What are simple prepositions. §4

They are divided according to the structure, meaning, composition, according to the method of formation: derivative and non-derivative prepositions, single-valued and multi-valued, simple, complex and compound prepositions, by category, depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed.

Under meaning of prepositions because they don't have independent value, understand the grammatical relationships that they express in combination with the oblique cases of nouns. Prepositions serve as indications syntactic links words to each other (ex. think about the future). They are directly connected in speech with case forms and are used with a certain case (or cases), being in connection with one or another case form. Together with the case endings of nouns, prepositions express different semantic meanings. In other words, lexical meaning preposition depends on the lexical meaning significant words(master and dependent) that it connects. Moreover, connecting with the same case form of a noun, prepositions convey various shades adverbial meanings. By value prepositions are divided into categories:

spatial(point to place): in, from, to, at, by, because of, above, under, about, around, in front of, near and etc.:
lives in village, working on the factory, vacation under Moscow and others.
temporary(indicate the time): before, in, through, by, from, to, before, during, on the eve of, in the course of:
charger on morning, rest on the holidays, work behind month
causal(point to the reason): from, from evil, for, due to, due to, due to, due to, due to, due to and etc.:
mistake on inattention, trembling from fear
targeted(point to target) in, by, to, for, for, for the sake of, etc.:
to tell in joke, speech to occasion, go on the rest
course of action(indicate the course of action): with, without, in, from and etc.:
work with passion, laugh from souls
object(indicates the object to which the action is directed): oh, about, about, from, to, about, relatively and etc.:
miss your son, find out about money (cf .: transfer money to the customer’s account)

Depending on whether with how many case forms prepositions are related, they are divided into:

unambiguous - prepositions that are used with one case:
at at home (P.p.), to home (D.p.), from forests (R.p.);
polysemantic- prepositions that can be expressed different meanings, used with several cases:
forgot on the table (spatial meaning), absent on the minute (temporary value), believe on the word (meaning of the manner of action).

That. in different case constructions and with different cases, prepositions can have different meanings. For example, the proposition on "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova identifies 15 meanings; The Big Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language gives more than 30 meanings of the preposition on the .

According to its structure Suggestions are divided into:

Non-derivatives (or primitives) is a small and non-replenishing group of the simplest words that have always belonged to this part of speech (they were not formed from other words):
without, in (in), before, for, for, from (iso), to (ko), except for, between, on, over (necessary), o (about, both), from (oto), by, under ( under), before (before), with, about, for the sake of, with (with), through, at, through; from behind, from under; over, over, under.

Almost all such prepositions are polysemantic. Many can connect with more than one case form of the name. The meanings of prepositions depend on the meanings of the cases with which they are combined, and on the meanings of controlled nouns. A non-derivative preposition can be combined with three cases ( by, from), with two cases ( in, for, between, between. on, oh, under) or with one case ( without, for, before, from, because of, from under, to, over, from, in front of, with, about, for the sake of, at, through, because of, over).
Derivatives (or non-primitive) are prepositions formed from independent parts speech by losing their meaning and morphological features. Derived prepositions include words that are formed from adverbs, nouns and participles. The meanings of derivative prepositions are determined by the meanings of adverbs, nouns and participles from which they were formed. There are much more derivative prepositions than non-derivative ones. All of them are usually unambiguous, and each such preposition is connected with only one of some cases. Derivative prepositions are divided into simple and compound. Simple coincide with adverbs, nouns and participles ( along, near, thanks), compounds were formed from adverbs, nouns and participles with non-derivative prepositions ( close to, due to, in spite of).

Derived prepositions subdivided into ranks depending on those parts of speech from which they were formed:

adverbial , formed from adverbs, mainly express spatial and temporal relations:
- simple:
  near, near, deep into, along, instead of, instead of, outside, inside, near, around, in front, like, contrary to, following, past, above, towards, on the eve of, except for, on the contrary, about, on top, like, behind, in addition to, across, after, in the middle, in the middle, before, against, behind, above, above, through, among, according to, respectively, etc.;
- components:
  near, (not) far from, far from, up to, henceforth, regardless of, in relation to, along with, after, next to, together with, along with, next to, according to, compared with.
denominative formed from various case forms of nouns and express object and some adverbial relations:
- simple:
  by, through, type (people like Ivanov), order (temperature of the order of one hundred degrees);
- components:
  in view of, due to, during, in continuation, due to, as, about, as far as, during, on the occasion, in business, in connection with, due to, due to, on the part of, etc.
verbal formed from verb forms(germs) and express various adverbial relations:
- simple:
  thanks to, excluding, including, later, counting, ending, starting;
- components:
  starting from, proceeding from, judging by, in spite of, in spite of, etc.

By structure Suggestions are divided into:

simple - prepositions - both non-derivative and derivative, which consist of one word, mostly one- and two-syllable. These are primarily non-derivative and some derivative prepositions, for example,
by, past, among, in, for, etc.

