The main square of the Russian Federation. Maritime neighbors of Russia

The state territory is the share of the total earth's surface that is under the sovereignty of a certain country. It contains land, the bowels of the earth, internal and territorial waters(12 kilometers from the coast), as well as air space(at flight altitude). Another sign of the state territory is the generally accepted border with other countries. In this article, we will analyze in detail what the state territory of Russia is, and what features distinguish its population.

A bit of history

The history of the territory of Russia is supplemented annually. In different eras, the Russian Federation changed its own borders many times. They were supplemented by the addition of new land plots. Three periods of development of the territory of the Russian Federation can be noted.

The first period - XV-XVI centuries. On the this stage base area was formed. The Muscovite kingdom was created. At this time, the Yaroslavl principality, Tver, the Perm region and Nizhny Novgorod joined Moscow.

The second period - XVI-XVII centuries. At this stage, the state territory of Russia was supplemented by Kazan, Samara, Volgograd, Ufa, Kyiv, Left-bank Ukraine and Penza.

Third period - XVIII-XIX centuries. At this stage, the Russian Federation has become an empire. Orenburg and Troitsk were built.

State Square

The total is about 12% the globe. The Russian Federation, just like the former Soviet Union, is the state that has the largest territory in the world. Its most extreme points are the Baltic Spit, Ratmanov Island, Cape Dezhnev, Wings and Chelyuskin.

The total is 17.125 million square kilometers. Today it is 76% of the former Soviet Union. Surprisingly, there are more than ten time zones on the territory of the Russian Federation. This is due to the fact that, for example, from extreme western point and to the eastern distance along the meridian is more than 4 thousand kilometers.

Parts of Russia are located on two continents. One third of the Russian Federation is in Europe, and the rest is in Asia. This causes a diverse climate in the territory of one country.

Administrative division of the territory of the Russian Federation

The main territories of Russia are characterized by the presence of 21 republics, 3 cities federal significance and 46 regions. In addition, on the territory of the Russian Federation there are also 9 territories and 1 Autonomous Republic. By the way, in 2014 the Crimean Peninsula also joined the state. In this regard, two new subjects appeared in Russia - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

Borders of the Russian Federation on the map

The borders of Russia on the world map are lines and vertical surfaces passing along it. They define the boundaries of the state territory of the Russian Federation. According to the world map, Russia borders on 16 countries. Surprisingly, the length of the state border is more than 50 thousand kilometers.

Two years ago, the borders of Russia on the map expanded. Already in September 2014, an updated version of the map was released with the Crimean Peninsula, which became part of the Russian Federation two years ago.

National Russian population

More than 100 different national minorities live on the territory of the Russian Federation. Each of them has its own culture and values. By the way, the Russian Federation is considered Absolutely all peoples on the territory of Russia have the same rights, and some of them also have statehood.

The most numerous nation on the territory of the Russian Federation is the Russians. They make up over 80% of the total population. Russian population lives in all parts of the country. They are representatives Eastern Slavs. This group also includes Belarusians and Ukrainians. They inhabit the western and southern part countries.

Finns, Ugric peoples and Turks

Another inhabitants of Russia are Finns. Most often they live in independent counties. The Finnish group includes Finns, Estonians and Karelians. They inhabit the northwestern parts of Russia. The Russian Federation is inhabited by Ugrian people. These include Khanty and Mansi.

Another numerous language group who lives on the territory of Russia are Turks. These include Tatars, Bashkirs and Yakuts. Most often they live in the north of the state. The number of Tatars living in the country is more than 5 million, Bashkirs - 2 million, and Yakuts - 390 thousand.

As we found out earlier, a large number of the most diverse national minorities live on the territory of the Russian Federation. All languages ​​are equal. However, Russian is the state language. By the way, more than 150 different nationalities live on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Religious composition of the Russian Federation

Christianity is the most popular religion in the Russian Federation. The number of representatives is 74% of total number residents of Russia. This number includes Catholics, Protestants and Orthodox.

