Cyrillic alphabet. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

Cyrillic alphabet- lingu. In the 9th century AD, Saints Cyril and Methodius created two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic, for writing the old Slavic language. Cyrillic, based on the Glagolitic and Greek alphabets, eventually became the system of choice... ... Universal optional practical dictionary I. Mostitsky

Cyrillic alphabets Slavic: Belarusian alphabet Bulgarian alphabet Serbian alphabet ... Wikipedia

Cyrillic alphabets ... Wikipedia

Cyrillic alphabets Slavic: Belarusian alphabet Bulgarian alphabet Serbian alphabet ... Wikipedia

ALPHABET- [Greek. ἀλφάβητος from the names of the first 2 letters of the Greek. alphabet: "alpha" and "beta" ("vita")], the system of written characters of letters, to paradise displays and fixes the sound structure of the language and is the basis of writing. A. includes: 1) letters in their basic styles, ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Alphabet- (alphabet), a phonological writing system, in which graphic signs (letters) denote the corresponding sounds of the language. In one type of A., the so-called. consonant, only consonant sounds are indicated by letters, and vowels are transmitted by diacritics ... ... Peoples and cultures

Alphabet- from the names the first two letters of the Greek A. alpha and beta (modern Greek vita), a set of letters adopted in k. l. writing and located in the installed. okay; the same as the alphabet. In a letter. monuments, the word has been used since the 16th century, in the modern. lit. lang. b.… … Russian humanitarian encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Chuvash. chӑvash alphabet) common name alphabets, the letters of which were used to convey the elements of sound speech in the writing of the ancient Chuvash and modern Chuvash language. In Chuvash writing, only alphabetic characters were used ... ... Wikipedia

Russian writing has its own history of formation and its own alphabet, which is very different from the same Latin that is used in most European countries. The Russian alphabet is Cyrillic, more precisely, its modern, modified version. But let's not get ahead of ourselves.

So what is Cyrillic? This is the alphabet that underlies some Slavic languages such as Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Serbian, Macedonian. As you can see, the definition is quite simple.

The history of the Cyrillic alphabet begins its history in the 9th century, when the Byzantine emperor Michael III ordered the creation of a new alphabet for the Slavs in order to convey religious texts to believers.

The honor to create such an alphabet went to the so-called "Thessalonica brothers" - Cyril and Methodius.

But does this give us an answer to the question, what is the Cyrillic alphabet? Partly yes, but there are still some interesting facts. For example, the fact that the Cyrillic alphabet is an alphabet based on the Greek statutory letter. It is also worth noting that with the help of some letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, numbers were indicated. To do this, a special diacritical mark, titlo, was placed over the combination of letters.

As for the distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet, it came to the Slavs only with. For example, in Bulgaria, the Cyrillic alphabet appeared only in 860, after it had adopted Christianity. At the end of the 9th century, the Cyrillic alphabet penetrated into Serbia, and after another hundred years, into the territory of Kievan Rus.

Along with the alphabet, church literature, translations of the Gospel, the Bible, and prayers began to spread.

In fact, from this it becomes clear what Cyrillic is and where it came from. But has it come down to us in its original form? Far from it. Like many other things, writing has changed and improved along with our language and culture.

Modern Cyrillic has lost some of its designations and letters in the course of various reforms. So such as the title, iso, camora, the letters er and er, yat, yus big and small, izhitsa, fita, psi and xi disappeared. The modern Cyrillic alphabet consists of 33 letters.

In addition, letter numeration has not been used for a long time, it has been completely replaced. The modern version of the Cyrillic alphabet is much more convenient and practical than the one that was a thousand years ago.

So what is Cyrillic? Cyrillic is an alphabet created by the monks-enlighteners Cyril and Methodius on the orders of Tsar Michael III. Having adopted a new faith, we received at our disposal not only new customs, a new deity and culture, but also an alphabet, a lot of translated church book literature, which for a long time remained the only type of literature that the educated sections of the population of Kievan Rus could enjoy.

In the course of time and under the influence of various reforms, the alphabet changed, improved, unnecessary and unnecessary letters and designations disappeared from it. The Cyrillic alphabet that we use today is the result of all the metamorphoses that have taken place over more than a thousand years of existence. Slavic alphabet.

Cyrillic Type: Languages: Origin: Creator: Period: Origin: Cyrillic letters Cyrillic




BUT	B	AT	G	Ґ	D	Ђ
Ѓ	E	(Ѐ)	Yo	Є	F	W
Ѕ	And	(Ѝ)	І	Ї	Y	Ј
To	L	Љ	M	H	Њ	O
P	R	With	T	Ћ	Ќ	At
Ў	F	X	C	H	Џ	W
SCH	Kommersant	S	b	E	YU	I
historical letters
(Ҁ)	(Ѹ)	Ѡ	(Ѿ)	(Ѻ)	Ѣ	Ꙗ
Ѥ	ІѢ	Ѧ	Ѫ	Ѩ	Ѭ	Ѯ
Ѱ	Ѳ	Ѵ	(Ѷ)	Eun
Letters of non-Slavic languages
Ӑ	Ӓ	Ә	Ӛ	Ӕ	Ԝ	Ғ
Ӻ	Ӷ	Ҕ	Ԁ	Ԃ	Ӗ	Ҽ
Ҿ	Ӂ	Җ	Ӝ	Ԅ	Ҙ	Ӟ
Ԑ	Ӡ	Ԇ	Ӥ	Ӣ	Ӏ	Ҋ
Қ	Ҟ	Ҡ	Ӄ	Ҝ	Ԟ	Ԛ
Ӆ	Ԓ	Ԡ	Ԉ	Ԕ	Ӎ	Ҥ
Ԣ	Ԋ	Ң	Ӊ	Ӈ	Ӧ	Ө
Ӫ	Ҩ	Ҧ	Ԥ	Ҏ	Ԗ	Ҫ
Ԍ	Ҭ	Ԏ	Ӳ	Ӱ	Ӯ	Ү
Ұ	Ҳ	Ӽ	Ӿ	Һ	Ҵ	Ӵ
Ҷ	Ӌ	Ҹ	Ӹ	Ҍ	Ӭ	Ԙ
Note. Characters in brackets do not have the status of (independent) letters.

Cyrillic
alphabetsSlavic:Non-Slavic:Historical:

Cyrillic- a term that has several meanings:

Old Church Slavonic alphabet(Old Bulgarian alphabet): the same as Cyrillic(or Kirillovsky) alphabet: one of two (along with Glagolitic) ancient alphabets for the Old Church Slavonic language;
Cyrillic alphabets: a writing system and an alphabet for some other language based on this Old Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet (they talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic; call it "Cyrillic alphabetically» the formal union of several or all national Cyrillic characters is incorrect);
Statutory or semi-statutory font: the font in which church books are traditionally printed (in this sense, the Cyrillic alphabet is opposed to the civil, or Petrovsky, font).

Cyrillic-based alphabets include the alphabets of the following Slavic languages:

Belarusian language (Belarusian alphabet)
Bulgarian language (Bulgarian alphabet)
Macedonian language (Macedonian alphabet)
Rusyn language/dialect (Rusyn alphabet)
Russian language (Russian alphabet)
Serbian (Vukovica)
Ukrainian language (Ukrainian alphabet)
Montenegrin language (Montenegrin alphabet)

as well as most of the non-Slavic languages of the peoples of the USSR, some of which previously had other writing systems (on a Latin, Arabic or other basis) and were translated into Cyrillic in the late 1930s. See the list of languages with Cyrillic-based alphabets for details.