Any schoolchild can answer, children begin to study this part of speech from the second grade and learn about what prepositions are throughout school curriculum. However, in a conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because it is they that allow you to build the dependence of words on each other so that the statement makes sense and becomes a sentence. And although a preposition is an invariable part that does not act at all as a member of a sentence, but can only be attached to such, for a correctly constructed statement, its presence is mandatory and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, it is simply necessary to know what prepositions are, how they affect the endings of the words with which they are associated, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this small detail that forms semantic dependencies and relationships between words.

In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of the preposition of the Russian language sounds something like this: this is which is a function word that formalizes submission case form names to another word, expressing the attitude towards objects in relation to their actions.

Main functions

Like all service words, prepositions are not used independently, they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as a part of speech, but they are included in their number. In some cases, it is the preposition that can determine antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, thanks to which it is enough just to choose the right combination of words for the statement.

For example: to school - from school; before the lesson - after the lesson; at the garden - at the garden - near the garden; due to inattention - due to inattention.

What are the suggestions

All prepositions are divided into temporary, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in the same case, while others can be used with words in different cases. For example:

to a friend, to school - D. p. (to whom? to what?);
thanks to a friend, thanks to the school - D. p. (thanks to whom? thanks to what?);
at seven o'clock - V. p. (at what?);
in the park - P. p. (in what?).

The example shows that the preposition "in" can be used with words in different cases. Precisely such suggestions as in, about, from, with, through, at, on, without, can have great amount values. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.

If the preposition is formed from and is used with only one case, then it is called derivative. For example:

- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;

- In one hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun flow, used with a preposition "in";

- thanks to the help, the original form of the preposition is a gerund .

Structural differences

Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided according to their structure. Namely:

Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, it is one- and two-syllable. Non-derivative and some derived prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
Compound or paired, in fact, being a kind of simple prepositions: because of, from under other.
Compounds that are prepositional-case combinations: in fact, along, in part, in relation to, depending on etc.

Ranks by value

Since the preposition is only a connecting part, eigenvalue it cannot have, but only determines the grammatical relations between nouns used in indirect cases, and in other words. In other words, its lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, however, it can convey various adverbial shades of the connection between words.

All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into the following categories:

Spatial or prepositions of place: from, into, to, at, by, under, because of, about, in front of, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works at a factory; running around the house.

Temporal or prepositions of time: before, through, in, by, to, from, before, during. For example: after half an hour; jogging in the morning; walk before bed.

Causal: from, for, from evil, by virtue of, thanks to, by chance, in view of, due to. For example: blushed with shame; broke a vase with evil; made a mistake due to inattention.

Target prepositions: for, for, in, to other. For example: say for a joke; occasional speech; go on vacation.

Objective, determine and indicate to which object the action is directed: oh, pro, s, about, relatively, about other. For example: miss your daughter learn about grades.

Classification of derived prepositions

Depending on the part of speech from which the preposition is formed, they are divided into such categories. Many hours have been devoted to what prepositions that originate from other parts of speech are in the school curriculum, and rightly so, because it is very important to know what connection of words they can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.

Spelling of prepositions

Knowing what prepositions are is just as important as spelling them. Therefore, one of the main topics of the school curriculum regarding prepositions is spelling. The very first rule that children get acquainted with is: “Prepositions with other words are written separately.” To correctly determine whether a word is a function, a question or addition can be put between the preposition and the word associated with it.

For example: on (what?) the sea or on the Black Sea.

In high school, children are introduced to those formed from adverbs. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or is it already a preposition. To do this, you need to determine whether the sentence has a noun in and how it is related to the disputed part.

For example: look around (adverb) or look around (preposition).

There is also such a rule: “To make sure that a word in a sentence is a preposition, and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. Wherein meaning shouldn't change." Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:

due to (because of, because of);
like (like);
about (about, about);
due to (because of)

For example: Because of bad weather we didn't go for a walk. Due to bad weather, we did not go for a walk.

Notes

The following sentences are written separately: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, in order to avoid, in deed, in contrast to.

It should also be noted that paired or fused prepositions such as because of, from under, because of, for the sake of, above, written only with a hyphen.

For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. The cat jumped out from under the cupboard.

There are also such prepositions, the spelling of which you just need to remember. Namely: near(without and through(with soft sign).

The use of prepositions with cases

It is very important to know what prepositions the cases have, because it is often thanks to the preposition that one can correctly determine in which case this or that word is used, which is very important for correct spelling. It should be noted that nominative prepositions are not used, only with indirect ones:

with genitive case- without, around, for, from, from, at, with;
with the dative case - to, thanks to, according to, contrary to, contrary to, towards, along;
with accusative- through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, behind;
with instrumental- above, before, between, behind, under, with;
with prepositional- about, at, at, at.

This table of prepositions is compiled taking into account derivatives and non-derivative prepositions, which in each separate case can be used with only one or more cases of nouns.

