According to the chemical composition, the dust is divided into organic (wood, cotton), inorganic (cement, carbide) and mixed. The presence of particulate matter in the air is an important characteristic of air purity. Up to 70% of dust settles on trees, bushes and grass.

You can check for the presence of particulate matter in the air as follows: cut out a 10 × 6 cm rectangle from thick paper, and a 3 × 2 cm rectangle in the center. Then seal the “window” rectangle with double-sided tape and hang the samples on three streets. During the experiment, the weather was dry and calm, the season was autumn. After 4 hours, remove samples and assess the air quality by adhering dust particles, first visually, and then under a microscope magnification of 18 times. Counting the number of solid particles per 1 cm, classified them by size. Measurement data entered in table 3

Table 3 Particulate matter content in air

Particle size	Number of particles
	The street Frolovka	The street Kolkhoznaya	The street Youth
Less than 1mm
More than 1 mm
Particulate Air Pollution	Weak	Weak	Medium

Findings: after analyzing samples with solid particles, I came to the conclusion that the largest number of particles was noted on Molodezhnaya street. This is due to the large number of residents and vehicles on this site compared to other streets. Least of all dust particles were noted on Kolkhoznaya Street, which is also related to the population density and the amount of transport on this street.

2.4. Determination of the content of lead ions in plant leaves

Collected 20 birch leaves in three various points: Frolovka street, Kolkhoznaya street, Molodezhnaya street. Then crushed plant mass and added to each sample 50 grams of the mixture ethyl alcohol and water in a ratio of 1:2. I boiled the resulting mixtures for 5-7 minutes so that the lead went into solution. Sodium sulfide was added dropwise to the resulting extract until a black precipitate formed. Compared the intensity of black color in precipitation obtained from three
plant samples. The data was entered into a table.

Table 4

The dependence of the color intensity of the precipitate

from the presence of lead ions in the leaves

No. p / p	Sample number from street indication	Intensity sediment color	Quantity lead ions
	Sample No. 1 Frolovka street	Pale black sediment	Least
	Sample No. 2 The street Kolkhoznaya	Black sediment	The average
	Sample No. 3 The street Youth	bright black precipitate	Greatest

Conclusion: Comparing all the studied sediment samples, I was convinced that the largest amount of lead ions is contained in the leaves collected on Molodezhnaya Street. I again consider the reason for the dense population, the presence largest number units of transport and the absence of cleaning plants on many machines, in order to delay lead ions.

2.5 Results of the survey of local residents

I have developed questionnaires for interviewing local residents to assess the state of the air in the village of Kochetovka. A total of 100 people were interviewed. Of these, 63 women and 37 men aged 18 to 65 years. The results of the survey are as follows: 98% believe that the air in our village is quite clean and quite suitable for breathing, and only 2% of the respondents refer to foreign impurities in it.

79% of the respondents named the main source of air pollution - road transport, 15% - heating stoves in their homes, 4% pointed to fertilizers and pesticides used in the local farm and 2% of the respondents referred to the smell coming from the livestock farm.

94% of respondents believe that many diseases depend on the state of the environment, the remaining 6% do not agree with this opinion.

Kochetovtsy proposed the following ways to maintain clean air in the village: increasing green spaces - 67%, installing cleaning filters on cars - 29%, reducing the number of cars - 4%

From this survey, I concluded that the inhabitants of Kochetovka consider the air clean and breathable. They also see the impact of cars on air pollution and consider it important to maintain the frequency of air in their locality.

Conclusion

The conducted researches of air have shown that in with. Kochetovka the air is clean and breathable for the locals. But still there are factors that affect its purity. The main ones are road transport and houses with stove heating. In our village, bioindicators of air frequency grow - lichens, especially a lot of them on Frolovka Street. Also, pine needles in our village do not have dark spots, which also indicates the cleanliness of our settlement. Despite the fact that the air in our village is cleaner than the air in other areas, we need to protect our property. An important role in the protection and maintenance of the purity of atmospheric air is played by green spaces: they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, the leaves trap dust particles. In order to maintain the purity of the air in our area, it is necessary to carry out the following measures:

1. Planting green spaces, as most of pollutants and dust settles on their leaves.

2. Install cleaning filters on cars.

References

1. Alekseeva S.V., Gruzdeva N.V. Workshop on ecology.- JSC "MDS", 1996.- P.96-99.
2. Andreeva M. "Chemistry". - Yakutsk: IPKRO, 2001. - P. 121.
3. Velichkovsky B.T., Kirpichev V.I. Human Health and the Environment.- « New school", 1997. - P.57.
4. Voskresensky P. "Technique laboratory work". - M .: "Chemistry", 1969. - P. 189.
5. Guzeev VV Planning the results of education and educational technology. - M.: public education, 2001.- P.24.
6. Demina L., Gukhman G. "Earth". - M.: "Miros", 1994. - P. 96.
7. Eremina O.A. Ecology and health // Chemistry at school: journal - 1996. - No. 11 - P.24.
8. Zheleznyakova Yu. V., Nazarenko V. M. Educational and research environmental projects in teaching chemistry // Chemistry at school. - 1999. - No. 3. - S. 47-50.
9. Krauser B., Fremantle M. Chemistry. Laboratory workshop. - M.: Chemistry, 1995.- P.69.
10. Mirkin B.N., Naumova L.G. Ecology of Russia. - M.: AO MDS, 1996. - S.26-28.

Appendix 1

Questionnaire

"Assessment of the air condition in the village of Kochetovka"

1. Gender, age.

2. How do you assess the state of the ambient air in our village?

3. What are the sources of air pollution in our village?

4. Does air pollution affect the health of local residents?

TOPIC SANITARY ASSESSMENT OF AIR PURITY (ANTHROPOTOXINS. BACTERIAL OBSEMINATION). HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR VENTILATION. ASSESSMENT OF THE VENTILATION MODE OF HOSPITALS.

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC:

The air of poorly ventilated wards and other enclosed areas of hospitals, due to changes in the chemical and bacterial composition, physical and other properties, can cause bad influence on the state of health, causing or worsening the course of diseases of the lungs, heart, kidneys, etc. All this indicates the great hygienic significance of the state of the air environment, since, according to F.F. Erisman, one of the first aesthetic needs of the human body.

PURPOSE OF THE LESSON:

Pin theoretical knowledge about the hygienic significance of air purity (CO 2 . anthropotoxins, bacteria contamination).

To teach students methods for determining carbon dioxide and airborne contamination and assessing the degree of air pollution in accordance with hygienic standards.

To study the hygienic requirements for ventilation of various hospital premises.

To teach students methods for assessing the ventilation regime (calculation of the rate of air exchange during natural ventilation).

THEORY QUESTIONS:

Indicators of air pollution (organoleptic, physical, chemical, bacteriological).

Physiological and hygienic significance of carbon dioxide.

Methods for determining carbon dioxide in enclosed spaces.

Calculation and assessment of the rate of air exchange by carbon dioxide.

Methods for determining bacterial air pollution in hospital premises and their hygienic assessment.

PRACTICAL SKILLS:

Students must:

To master the method of determining carbon dioxide by the express method.

To study the device and the rules for working with the Krotov device.

Learn to assess the state of the air environment and justify ventilation modes (using the example of solving situational problems).

Literature:

a) main:

1. Hygiene with the basics of human ecology [Text]: a textbook for students of higher professional education studying in the specialties 060101.65 "General Medicine", 0601040.65 "Medical and preventive work" in the discipline "Hygiene with the basics of human ecology. VG" / [P. I. Melnichenko and others]; ed. P. I. Melnichenko.- M. : GEOTAR-Media, 2011 .- 751 p.

2. Pivovarov, Yuri Petrovich. Hygiene and the basics of human ecology [Text]: a textbook for medical students studying in the specialty 040100 "General Medicine", 040200 "Pediatrics" / Yu. P. Pivovarov, V. V. Korolik, L. S. Zinevich; ed. Yu. P. Pivovarova. - 4th ed., corrected. and additional - M. : Academy, 2008 .- 526 p.

3. Kicha, Dmitry Ivanovich. General hygiene [Text]: a guide to laboratory exercises: a textbook / D. I. Kicha, N. A. Drozhzhina, A. V. Fomina .- M .: GEOTAR-Media, 2010 .- 276 p.

b) additional literature:

1. Mazaev, V.T. Communal hygiene [[Text]]: textbook for universities: [At 2 hours] / V. T. Mazaev, A. A. Korolev, T. G. Shlepnina; ed. V. T. Mazaeva.- M. : GEOTAR-Media, 2005.