History of creation and development

See also: Question of seniority of Cyrillic and Glagolitic

Until the 9th century, there is no information about any widespread and ordered Slavic writing. Among all the facts related to the origin of Slavic writing, special place occupies the mention in the "Life of Constantine" of "Russian letters", which during his stay in Korsun-Chersonese he studied before the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet Konstantin-Kirill. This mention is associated with hypotheses about the existence of "Old Russian (wider - pre-Cyrillic) writing", which preceded the common Slavic writing - the prototype of the Glagolitic or Cyrillic alphabet. A direct reference to pre-Cyrillic writing is contained in Chernorizets the Brave in his Legends of Letters ..., (according to the translation of V. Ya. Deryagin): “Before, the Slavs did not have letters, but they read by features and cuts, they guessed by them, being filthy.”

Around 863, the brothers Constantine (Cyril) Philosopher and Methodius from Thessalonica (Thessaloniki) by order Byzantine emperor Michael III streamlined the script for the Slavic language and used the new alphabet to translate Greek religious texts into Slavic: 44. For a long time, the question remained debatable whether it was Cyrillic (and in this case, the Glagolitic is considered a cryptographic script that appeared after the prohibition of the Cyrillic alphabet) or Glagolitic - alphabets that differ almost exclusively in style. At present, the point of view prevails in science, according to which the Glagolitic alphabet is primary, and the Cyrillic alphabet is secondary (in Cyrillic, the Glagolitic letters are replaced by well-known Greek ones). The Glagolitic alphabet was used by the Croats for a long time in a slightly modified form (until the 17th century).

The appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek statutory (solemn) letter - uncial: 45, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes (after Cyril and Methodius). In particular, in the life of St. Clement of Ohrid is directly written about the creation of Slavic writing by him after Cyril and Methodius. Thanks to the previous activities of the brothers, the alphabet received wide use in the South Slavic lands, which led in 885 to the prohibition of its use in the church service by the pope, who fought against the results of the mission of Constantine-Cyril and Methodius.

In Bulgaria, the holy Tsar Boris in 860 converted to Christianity. Bulgaria becomes the center for the dissemination of Slavic writing. Here the first Slavic book school is being created - Preslav book school- Cyrillic and Methodius originals of liturgical books (Gospel, Psalter, Apostle, church services) are copied, new Slavic translations from Greek are made, original works in Old Church Slavonic appear ("On the writings of Chrnorizets the Brave").

The widespread use of Slavic writing, its "golden age", dates back to the reign of Tsar Simeon the Great in Bulgaria (893-927), son of Tsar Boris. Later, the Old Church Slavonic language penetrated into Serbia, and at the end of the 10th century it became the language of the church in Kievan Rus.

The Old Church Slavonic language, being the language of the church in Russia, was influenced by Old Russian language. It was the Old Slavonic language of the Russian edition, as it included elements of living East Slavic speech.

Initially, the Cyrillic alphabet was used by part southern Slavs, East Slavs, as well as Romanians (see the article "Romanian Cyrillic"); over time, their alphabets diverged somewhat from each other, although the lettering and spelling principles remained (with the exception of the West Serbian variant, the so-called bosančica) generally the same.

Cyrillic alphabet

Main article: Old Church Slavonic alphabet

The composition of the original Cyrillic alphabet is unknown to us; the "classic" Old Slavonic Cyrillic of 43 letters, probably partly contains later letters (ы, у, iotized). The Cyrillic alphabet entirely includes the Greek alphabet (24 letters), but some purely Greek letters (xi, psi, fita, izhitsa) are not in their original place, but are moved to the end. 19 letters were added to them to designate sounds specific to the Slavic language and absent in Greek. Before the reform of Peter I lowercase letters there was no Cyrillic alphabet in the alphabet, the entire text was written in capital letters:46. Some letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, which are absent in the Greek alphabet, are close to Glagolitic in outline. Ts and Sh are outwardly similar to some letters of a number of alphabets of that time (Aramaic, Ethiopian, Coptic, Hebrew, Brahmi) and it is not possible to unequivocally establish the source of the borrowing. B is similar in outline to C, U with Sh. The principles of creating digraphs in Cyrillic (Y from ЪІ, OY, iotized letters) generally follow the Glagolitic ones.

Cyrillic letters are used to write numbers exactly according to the Greek system. Instead of a pair of completely archaic signs - sampi and stigma - which are not even included in the classical 24-letter Greek alphabet, others are adapted Slavic letters- C (900) and S (6); subsequently, the third such sign, koppa, originally used in Cyrillic to denote 90, was replaced by the letter Ch. Some letters that are absent in the Greek alphabet (for example, B, Zh) do not have a numerical value. This distinguishes the Cyrillic alphabet from the Glagolitic alphabet, where the numerical values did not correspond to the Greek ones and these letters were not skipped.

Cyrillic letters have own names, according to various common Slavic names that begin with them, or directly taken from Greek (xi, psi); the etymology of a number of names is disputed. Also, judging by the ancient abetsedaria, the letters of the Glagolitic were also called. Here is a list of the main Cyrillic characters:

Cyrillic alphabet: Novgorod birch-bark letter No. 591 (1025-1050) and its drawing Postage stamp of Ukraine in honor of the Slavic script - Cyrillic. 2005 Letter Inscribed
enumeration Numerical
value Reading Name


BUT	1	[a]	az
B		[b]	beeches
AT	2	[in]	lead
G	3	[G]	verb
D	4	[e]	good
HER	5	[e]	there is
F		[zh"]	live
Ѕ	6	[dz"]	green
Ȥ, Z	7	[h]	Earth
And	8	[and]	lower (8-decimal)
І, Ї	10	[and]	and (decimal)
To	20	[to]	what
L	30	[l]	people
M	40	[m]	think
H	50	[n]	our
O	70	[about]	is he
P	80	[P]	peace
R	100	[R]	rtsy
With	200	[with]	word
T	300	[t]	firmly
OU, Y	(400)	[y]	uk
F	500	[f]	firth
X	600	[X]	dick
Ѡ	800	[about]	omega
C	900	[q']	tsy
H	90	[h']	worm
W		[w']	sha
SCH		[sh't '] ([sh'h'])	shcha
Kommersant		[b]	ep
S		[s]	er
b		[b]	er
Ѣ		[æ], [s]	yat
YU		[yu]	Yu
ΙΑ		[ya]	And iotized
Ѥ		[ye]	E iotized
Ѧ	(900)	[en]	Small yus
Ѫ		[is he]	big yus
Ѩ		[yen]	yus small iotated
Ѭ		[yon]	jus big iotated
Ѯ	60	[ks]	xi
Ѱ	700	[ps]	psi
Ѳ	9	[θ], [f]	fita
Ѵ	400	[and], [in]	izhitsa

The names of the letters given in the table correspond to those accepted in Russia for the modern Church Slavonic language.

The reading of the letters could differ depending on the dialect. The letters Zh, Sh, Ts denoted in ancient times soft consonants (and not hard ones, as in modern Russian); the letters Ѧ and Ѫ originally denoted nasal (nasalized) vowels.

Many fonts feature obsolete Cyrillic letters; in church books, the Irmologion font designed specifically for them is used.

Russian Cyrillic. Civic font

Main article: Civic font Main article: Pre-revolutionary spelling

In 1708-1711. Peter I undertook a reform of Russian writing, eliminating superscripts, abolishing several letters and legalizing another (closer to the Latin scripts of that time) inscription of the remaining ones - the so-called civic font. Lowercase versions of each letter were introduced, before that all letters of the alphabet were capital:46. Soon the Serbs switched to the civil script (with appropriate changes), and later the Bulgarians; the Romanians, in the 1860s, abandoned the Cyrillic alphabet in favor of the Latin script (interestingly, at one time they used a “transitional” alphabet, which was a mixture of Latin and Cyrillic letters). Civil type with minimal changes in styles (the largest is the replacement of the m-shaped letter "t" with its current form) we use to this day.