Another numerous religious confession on the territory of the Russian Federation is Islam. The number of residents with this religion is 7%.

The state territory of Russia, as we said earlier, is densely populated by a wide variety of religious denominations. Buddhism occupies the third place in terms of the number of representatives. Today, the number of citizens of this religion is 400 million. On September 26, 1997, a decree "On freedom of choice of religion" was adopted in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This bill allows you to choose your own denomination.

Regions of the Russian Federation

The state territory of Russia includes 89 regions. Each of them has its own representation. According to this year's statistics, the most densely populated region is Moscow and the region. The number of people living there is more than 15 million citizens. Second in number is Krasnodar region. The number of residents is 5 million.

If we talk about the federal districts, then the most densely populated is the Central. It has almost 40 million inhabitants. The second place is occupied by 29 million citizens.

Russian Federation

The total population of the Russian Federation today is 146 million inhabitants. It is worth emphasizing that this figure has increased by 0.18% since last year. The increase occurred in all districts, except for the Volga. The most noticeable increase in population occurred on the Crimean peninsula. There, the percentage of residents Last year increased by 1.25%.

Few people know, but it was not possible to recalculate the population for 2014. This is due to the accession of two new entities. As we said earlier, these are the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol. Speaking of population growth, one cannot but mention the birth rate statistics. Its ratio was 13 newborns per 1,000 inhabitants.

In 2014, an interesting calculation was made. Rosstat calculated the current life expectancy. According to statistics, today it is an average of 73 years. It should also be noted that the population in the territory of the Russian Federation is distributed extremely unevenly. Most of citizens living on the European continent. It is only 20% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

National politics

Our article and geography will help to understand. The territory of Russia is characterized by the presence of a large number of representatives of religious denominations and national minorities. Almost every one of them is interested in what rights citizens of other countries have on the territory of the Russian Federation. According to the Constitution of Russia, adopted in 1996, the state guarantees absolute equality regardless of nationality, religion or language. Also, every citizen has the right to speak his own language. mother tongue. On it, he can also receive training.

It is worth noting that propaganda of superiority on any national grounds is prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation. This confirms the Russian Federation. This decree provides for punishment for violation. These are either fines, which range from 100 to 300 thousand rubles, or a term of imprisonment of up to three years. In many countries it is 5 years. By the way, in recent times The government of the Russian Federation is considering the option of tightening measures, and it is possible that the bill will come into force soon.

Knowledge of the national language

As we said earlier, the territory of the Russian Federation is densely populated with a wide variety of national minorities. Rosstat conducted a population census six years ago. According to statistics, 94% of citizens were fluent in Russian. In 2002, their number was 99%.

The largest number of citizens of other nationalities who live on the territory of the Russian Federation and speak Russian are Chechens. Also in 2010, a large number of citizens were interviewed. Rosstat tried to find out what language they consider native. According to statistics, more than 5% of citizens of other nationalities consider Russian their language.

Summing up

As we said earlier, the Russian Federation is a multinational country. This is due to the fact that the state has enough large area. The Russian Federation borders on 16 countries. The Russian government is quite loyal and tolerant towards citizens of other nationalities. There are a large number of bills that make their life on the territory of the Russian Federation comfortable. Moreover, it is on the territory of Russia that there are not only 11 time zones, but also different climatic zones. If you want to change your state and move to the Russian Federation, then you can safely do it. Here everyone is taken care of, regardless of nationality and religious affiliation.

If you are a resident of Russia, you should know that our country has a very large territory. me for mine short life I managed to visit many different places in our vast country, and often it took me a decent amount of time to cover the distance from point “A” to point “B”. Have you ever thought about the question, what is the area of ​​the territory of Russia? If not, I suggest reading my reasoning on this matter.