2. Shcherbo, A. P. Hospital hygiene / A. P. Shcherbo.- St. Petersburg. : Publishing house of SPbMAPO, 2000 .- 482p.

TRAINING MATERIAL FOR INDEPENDENT TRAINING

Sanitary assessment of air purity

The presence of people or animals in enclosed spaces leads to air pollution by metabolic products (anthropotoxins and other chemicals). It is known that a person in the process of life emits more than 400 different compounds - ammonia, ammonium compounds, hydrogen sulfide, volatile fatty acids, indole, mercaptan, acrolein, acetone, phenol, butane, ethylene oxide, etc. Exhaled air contains only 15-16% oxygen and 3.4-4.7% carbon dioxide, is saturated with water vapor and has a temperature of about 37. Pathogenic microorganisms (staphylococci, streptococci etc.), the number of light ions decreases and heavy ones accumulate. In addition, during the operation of medical institutions, unpleasant odors can enter the air of ward, emergency, treatment and diagnostic departments due to an increase in the content of under-oxidized substances, the use of building materials (wood, polymeric materials), the use of various medicines (ether, oxygen, gaseous anesthetic substances , evaporation of medicines). All this has an adverse effect on both staff and, in particular, on patients. Therefore, control over the chemical composition of the air and its bacterial contamination is of great hygienic importance.

To assess the purity of air, a number of indicators are used:

1. Organoleptic.

The organoleptic properties of the air in the main premises of the healthcare facility (when using the 6-point Wright scale) should correspond to the following parameters: score 0 (no smell), air in the back rooms - score 1 (barely noticeable smell).

2. Chemical.

Oxygen concentration - 20-21%.

The concentration of carbon dioxide is up to 0.05% (very clean air), up to 0.07% (air of good purity), up to 0.17 s (air of satisfactory purity).

Concentrations chemical substances correspond to MPC for atmospheric air.

Air oxidizability (the amount of oxygen in mg required for the oxidation of organic substances in 1 m 3 of air): clean air - up to 6 mg / m 3, moderately polluted - up to 10 mg / m 3; air of poorly ventilated rooms - more than 12 mg / m 3.

3.Physical

Change in air temperature and relative humidity.

The unipolarity coefficient is the ratio of the concentration of heavy ions. Clean atmospheric air has a unipolarity coefficient of 1.1-1.3. With air pollution, the unipolarity coefficient increases.

An indicator of the electrical state of air is the concentration of light ions (the sum of negative and positive.) about 1000-3000 ions per 1 cm 3 of air (± 500).

Bacteriological ("Guidelines for microbiological control of the sanitary and hygienic condition of hospitals and maternity hospitals" number 132-11):

1. Surgical operating rooms: the total contamination of the air before the start of the operation should not exceed 500 microbes in 1 m 3, after the operation - 1000; pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci should not be detected in 250 liters of air.

   Preoperative and dressing: the total contamination of the air before the start of work should not exceed 750 microbes in 1 m 3, after work - 1500; pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci should not be detected in 250 liters of air.

   Maternity rooms: total air contamination - less than 2000 microbes per 1 m3, the number of hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci - no more than 24 per 1 m 3.

   Manipulation rooms: total air contamination - less than 2500 microbes per 1 m 3 .; the number of hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci - no more than 32 in 1 m 3 of air.

   Chambers for patients with scarlet fever: total contamination - less than 3500 microbes in 1 m 3; the number of hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci - up to 72-100 in 1 m 3 of air.

   Ward for newborns: total air contamination - less than 3000 microbes in 1 m 3; the number of hemolytic staphylococci and streptococci is less than 44 per 1 m 3 of air.

In the rest of the hospital rooms with clean air for the summer regime of microorganisms in 1 m 3 - 3500,

hemolytic staphylococcus - 24, viridescent and hemolytic streptococcus - 16; for the winter mode, these figures are) respectively 5000, 52 and 36.

Assessment of indoor air pollution by products of metabolism by the content of carbon dioxide.

