contextual synonyms. Contextual synonyms and antonyms

Topic: “Lexical, stylistic, contextual (contextual) synonyms. Their role in the text

The Russian language is real, strong,

where necessary - strict, where necessary - lively, lively.

L.N. Tolstoy

Target:

educational

Repeat the concepts of lexical and stylistic synonyms, shades of their meanings, expressive role in speech;

Give the concept of contextual synonyms, their role in the text;

To introduce gradation as a means of expressiveness of speech.

Educational

Create conditions for the development of students' skills to analyze the text, identifying the role of artistic means of expression (gradation);

Ensure development associative thinking, dialogic and monologue speech.

nurturing

Education for love mother tongue; striving to develop and enrich one's speech;

Cultivating attention when performing test tasks.

Lesson Plan

organizational stage.

The stage of preparing students for active assimilation new material: completion of tasks 1 - 3

Stage of assimilation of new knowledge:

The role of lexical synonyms in the text (task 4)
The role of stylistic synonyms (task 5.6)
What synonyms are called contextual? their role in the text.
Means of expression created on the basis of synonyms.

Reflection. Correlation of the epigraph to the lesson and its material.

The stage of informing students about homework.

Working with the memo "Means of communication of sentences in the text"
and the Algorithm for completing the tasks of the Unified State Examination A7, A8, B7.

(See attachments to the lesson)

Lesson Completion Stage

During the classes

Subject our lesson - synonyms. You know a lot about them. And our task today is to repeat the known and learn the new. home goal lesson - to identify the role of synonyms in speech, in the text, to learn how to apply their knowledge when completing USE tasks.

Read the topic carefully. Remember which of these types of synonyms are familiar to you? (lexical, stylistic).Let's start by revisiting these concepts. We are working on worksheets.

So, we write the answer to the question: What are synonyms? Synonyms are...

Read what is written. Give examples. We complete tasks 1-3 in writing.

Task number 1

Choose synonyms for these words:

real

certainly

Fatherland

beautiful

Task number 2

In which line are the words close in their lexical meaning?

pencil, table, lamp
student, school, portfolio
garden, forest, birch
house, hut, hut

Task number 3

Which words are NOT synonyms?

sad - sad
advise - recommend
efficient - efficient
excellent - excellent

Which task was the most difficult to complete? (No. 1) Yes, it is difficult to work on the choice of the word, I want it to be more accurate, meaningful, bright. This is exactly what a writer does when he creates his creations. Let's see how skillfully the writer Viktor Astafiev can do this.

Read an excerpt from the story of V.P. Astafiev. Complete tasks.

Task number 4

Find synonyms for the word "taiga", determine the shades of their meanings.What is the role of synonyms in this text?Underline the synonyms in the last sentence.

A powerful array of trees is approaching me. I don't quite understand yet that this forest is frighteningly quiet. Afraid to break this ominous silence, I enter under the vaults of the gloomy green of the cedar. The crunch of a branch under your foot disturbs the peace of the taiga: and now you can clearly hear the rustle of rotten needles under the paws of a small animal, the rustling of the bark from the movement of nimble squirrels along the tree trunks, the rustle of the strong wings of shy birds.

From the story of V.P. Astafieva

In precise selection synonyms - writing skills. Never repeating himself, V. Astafiev gives a new one with each synonym qualitative characteristic this natural phenomenon. Its common name is the forest. BUTwhat is the impression of turnover"an array of trees"? ( greatness, solidity, enormity, vastness)What is the lexical meaning of the word "cedar"?Specifies which tree species are found. Let's find definitions-epithets related to these synonyms, (A powerful array, the forest is frighteningly quiet, gloomy green). If a add here an ominous silenceWhat picture will arise in our imagination? (answer)

The exact selection of synonyms, the skillful use of shades of their meanings helped the writer to create this picture:the taiga is huge, majestic, gloomy, even sinister. Find synonyms in the last sentence. (rustle, rustle, rustle) What is their role?

What epithets from Tolstoy's statement can be attributed to the text of V.P. Asafiev?

Let us conclude what is the role of lexical synonyms in the text.

Writers often use not only lexical synonyms, but also stylistic ones.What synonyms are called stylistic?

