present simple Tense is one of the most commonly used tenses in English. Therefore, immediately after studying the rules of use, it is important to consolidate Present Simple examples sentences in Russian.

affirmative sentences

Positive or affirmative sentences form the basis of all tenses in English language. Why? Because thanks to such sentences for a while with translation, you can consolidate the skill of building negative and interrogative sentences.

In Present simple tense ending is added to the verb -s and -es in the third person singular.

• He works at the factory. - He works at the factory.
• Mary lives in Paris. Mary lives in Paris.
• It snows a lot in winter. - It's snowing frequently in the winter.
• Tomas and I like playing football. Thomas and I love to play football.
• Steve always arrives at work in time. - Steve always arrives at work on time.
• They often see Tom because he lives near them. They often see Tom because he lives next to them.
• Children usually like drinking cocoa. Children usually like to drink cocoa.
• Julia is an artist. She draws very beautiful pictures. Julia is an artist. She paints beautiful pictures.
• I have got a big family. - I have a big family.
• She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian. - She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian.

It is important to learn how to work with verbs. So put the sentences above in the interrogative and negative forms.

Interrogative sentences

At Study Present Simple translation of sentences plays an important role. Why? Because it helps to draw an analogy with the native language, to understand the topic and consolidate it in practice. How? Easily! Try putting the interrogative sentences below in the affirmative and negative forms.

Do/does auxiliary, with which a question is asked in the Present Simple. But this rule does not apply to modal verbs and design have got.

Negative sentences

To consolidate the topic, put the sentences below in the affirmative and interrogative forms.

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What have we learned?

From this article, we learned in which cases Present Simple Tense is used in English. We consolidated this material with examples, and also learned how to build negative and interrogative sentences in this tense.

Proposals are affirmative and negative.

In the semantics of PP, the most significant is the opposition of affirmation and negation. This division is connected with the nature of the relationship between the content of the proposal (reported) and reality. Correlating the reported (ᴛ.ᴇ. some sign) with reality, the speaker, based on the nature of the relationship of the reported to reality, either asserts the presence of the declared attribute in the object or in general in reality, or denies it. Offer The patient visited the doctor stands for real situation. The speaker claims that what is reported about the patient (sign - action visited) really refers to him, belongs to him, insofar as it corresponds to reality. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, S (P) - P (S). The proposal is affirmative. .Single-part proposal It's frosty outside the window is also affirmative, since the presence of an expressed feature is also affirmed here .

Denial of belonging of a feature to an object, most often expressed with the help of particles not and nor, makes negative sentences. Wed: The patient did not visit the doctor. Thus, the characteristics of this proposal coincide with the characteristics of the first 7 points. At the same time, the presence of a sign in the subject is not affirmed here, but, on the contrary, the existence of this relationship S (P) ≠ P (S) is denied. This is a negative suggestion.

The meaning of negation is usually expressed using negative words, which are a structural feature, an indicator negative sentence. The absence of negative words is a structural feature of the affirmative sentence. The grammatical expressions of negation are: 1) negative particles ( I didn't sleep all night. Not a soul on the street.); 2) word no (He has no aptitude for languages.); 3) negative pronouns and adverbs, words of the state category, acting as the main member of a one-part sentence (I have nowhere else to hurry, I have no one else to love... You can't stay here).

Negative sentences are divided into general negative and particular negative.

In general negative sentences, the presence of a predicative feature in the subject is denied. In private negative sentences, negation to any member of the sentence (main or secondary). The patient did not come to the doctor. Not sick came to the doctor.

It should be noted that the structural and formal features of a simple sentence (presence - absence of negative words) do not always indicate the corresponding semantics of negation or affirmation. So, affirmative sentences are sentences 1) in which, with the predicate, there are two negations ( He couldn't help but laugh.); 2) interrogative-affirmative sentences (What Russian doesn't like to drive fast?). On the contrary, interrogative-negative sentences should be recognized as negative, where there are no negative words (What hope! What is there to hope for?).

Proposals are affirmative and negative. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Affirmative and negative proposals." 2017, 2018.

1. Function types offers.

2. Structural types offers.

In Russian, various types of sentences are distinguished. According to the nature of the attitude towards reality expressed in them (by modality), affirmative and negative sentences with various shades of modal meanings are distinguished: assumptions, doubts, certainties, possibilities, impossibility.

affirmative is called a sentence in which the established connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it is recognized as really existing.

negative is called a sentence in which the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it is denied, realized as not existing in reality.