For three centuries, the Russian alphabet has undergone a number of reforms. The number of letters generally decreased, with the exception of the letters "e" and "y" (used earlier, but legalized in the 18th century) and the only "author's" letter - "e", proposed by Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova. The last major reform of Russian writing was carried out in 1917-1918 ( see Russian spelling reform of 1918), as a result of which the modern Russian alphabet appeared, consisting of 33 letters. This alphabet also became the basis of many non-Slavic languages. former USSR and Mongolia (writing for which was absent before the 20th century or was based on other types of writing: Arabic, Chinese, Old Mongolian, etc.).

For attempts to abolish the Cyrillic alphabet, see the article "Romanization".

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of the Slavic languages

Belarusian Bulgarian Macedonian Russian Rusyn Serbian Ukrainian Montenegrin

BUT

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

BUT

And

With

WITH

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages

Kazakh Kyrgyz Moldavian Mongolian Tajik Yakut

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

Kommersant

BUT

And

New

With

SCH

Kommersant

Old (pre-reform) civil Cyrillic alphabets

Bulgarian before 1945 Russian before 1918 Serbian to Ser. 19th century

BUT

And

(І)

With

SCH

Kommersant

(S)

(Ѭ)

(Ѳ)

BUT

(Yo)

And

(Y)

With

SCH

Kommersant

(Ѵ)

BUT

And

With

(SCH)

Kommersant

(Uh)

(Ѳ)

(Ѵ)

(In parentheses are signs that did not officially have the status of letters, as well as letters that fell out of use a little earlier than the indicated date.)

Distribution in the world

The diagram shows the prevalence of the Cyrillic alphabet in the world. Green - Cyrillic as the official alphabet, light green - one of the alphabets. Main article: List of languages with alphabets based on Cyrillic

Official alphabet

At the moment, the Cyrillic alphabet is used as the official alphabet in the following countries:

Slavic languages:

Non-Slavic languages:

Used informally

The Cyrillic alphabet of non-Slavic languages was replaced by the Latin alphabet in the 1990s, but is still used unofficially as a second alphabet in the following states[ source not specified 325 days]:

Cyrillic encodings

Alternative encoding (CP866)
Basic encoding
Bulgarian encoding
CP855
ISO 8859-5
KOI-8
DKOI-8
MacCyrillic
Windows-1251

Cyrillic in Unicode

Main article: Cyrillic in Unicode

In Unicode version 6.0, there are four sections for Cyrillic:

Code range name (hex) description

There are no Russian letters with an accent in Unicode, so you have to make them compound by adding the character U + 0301 (“combining acute accent”) after the stressed vowel (for example, ы́ é ю́ я́).

For a long time, the Church Slavonic language was the most problematic, but starting from version 5.1, almost all the necessary characters are already present.

For a more detailed table, see Cyrillic in Unicode.

400

410

BUT

And

420

With

SCH

Kommersant

430

well

and

about

440

with

sch

450

460

470

480

490

4A0

4B0

4C0

4D0

4E0

4F0

500

510

520

2DE0

ⷠ

ⷡ

ⷢ

ⷣ

ⷤ

ⷥ

ⷦ

ⷧ

ⷨ

ⷩ

ⷪ

ⷫ

ⷬ

ⷭ

ⷮ

ⷯ

2DF0

ⷰ

ⷱ

ⷲ

ⷳ

ⷴ

ⷵ

ⷶ

ⷷ

ⷸ

ⷹ

ⷺ

ⷻ

ⷼ

ⷽ

ⷾ

ⷿ

A640

Ꙁ

Ꙃ

Ꙅ

Ꙇ

Ꙉ

Ꙋ

Ꙍ

Ꙏ

A650

Ꙑ

Ꙓ

Ꙕ

Ꙗ

Ꙙ

Ꙛ

Ꙝ

Ꙟ

A660

Ꙡ

Ꙣ

Ꙥ

Ꙧ

Ꙩ

Ꙫ

Ꙭ

ꙮ

꙯

A670

꙰

꙱

꙲

꙳

꙼

꙽

꙾

ꙿ

A680

Ꚁ

Ꚃ

Ꚅ

Ꚇ

Ꚉ

Ꚋ

Ꚍ

Ꚏ

A690

Ꚑ

Ꚓ

Ꚕ

Ꚗ

Notes

Skobelkin O. V. Fundamentals of paleography. - Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 2005.
["Tales about the beginning of Slavic writing", M., "Nauka", 1981. p. 77]
Istrin, Viktor Alexandrovich: 1100 years of the Slavic alphabet, M., 1988. p.134
1 2 3 4 Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. - 2nd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1976. - 288 p.

Links

Slavic languages and encodings ()
Where did Slavic writing come from
To the history of the Russian alphabet
Cyrillic encodings

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Aramaic Arabic Jawi Ancient Libyan Jewish Nabataean Pahlavi Samaritan Syrian Sogdian Ugaritic Phoenician South Arabian

Балийское Батак Бенгальское Бирманское Брахми Бухидское Варанг-кшити Восточное нагари Грантха Гуджарати Гупта Гурмукхи Деванагари Кадамба Кайтхи Калинга Каннада Кхмерское Ланна Лаосское Лепча Лимбу Лонтара Малаялам Манипури Митхилакшар Моди Мон Монгольское Нагари Непальское Ория Паллава Ранджана Реджангское Саураштра Сиддхаматрика Сингальское Соёмбо Суданское Тагальское Тагбанва Такри Тамильское Телугу Тайское Тибетское Tocharian Hanunoo Hunnic Sharada Javanese

Boyd cursive Kharoshthi Canadian syllabary Meroitic Pitman cursive Pollard Sorang Sompeng Tana Thomas cursive Ethiopian

Avestan Agvanian Armenian Bassa Byutkhakukia Vagindra Hungarian Runes Glagolitic Gothic Gregg Shorthand Greco-Iberian Greek Georgian Gyirokastro Deseret Old Permian Old Turkic Cyrillic Coptic Latin Mandaic Asia Minor International Phonetic Manchu Nko Oberi-Okaime Ogamic Ol-chiki Runes Northern Etruscan Old Nubian Somali Old Mongolian (Tifinagh) Fraser Elbasan Etruscan Hangul

Braille script Morse code Moon script Optical telegraph Semaphore alphabet International Code of Signals Prison alphabet

Astec Dunba Mesoamerican Mi'kmaq Mixteq Nsibidi Tokapu

Chinese: Traditional Simplified Chi-nom Kanji Hancha
Chinese derivatives: Khitan Zhuang Jurchen
Logo-syllabic: Anatolian and Cuneiform Maya Tangut
Logo-consonant: Egyptian writing (hieroglyphics, hieratics, demotic)

Afaka Wai Geba Old Persian I Katakana Kikakui Cypriot Kpelle Linear B Man'yogana Nyu-shu Hiragana Cherokee Yugtun

Paleospanish Zhuyin

Quipu Knot letter in China

Biblical Vinca Ancient Canaanite Issyk Cypro-Minoan Cretan hieroglyphs Linear A Mishteq Indus Valley Jiahu Urn Fields Proto-Elamite Rongorongo Voynich Manuscript Proto-Sinaitic Tablet from Dispilio Phaistos Disc Elamite Linear

Mnemonics shorthand Media: Paper Clay tablets Papyrus Parchment (Palimpsest)

Ј , ј (title: ye, jota) - the letter of the extended Cyrillic alphabet, the 11th letter of the Serbian and the 12th letter of the Macedonian alphabets, is also used in the Altai, until 1991 - in the Azerbaijani alphabets. Reads like [j]; in Altaic it means [ɟ] or .

The southern Slavs use both instead of the traditional letter Y, and in combinations ya, Yes, Yo, ји, yu, replacing the letters of iotated vowels that were abolished from Serbian writing (see the table of Russian transcription of Serbian letters in the article "Serbian Cyrillic alphabet").