Task number 5

Arrange the following synonyms according to their stylistic affiliation:

Belkova Anna Evgenievna

Keywords

contextual synonyms / contextual antonyms/ semantics / style / context / synonymy / contextual synonyms / contextual antonyms / semantics / style / context

annotation scientific article on linguistics, author of scientific work - Belkova Anna Evgenievna

Study lexical categories and their stylistic features in the works of our time is the most valuable lexical resource in terms of its composition. One of the urgent problems in this area is linguistic comprehension. contextual synonyms modern Russian language. The subject of this article are contextual synonyms as a stylistic means of expression in the poetry of the Ugra writer Vladimir Alekseevich Mazin. Contextual synonyms in the work of V.A. Mazin did not become the subject of a special scientific research, although his poetic texts contain material for studying this phenomenon. The material for writing the article was the poetic works of V.A. Mazin, published from 1967 to 2001. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the main provisions of lexicology and stylistics, developed by Russian linguists: V.V. Vinogradov, N.M. Shansky, A.P. Evgenyeva, I.B. Golub, M.N. Kozhina, V.A. Beloshapkova, M.F. Palevskaya and others. The main research method was contextual analysis, which takes into account the influence of context on the meaning of synonyms. Theoretical and practical significance the work is that the results of the analysis of the works of V.A. Mazin presented in the work can be used in the preparation of lectures and practical tasks focused on the development of associative thinking, synonymous relations, both among schoolchildren and students studying courses in lexicology, culture speech. The analysis carried out allows us to conclude that contextual synonymization is due to the individual intention of the author, the peculiarities of his language. Features contextual synonyms V.A. Mazina: pronounced contextual conditioning and fixation; instability and non-normative use; absence in synonymous dictionaries. Lexical synonyms in the work of V.A. Mazin clearly reveal their defining characteristics, their purpose - to serve as a means of multidimensional representation of an object, a tool for communicative "tuning", one of the brightest means of creating imagery.

CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMS AS A STYLISTIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS IN VLADIMIR MAZIN'S POETRY

Lexical categories and their stylistic features used in modem literary works are a most valuable lexical resource for linguistic research. One of the current problems in this area is the linguistic understanding of contextual synonyms of the modem Russian language. This study deals with contextual synonyms as a stylistic expressive means in the poetry of Vladimir Mazin, a modem poet of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Area Yugra. Contextual synonyms used in the works of Vladimir Mazin have not been a subject of special scientific research yet, though his poetic texts contain a lot of material for the study. This article particularly concerns the poems of Vladimir Mazin published within the period of 1967-2001. In terms of theory and methodology, the study is based on lexicological and stylistic research of Russian linguists, including V.V.Vinogradov, N.M.Shansky, A.P.Evgenyeva, I.B.Golub, M.N.Kozhina, V.A.Beloshapkova, M.F.Palevsky and others. The basic research method is contextual analysis considering the impact of context on the meaning of synonyms. The research has a certain theoretical and practical significance, as its results can be used in lectures and practical classes of lexicology and speech culture aimed at the development of associative thinking and synonymous relations among schoolchildren and college students. The analysis has shown that the contextual synonymization is based on individual intent of the poet and the nature of his poetic language. The distinguishing features of Mazin's contextual synonyms include apparent contextual causality and fixity; unstable and non-normative use of synonyms; absence of these words in dictionaries of synonyms. Lexical synonyms used by Mazin in his literary works clearly reveal their defining characteristics and purpose. They serve as a means of representing an object in a multidimensional way, as a means of communication “setting’’ and as one of the clearest expressive means.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Contextual synonyms as a stylistic means of expression in the language of V. A. Mazin's poetry"

PROBLEMS OF THE THEORY OF LANGUAGE

UDC 801.82 A.E. Belkova

Nizhnevartovsk, Russia

CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMS AS A STYLISTIC MEAN OF EXPRESSION IN V.A. MAZIN'S POETRY LANGUAGE

Annotation. The study of lexical categories and their stylistic features in contemporary works is the most valuable lexical resource in terms of its composition. One of the urgent problems in this area is the linguistic understanding of the contextual synonyms of the modern Russian language. The subject of the article is contextual synonyms as a stylistic means of expression in the poetry of the Ugra writer Vladimir Alekseevich Mazin. Contextual synonyms in the work of V.A. Mazin did not become the subject of special scientific research, although his poetic texts contain material for studying this phenomenon. The material for writing the article was the poetic works of V.A. Mazin, published from 1967 to 2001. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the main provisions of lexicology and stylistics, developed by Russian linguists: V.V. Vinogradov, N.M. Shansky, A.P. Evgenyeva, I.B. Golub, M.N. Kozhina, V.A. Beloshapkova, M.F. Palevskaya and others. The main research method was contextual analysis, which takes into account the influence of context on the meaning of synonyms. The theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the analysis of the works of V.A. Mazin presented in the work can be used in the preparation of lectures and practical tasks focused on the development of associative thinking, courses of lexicology, culture of speech.

