Distinguish between genitive and accusative forms. The difference between the accusative and the nominative

Noun is a part of speech that names things and answers questions. what? » / « who? ". In Russian, a noun acts as an object, circumstance, subject or predicate. This is one of the main lexical categories denoting the names of things, organisms and living beings, persons, events, facts, geographical location, phenomena, as well as properties, states, qualities and actions. The noun is modified according to special cases, between which there is certain system differences. To avoid grammar and lexical errors, it is necessary to be able to distinguish between them.

Necessary:

To learn to distinguish accusative from the parent, it is necessary to remember school curriculum Russian language for grades 4-5. AT this case You will need not only a school textbook, but also a case table.

Instruction:

• The school textbook tells us that there are only six cases in Russian. They are called as follows: nominative , dative , prepositional , instrumental , accusative and genitive . We are interested in the last two, so we will focus on them.
• To determine this characteristic for any noun, it is necessary to use special auxiliary questions and words. It should be noted that both schoolchildren and very educated people constantly confuse accusative and Genitive and. This is because the sub-questions for their definition are almost identical: for the genitive " no one? what? ", for accusative " see who? what? ". That is, the same question is asked to animate objects: “ whom? ».
• If you are unable to determine desired shape, ask a clarifying question to the noun: " see what? " or « no what? ' to define it. The accusative case is used when a word takes the form of a nominative after a clarifying question.
• The genitive case can also be determined using the test word "cat". Substituting in place of any noun specified word pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word "teacher" in the phrase teacher pride, substituting the test word, we get the phrase "pride for a cat". The ending « and » indicates genitive case, ending "at" to accusative.
• Remember that the genitive always indicates the ratio of the whole and the part ( glass of water), comparison with something or someone ( prettier than Vasilisa) and membership ( brother motorcycle). The accusative describes and denotes temporal-spatial relations ( wait a minute), and also indicates the transition from the action to the object ( stroking a cat).

The accusative case answers the questions "whom? what?" and is used in sentences and phrases only with verbs and its forms (participle and participle). The most common function of this case in Russian is the expression of the direct object of the action: read a book, draw a picture etc. What else can the accusative case mean, and how to distinguish it from the genitive? Read the article below!

What does fall mean?

The case about which will be discussed in the article, can have completely different meanings.

For example:

• The accusative of time will indicate the time of the already completed action - "meet every Tuesday."
• The accusative quantity should be used to indicate the cost, when there is a reference to the quantitative side of the verbal action - "to cost a hundred rubles."
• A noun in the accusative case of measures will indicate a measure of time or space - "run three kilometers."
• The accusative object will call the object to which the action is directed - "throw the ball."
• The accusative of the result will designate an object that will be the result of some action - “sew a T-shirt”.

In order to determine the case in front of you without error, you need to know the questions of the accusative case (whom? what?). Substitute the word “blame” or “see”, and you will immediately understand everything. For example, I blame (who?) my grandmother, I see (what?) a cutlet.

Case meanings

This form of the word has two main meanings: objective and subjective.

1. The object value may appear next to transitive verb (buy a cat), next to the predicate ( sorry, apparently, it is necessary, it hurts, sorry for the dog) and in one-part sentences expressing the required object ( reward for the brave).
2. Subjective meaning can be expressed only in a sentence (not in a phrase). Such a meaning can have an accusative case, located at the beginning of a sentence that tells us about the state of the person ( the guys were inspired by the award). The subjective meaning expresses the case in sentences like "The child is chilly." This meaning is also expressed by sentences that do not have a clear subject of action ( killed a man).

Case endings

Questions of the accusative case determine its endings.

So, what should be the endings of these forms of words?

• Nouns in the singular: horse, land, mother, pig, field, mouse, path, banner.
• Accusative plural (the number plays a big role in setting the correct ending) of the number: horses, edge, mothers, pigs, fields, mice, paths, banners.
• Adjectives and participles in the singular have the following endings: oval and oval, oval, oval; soft and soft, soft, soft; hare and hare, hare, hare.

Accusative prepositions

This case can be combined with large quantity prepositions, both simple and derivative. If the word is combined with simple prepositions (in, for, under, on, with), then it has defining meaning. Moreover, this definition can be different - in place, time, property, reason, purpose, and so on. Paired with mere pretext the word in the case we are considering can also have an objective meaning ( vote for a deputy, go for mushrooms). The word can also fulfill the function of replenishment necessary information (passed for a talker).