The detection of all the numerous metabolic products in the air is associated with great difficulties; therefore, it is customary to assess the quality of the indoor air environment indirectly by an integral indicator - the content of carbon dioxide. The express method for determining CO2 in the air is based on the reaction of carbon dioxide with a soda solution. The principle of the method is that a pink-colored solution of soda with the indicator phenolphthalein becomes colorless when all sodium carbonate interacts with atmospheric CO2 and turns into bicarbonate of soda. 20 ml of a 0.005%) solution of soda with phenolphthalein is drawn into a 100 ml syringe, and then 80 ml of air is sucked in and shaken for 1 minute. If the discoloration of the solution does not occur, the air is carefully squeezed out of the syringe, leaving the solution in it, a portion of air is again drawn in and shaken for another 1 minute. This operation is repeated 3-4 times, after which air is added in small portions, 10-20 ml each, each time shaking the syringe for 1 min until the solution becomes colorless. By counting the total volume of air that has passed through the syringe, determine the concentration of CO2 in the air according to the table

The dependence of the CO 2 content in the air on the volume of air providing 20 ml of 0.005% soda solution

Air volume, ml	Conc. C0 2%	Air volume, ml	Conc. C0 2%	Air volume, ml	Conc. C0 2%

Sanitary and bacteriological examination of air

There are the following methods:

sedimentation - based on the principle of spontaneous sedimentation of microorganisms;

filtration methods - consist in sucking a certain volume of air through a sterile medium, after which the filter material is used to grow bacteria on nutrient media (meat peptone agar - to determine the microbial number and blood agar - to count the number of hemolytic streptococci);

based on the principle of impact action of the air environment.

The latter is considered one of the most advanced, since it provides better capture of highly dispersed phases of microbial aerosol. The most common in sanitary practice is the sedimentation-aspiration air intake using the Krotov device. Krotov's device is a cylinder with a removable cover, in which there is a motor with a centrifugal fan. The investigated air is sucked in at a rate of 20-25 l/min through a wedge-shaped slot in the lid of the device and hits the surface of a dense nutrient medium. For uniform sowing of microbes, the Petri dish with the nutrient medium rotates at a speed of 1 revolution in 1 second. The total volume of air with significant air pollution should be 40-50 liters, with a slight - more than 100 liters. The Petri dish is closed with a lid, inscribed and placed in a thermostat for 2 days at a temperature of 37 ° C, after which the number of grown colonies is counted. Given the volume of the air sample taken, calculate the number of microbes in 1 m 3

Calculation example: 60 l of air was passed through the device for 2 min (30 l/min). The number of grown colonies is 510. The number of microorganisms in 1 m 3 of air is: 510/60 x1000 \u003d 8500 in 1 m 3.

Hygiene requirements for hospital ventilation

In modern standard design of medical institutions, there is a tendency to increase the number of storeys and beds of hospitals, as well as the number of diagnostic departments and services. This makes it possible to reduce the building area, the length of communications, get rid of the duplication of support services, and makes it possible to create more powerful diagnostic and treatment departments. At the same time, greater compaction of the ward compartments, their vertical arrangement increases the possibility of air flow over the ward sections and floors. These features of modern hospital construction impose increased requirements on the organization of air exchange in order to prevent outbreaks of nosocomial infections and postoperative complications. This is especially true for operating units, surgical hospitals, obstetric facilities, children's and infectious diseases departments of hospitals. So, when performing operations in operating rooms with ventilation units providing 5-6-fold air exchange and 100 % air purification from microorganisms, the number of purulent-inflammatory complications does not exceed 0.7-1.0%, and in operating rooms - in the absence of supply air. exhaust ventilation increases to 20-30% or more. Requirements for ventilation are set out in SNiP-2.04.05-80 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning". For the operation of heating and ventilation systems, two modes are established: the mode of the cold and transitional periods of the year (air temperature is below + 10 ° C), the mode of the thermal period of the year (temperature is above 10 ° C). To create an isolated air regime of the chambers, they should be designed with a gateway that has a connection with the bathroom. Exhaust ventilation of the wards should be carried out through individual channels, which excludes vertical air flow. In infectious diseases departments, exhaust ventilation is provided in all boxes and semi-boxes separately by gravitational inducement (due to thermal pressure), by installing independent channels and shafts, as well as by installing deflectors for each of the listed rooms. Air inflow into boxes, semi-boxes, filter-boxes should be carried out due to infiltration from the corridor, through leaks in building structures. To ensure a rational exchange of air in the operating unit, it is necessary to ensure the movement of air flows from the operating rooms to the premises adjacent to it (preoperative, anesthesia), as well as from these premises to the corridor. Exhaust ventilation is installed in the corridor of operating units. The most widely used in operating rooms is the scheme for supplying air through the supply devices located under the ceiling at an angle of 15 ° C to the vertical plane and removing it from two areas of the room (upper and lower.). This scheme provides a laminar air flow and improves the hygienic conditions of the premises. Another scheme is to supply air to the operating room through the ceiling, through a perforated panel and side air inlets, which create a sterile zone and an air curtain. The air exchange rate in the central part of the operating room at the same time reaches up to 60-80 per 1 hour. In all premises of medical institutions, except for operating rooms, in addition to an organized ventilation system, folding transoms should be arranged in the windows. Outside air supplied by supply units to operating rooms, anesthesia, labor, resuscitation, postoperative wards, intensive care wards, 1-2-bed wards for patients with skin burns, wards for newborns, premature and injured children, is additionally cleaned in bacteriological filters. To reduce the microbial contamination of air in small rooms, air cleaners are recommended, mobile, recirculating, providing fast and highly efficient air purification. Dust and bacterial contamination after 15 minutes of continuous operation is reduced by 7-10 times. The operation of air cleaners is based on the continuous circulation of air through a filter made of ultra-fine fibers. They operate both in full recirculation mode and with air intake from adjacent premises or from the street. Air purifiers are used to purify the air during surgery. They do not cause discomfort and do not affect others.