The analysis carried out allows us to conclude that contextual synonymization is due to the individual intention of the author, the peculiarities of his language. Distinctive features of contextual synonyms of V.A. Mazin: pronounced contextual conditioning and fixation; instability and non-normative use; absence in synonymous dictionaries. Lexical synonyms in the work of V.A. Mazin clearly reveal their defining characteristics, their purpose - to serve as a means of multidimensional representation of an object, a tool for communicative "tuning", one of the brightest means of creating imagery.

Key words: synonymy; contextual synonyms; contextual antonyms; semantics; style; context.

Place of employment: Nizhnevartovsk State University.

Contact information: 628600, Nizhnevartovsk, st. Mira, 3 B; e-mail: [email protected]

The study, research and analysis of the features of works of art of a particular era, of a particular author or individual work, explicates important, topical problems of modern linguistics, since the state of literary language each era is largely determined by the heritage of the masters of the artistic word.

The works of the Ugra poet Vladimir Alekseevich Mazin are an interesting textual material that has not previously been subjected to linguo-stylistic analysis. The relevance of the topic is determined by the lack of a systematic description of the style features.

Vladimir Mazin. The study of contextual synonymous rows reveals the universal features of the poet's pen.

The study of synonyms can take place within the framework of the stylistics of the language using the style of one writer as an example, which makes it possible to consider the meaning of the word as a whole, its synonymous connections, as well as to identify and contrast the lexical meaning of the word with its speech, contextual meaning, to differentiate linguistic and speech synonyms. The objective of this study is to introduce into scientific use and linguistic understanding of the lexical nature of contextual synonyms

of the modern Russian language on the example of the work of Vladimir Alekseevich Mazin.

Vladimir Alekseevich Mazin (01/01/1951) - philologist, culturologist, member of the Writers' Union of Russia. His first publications date back to the second half of the 1960s. Since 1970, V.A. Mazin has been engaged in cultural and educational work and research on the regional culture of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region. For the first time, he created dance compositions based on the ethnic material of the Vakhovsky Khanty, literary processed works of folklore for stage performance. Poems, fiction and journalism of the poet were published in collective collections, magazines, almanacs and anthologies. VA Mazin is the author of separate editions of 10 collections of poetry, a monograph on the culture of the Ob Ugrians, books for children. Vladimir Alekseevich, working on the language of his works, attaches particular importance to stylistic devices, including contextual synonyms, which make his speech accurate, vivid and figurative. As A.M. Peshkovsky rightly noted, “... it is possible to evaluate the choice of one or another synonym by the author only when considering this text against the background of the entire work or even all the works of this author.”

The study of lexical categories and their stylistic features in the works of modernity is the most valuable and extensive lexical resource in its composition, a rich arsenal of the verbal culture of the nation, classes of vocabulary in modern linguistics. “Synonymy is a property of all developed languages and embodies expressive possibilities language system. The universality of this phenomenon, which reflects the dialectical interaction of semantic identity and difference, the communicative purpose of synonyms, actively used by the speaker and writer, determined the multidimensionality of approaches to synonymic relationships.

The contextual closeness of the meanings of words, the hallmark of which is a pronounced contextual-situational conditioning and the individual nature of semantics, looseness in the dictionaries of synonyms, gives the researcher access to a single "perceptual-cognitive-affective-informative base of the individual" . S.V. Lebedeva and M.F. Palevskaya note that nowhere is it so bright

the author's or subjective individuality is not manifested, as in the description of the proximity of the meaning of words in various contexts. G.V. Kolshansky also points out that synonymy as a categorical semantic phenomenon in a language can only be considered at the context level, the adequacy of the significative content of words and expressions is determined within the framework of the entire statement, and not by the choice of individual words that occur in different contexts and have some common meaning .

We define contextual synonyms as a product of an individual creative act that actualizes the similarity of word meanings only within a certain context. Analysis of contextual synonyms is of particular importance when considering artistic text. The emergence of synonymy of this type is due to semantic processes that occur during the interaction of the meanings of words in the text, i.e. synonymous convergence. As you know, synonyms arise from the need to fix new shades of a phenomenon, representation or concept in a word. On the other hand, such words can characterize not the phenomenon itself, but a kind of vision, an assessment of the attitude towards it. In the text, the same objective properties of the phenomenon are characterized by different words depending on the speaker's assessment. Often these words are not synonyms in the language system, but are close to them in meaning, because, surrounded by synonymous words, they take on certain of their features, and therefore are perceived as synonymous. In this case, there is a convergence in the text of the meanings of words that are not synonyms in the language. Synonymous rapprochement can occur between generic and specific concepts, between words of the same thematic group. We agree with the opinion of D.M. Shmelev, who argues that “there is no point in objecting to the designation of contextually close words by the terms “contextual synonyms” or “situational synonyms”, but one should clearly understand that in this case non-systemic relations are noted, that exist in the vocabulary, and the (almost limitless) possibilities of using a variety of words in various purposes» .