What is the area of ​​the territory of Russia

Our country Russia, or more officially, the Russian Federation, is located on more than seventeen million square kilometers. This indicator is fully painted and regulated by the constitution of the Russian Federation. It is also worth noting the fact that this figure is the largest in the world, which makes the area of ​​our country leader in this category. Personally, for me, as a patriotic resident of Russia, this causes great pride. It is also worth mentioning that in this big state lives and a large number citizens, to be more precise, over 146 million people. This is the ninth indicator in the world in terms of population, and it itself mainly adheres to state language - Russian. With geographic point vision we live partly in North Asia, and also in Eastern Europe . The entire space of our country is divided into 85 subjects, of which:

• 46 regions.

• 22 republics.

• 9 edges.

• 3 federal cities.

• 4 autonomous regions.

• 1 autonomous region.

Total settlements is about 157 thousand. The capital is the city Moscow. Also, I just have to mention this interesting fact, which borders Russia with eighteen various countries !

Where in Russia have I been

I want to start with the city where I live on this moment - from Moscow. It is really very difficult to ignore this wonderful city, which is business center of our country. Here is a huge share business and political activity There is also something to see in the city itself. Petersburg pleasantly surprised me with its beauty and architecture, which is thoroughly saturated with history, which is felt in almost every street of this city. I managed to fully enjoy the beautiful nature of Russia while relaxing on Lake Baikal. On Kamchatka I enjoyed the views of volcanoes, which remained in my memory for the rest of my life.

The official name of Russia is the Russian Federation, in abbreviated form RF.
The Russian Federation is the legal successor of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, one of the republics of the former Soviet Union).
The Russian Federation was founded on December 26, 1991.
Capital - Moscow.
Official language - Russian.

Square

The area of ​​the Russian Federation is 17.1 million km2.

Russia - largest country in the world by area, occupying 1/8 of the earth's land; almost half of Europe and one third of Asia. The area of ​​the Russian Federation is approximately equal to the area of ​​the territory of the whole of South America.
The length of the Russian Federation from south to north is about 4,000 km, from west to east, more than 10,000 km.

Location

The Russian Federation is located in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, occupies 31.5% of the territory of Eurasia. European Russia represents 23% of the area of ​​the state, but 78% of the population is concentrated in it.
Modern Russia can be considered northern country. Its main part is located between 70° and 50° north latitude, about 20% of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle.

extreme points

• northern
  • mainland extreme north point- Cape Chelyuskin (on the Taimyr Peninsula) - 77 ° 43 minutes north latitude,
  • sea ​​- Rudolf Island (in the archipelago of Franz Josef Land) - 81 ° 11 min. NL
• southern
  • in the North Caucasus on the border with Azerbaijan - 41° 11 min. S
• western
  • near Kaliningrad - 19° 38 min. west longitude
• eastern
  • mainland - Cape Dezhnev - 169° 40 min. o.d.
  • marine - Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait - 170 ° E

Time Zones

On the territory of Russia is 11 time zones. 8 of them lie in Siberia. Daylight Savings Time is implemented in all time zones.
Moscow time operates almost throughout the European part of Russia.
Moscow time is ahead of coordinated universal time ("Greenwich Mean Time") by 3 hours; Moscow is 2 hours ahead of Prague.
The schedule of long-distance trains is indicated throughout Russia according to Moscow time.

In 2011, constant summer time was introduced, which was changed to in autumn 2014. constant winter time.

Borders

The Russian Federation has a state border with 16 states, total length about 61 thousand km (including 38 thousand sea).
The total length of the borders of the Russian Federation is approximately 60,900 km. Northern and eastern border- marine, western and southern - mainly land. The western and southwestern borders do not have clearly defined natural boundaries, since in most cases these are borders with the former Soviet republics or states that were part of the Russian Empire in the past.
Czechs crossing the borders of the Russian Federation are required to obtain an entry or transit visa.

Land borders

RF borders on northwest with Norway and Finland,
on the west with Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus and
Ukraine,
on the southwest with Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan,
on the east with China, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Republic.