Instead of a conclusion

Actually learn this topic in school years thoroughly is not so difficult, there are very few rules for spelling and the formation of prepositions from other parts of speech. the main task is that one should learn to distinguish a preposition from other elements and know how to use it correctly. This is what will allow not only to correctly build the words of a sentence, but also to be able to write them down without confusing endings.

Prepositions- service words expressing various relationships between words and used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence and phrase.

Prepositions take a position before a noun (pronoun) or before a definition referring to this noun (pronoun). Only a few prepositions can follow a noun: for the sake of, contrary to, contrary to, towards. For example, for God's sake or God's sake.

Suggestion along with case ending noun forms a prepositional case construction and is grammatical device word connections in a sentence: return from school, fortune telling on coffee grounds, etc. Some prepositions are always used with the same case: for example, the preposition k - with the dative (go to the house), pro - with the accusative (tell about the exhibition), etc. Other prepositions in different proposals can be used with different cases and express different relationships of nouns to other words in a sentence. For example, the preposition by can be combined with the dative case (talk on the phone), with the accusative case (get bogged down) and prepositional (at the end of the session).

In modern Russian, the class of prepositions is constantly replenished due to the transition of other parts of speech into it.

By origin, prepositions are divided into two groups: non-derivative and derived prepositions.

Non-derivatives (primitives) prepositions are not related by origin to other parts of speech: in, before, from, for, on, etc.

Derivatives (non-primitive) prepositions are related by origin to other parts of speech. So, the prepositions around, on the contrary, along, next to came from adverbs, and the prepositions for, in continuation, about, etc. came from nouns, the prepositions thanks, including, starting with, etc. came from verbs.

Derived prepositions are often homonymous with the words from which they are derived. For example: Thanks to (preposition) you, I was able to solve the problem. I wrote to him, thanking (general participle) for his help. Prepositions differ from the producing word in compatibility: the preposition thanks is combined with the form dative case noun (thanks to a friend), and the gerund participle thanks - with the accusative case of a noun (thanks to a friend). material from the site

In addition, prepositions during, in continuation, in conclusion must be distinguished from nouns. Nouns (flow, continuation, conclusion) have a lexical meaning, a noun can change the form of number and case. Prepositions express only temporary relations and do not change.

By composition, prepositions are divided into simple and compound prepositions.

Simple prepositions consist of one word: about, on, in, after, etc.

Compound prepositions include two or three words: regardless of, during, judging by, in contrast to, towards, etc.

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Simple- prepositions consisting of one word. For example: at , to, near, near .

Composite- prepositions consisting of several words. For example: during , due .

Find simple and compound prepositions in expressions (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Simple and compound prepositions.

Morphological analysis of the preposition includes feature extraction :

production / non-production

rank by value

immutability

is not a member of the offer.

Sample: I in continuation for only a few minutes he was terrified.

І. In continuation - preposition, used with noun. in R.p.

II. Morphological features:

1) derivative, formed from noun. with a suggestion;

2) expresses temporary relations;

3) immutable word.

ІІІ. syntax function- is not a member of the proposal.

Homework

Exercises No. 303-305. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Exercise. Write, opening brackets, insert, where necessary, the missing letters. Make it complete morphological analysis highlighted words.

1. (B) continue.. in the morning and mid-afternoon, he was all immersed .. in races (L. Tolstoy). 2. Blue, transparent .. wisps of smoke .. escaped from the fire to sea, (for) a meeting spray of waves (Gorky). 3. She repeated her role, (on the way) bowed low and (not) how many times (after) shook her head, (like) like .. clay .. cats (Pushkin). 4. Keep (in) mind - the task is responsible .. noe (Ehrenburg). 5. You wrote me something (something) (on) account resurrection ..noy school? (Chekhov). 6. (B) other, (c) mind lack of time .., we will not deviate from the pr .. subject of lectures .. and (Chekhov). 7. Telegraph poles (after) that again showed .. fell (in) gave lilac (in) the form of small sticks (Chekhov). 8. Or maybe some kind of bird (something) (in) the genus of a heron (Chekhov). 9. And the boy was happy..liv (c) consequences.. his pr..riding (Turgenev). 10. Thunderstorms (on) over the steppe..yu move..t h..redoyu (Paustovsky). 11. Mumu deftly wriggled out (from) under finger .. in Stepan (Turgenev). 12. (B) the trail of the ek..pages and (to) meet them was densely moving a crowd of mu..chin (Gorky). 13. Dimka decided that (in) as an exception, this time Zhigan is not lying (Gaidar). 14. (B) after (after) he got out of bed .., took the violin, began to build (L. Tolstoy).

Didactic materials. Section "Preposition"

Features of the use of individual prepositions in the Russian language.

Lectures and electronic textbooks. Pretext.

4. Culture writing ().

Spelling of suggestions.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.