The letter was introduced into the Serbian script by Vuk Stefanović (then not yet Karadzic). Initially, in his grammar of the Serbian folk language of 1814, he used the style Ї, which he later changed to Ј - that is, he used the Latin iot in its German sound meaning, at first leaving two dots above the letter. From the very beginning, the introduction of the “Latin” letter into Slavic writing was severely criticized, but over time, “justifications” were also found: the J-shaped outline in the cursive of the 17th-18th centuries. sometimes had a Cyrillic letter I, which in some cases (at the beginning of words and between vowels) was pronounced exactly like [y].

The Serbian letter J was introduced into the newly created Macedonian alphabet on December 4, 1944, as a result of a vote by members of the “Philological Commission for the Establishment of the Macedonian Alphabet and Macedonian literary language" (8 votes "for", 3 "against").

The letter was used in some of the writing options offered in mid-nineteenth century for the Ukrainian language. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were ideas of translating the Russian language into more phonetic system letters that also used this letter.

Code table

Encoding Case Decimal
code 16-rich-
code Octal-
code Binary code


Unicode	uppercase	1032	0408	002010	00000100 00001000
Unicode	Lowercase	1112	0458	002130	00000100 01011000
ISO 8859-5	uppercase	168	A8	250	10101000
ISO 8859-5	Lowercase	248	F8	370	11111000
KOI-8 (some version)	uppercase	184	B8	270	10111000
KOI-8 (some version)	Lowercase	168	A8	250	10101000
Windows 1251	uppercase	163	A3	243	10100011
Windows 1251	Lowercase	188	BC	274	10111100

In HTML, an uppercase letter can be written as Ј or Ј, and a lowercase letter can be written as ј or ј.

Cyrillic alphabet. What was the name of all the letters of the alphabet in Cyrillic?

Cyrillic alphabet of the era of the oldest Slavic manuscripts (late 10th - 11th centuries).

Cyrillic letters have their own names.

How do the main characters of the Cyrillic alphabet sound?

The letter "A" - the name "az";

archeometer

But the letter "B" is not "gods", but "BUKI" - LIE is not necessary.

But WHY the letters had such strange names, not a single philolukh will answer you.

He will not answer because the letters are named in the Holy language of the original Bible - in Hebrew. Without knowing this language, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the names of the letters.

And the meaning is that the first letters - up to the letter "People" - show the first verses of the Bible, describing, as it were, the creation of the world.

Az - "Then Strong"

Buki - "divided, cut" heaven and earth

Lead - "and certified" that it is good

Vladimir BerShadsky, archaeolinguist

U m a

Our path of learning to write began with the so beloved and dear "ABC", which, by its name, opened the door to the captivating world Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic.

We all know that "Azbuka" got its name from the first two letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, but also interesting fact is that the Cyrillic alphabet consisted of 43 letters, that is, it included the entire Greek alphabet (24 letters) plus 19 more letters.

Below is a complete list of Cyrillic letter names.

88Summertime88

The Cyrillic alphabet appeared in the tenth century.

It is named after St. Cyril, who was an envoy from Byzantium. And it was compiled, as expected, by St. Clement of Ohrid.

The Cyrillic alphabet that exists now was formed in 1708. At this time, Peter the Great ruled.

During the reform of 1917-1918, the alphabet was changed, four letters were removed from it.

At the moment, this alphabet is used in more than fifty countries in Asia and Europe, including Russia. Some letters may be borrowed from the Latin alphabet.

Here is what the Cyrillic alphabet of the tenth century looked like:

Angelinas

A Early-Cyrillic-letter-Azu.svg 1 [a]az

B Early Cyrillic letter Buky.svg [b] bu?ki

In Early Cyrillic letter Viedi.png 2 [in] ve?di

Г Early Cyrillic letter Glagoli.png 3 [г] verb

D Early Cyrillic letter Dobro.png 4 [d] good?

E, Є Early Cyrillic letter Yesti.png 5 [e] yes

Ж Early Cyrillic letter Zhiviete.png [zh"] live? those

S Early Cyrillic letter Dzelo.png 6 [dz"] green?

W Early Cyrillic letter Zemlia.png 7 [w] earth?

And Early Cyrillic letter Izhe.png 8 [and] and? same (8-decimal)

І, Ї Early Cyrillic letter I.png 10 [and] and (decimal)

K Early Cyrillic letter Kako.png 20 [k] ka?ko

L Early Cyrillic letter Liudiye.png 30 [l] lu?di

M Early Cyrillic letter Myslite.png 40 [m] thought? those

H Early Cyrillic letter Nashi.png 50 [n] our

O Early Cyrillic letter Onu.png 70 [o] he

P Early Cyrillic letter Pokoi.png 80 [p] rest?

R Early Cyrillic letter Ritsi.png 100 [r] rci

С Early Cyrillic letter Slovo.png 200 [с] word?

T Early Cyrillic letter Tvrido.png 300 [t] hard

Early Cyrillic letter Uku.png (400) [у]ук

F Early Cyrillic letter Fritu.png 500 [f] firth

Х Early Cyrillic letter Khieru.png 600 [х] kher

Early Cyrillic letter Otu.png 800 [o] omega? ha

Ts Early Cyrillic letter Tsi.png 900 [ts’] tsy

Ch Early Cyrillic letter Chrivi.png 90 [ch’] worm

Ш Early Cyrillic letter Sha.png [ш'] sha

Ш Early Cyrillic letter Shta.png [sh’t’] ([sh’h’]) shcha

Ъ Early Cyrillic letter Yeru.png [ъ] ep

ы Early Cyrillic letter Yery.png [ы] ery?

b Early Cyrillic letter Yeri.png [b] er

Early Cyrillic letter Yati.png [?], [s] yat

Yu Early Cyrillic letter Yu.png [yu] yu

Early Cyrillic letter Ya.png [ya] A iotized

Early Cyrillic letter Ye.png [ye] E iotized

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy.png (900) [en] Small yus

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy.png [he] Big yus

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy Yotirovaniy.png [yen]

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy Yotirovaniy.png [yon]

Early Cyrillic letter Ksi.png 60 [ks] ksi

Early Cyrillic letter Psi.png 700 [ps] psi

Early Cyrillic letter Fita.png 9 [?], [f] fita?

Early Cyrillic letter Izhitsa.png 400 [i], [v] i?zhitsa

Milonika

Letter A sound [a] az

Letter B sound [b] beeches

Letter B sound [in] lead

Letter G sound [g] verb

Letter D sound [d] good

The letter E, Є sound [e] is

Letter Zh sound [zh "] live

The letter S sound [dz "] green

Letter Ꙁ, Z sound [z] earth

Letter And sound [and] lower (8-script)

Letter І, Ї sound [and] and (decimal)

Letter K sound [k] kako

Letter L sound [l] people

Letter M sound [m] think

Letter H sound [n] our

Letter O sound [o] he

Letter P sound [n] peace

Letter P sound [r] rys

Letter C sound [c] word

Letter T sound [t] firmly

Letter OU, Ꙋ sound [y] uk

Letter F sound [f] fert

Letter X sound [x] hyer

Letter Ѡ sound [o] omega

Letter C sound [c '] tsy

Letter H sound [h '] worm

Letter Sh sound [sh '] sha

Letter Щ sound [sh't '] ([sh'h ']) shcha

Letter b sound [b] ep

Letter Ꙑ sound [s] ery

Letter b sound [b] er

Letter Ѣ sound [æ], [s] yat

Letter Yu sound [yu] yu

Letter Ꙗ sound [ya] A iotized

Letter Ѥ sound [ye] E iotized

Letter Ѧ sound [en] yus small

Letter Ѫ sound [he] yus big

Letter Ѩ sound [yen] yus small iotated

Letter Ѭ sound [yon] yus big iotated

Letter Ѯ sound [ks] xi

Letter Ѱ sound [ps] psi

Letter Ѳ sound [θ], [f] fita

Letter V sound [and], [in] izhitsa

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Below I have given a table in which all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet are listed, their numerical value, how they were written, how they were called and how they were read. Please note that although some letters were read in a strange way (for example, "a" - "az"), but in writing they were pronounced in much the same way as in modern Russian:

Moreljuba

Now we all know the alphabet, which includes thirty-three letters. It is these letters that we begin to study from childhood with the help of a special book called the ABC. Earlier, the Cyrillic alphabet was studied, containing as many as forty-three letters, and here are all their names:

Smiledimasik

The Cyrillic alphabet is not very simple. If you look closely, you can see how the letters do not just mean letters, but whole words. For example, the first 2 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet denote the ABC, you can find some letters in the ancient Greek alphabet, they are much alike. Here is the alphabet

Master key 111

Indeed, in Cyrillic letters sound different, not as we are used to seeing and pronouncing them, it is also interesting that the Cyrillic alphabet had 43 letters, below is a list of letters and their offerings, some of which are simply not used today.