Air conditioning is a set of measures for creating and automatically maintaining an optimal artificial microclimate and air environment in the premises of medical institutions in operating rooms, anesthesia, delivery, postoperative wards, resuscitation, intensive care wards, cardiology and endocrinology departments, in 1-2-bed patient wards with skin burns, for 50% of beds in departments for infants and newborns, as well as in all wards of departments for premature and injured children. An automatic microclimate control system should provide the parameters it requires: air temperature - 17-25 C 0, relative humidity - 40-70%, mobility - 0.1-0.5 m / s.

Sanitary assessment of ventilation efficiency is based on:

sanitary examination of the ventilation system and its mode of operation;

calculation of the actual volume of ventilation and the frequency of air exchange according to instrumental measurements;

objective study of the air environment and microclimate of ventilated premises.

After assessing the mode of natural ventilation (infiltration of outside air through various cracks and leaks in windows, doors, and partly through the pores of building materials into rooms), as well as their ventilation through open windows, vents and other openings arranged to enhance natural air exchange, consider the installation of aeration devices (transoms, vents, aeration channels) and ventilation mode. In the presence of artificial ventilation (mechanical ventilation, which does not depend on the outside temperature and wind pressure and provides, under certain conditions, heating, cooling and cleaning of the outside air), the time of its operation during the day, the conditions for maintaining the air intake and air cleaning chambers are specified. Next, it is necessary to determine the ventilation efficiency, finding it from the actual volume and frequency of air exchange. It is necessary to distinguish between the necessary and actual values ​​of the volume and frequency of air exchange.

The required volume of ventilation is the amount of fresh air that should be supplied to the room per 1 person per hour so that the CO 2 content does not exceed the permissible level (0.07% or 0.1%).

The required ventilation rate is understood as a number showing how many times within 1 hour the room air must be replaced by outside air so that the CO 2 content does not exceed the permissible level.

Ventilation can be natural or artificial

Natural ventilation means the exchange of indoor air with the outside air through various cracks and leaks in window openings, etc., and partly through the pores of building materials (the so-called infiltration), as well as through vents and other openings arranged to enhance natural air exchange. In both cases, air exchange occurs mainly due to the difference in temperature between outdoor and indoor air and wind pressure.

The best device for airing the room are transoms arranged in the upper part of the windows, they reduce the pressure of the wind and the currents of cold air passing through them, enter the area where people are already moved with the warm air of the room. The minimum ratio of the window area and the floor area required to ensure sufficient ventilation is 1: 50, i.e. with a room area of ​​50m2. THE AREA OF THE VENTS MUST be at least 1m2.

In public buildings with a large crowd of people, as well as in rooms with an increase in air pollution, natural ventilation alone is not enough and, moreover, in the cold season it cannot always be widely used due to the danger of cold air currents. Therefore, in a number of rooms it arranges artificial mechanical ventilation, which does not depend on temperature fluctuations of the outside air and wind pressure, and provides the possibility of heating the outside air. It can be local - for one room and central - for the entire building. With local ventilation, harmful impurities are removed directly from the place of their formation, and with general exchange, the air of the entire room is exchanged.