In the course of two weeks, our affairs have advanced (affirmative);

Fortunately, due to a bad hunt, our horses were not exhausted (negative);

In Russian, grammatically, negation is usually expressed by the particle NOT, and affirmation by its absence. Denial can be complete or partial. The complete is achieved by setting the particle NOT before the predicate, such a sentence is called generally negative. The particle NOT in front of other members of the sentence expresses a partial negation. Such proposals are called privately negative.

It should be noted that the particle NOT, even with a predicate, does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence. The sentence loses its negative meaning:

1) when repeating the particle NOT

Etc.: I couldn't help laughing (P.)

2) when the NOT particle acquires other shades of meaning:

assumptions -

Pr .: You searched the world, do you want to get married? (Gr.)

generalizations -

Ex: Who did not curse stationmasters? (P).

fears -

PR: No matter what happens!

approval -

PR: Why not work!

need -

PR: How can I not cry!

The particle NI can act as a negative particle, which introduces an additional amplifying shade of the value:

Ex: Not a soul in the living room (Ch.)

Strengthening of negation is also achieved with the help of negative pronouns and adverbs:

PR: Nothing foreshadowed bad weather! (Ars.)

According to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring sentences are divided into declarative, interrogative and imperative. They serve to convey the three main forms of thought - judgment, question, motivation. Each type is characterized by a corresponding intonation structure and a set of formal indicators - verb forms, service words. Sentences of each of the three types can be emotionally colored - using means of intonation, particles, i.e. exclamation marks.

narrative are called sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event.

Ex: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and casually (M.G.)

Interrogative are called sentences that serve to express a question addressed to the interlocutor.

Grammatical means interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation - an increase in tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is associated;

Pr .: Did you call with a song happiness?

Is you song called happiness?

Are you song calling happiness?

2) word arrangement (a word is inserted at the beginning of the sentence, with

to which the question is related);

Ex: Not hail is hostile on fire? (P.)

But soon will you come back?

3) question words- interrogative particles, adverbs,

pronouns;

Pr .: Where does the glow shine from? (L.)

What are you supposed to do? (P.)

Interrogative sentences subdivided into self-interrogative, interrogative-motivational and interrogative-rhetorical.

Self-interrogative sentences contain a question requiring a mandatory answer.

Q: Did you write your will? (L.)

Interrogative sentences contain a call to action, expressed through a question.

Pr .: Shall we talk about business first? (Ch.)

Interrogative-rhetorical sentences do not require and do not require a response. They express various feelings and experiences of the speaker - reflection, doubt, sadness, regret, sadness, joy, anger.

Pr.: What does the coming day prepare for me? (P.)

Suggestions are called incentives which express will, motivation to action.

They express:

1. order, request, prayer:

Ex: Shut up! (M.G.)

Go, Peter! - student commanded (M.G.)

2. advice, suggestion, warning, protest, threat:

Pr .: Pets of a windy fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves! (P.)

3. consent, permission:

Pr .: You can go wherever your eyes look.

4. call, invitation to joint action:

Pr .: My friend, we will devote souls to the fatherland beautiful impulses! (P.)

5. desire:

Pr .: Give him Dutch soot with rum (M.G.)

Exclamatory sentences are called emotionally charged. This is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.

Pr .: Farewell, letter of love, farewell! (P.)

In Russian, sentences are common and non-common.

A proposal is called uncommon consisting only of the main members - the subject and the predicate.

Edit: Autumn has come.

They came.

A sentence that has, along with the main, secondary members, is called common offer.

PR: The clear sky shone blue.

The sun rose high above the trees.

A sentence can consist of the main members - the subject and the predicate, and the secondary ones, of which some belong to the subject and together with it form the composition of the subject, others - to the predicate and form the composition of the predicate with it.

Depending on how many grammatical compounds are in the sentence, it can be two-part or one-part.

Two-part sentence has two grammatical compositions - the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate.

Ex: In the middle of summer, hayfields boiled along the Desna (E. Nosov);

All long life poplar reaches for the sun (E. Nosov).

A two-part sentence may be incomplete (not having both compositions, but this does not deprive it of the specifics of a two-part sentence, the missing composition is implied).