In the whole sentence, the form of the word in the accusative case, paired with a simple preposition, performs other functions. For example, a case can indicate a predicative feature ( bravery medal). The accusative can even extend the sentence ( a kilometer from the village - a lake; in New Year miracles happen). Paired with the prepositions "for" and "under" the word can express the meaning of approximation ( he is in his forties, she is in her fifties).

Also, words in the form of the accusative case can also be combined with derivative prepositions ( in spite of, in spite of, after a day).

How to distinguish accusative from genitive: method one

In order not to confuse the cases of the Russian language, you need to remember that each of them has its own question, depending on the meaning of the case. By asking a universal question and finding a match for it, you can easily understand the word in which case is in front of your eyes. The genitive case more often denotes belonging, the "whole-part" relationship, a sign of an object in relation to some other object, an object of influence, and so on.

For this form of the word, the questions “there is no one?”, “there is nothing?” Are fixed. The accusative case will answer the questions “I see whom?”, “I see what?”. It is very difficult to determine the form of a word only by its meaning or ending. It is too difficult to remember all the meanings of the genitive and accusative case, they have many nuances. And the endings of nouns in these forms can even coincide!

Difficulties can especially often arise in determining the case of an animate noun. If the question is "who?" does not help you cope with the task, then imagine an inanimate noun in place of an animate noun. Ask a question for the genitive "no what?" and for the accusative "see what?". If the word being defined has the same form as in the nominative case, then it is in the accusative.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive: the second way

• If the noun in front of you is inanimate, just ask the right question ( I buy (what?) flower pots; I don’t see (what?) planters). In the second case, the word is in the genitive case.
• If you see an animated noun 2 declensions male, put in its place any word of the 1st declension and watch the ending ( I see a boar - I see a fox: ending y - genitive); ( no boar - no fox: ending ы - accusative).
• If you see an animated noun in plural, then simply replace it with an inanimate noun ( love people - love (what) letters- accusative; I love the kindness of people - I love the kindness of letters- parental).

Remember that in Russian there are many indeclinable nouns (coffee, pot and so on) that look the same in any case. In this case, all the above tips may not work. Always check the correctness of determining the case with a key question, and there will be no errors.

Russian language lesson

Subject: difference nominative case from accusative

Goals:

• develop the ability to recognize the nominative and accusative cases; practice the ability to determine the case of a noun;
• formation communicative competencies(dialogue, discussion)
• bring up

• Equipment: computer, multimedia installation.

DURING THE CLASSES:

1.Organization of the class(mood slide)

2. Repetition of the studied material

Slide: words by mark

At the mark

mark

mark

About mark

About mark

Read the entry. Tell me what is written here? (word mark used in different cases)

Name these nouns in declension order. (Mark, at the mark, by mark, mark, mark, about mark)

What is noun declension? (this is a case change of nouns)

How many cases are there in Russian? Name all cases and questions to them.

3. A moment of calligraphy

Today, in a minute of calligraphy, we will write three letters. The first is a suffix in the word mark. What letter is this? (TO)

The second letter is the ending in the noun mark used in I.p. What letter is this? (BUT)

The third letter is the ending in the noun mark used in V.p. What letter is this? (U)

Children determine the order of the letters and write them down in a notebook. (KUA. UAK, AKU, ...)

4. Vocabulary - spelling work

Take a close look at this entry: Slide

season cog umbrella

Nod indicated?

Name the word from the dictionary that we will get acquainted with in the lesson. What is this word? How did you define it?

(This is the word station. To determine it, we learned how the word umbrella is formed. For its compilation, the last syllables of the first two words of the top line were used. This means that the desired word must be composed of the last syllables of the bottom line.)

Children write the word in a notebook, highlight spellings, work on the meaning of the word)

Make sentences with the word station.

5. physical minute (to the music)

6. New theme

And the heroes from our book, Masha and Misha, also made sentences. Here they are. SLIDE.

The station is located on the outskirts of the city.

The station received a message about the arrival of the train.

Passengers approaching the city see the station.

Read the first sentence and underline the main parts of the sentence.

Determine the case of the noun that is the subject of the sentence. (The word station is in I.p.)

Noun in I.p. Is it used with or without a preposition? (no preposition)

Read the second and third sentences, underline the main members in them Determine which member of the sentence is the noun station in this sentence? (minor member)

Determine the case of the noun station in the second and third sentences. (stands in V.p.)

Noun railway station in the accusative case is it used with a preposition or without a preposition? (used with and without a preposition)

Draw a conclusion how to distinguish a noun in I.p. from a noun in V.p.

Group work: Use the plan: slide

What member of the sentence is a noun in I.p.?

Is a noun used with a preposition in I.p.?

What member of the sentence is the noun in Vp?