The air entering the room is called supply air, and the air removed is called exhaust air. The ventilation system, which provides only the supply of clean air, is called supply, and the one that only removes polluted air is called exhaust.

Supply and exhaust ventilation simultaneously supplies clean air and removes polluted air. Usually, air inflow is indicated by a (+) sign, and exhaust air is indicated by a (-) sign.

Supply and exhaust can be balanced: either with a predominance of supply or exhaust.

To combat vaporization, ventilation is arranged with a predominance of exhaust over inflow. In operating rooms and maternity rooms, the inflow prevails over the exhaust. This achieves a greater guarantee of keeping the air in operating rooms and delivery rooms clean, since with such an organization, the air from them enters the neighboring rooms, and not vice versa,

The following hygienic requirements are imposed on ventilation systems and installations:

Ensure the necessary air purity;

Do not create high and unpleasant air velocities;

Maintain, together with heating systems, the physical parameters of the air - the required temperature and humidity;

Be reliable and easy to use;

work without interruption;

Be silent and safe.

The criteria that determine the required air exchange vary depending on the purpose of the room. For example, to calculate the ventilation of baths, showers, laundries, allowable temperature values ​​\u200b\u200band moisture content in the air are used. To calculate the ventilation of dwellings, the values ​​of carbon dioxide in the air, as well as anthropotoxins, are used, but they have not been widely used, due to the difficulty of determining them.

M. Pettenkofer proposed to consider the hygienic norm for the content of CO 2 - 0.07%, K. Flugge - -0.1%, O.B. Elisova - 0.05%. The value of CO 2 in the air of residential premises of 0.1% is still generally accepted for assessing the degree of air pollution from the presence of people. Carbon dioxide accumulates in the premises as a result of the vital activity of the organism in quantities that are directly dependent on the degree of air pollution and other indicators of human metabolism (decomposition products of plaque, water vapor, etc., which make the air "stale, residential" and adversely affect people on their well-being).

It is noted that air acquires such qualities at a CO 2 concentration of more than 0.1%, although these CO 2 concentrations in themselves do not have a harmful effect on the body.

Since the concentration of CO 2 in the air is much easier to determine than the presence of volatile compounds (anthropotoxins), therefore, in sanitary practice, it is customary to assess the degree of air pollution in residential and public buildings by the concentration of CO 2 .

Particular attention is paid to the organization of ventilation in kitchens and sanitary facilities. Insufficient air exchange or improperly functioning exhaust ventilation often leads to a deterioration in the composition of the air not only in these rooms, but also in living rooms.

When checking the effectiveness of ventilation, first of all, it is necessary to evaluate:

Air condition temperature, humidity, the presence of harmful vapors, microorganisms, the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the surveyed premises;

Ventilation volume - i.e. the amount of air supplied or removed by ventilation devices in m 3 per hour. This indicator is estimated taking into account the number of people in the premises, its volume, the source of air pollution and depends on the speed of air movement and the cross-sectional area of ​​the channel.

3. Ventilation rate - an indicator indicating how many times the air of the examined premises is exchanged during an hour. For residential premises, the multiplicity factor should be 2-3, tk. less than 2 times the need for an air cube for 1 person will not be met, and more than 3 times it creates an excess air velocity.

TYPES OF VENTILATION

ARTIFICIAL

1.Local - a) Supply (+)

b) Exhaust(-)

2. General exchange - a) Exhaust (-)

b) Supply and exhaust (+ -)

c) Supply (+)

3. Air conditioning - a) Central

b) Local

NATURAL

1. Unorganized (infiltration)

2. Organized (aeration)

Air exchange rate in hospital rooms (SNiP-P-69-78)

Premises	Air exchange rate per hour
	supply air extract
Chambers for adults	80 m3 per bed 80 m3 per bed
Chambers for prenatal, dressing, manipulation, preoperative, procedural
Maternity, operating, postoperative wards, intensive care wards	By calculation, but not less than ten times the exchange
Postpartum wards	80 m 3 per bed
Wards for children	80 m 3 per bed
Wards for premature, infants and newborns	According to the calculation, but not less than 80 m 3 per bed
B boxes and semi-boxes, ward sections of the infectious department	2.5 2,5
Doctor's offices, staff rooms
Premises for sanitary treatment of patients, showers, personal hygiene cabins
Corpse storage rooms