Maritime neighbors of Russia

Russia's maritime neighbors are Japan and the United States of America.

In 2014, there was a change in the borders due to the annexation of Crimea (from the point of view of the Russian Federation, the annexation of the peninsula is not recognized not only by Ukraine, but also by the international community).

The influence of space on the Russian national character

The vastness of the territory of Russia, in all likelihood, influenced the Russian national character and entered folk mythology. The fact that Russia is the largest state in the world in terms of area forms the basis of national pride and self-assertion of every Russian ("wide is my native land"). In Russia, everything is big - cities, squares, wide and long streets (for example, the length of Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg is 4 km). Hence the tendency to megalomania and the habit of Russians to spend a lot in vain - natural resources(“We have everything”), human labor, the lives of our fellow citizens. Also, the attitude of Russians towards nature reflects the belief that Russia is a super-abundant country: if, for example, they caught fish in one river, then soon there will be a new river for fishing, and there is no need to worry about whether nature itself can revive life in the river.

On the other hand, the Russians explain the problems with ensuring order and the lack of organization in the state by large distances, arguing that in such big country You can't take care of everything, you can't take care of everything.
Many areas in Russia have not yet been fully explored. Previously, maps of some areas did not even exist, many regions and cities were “closed”, that is, entry for non-residents was prohibited there. People could not move freely in their country. It is possible that due to the growing danger of terrorism, this practice will be resumed.
Russia is a country of plains, endless spaces (steppe, taiga, tundra, polar regions). Russian distances sometimes cause melancholy not only among Russians, but also among foreigners - a person is sad when he travels by train for several days and the landscape outside the window practically does not change - plains, mixed forests, birches, swamps, abandoned villages and industrial cities. (“Překonávání vzdálenosti způsoboje jakýsi druh fatalismu, odevzdání se tomu, co přijde.” David Št´áhlavský: Rusko mezi řádky).

"Boundless" open spaces affect the mood and lifestyle of the population, become the cause of some features Everyday life inhabitants of Russia.
Many writers and philosophers believe that Russians are vagabonds, not tied to a place, people who are used to being on the road, and, therefore, got used to the lack of comfort and basic conveniences.
Russians, accustomed to travel long distances, formed special treatment to time: do not value it, do not save it. In order to arrange any business in Russia, it is necessary to set aside a lot of time for this (“in reserve”, “just in case”). Time seems to flow differently here: one Russian proverb says: if you hurry, you will make people laugh. One hour is practically nothing.
In Russia, you often have to wait: in various institutions, at bus stops, in stores. Russians are very patient people. Especially the older generation afraid to take personal initiative.
Russians define time and distance very roughly. For example, the expression "near Moscow" means 200 km around Moscow. When they tell you that you will reach the station in 8 minutes, it will be 25 minutes. In some areas of the country, the road is indicated in this way: you have to drive for two days and then turn right.
The working day starts a little later than ours (for example, the first "couple" at the university is at 9 o'clock), but in the evening the streets are busy until midnight. Many modern shops are open around the clock, 24 hours a day.

Expansion of Russia through the centuries

Although Russia plays important role in international relations, from a geographical point of view, it is on the outskirts and at some stages of history was practically isolated.
Important milestones in the territorial development of the country were conquests with access to the seas: in the north under Peter I, in the south under Catherine II.
Dream about „ Great Russia“ was born in the Middle Ages and still does not leave the Russians. After the collapse of the USSR, Russia lost a lot of territory, and for the most part areas that are relatively pleasant to live in, with a warm climate.

Transport

Railway transport

Railroads dominate transport system countries. In terms of the length of railways, the Russian Federation ranks second in the world, but the density railway tracks across the country is only 50 km per 10 thousand km2

Suburban trains (electric trains)

Suburban trains run up to 100-200 km and connect Big city with suburbs, villages and holiday villages. In the carriages, vendors usually offer ice cream, newspapers, and other small items.