How a noun is used in V.p. with a preposition or without a preposition?

Reading the rules from the textbook

7. Fizminutka (vision)

8. Fixing.

a) Work according to textbook No. 101. (1 person works at the blackboard)

B) Children write the text in a notebook (commented letter). Determine the declension, case and number of nouns underlined.

Squirrel lived in the hollow of an owl. hunter tracked down squirrel . Approached the platform

locomotive . Vanya saw for the first time locomotive . The car drove into steppe. spring

steppe covered with a green carpet of herbs.

Self-test. Micrototal.

9. Independent work

Read. Write sentences, insert desired letters. Specify

cases of nouns. Slide.

Alder, linden, s (a.o) sleep have soft (g, x) dr (e, u) weight. L(e,i) sleepy viper

He chooses a dense tr (a, o) vu for rest. Frogs and toads spawn in

water, on the ground and even on your own lower back.

What signs helped you to distinguish nouns in I.p. from

nouns in Vp?

10. Homework No. 102, learn the rule.

Outcome:

What topic did we learn in class today?

Which of the guys did you like at the lesson?

How do you rate your work?

How do you rate a teacher's performance?

There are six cases in Russian, each of which has its own meaning. Each case has its own questions, which makes it much easier to determine the case. Often there are questions about how to distinguish two cases from each other. The following tips will help you cope with this task.

Get to know cases in primary school, at this age, the emphasis should be on questions, auxiliary words and prepositions. And the difficulty in determining the accusative and genitive cases sometimes coincide, so in their definition one should not use only this principle.

Case signs

Endings matter. So, nouns in the genitive case (R. p.) have the following endings:

• -i, -s - in the 1st declension;
• -a, -z - in the 2nd declension;
• -i - in the 3rd declension.

The ending of nouns in the accusative case (V. p.):

• y, -y - in the 1st declension;
• a, -z - in the 2nd declension;
• in the 3rd declension.

Questions will help determine the case. In the genitive case - whom? and what? In the accusative - whom? and what? To make it easier to determine, auxiliary words are added:

• in the genitive case - there is no (whom? what?) computer;
• in the accusative case - I see (whom? what?) a computer.

Comparative table of genitive and accusative cases

How to determine the case

You should use a step-by-step memo to determine the case:

• Define animate/inanimate.
• Ask appropriate questions (when asking questions, it is easier to use questions in pairs - who? what? and whom? what? because for animate nouns they are the same).
• Determine compatibility with auxiliary words(no, I see).
• If it is necessary to replace words and, by analogy, determine the case.

So, replacement is necessary in several cases. Animated masculine nouns of the 2nd declension have identical shapes in R. p. and V. p. (student's portfolio and know the student).

Trick: in order not to be mistaken, you should replace it with any word of the 1st declension (student's portfolio and I know the student). In this case, “student” is R. p., and “student” is V. p. It will be the same with the word “student”.

In the plural, the forms of animate nouns also coincide (books of students and I know students). To do this, they should be replaced with an inanimate noun in the plural (books of libraries and I know libraries). "Libraries" - R. p., and "libraries" - V. p.). Similarly with the word "disciples".

Meaning of cases

The rule says that the genitive case means:

• belonging to someone or something (for example, a man's car);
• the ratio of the whole and the separate part (class of the school);
• displaying an attribute of an object in relation to another attribute (the result of a survey);
• the object of influence, if there is a negative verb (does not drink milk);
• the object of influence, if there is a verb of desire, removal or intention (avoid punishment);
• comparison (faster than a river);
• object of measurement, date or account (a glass of juice).

The accusative case means:

• transition of an action to an object (for example, to read a book);
• transfer of temporary and spatial relationships(study all day, run a kilometer);
• dependence on the adverb (sorry for the bird).

There are a number of tasks to consolidate the material: exercises for comparison, transformation, distribution, and others.

The genitive case answers the questions of whom? what?

and the accusative case answers the questions of whom? what?

The confusion arises because animate nouns answer in both cases to the same question whom?.

In order to correctly determine the case or the ending in the case, we learn to distinguish with the help of auxiliary words.

For genitive This no one what? no son, no home, no family, no snow maiden,

for accusative This I see who, what? I see a son, a house, a family, a snow maiden.

If you substitute these helper words when declining a word or determining a case, then everything will be easy and correct.

Hello. Please tell me how to write correctly!

In our case, the consumer is an inanimate noun.

Option 1: The transformer substation has consumers.

Option 2: The transformer substation has voltage consumers.

Option 3: The transformer substation has consumers.

Option 4: The transformer substation has voltage consumers.