What is Cyrillic?

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Cyrillic (Cyrillic script) is an alphabet used to write the words of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian languages, as well as many languages of non-Slavic peoples inhabiting Russia and its neighboring states. In the Middle Ages, it was also used to write numbers.
The Cyrillic alphabet is named after Cyril, the creator of the Glagolitic alphabet - the first Slavic alphabet. The authorship of the Cyrillic alphabet belongs to missionaries - followers of Cyril and Methodius. The oldest monuments of Cyrillic writing date back to the turn of the 9th-10th centuries: by the end of the 800s or the beginning of the 900s. Most likely, this letter was invented in Bulgaria; at first it was the Greek alphabet, to the 24 letters of which 19 letters were added to indicate those missing in Greek sounds of the Slavic language. From the 10th century, Cyrillic began to be written in Russia.
In Russia and other countries, the Cyrillic alphabet has gone through a series of reforms, the most serious of which were carried out by printers, starting with Ivan Fedorov, and statesmen(for example, Peter I). Reforms most often came down to reducing the number of letters and simplifying their style, although there were reverse examples: at the end of the 18th century, N. M. Karamzin proposed introducing the letter "ё" into the Russian language, created by adding the characteristic German language umlaut (two dots) to the letter "e". The modern Russian alphabet includes 33 letters left after the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of October 10, 1918 "On the introduction new spelling". According to this decree, all publications and business documentation were transferred to the new spelling from October 15, 1918.

Ririlitsa is a Latin alphabet with Greek adapted to Stavian phonetics.
One of the first two alphabets of Old Slavonic writing - one of the two oldest Slavic alphabets (43 graphemes).
Created at the end of the 9th century. (the second was Glagolitic), which got its name from the name Cyril, adopted by the Byzantine missionary.
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Cyrillic is a term that has several meanings: 1) Old Slavonic alphabet: the same as the Cyrillic (or Cyrillic) alphabet: one of two (along with the Glagolitic) ancient alphabets for the Old Slavonic language; 2) Cyrillic alphabets: a writing system and an alphabet for some other language based on this Old Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet (they talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic; it is incorrect to call the “Cyrillic alphabet” the formal union of several or all national Cyrillic alphabets); 3) Semi-authoritative font: the font in which church books are traditionally printed (in this sense, Cyrillic is opposed to the civil or Peter's font).

Az- This initial Slavic alphabet, which denotes the pronoun I. However, its root meaning is the word “originally”, “begin” or “beginning”, although in everyday life the Slavs most often used Az in the context of the pronoun. Nevertheless, in some Old Slavonic writings one can find Az, which meant "one", for example, "I'll go to Vladimir". Or "start with the basics" meant "start from the beginning". Thus, with the beginning of the alphabet, the Slavs denoted the entire philosophical meaning of being, where without beginning there is no end, without darkness there is no light, and without good there is no evil. At the same time, the main emphasis in this is placed on the duality of the dispensation of the world.

Actually, the alphabet itself is built on the principle of duality, where it is conditionally divided into two parts: the highest and the lowest, positive and negative, the part located at the beginning and the part that is at the end. In addition, do not forget that Az has a numerical value, which is expressed by the number 1. Among the ancient Slavs, the number 1 was the beginning of everything beautiful. Today, studying Slavic numerology, we can say that the Slavs, like other peoples, divided all numbers into even and odd. At the same time, odd numbers were the embodiment of everything positive, kind and bright. In turn, even numbers represented darkness and evil. At the same time, the unit was considered the beginning of all beginnings and was very revered Slavic tribes. From the point of view of erotic numerology, it is believed that 1 is a phallic symbol, from which procreation begins. This number has several synonyms: 1 is one, 1 is one, 1 is times.

Gods(b), which was later replaced by Buki. This initial letter does not have a numerical value, since there can be many Gods. The image of this initial letter: a multitude that transcends the form that prevails over something. There is a concept, and this prevails over it.
BA (remember the exclamation “Ba - all familiar faces!” - “exceeding (b) the original (a), i.e. above". Therefore, the expression "ba" sounds in a surprising form. The person is surprised: how is it?! There is something, and something else has appeared in addition to what existed at the beginning and on top of it something else.
BA-BA (we agree with the same form). Here A influences B, i.e. human (a) to something (b); they were surprised, but at the same time the divine (b) began to influence the human (a), and again the image changed, surprised by something. Namely, a Divine creation, which surprisingly showed a new plurality with the addition of a single one. Therefore, Baba: what she produced in addition to what we have, a new, the same Divine form of life. And in the opposite direction: abab is the divine source of human multiplication. They say that a woman will get mad, become a "woman" when she gives birth to a successor of the family, i.e. boy. If she gave birth to a girl, she was called a young woman. But these forms exist in other languages as well.
BA-B - the divine (multiple) is collected through the divine, and a single source (a) is located between two matching systems. "A" in this case is a transition point, a gate. The Assyrians, the city where the gates of God were located, called Babel, Babylon.
Abbreviated form of writing: B. - "predominant, greater". Example: constellation Ursa Major. But since there is more, it means that there is something less. Such forms are embedded in our ancestral memory and any person, no matter where he lives, can understand them. Because all this comes from a single proto-language. Since the set cannot be concretized, the letter “B” has no numerical value.

Lead- the most interesting letter of the Old Slavonic alphabet, which has a numerical value of 2. This letter has several meanings: to know, to know and to own. Meaning implies innermost knowledge, knowledge as the highest divine gift. If you add Az, Buki and Vedi into one phrase, you will get a phrase that means "I will know!" . Thus, the person who discovered the alphabet created by him will subsequently have some kind of knowledge. No less important is the numerical load of this letter. After all, 2 - two, two, a couple were not just numbers among the Slavs, they accepted Active participation in magical rituals and in general were symbols of the duality of everything earthly and heavenly.

The number 2 among the Slavs meant the unity of heaven and earth, the duality of human nature, good and evil, etc. In a word, the deuce was a symbol of the confrontation between the two sides, heavenly and earthly balance. Moreover, it is worth noting that the Slavs considered the deuce to be a devilish number and attributed to it a lot of negative properties, believing that it was the deuce that opens number series negative numbers that bring death to a person. That is why the birth of twins in Old Slavic families was considered a bad sign, which brought illness and misfortune to the family. In addition, among the Slavs, it was considered a bad sign to rock the cradle together, two people to dry themselves with one towel and generally perform any action together. Despite such a negative attitude towards the number 2, the Slavs recognized its magical power. For example, many rituals of exile evil spirits were carried out using two identical objects or with the participation of twins.

verb- a letter, the meaning of which is the performance of an action or the pronunciation of a speech. Synonyms for the letter-word Verb are: verb, speak, conversation, speech, and in some contexts the word verb was used in the meaning of "write". For example, the phrase "Let him give us the verb and the word, and the thought, and the deed" means that "reasonable speech gives us words, thoughts, and deeds". The verb was always used only in a positive context, and its numerical value was the number 3 - three. The triple or triad, as our ancestors often called it, was considered a divine number.