Long distance trains

Trans-Siberian Railway

Trans-Siberian Railway - the world's largest Railway (length - 9288 km). Highway connects European part Russia with Siberia and Far East. The Trans-Siberian begins in Moscow at the Yaroslavsky railway station and ends in Vladivostok (although the Trans-Siberian itself can only be called East End highways, from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok).
This railway was built in 1891-1916. The route is laid in the impenetrable taiga, in swamps, in permafrost zones; it passes through 89 cities, overcomes 16 big rivers and is located in 7 time zones. The journey lasts 8 and a half days. The highway was built mainly by soldiers and prisoners, and in quite fast pace(5-6 km per day).

Baikal-Amur Mainline

AT Soviet time was built (mainly by Komsomol members) a large railway - the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) - 4800 km long. It connects Tashkent with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Motor transport

off-road

Roads in Russia are in a terrible state (except for a few motorways). 34% of rural settlements have no connection on paved roads with a network of communication lines common use. In Russian, there is a word "off-road", denoting the poor condition of the roads - in spring and autumn the roads are swampy, in winter they are covered with ice, in summer clouds of dust rise behind each car

Urban transport

In almost all large Russian cities, urban transport is overloaded. In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk and Samara works underground. A feature of Russian urban transport is the presence of a conductor in the carriages of trams, buses, trolleybuses. The conductor must present a ticket, he sells single tickets.

Commonly used way to get around big cities- This fixed-route taxi(minibus). The minibus goes along a certain route, you have to “catch” it on the street and then tell the driver where you want to get off.

In Russia, you can also ride a taxi or a "private trader". Any driver of a car who agreed to take you somewhere becomes a private owner. The Russians agree on the price and route before getting into the car. You can argue about the price, in other words, bargain.

Air Transport

Air transport takes important place in system Russian transport; this is especially true for passenger traffic.
Moscow has an international airport Sheremetyevo-2 and domestic airport Sheremetyevo-1, in St. Petersburg - international airport Pulkovo-2 and domestic airport Pulkovo-1.
In some areas of the country ( northeastern Siberia) can only be reached by plane.

There are 83 subjects on the territory of the Russian Federation, including republics, territories, regions, autonomous regions and federal cities. The territory occupied by some Russian regions surpasses even such significant states as France, Spain, Great Britain, etc.

The top 10 included the most large areas in Russia by area occupied.

Area 144 thousand square meters. km

Opens ten largest regions Russian Federation. It is located on an area of ​​144 thousand square meters. km, which is percentage equals approximately 0.85% of the entire territory of the country. About 1.2 million people live here, and the population density is 8.22 people/sq. km. The subject was formed in 1937 by dividing the Northern region into Arkhangelsk and Vologda.

Area 145 thousand square meters. km

Ranked ninth among the largest regions Russian state. It covers an area of ​​145 thousand square meters. km. - 0.85% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The date of its formation is May 28, 1938. 762 thousand 173 people live on the territory of the subject, which is 5.26 people/sq. km. Approximately 70% of the area is Kola Peninsula. On the territory of the region there is the Baltic Crystalline Shield, which is a real mineralogical treasury, unparalleled in the world in terms of the variety of minerals and resources. Some of them are not found anywhere else.

Area 177 thousand square meters. km

It ranks eighth among the largest regions of the Russian Federation. The area occupied by it is 177 thousand square meters. km, which is 1.4% of the entire territory of Russia. About 2.7 million people live in the region, and the population density is 15.54% of people/sq. km. The main part of the population is Russian (93%), about 7% are Germans, Ukrainians and Tatars. The subject was formed in 1937, when the West Siberian Territory was divided into Altai region and Novosibirsk region. There are more than 500 deposits of various natural resources countries.