One-part sentence has one grammatical composition (one main member with or without explanatory words). Usually the main member of a one-part sentence coincides in form with either the predicate or the subject.

Pr .: Somehow I felt sad in the monotonous steppe (Koltsov).

Road.

A simple sentence has one or two grammatical compositions and contains one predicative unit.

Ex: A handful of dry leaves were picked up by the wind from a cliff (E. N).

On the same day I left the city. (K.V.).

Propositions affirmative and negative

The division of sentences into affirmative and negative is connected with the content of the relations of reality expressed in them.

The affirmative or negative nature of the sentences is a reflection of the relationship between the phenomena of reality.

Thus the sentences are called affirmative, if they contain connection between objects and their attributes in reality, and negative if they have this connection denied. Opposition according to the principle of affirmativeness - negativity purely semantic. It is not a reflection of the opposition according to the principle of real and unreal modality, but only superimposed on the meaning of objective modality expressed in the sentence. Both affirmative and negative sentences can have both real and unreal modality.

category of negation related to sentence structure, it can be structurally significant. O structural role of negation evidenced by the opposition of some types of sentences: when translating an affirmative sentence into a negative one, its structural type may change. In other cases, the category of negation does not affect the structure of the sentence.

Grammatically, negation is usually expressed by the particle not, and the assertion is its absence.

Denial can be full and partial.Complete negation is achieved by setting particlesnot before the predicate, such a proposal is called generally negative.

Particlenot in front of other members of the sentence expresses partial negation. Such proposals are called private negative, since as a whole they conclude the assertion.

Does not deprive the sentence of the general affirmative meaning and the negation worth before the subject, For example: I will not see your mighty late age ... (P.).

Thus, the category of negation is directly related to the category of predicability:“It is only the negation that stands with the predicate that makes the whole statement negative, while the negation that stands with any other member does not shake the general affirmative meaning of the statement”.

However, the particle not even with a predicate, it does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence.

Offer loses its negative meaning,

First of all, when repeating a particlenot ; For example;

Secondly, when the particle acquires no other shades of meaning:

assumptions-Searched the world, don't you want to get married? (Gr.);

generalizations-Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters? (P.);

concerns-Whatever happens! (Ch.);

approval-Well, why not work!;

need-How can I not cry!

can act as a negative particle. particleneither , introducing an additional amplifying connotation of meaning:Not a soul in the living room (Ch.).

Particle neither on repetition functions as a union:He himself is neither rich, nor noble, nor smart (T.). Word neither here corresponds to the combination and not(connective union and negation).

Reinforcement of denial also achieved with negative pronouns and adverbs:Nothing foreshadowed bad weather (Ars.); The boy never got sick and never caught a cold (Inb.).

Particle neither does not always express a negative meaning: it can act and only as an intensifying particle when conveying an affirmative meaning. This is typical for parts of a complex sentence that have concessive connotation values: But no matter how the girls all over the world say, everything becomes sweet in their mouths (Fad.).

grammatical feature negative sentence can serve as a special negative wordNo , performing the function predicate in an impersonal sentence:There is no beast stronger than a cat (Kr.); He has no equal river in the world (G.).

Finally, negation can be expressed without the participation of special lexical means - with the help of intonation,word order,some emotional particles. Such constructions are characteristic of the colloquial style, accompanied by subjective-modal meanings. They are always expressive. For example: So I'll be waiting for you! I also found a commander!

The position of A.M. Peshkovsky on the connection between the category of negation and predicability and his division of sentences accordingly into general negative and particular negative applicable specifically to the sentence as a unit of language, since it is the predicate that is the carrier of the main grammatical meanings of the sentence - modality and syntactic time. However, the same the category of negation at the level of the utterance, i.e. units of speech, manifests itself somewhat differently.

When a sentence (statement) is considered from the point of view of communicative needs (i.e. in speech), any component, and not just a predicate predicate, can become its center, since the statement is divided according to a different principle: into something given and new, reported on this given.

For example: offer Students went to practice from the point of view of communicative significance, it can include three messages:

students (and not anyone else) let's go to practice;

studentsgo (rather than going, say, on foot) to practice;

Students wentfor practice (not rest).

The component of the utterance, which is emphasized in each case, carries the new, i.e. the purpose of the message. If, according to this division, negative constructions are constructed, then the particle does not need to be placed just in front of these components:

Not students went to practice;

studentsdidn't go for practice;

Students wentnot for practice .