Prepared by:
Melnikova Svetlana, Pankova Anna and Surikova Olga
Pupils of 10 "A" class
MOU secondary school №2

Goals and tasks of the work:

Purpose: Determining the degree of air pollution in the city
species composition and internal structure lichens.
Tasks:
Learn to distinguish the forms of lichens in appearance;
Be able to use tests to determine the degree of contamination
air;
Learn to prepare longitudinal sections of lichen thallus
and analyze them;
Bring up careful attitude to lichens
indicators of the degree of air pollution;

BIOINDICATION

The method of using living organisms in
as pollution indicators
environment

One of the promising objects
bioindications are lichens.
The body of the lichen (thallus) consists
from fungus and unicellular
algae located in
symbiosis. According to the structure of the thallus
Lichens are divided into 3 groups:

1) scale (crust-like)

similar to flat crusts, tightly fused with
bark, stones, soil; they are difficult to separate
velvety, moist to the touch

2) leafy (leaf-like)

have the form of small plates, scales:
attached to the surface with thin filaments of the fungus
and are fairly easy to separate.

3) bushy

which either grow up like small bushes,
or hang down from a tree like a beard

Lichens are highly sensitive to pollution
habitat. They are selectively affected
First of all, substances that increase
acidity of the medium (SO2, HF, HCl, NOx, O3). For
lichens are relatively harmless heavy
metals accumulating in the thallus, as well as
radioactive isotopes.

considered to be the most sensitive to
air pollution fruticose lichens, and
the most resistant scale species. It's not always
so. More precisely, one should speak of the existence
species with different susceptibility to
contaminants. Species definition
composition of lichens is a rather difficult task,
which requires detailed
determinants, skills of making thin
slices, work with a microscope. Based on this
we accept the condition that when this
tasks you are just getting acquainted with the method
lichen indications.

In general, methods for assessing atmospheric pollution by the occurrence of lichens are based on the following regularities

The more polluted the air, the less
found in it species of lichens (instead of
tens can be one or two types);
The more polluted the air, the less
the area is covered with lichens on trunks
trees;
- increased air pollution
fruticose lichens disappear first, followed by
- leafy, the last - scale.

Study. Determining the degree of air pollution

We traveled to different places to determine
degree of air pollution. We have compiled
table in which the received
results.

Study areas
What lichens
discovered
Degree of pollution
1. Courtyard of a residential building
Algae Pleurococcus,
leaf lichens,
fruticose lichen
no.
Weak pollution
2.Crossroads
highways
fruticose lichen
no, leaf lichens
small - 1 species.
Slight pollution, but
more than 1
site
3.Chemical plant
Lack of lichens
heavy pollution
fruticose lichens
richly cover the soil
tree trunks and branches,
stumps,
A large number of
leafy shrubs
Air pollution
4.Forest
is absent

Courtyard of a residential building
Crossroad car. roads
Chemical plant
Forest

Conclusion and Conclusions

Lichens are extremely unpretentious
organisms. For normal life
they need light and moisture. They absorb moisture into
rainy season, from the air (dew, fog). They grow
very slowly by 1-5 mm. per year.
Lichens are extremely sensitive to pollution.
air, especially to sulfur and lead compounds.

During our research work, we have learned:

distinguish forms of lichens in appearance;
prove the relationship between lichens and
degree of air pollution.

Using lichen monitoring to determine the degree of air pollution, we made the following conclusions:

The following species are found in the study area.
lichens: leafy, bushy, scale.
The most amazing, diverse and rich lichen world
observed in the forest, as there is the cleanest air.
The air in the courtyard of a residential building is less polluted, since here
only leaf lichens are found.
The most polluted air at the intersection of highways, where
a large amount of exhaust gases with sulfur and lead compounds.
Lichens are symbiotic fungi and algae that
provide mutually beneficial cohabitation, where the fungus provides
mineral nutrition, and green algae during photosynthesis provides
organic food.
Since lichens are indicators of clean air, it is necessary
Treat them with respect as if they were living organisms.

Sources

M.I. Badyagin "Naturalistic work on
botany in summer camps"
A.G. Elenevsky M.A. Gulenkov "Biology".
Short course.
G. Ivchenkova "The amazing world of nature"
V.V. Pasechnik "Biology". Textbook for grade 6.
V.A. Somkov "We study the forest"
A.A. Takhtajan "Life of Plants". Volume 3
Seaweed. Lichens.