Area 194 thousand square meters. km

It is one of the largest in Russia. Its lands are located on 194 thousand square meters. km, as a percentage of the country's area, this is 1.14%. The subject is part of the Ural federal district. Its foundation took place in 1732. Administrative center- the city of Yekaterinburg, which was previously called Sverdlovsk. More than 4 million people live here, which is 22.28 people/sq. km. This is one of the most densely populated regions of the state. On its territory there are deposits of gold, platinum, asbestos, bauxite, nickel, iron, manganese, chromium and copper. Here is the largest Chemical plant RF Uralchimplast.

Area 314 thousand square meters. km

Among the largest regions of the Russian Federation, it ranks sixth. It accounts for 314 thousand square meters. km, which is 1.84% of the entire territory of the state. About 63% of the total area is occupied by taiga forests, and 29% is swamps. In terms of the territory occupied, the Tomsk region is slightly larger than Poland (310 thousand sq. km). The subject is part of the Siberian Federal District. The date of its formation is August 13, 1944. More than 1 million people live in the Tomsk region, which is 3.42 people/sq. km. As for natural resources, the territory abounds with them: there are about 100 oil fields, the largest reserves of coal, non-ferrous and ferrous metals, peat and natural gas.

Area 362 thousand square meters. km

It is located on the fifth place among the largest regions of Russia. It occupies an area of ​​362 thousand square meters. km, which is equal to 2.12% of the total area of ​​the Russian Federation. The date of formation of the subject is considered to be October 20, 1932. For a long time he was part of Khabarovsk Territory, but in 1948 it was separated into an independent region. In total, 805 thousand 689 people live in the region, and the population density is 2.23 people/sq. km. Currently, one of the world's largest gas processing plants is being built here, which will include the largest helium production complex. In addition, this subject is rich in minerals and has huge reserves wood.

Area 462 thousand square meters. km

It ranks fourth among the largest regions of Russia. Subject with a total area of ​​462 thousand square meters. km occupies 2.7% of the entire state. The founding date of the region is December 3, 1953. 146 thousand 345 people live on the territory of the subject, which is equal in density to 0.32 people/sq. km. The main part of the population are Russians (72%) and Ukrainians (15%). The Magadan region is fully related to the districts Far North where reigns eternal Frost. On its territory there are large deposits of silver, gold, tin and tungsten. At the end of 2015, 979 tons of silver and 22 tons of gold were mined here.

Area 590 thousand square meters. km

Opens the top three leaders of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of area. The territory occupied by the subject is 590 thousand square meters. km, which is equal to 3.5% of the area of ​​the whole country. According to this indicator, the region surpasses such states as Spain (504 thousand sq. km) and France (547 thousand sq. km). The formation of the subject took place in 1937, when the Northern region of the RSFSR of the USSR was divided. About 1.2 million people live here, which is 1.22% of people / sq. km. The region is home to the most large deposits gypsum, limestone and anhydride.

Area 774 thousand square meters. km

It ranks second among the largest regions of Russia. The total area occupied by the subject is approximately 774 thousand square meters. km, which is almost 5% of the total area of ​​the state. In terms of the territory it occupies, it is practically equal to Turkey, whose area is 780 thousand square meters. km. The date of foundation of the region is September 26, 1937, when the East Siberian region of the RSFSR was divided into Irkutsk and Chita. According to 2016 data, about 2.5 million people live here, which is equal to 3.11 people / sq. km. Irkutsk region is one of the main suppliers of oil products, timber, hard coal and aluminium.

Area 1,464 thousand sq. km

The largest region in Russia. The area of ​​the subject is 1464 thousand square meters. km, which is equal to 9% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. If we combine Germany, Italy, France and Great Britain, then the territory occupied by them will be exactly equal to the Tyumen region. Its foundation took place in 1944 by separating some areas of the Kurgan and Omsk region. The population according to the data for 2016 is 3,615,485 people, the density is 2.47 people/sq. km. Approximately 90% of the districts belong to the regions of the Far North. It is here that the main deposits of such minerals and natural resources as gas and oil are concentrated.