Firstly, the three is a symbol of spirituality and the unity of the soul with the Holy Trinity.
Secondly, the triple / triad was an expression of the unity of heaven, earth and the underworld.
Thirdly, the triad symbolizes the completion of a logical sequence: beginning - middle - end.

And finally, the triad symbolizes the past, present and future.

If you look at most of the Slavic rituals and magical actions, you will see that they all ended with a triple repetition of a ritual. The simplest example is threefold baptism after prayer.

Good- the fifth letter in the Slavic alphabet, which is a symbol of purity and goodness. The true meaning of this word "good, virtue". At the same time, the letter Good is not only pure human features character, but also virtue, which all people who love the heavenly Father must adhere to. Under Good, scientists, first of all, see virtue from the point of view of a person maintaining religious canons, which symbolize the Commandments of the Lord. For example, the old Slavonic phrase: "Virtue and life of true diligence" carries the meaning that a person should in real life observe virtue.

The numerical value of the letter Dobro is indicated by the number 4, i.e. four. What did the Slavs put into this number? First of all, the four symbolized the four elements: fire, water, earth and air, the four ends of the sacred cross, the four cardinal points and the four corners in the room. Thus, the four was a symbol of stability and even inviolability. Despite the fact that this is an even number, the Slavs did not treat it negatively, because it was it, together with the three, that gave the divine number 7.

One of the most versatile words of the Old Slavonic alphabet is Yes. This word is denoted by such words as “is”, “wealth”, “presence”, “intrinsicity”, “being”, “nature”, “nature” and other synonyms that express the meaning of these words. Surely, having heard this letter-word, many of us will immediately remember the phrase from the movie "Ivan Vasilyevich is changing his profession", which has already become winged: “Az is the king!” . On such good example it is easy to understand that the person who said this phrase positions himself as a king, that is, the king is his real essence. The numerical riddle of the letter There is hidden in the five. Five is one of the most controversial numbers in Slavic numerology. After all, it is both positive and negative number, as, probably, a figure that consists of a "divine" triad and a "satanic" two.

If we talk about the positive aspects of the five, which is the numerical value of the letter Yes, then, first of all, it should be noted that this number carries a great religious potential: in Holy Scripture the five is a symbol of grace and mercy. The oil for the sacred anointing consisted of 5 parts, which included 5 ingredients, and in the implementation of the rite of "fumigation" 5 different ingredients are also used, such as: frankincense, stact, onych, levan and halvan.

Other philosophers and thinkers argue that the five is an identification with the five human senses: sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. There are also negative qualities in the top five, which were found by some researchers of Old Slavonic culture. In their opinion, among the ancient Slavs, the five was a symbol of risk and war. A vivid evidence of this is the conduct of battles by the Slavs mainly on Fridays. Friday among the Slavs was a symbol of the number five. However, there are some contradictions here, as other numerologists believe that the Slavs preferred to conduct battles and battles on Fridays solely because they considered five to be a lucky number and thanks to this they hoped to win the battle.

live- a letter-word, which is designated today as the letter Zh. The meaning of the meaning of these letters is quite simple and understandable and is expressed in such words as "living", "life" and "living". Put in this letter a word that everyone understands, which meant the existence of all life on the planet, as well as the creation of new life. It is explained that life is a great gift that a person possesses, and this gift should be directed towards doing good deeds. If you combine the meaning of the letter Live with the meaning of the previous letters, then you will get the phrase: “I will know and say that goodness is inherent in all living things…” The letter Live is not endowed with a numerical characteristic, and this remains another mystery that our ancestors left behind.

Zelo- a letter that is a combination of two sounds [d] and [z]. The main meaning of this letter for the Slavs was in the words "strongly" and "strongly". The letter-word Zelo itself was used in Old Slavonic writings as “zelo”, which meant strong, strong, very, very, and it could also often be found in a sentence as “green”, i.e. strong, strong or abundant. If we consider this letter in the context of the word "very", then we can cite as an example the lines of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who wrote: "Now I must apologize to you for the long silence". In this expression "excuse me" can be easily rephrased as a phrase "very sorry". Although the expression is also appropriate here "change a lot".

* the sixth paragraph of the Lord's Prayer speaks of sin;
* the sixth commandment speaks of the most terrible sin of man - murder;
* Cain's race ended with the sixth generation;
* the notorious mythical serpent had 6 names;
* the number of the devil is presented in all sources as three sixes "666".

The list of unpleasant associations associated with the number 6 among the Slavs can be continued. However, it can be concluded that in some Old Slavonic sources, philosophers also noticed the mystical attraction of the six. So the love that arises between a man and a woman was also associated with the six, which is a combination of two triads.

Earth- the ninth letter of the Old Slavonic alphabet, the meaning of which is presented as "land" or "country". Sometimes in sentences the letter-word Earth was used in such meanings as “land”, “country”, “people”, “land”, or this word meant the body of a person. Why is the letter named this way? Everything is very simple! After all, we all live on earth, in our own country, and belong to some nationality. Therefore, the word-letter Earth is a concept behind which the community of the people is hidden. And everything starts small, and ends with something big and immense. That is, in this letter he embodied the following phenomenon: each person is part of a family, each family belongs to a community, and each community in the aggregate represents a people who live in a certain territory called their native land. And these patches of land, which we call our native land, are united into a huge country where there is one God. However, in addition to deeply philosophical meaning the letter Earth hides a number. This is the number 7 - seven, seven, seven. What can modern youth know about the number 7? Only that the seven brings good luck. However, for the ancient Slavs, the seven was a very significant number.

The number seven for the Slavs meant the number spiritual perfection on which God's seal has fallen. Moreover, we can see the seven almost everywhere in Everyday life: a week consists of seven days, a musical alphabet of seven notes, etc. In religious books and scriptures, the number seven is also mentioned.

Izhe- a letter, the meaning of which can be expressed by the words "if", "if" and "when". The meaning of these words has not changed to this day, just in everyday life, modern Slavs use the synonyms Izhe: if and when. The number 10 corresponds to the same - ten, ten, decade, as we call this number today. Among the Slavs, the number ten is considered the third number, which denotes divine perfection and orderly completeness. If you turn to history and various sources, you will see that the ten has a deep religious and philosophical meaning:

* The 10 commandments are God's complete code, which reveals to us the basic rules of beneficence;
* 10 generations represent the full cycle of a family or nation;

Kako- the letter-word of the Slavic alphabet, which means "like" or "like". A simple example of the use of this word "how is he" today sounds simply "how is he". This word expresses the similarity of man with God. After all, God created man in his own image and likeness. Numerical characteristic this letter corresponds to twenty.

People- a letter of the Slavic alphabet, which speaks for itself about the meaning that is inherent in it. The true meaning of the letter People was used to refer to people of any class, gender and gender. From this letter came such expressions as the human race, to live like a human being. But perhaps the most famous phrase, which is used by us today, is “go out to the people”, which meant going out to the square for meetings and festivities. Thus, our ancestors worked for a whole week, and on Sunday, which was the only day off, they dressed up and went out to the square to "look at others and show yourself". The letter-word People corresponds to the number 30 - thirty.