Logical stress in such cases accompanies the word form in which there is negation. This component contains the message center, ie. that for which the statement is made. In this case, the question of particular and general negation is removed.

Sentences of real and unreal modality. Propositions affirmative and negative

Classification of sentences in Russian

Sentences in Russian have different grammatical meanings, different communicative purposes, semantics, etc. Depending on the feature underlying the classification, sentences are grouped into types:

- according to the nature of the logical-syntactic articulation, simple sentences are divided into articulating and indivisible;

– by structural and semantic completeness segmented are divided into complete and incomplete;

- by the number of main members, segmented are divided into two-part and one-part;

- by presence/absence minor members simple sentences are divided into common and non-common;

- according to the presence of complicating members, they are divided into complicated and uncomplicated;

- by the nature of predicative relations - into affirmative and negative;

- by function - into narrative, interrogative, incentive;

- by intonation - into exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

Structural types of sentences

Sentences are divided into simple and complex. " building material» for simple sentences are words (word forms) and phrases, for complex sentences - two (or more) sentences. Simple sentences include only one predicative combination, complex sentences - at least two. Being part of complex sentences, simple sentences, although to varying degrees, lose their intonational completeness, often change word order, etc., therefore, parts of complex sentences are also called predicative units (and not sentences).

Simple sentences differ from complex ones not only in structure, but also in meaning. Complex sentences have more complex semantics than simple ones. The combination of simple sentences into complex ones enriches their speech meaning, and sometimes transforms them as well. grammatical meanings. So, when connected simple sentences In the yard the acacia bent and rushed about and An angry wind ruffled her hair into a complex one with the help of a union as if the real modality of the second sentence is transformed into an unreal one: Outside, the acacia bent and changed, as if an angry wind ruffled its hair.(A. Tolstoy).

Sentences of real and unreal modality. Propositions affirmative and negative

General value objective modality, transmitted in the sentence, is differentiated as the meaning of temporal certainty and temporal indefiniteness. In the first case, what is reported in the sentence is presented as being carried out in real time - in the present, past and future; these are real modality sentences: I'm going straight to what I have left to say(Past.). In the second case, what is reported in the proposal is presented as possible, desired and required, i.e. not really existing. These sentences carry the meaning of temporal indefiniteness, that is, sentences of unreal modality: If there were mushrooms, real mushrooms, I would, an old man, bend over for a black fungus?(Prishv.).

According to the nature of the attitude to reality expressed in them (by modality), sentences differ affirmative and negative. affirmative a sentence is called, in which a connection is established between the subject of speech and what is said about it, this connection is recognized as really existing. negative a sentence is called in which the connection between the subject of speech and what is said about it is denied, recognized as not existing in reality: In the course of two weeks our affairs have advanced(affirmative); Fortunately, due to an unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted.(negative).

In Russian, grammatically, negation is usually expressed by the particle not, and the assertion is its absence.

Denial can be complete or partial. Complete negation is achieved by setting the particle not before the predicate, using the word No as a predicate in impersonal sentences, using particle neither in sentences like The sky is clear, the use of negative pronouns and adverbs in one-part sentences type: nowhere to go. Such proposals are called generally negative: I don't want to sadden you with anything. There is no beast stronger than a cat.

Particle not in front of other members of the sentence expresses partial negation. Such proposals are called private negative, since in general they conclude the statement: Not everyone wins separation. In a sentence Between us, the speech does not flow so playfully(P.) negation refers to circumstance So and in a certain respect limits the statement expressed by the sentence as a whole.

However, the particle not even with a predicate, it does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence. The sentence loses its negative meaning, firstly, when the particle is repeated not, these are sentences with double negative, For example: I couldn't help but laugh(P.); secondly, when the particle acquires not other shades of meaning, for example:

- Assumptions: - Searched the world, don't you want to get married?(Gr.);

– generalizations: – Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters? P.);

- concerns: - No matter what happens! (Ch.);

– Approvals: – Well, why not work!;

– the need: – How can I not cry!

Not always the presence of a negative particle is a sign of a negative sentence. Yes, particle not in the union not only but does not indicate negative character links in a sentence: We must live with spread wings. This applies not only to artists and poets, but also to any young worker. Such sentences are called negative-affirmative: Life is alive and beautiful with energetic work, life is not a burden, but wings, creativity and joy(Veresaev).