Which of the options are correct?

Compare with the offer:

The hard drive has seals.

Everything seems to be clear here.

to come back to the beginning

Probably, here one must be able to distinguish between the action or the form of what is happening. For the most part, they confuse the question Whom? Quo;, which is in both the nominative and accusative cases.

So here parent question Whom? different from the accusative Whom? an auxiliary word that is recommended to be remembered.

For the genitive there is the word no, and for the accusative there is the word what. By asking a question with an auxiliary word, we get a noun also with different endings. Example - no sister, hamster, rye - genitive. I see my sister, a hamster, rye - accusative.

Here is a table with auxiliary words for each case, which make it easier to determine the case.

In order to determine accusative or genitive, we must first determine whether given noun animated. The fact is that animate nouns, both in the genitive and in the accusative case, answer the question whom? . If the noun is inanimate, it answers in the genitive case with what? , but in the accusative case with what? - a question that matches question word nominative case.

The noun needs to be checked - whether it is combined in the genitive case with the word noquot ;. For example, in the question Is there anything? quot ;. The accusative case is checked by compatibility with verbs in the form of the first person, singular, present tense, for example I know, I seequot ;. I see what? - chair or See who? - student. As we can see, the accusative and genitive forms of animate and masculine nouns of the second declension are the same.

Replace an animate masculine noun in the second declension with any word in the first declension. For example, No one? - student, I see who? - student. The first declension for the genitive case is yquot ;, and for the accusative yquot ;.

We replace plural noun inanimate noun of the same form, after which we determine the case in the same way. For example - I know (whom?) People should be replaced with I know (what?) Namesquot ;. It turns out that names is a plural noun in the accusative case.

If we take an example with the genitive case - we replace I know the address (whom?) Of friends on I know the addresses (of what?) of firmsquot ;. Firm is in the genitive plural.

Try to determine the case of nouns that are not inflected (coffee, coat, etc.) using key questions. If it is difficult to determine by questions, use the option with a replacement for any noun (declension).

I used to get confused with this too. So, the genitive case answers the question of whom and what, and the accusative - who, what. The simplest thing that can be done in this case to distinguish the case is to substitute the word I see or not. If the word no is suitable, then the case is genitive, if I see it, it is accusative.

The problem with determining case arises only for animate nouns, because inanimate nouns answer different questions in the genitive and accusative cases and therefore have different endings. In the genitive case - this is the question of what? what about the accusative? Therefore, the easiest way to deal with animate nouns is to kill them, pardon the expression. It will look something like this: Brought home a rabbit, the question is Whom ?, an animated noun, therefore we kill it in this way: Brought home the carcass of a rabbit, the question turns out What ?, and therefore the case is accusative. Similarly with the option I don't have a rabbit. Again the question of Who? and incomprehensible case We kill, we get I don’t have a rabbit skin and the question turns out What ?, and therefore the genitive case. So we were taught at school, a little brutal, but easy to remember.

To distinguish the accusative case from the parent case, you need to ask the question:

For the accusative case - Who (or what) should be blamed for your troubles? answer: yourself, your laziness, TV.

For the genitive case, ask the question: Does the guilty person have no one? - a lawyer. Is the culprit missing something? - protection.

The genitive answers the questions: Whom? quot ;, What? quot ;, for example: The accusative answers the questions: Whom? , What? Example: I received (Who? What?) A brother, a mugquot ;.

Sometimes it's not easy distinguish genitive from accusative in a sentence. The fact is that for animate nouns, both of these cases answer the question whom?. Can be replaced animate object to inanimate in such a sentence and see what kind of question can be asked: if what?, then this is the genitive case, if what? accusative.

For example:

• I see an elephant (who?). Let's replace the word elephant on the table. I see a table (what?). So it's in the accusative case.
• There is not a single elephant (who?). By analogy, we get: There is not a single table (what?). This means that the genitive case is used in the above sentence.

• Case declensions belong to the section of the Russian language The genitive case answers the questions -NO- whom? what ?, and the accusative case - SEE - whom? what?. That is, when determining cases, it is enough to substitute the corresponding words and check whether the checked word corresponds to the corresponding case. Then you do not have to remember a bunch of all the rules.

  Schoolchildren usually confuse and poorly distinguish between accusative and genitive cases. I myself remembered that at school it was difficult until they told me effective way, which consists in the fact that you need to substitute the word see. I see (whom? what?) a window, a street, my mother, a magazine.

  And the genitive case has questions of whom? what? To determine the genitive case, you can also substitute the word No. There is no (whom? what?) window, street, magazine.