Thinking- a very important letter-word, the true meaning of which means "think", "thinking", "think", "think" or, as our ancestors said, "think with the mind". For the Slavs, the word “think” meant not just sitting and thinking about eternity, spiritual communication with God was invested in this word. Thought is the letter that corresponds to the number 40 - forty. In Slavic thinking, the number 40 had a special meaning, because when they said “a lot”, the Slavs meant 40. Apparently, in ancient times this was the highest number. For example, remember the phrase "forty magpies". She says that the Slavs represented the number 40, as we do today, for example, the number 100 is one hundred. If we turn to the Holy Scriptures, then it is worth noting that the Slavs considered 40 to be another divine number, which denotes certain period the time that passes human soul from the moment of temptation to the moment of punishment. Hence the tradition on the 40th day after death to commemorate the deceased.

letter-word Our also speaks for itself. It has two meanings "our" and "brother". That is, this word expresses kinship or closeness in spirit. Synonyms for the true meaning of the letter were such words as “own”, “native”, “close” and "belonging to our family". Thus, the ancient Slavs divided all people into two castes: “ours” and “strangers”. letter-word Our has its own numerical value, which, as you probably already guessed, is 50 - fifty.

The next word in the alphabet is represented by modern letter Oh, which in the Old Slavonic alphabet is indicated by the word He. true value this letter is "face". In addition to being a personal pronoun, He was used to refer to a person, person, or person. The number that corresponds to this word is 70 - seventy.

peace- the letter of the spirituality of the Slavic people. The true meaning of Peace lies in peace and quiet. A special peace of mind or spiritual harmony was invested in this letter. A person who does good deeds, has pure thoughts and respects the commandments, lives in harmony with himself. He does not need to pretend to anyone, because he is in harmony with himself. The number corresponding to the letter Peace is 80 - eighty.

Rtsy- this is the ancient Slavic letter, which we know today as the letter R. Of course, by asking a simple modern man about whether he knows what this word means, you are unlikely to hear an answer. Nevertheless, the letter-word Rtsy was well known to those who held in their hands or saw the first Slavic alphabet on the walls of churches. The true meaning of Rtsy lies in such words as “you will speak”, “you will say”, “you will express” and other words that are close in meaning. For example, the expression "Rets of Wisdom" stands for "speak wise words» . This word was often used in ancient writings, but today its meaning has lost its significance for a modern person. The numerical value of Rtsy is 100 - one hundred.

Word- a letter about which we can say that it is she who gives the name of our entire speech. Since man invented the word, the surrounding objects have received their names, and people have ceased to be a faceless mass and have received names. In the Slavic alphabet, the Word has many synonyms: legend, speech, sermon. All these synonyms were often used in the preparation of both official letters and writing scholarly treatises. AT colloquial speech this letter also found widespread use. The numerical analogue of the letter Word is 200 - two hundred.

The next letter of the alphabet is known to us today as the letter T, but the ancient Slavs knew it as a letter-word Firmly. As you understand, the true meaning of this letter speaks for itself, and it means "solid" or "true". It is from this letter that famous expression "Stand by my word". This means that a person clearly understands what he is saying and affirms the correctness of his thoughts and words. Such firmness is the destiny of either very wise people or complete fools. However, the letter Firmly indicated that a person who said something or did something felt right. If we talk about the numerical self-affirmation of the letter Firmly, then it is worth saying that the number 300 corresponds to it - three hundred.

Ok- another letter in the alphabet, which today has transformed into the letter U. Of course, it is difficult for an unknowing person to understand what this word means, but the Slavs knew it as "law". Ouk was often used in the meaning of "decree", "fasten", "lawyer", "indicate", "fasten", etc. Most often, this letter was used to denote government decrees, laws adopted by officials, and was rarely used in a spiritual context.

Completes a galaxy of "higher" letters of the alphabet firth. This unusual letter-word means nothing more than glory, top, top. But this concept is not addressed to human glory, which denotes the fame of any person, but gives the glory of eternity. Please note that Firth is the logical ending of the "higher" part of the alphabet and represents a conditional ending. But this end gives us food for thought that there is still an eternity that we must glorify. Firth's numerical value is 500 - five hundred.

Having considered the highest part of the alphabet, we can state the fact that it is secret message to descendants. "Where is it seen?" - you ask. And now you try to read all the letters, knowing their true meaning. If you take several subsequent letters, then phrases-edifications are added:

* Lead + The verb means "lead the teaching";
* Rtsy + Word + Can be firmly understood as a phrase "Speak the True Word";
* Solid + Ouk can be interpreted as "strengthen the law".

If you look at other letters, you can also find the secret script that our ancestors left behind.

Have you ever wondered why the letters in the alphabet are in this order, and not some other? The order of the "higher" part of the Cyrillic letters can be considered from two positions.

Firstly, the fact that each letter-word is formed into a meaningful phrase with the next one may mean a non-random pattern that was invented to quickly memorize the alphabet.

Secondly, the Old Slavonic alphabet can be considered from the point of view of numbering. That is, each letter is also a number. Moreover, all letters-numbers are arranged in ascending order. So, the letter A - “az” corresponds to one, B - 2, G - 3, D - 4, E - 5, and so on up to ten. The letter K begins with tens, which are listed here in the same way as units: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80 and 100.

In addition, many scientists have noticed that the outlines of the letters of the "higher" part of the alphabet are graphically simple, beautiful and convenient. They perfectly suited cursive writing, and the person did not experience any difficulties in depicting these letters. And many philosophers see in the numerical arrangement of the alphabet the principle of the triad and spiritual harmony, which a person achieves, striving for goodness, light and truth.

Literal truth, the "lower" part of the alphabet

Good cannot exist without evil. Therefore, the "lower" part of the Old Slavonic alphabet is the embodiment of everything vile and evil that is in man. So, let's get acquainted with the letters of the "lower" part of the alphabet, which do not have a numerical value. By the way, pay attention, there are not many, not few 13!

The "lower" part of the alphabet begins with the letter Sha. The true meaning of this letter can be expressed in such words as "trash", "insignificance" or "liar". Often in sentences they were used to indicate the whole lowland of a person who was called shabala, which means a liar and idler. Another word derived from the letter Sha is shabendat, which means to fuss over trifles. And especially vile people were called the word "shaveren", that is, trash or an insignificant person.

A letter very similar to Sha is the following letter shcha. What associations do you have when you hear this letter? But our ancestors used this letter in the case when they talked about vanity or mercy, however, only one word can be chosen as a root synonym for the letter Scha "mercilessly". For example, a simple Old Slavonic phrase "betray without mercy". Its modern meaning can be expressed in the phrase "mercilessly betray".

yer. In ancient times, thieves, swindlers and rogues were called Yerami. Today we know this letter as Ъ. Er is not endowed with any numerical value, like the other twelve letters of the lower part of the alphabet.

era- this is a letter that has survived to this day and flaunts in our alphabet, like Y. As you understand, it also has an impartial meaning and denotes a drunkard, because, in ancient times, revelers and drunkards who hung around idle were called erigs. In fact, there were people who did not work, but only walked and drank intoxicating drinks. They were in great disfavor with the whole community and were often stoned.

Yer represents b in the modern alphabet, but the meaning of this letter is unknown to many contemporaries. Yer had several meanings: “heresy”, “heretic”, “enemy”, “sorcerer” and “renegade”. If this letter appeared in the meaning "renegade", then the person was called "erik". In other definitions, a person was called a "heretic".

Yat- this is the letter to which the synonym “accept” is most suitable. In Old Church Slavonic texts, it was most often used as "to have" and "yatny". amazing words especially for modern people. Although I think some of the slang words used by our teenagers, and the ancient Slavs would not understand. "Have" was used in the context of catching or taking. “Yatny” was used in Old Slavonic texts when they talked about something accessible or an easily achievable goal.

Yu [y]- the letter of sorrow and sorrow. Its root meaning is a bitter lot and an unhappy fate. The Slavs called a bad fate a vale. From the same letter came the word holy fool, which means an insane person. The holy fools in the alphabet were designated exclusively from a negative point of view, but one should not forget who the holy fools were originally.

[AND I- a letter that does not have a name, but a deep and awesome meaning is hidden in it. The true meaning of this letter is several concepts, such as "exile", "outcast" or "torture". Both an exile and an outcast are synonyms for one concept that has deep ancient Russian roots. Behind this word was an unfortunate person who fell out of social environment and does not fit into existing society. Interestingly, in ancient Russian state there was such a thing as "prince-outcast". Outcast princes are people who have lost their inheritance due to premature death relatives who did not have time to transfer their possessions to them.

[I]E- another letter of the "lower" part of the alphabet, which does not have a name. The ancient Slavs had completely unpleasant associations with this letter, because it meant "torment" and "torment". Often this letter was used in the context of eternal torment experienced by sinners who do not recognize the laws of God and do not keep the 10 commandments.

Two more interesting letters of the Old Slavonic alphabet Yus small and Yus big. They are very similar in form and meaning. Let's take a look at what their difference is.

Yus small shaped like tied hands. The most interesting thing is that the root meaning of this letter is “bonds”, “fetters”, “chains”, “knots” and words similar in meaning. Often Yus small was used in texts as a symbol of punishment and was denoted by such words: bonds and knots.

Yus big was a symbol of dungeon or prison, as a more severe punishment for committed by man atrocities. It is interesting that in form this letter was similar to a dungeon. Most often, in ancient Slavic texts, you can find this letter in the form of the word prison, which meant jail or prison. The derivative of these two letters are the letters Iotov yus small and Iotov yus big. The graphic image of Iotov Yus the small in Cyrillic is similar to the image of Yus the small, however, in the Glagolitic these two letters have absolutely different forms. The same can be said about Iotov Yus big and Yus big. What is the secret of such a striking difference?

After all, the semantic meaning that we know about today is very similar for these letters, and is a logical chain. Let's look at each graphic image of these four letters in the Glagolitic alphabet.

Yus small, denoting bonds or fetters, is depicted in the Glagolitic in the form human body, on whose hands and feet, as it were, shackles are dressed. Yus small is followed by Iotov yus small, which means imprisonment, imprisonment of a person in a dungeon or jail. This letter is depicted in the Glagolitic alphabet as some substance similar to a cell. What happens next? And then comes Yus big, which is a symbol of the dungeon and is depicted in the Glagolitic as a twisted figure. It is amazing, but after Yus the big is Iotov yus the big, which means the execution, and his graphic image in the Glagolitic is nothing more than a gallows.

And now let's consider separately the semantic meanings of these four letters and their graphic analogies. Their meaning can be displayed in a simple phrase that indicates a logical sequence: first, shackles are put on a person, then they are imprisoned, and finally, execution is the logical conclusion of punishment. What comes out of this a simple example? And it turns out that when creating the “lower” part of the alphabet, they also put a certain hidden meaning into it and ordered all the signs according to a certain logical attribute. If you look at all thirteen letters of the lower row of the alphabet, you will see that they are a conditional edification Slavic people. Combining all thirteen letters by meaning, we get the following phrase: “Insignificant liars, thieves, swindlers, drunkards and heretics will take a bitter fate - they will be tortured by outcasts, shackled in shackles, thrown into prison and executed!” Thus, an edification is given to the Slavs that all sinners will be punished.

In addition, graphically, all the letters of the "lower" part are much more difficult to reproduce than the letters of the first half of the alphabet, and it is immediately striking that many of them do not have a name and numerical identification.

The most interesting thing is that the letters X - Kher and W - Omega stand in the center of the alphabet and are enclosed in a circle, which, you see, expresses their superiority over the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The right side of these letters is a reflection of the left side, thus emphasizing their polarity. The letter X stands for the Universe, and even its numerical value 600 - six hundred corresponds to the word "cosmos".

Considering the letter W, which corresponds to the number 800 - eight hundred, I would like to focus on the fact that it stands for the word "faith". Thus, these two letters, circled, symbolize faith in God, they are an image of the fact that somewhere in the Universe there is a cosmic sphere where the Lord lives, who determined the fate of man from beginning to end.

In addition, a special meaning was put into the letter Kher, which can be reflected in the word "cherub" or "ancestor". Slavic words derived from the letter Kher have only a positive meaning: cherub, heroism, which means heroism, heraldry (respectively, heraldry), etc.

In turn, Omega, on the contrary, meant final, end or death. This word has many derivatives, so "omega" means eccentric, and disgusting means something very bad.

Thus, Kher and Omega, enclosed in a circle, were the symbol of this circle. Look at their meanings: start and end. But a circle is a line that has neither beginning nor end. However, at the same time, it is both the beginning and the end.

There are two more letters in this “enchanted” circle, which we know in the Old Slavonic alphabet as Tsy and Worm. The most interesting thing is that these letters have a dual meaning in the Old Slavonic alphabet.

So the positive meaning of Tsy can be expressed in the words church, kingdom, king, caesar, cycle, and in many more synonymous words for these meanings. At the same time, the letter Tsy meant both the kingdom of the earth and the kingdom of heaven. At the same time, it was used with a negative connotation. For example, “poop!” - shut up, stop talking; “tsiryukat” - scream, wail and “tsyba”, which meant an unstable thin-legged person and was considered an insult.

The letter Worm also has both positive features, as well as negative ones. From this letter came such words as chernets, that is, a monk; forehead, bowl, child, person, etc. All the negativity that could be splashed out with this letter can be expressed in such words as a worm - a base, reptile creature, a worm - a belly, a devil - an offspring and others.

The Proto-Slavic alphabet is the first textbook in the history of modern civilization. A person who has read and understood an elementary message not only masters the universal method of storing information, but also acquires the ability to transfer accumulated knowledge, i.e. becomes a teacher.

From the editor. To what has been said, it must be added that the basis of the Russian alphabet is two varieties of the Old Slavonic alphabet: the Glagolitic alphabet, or trade letter, and the Holy Russian images, or the alphabet. Evidence of ancient tales and chronicles, notes of foreign travelers, archeological data allow us to assert that writing in Russia existed long before the advent of Christianity. Apparently, Cyril and Methodius created their own alphabet on the basis of ancient Slavic writing with the addition of Greek-Byzantine letters for the convenience of translating Christian texts.

Bibliography:

1. K. Titarenko "The Secret of the Slavic Alphabet", 1995
2. A. Zinoviev "Cyrillic script", 1998
3. M. Krongauz "Where did the Slavic writing come from", j-l "Russian language" 1996, No. 3
4. E. Nemirovsky "In the footsteps of the pioneer", M.: Sovremennik, 1983

The second letter of the alphabet is not "beeches", but "Gods".
This alphabet cannot be “invented” by a person, even by such supposedly saints as Cyril and Methodius. Allegedly - because a holy person will never throw out of the Divine alphabet given to a person from above, keyword- the word "GOD" and will not replace it with a faceless "BUKI".
Az gods know. The verb is good…
AZ (man) KNOWS GOD, THE VERB IS GOOD, WHICH IS LIFE (EXISTENCE).
Etc.
In addition, Cyril and Methodius threw out a few initial letters from the alphabet, that is, they intervened in God's creation.
That's why I call them "supposed saints".
The Old Slavonic alphabet is all saturated with God.
The alphabet of Cyril and Methodius is saturated with knowledge. But knowledge without God is dead. That is why the Orthodox Church has been stalling in Russia for so many centuries, because its foundations have been distorted.

Cyrillic alphabet. Old Church Slavonic alphabet

History of creation and development

Cyrillic alphabet

Russian Cyrillic. Civic font

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of the Slavic languages

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages

Old (pre-reform) civil Cyrillic alphabets

Distribution in the world

Official alphabet

Used informally

Cyrillic encodings

Cyrillic in Unicode

see also

Notes

Links

Code table

Cyrillic alphabet. What was the name of all the letters of the alphabet in Cyrillic?

What is Cyrillic?

Literal truth, the "lower" part of the alphabet