Contextual synonyms (sometimes they are called contextual speech, situational,

Consider the context in which convergence appears lexical items:

An old man carefully plucks Amazing strings... He narrates in a barely audible manner About the passage of time; Kindness caresses the ear ... Talent frantically pours.

Contextual synonyms pinches - narrates - caresses - pours reflect various activities person. The sequence of lexemes conveys a kind of stages in the listener's perception of the described situation and at the same time demonstrates the emotional impact of the described language means: the reader has a feeling of calm and consolation.

Contextual synonyms licked - oblapana - okapana, representing the individual author's meaning as a result of the transformation of semantics, realize several meanings at once, taken from the original linguistic meaning of the lexeme, on the one hand, and the author's individual associative base, on the other. Such contextual synonyms in the work of V.A. Mazin, as a rule, are expressively colored, their main task is not to name the phenomenon, but to characterize it:

There is no such thing as sterile.

She's licked

fingered

And the poison of envy dipped ...

(“Truth is never sterile...”, 1979)

In this context, synonymy is based on the phenomenon of phonosemantics - the ability of individual phonemes to act as meaning-creating ones. The associative convergence of the verbs licked - oblapana - okapana occurs as a result of the euphony of the prefixes -ob and -o.

Let us give an example of the synonymous "infection" of words, where the task of the synonymic series is to reveal the diversity of features:

How I will thirst, I will regret, I will serve, -

So for sure, I won’t even say a word (“I won’t tell you anything today ...”, 1978)

The verbs otzhazhdu - otzhadu - otsluzhu semantically converge in the text due to the repetition of the prefix -ot and the presence of a common semantic component with the sign of "end, cessation, final performance of the action."

In the poetic works of V.A. Mazin, the function of synonymous opposition of words is used. To contrast contextual synonyms with each other allows the difference in their meaning. D.M. Shmelev notes that semantic and expressive differences between synonymous words appear in cases where they are opposed in a certain way in the text. Contrasting synonyms in poetic language

V.A. Mazina is expressed by various syntactic means: opposing conjunctions, negative particles and is realized by contextual synonyms:

December and January Connecting different years. Keep silent, don't say that years change people.

Contextual synonyms in the poetry of V.A. Mazin are used to create melody, imagery of speech. They are used not only in direct, but also in figuratively. The convergence of words-contextual synonyms represents the seme composition of the lexical meaning, taking into account contextual connections:

Not sobs, but sobs Exudes a tool: Groans of the past or Expectations of change.

("Fiddler at the White Mountain", 1979)

According to the dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language by A.P. Evgenyeva, the lexemes sob, sob, groan do not act as synonyms. This is evidenced by the definitions given in explanatory dictionary Russian language

S.I. Ozhegova: “Sobbing is loud, convulsively

cry" ; "Sobbing - a convulsive loud sigh when crying"; "Moan is a lingering sound made with severe pain, suffering". In the context under consideration, synonymy is formed on the basis of the reflection in the lexemes of the dominant image - the sound produced by the instrument.

Contextual synonyms are one of the important means of expression in creativity.

B.A. Mazina. In poetic texts, there are synonymous rows consisting of four or more contextual synonyms, the “stringing” of which generates gradation - each next synonym weakens the meaning of the previous one:

And the spring will not be related, And the path will not direct, And the pine tree will not save, And the rains will not pass, If you did not choose, With whom to become related in soul ...

(“Inscription on a stone placed at a crossroads”, 1982)

In this example, the contextual verbs-synonyms will not be related - will not direct - will not save - will not pass - did not choose - they give expressiveness to the phrase, contribute to the creation of rhythm, dynamics, make the text emotionally more saturated.

A common function of contextual synonyms in the poetic texts of V.A. Mazin is differentiation: clarification, detailing of the depicted, where the transition from one synonym to another gives new, additional information about the subject, its features or properties:

I floated so far. Leaving the hut for a while! Under the stars he roamed there, Where the tribe was famous for his father.

(“I am the son of a fishing tribe”, 1998)

According to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, the lexeme to sail away means “to set off, leave somewhere by water", and roaming corresponds to a broader concept -" to move from place to place with their own housing and property; lead an unsettled life." The combination of contextual synonymous words sailed away - wandered conveys to-

For the poetry of V.A. Mazin with its characteristic emotional stress, with diverse associative links, contextual synonymy is one of the essential means of expression. Such a synonymous convergence of words is necessary in order not to lose the emotionality of the statement if there are no synonyms or the synonymic range is limited:

We have traveled through space and time, But higher and higher clouds are calling - Unknown voices, whether echoes Are approaching other ages.

(“Hurrying, we did not finish listening to something ...”, 1999)

The words space - time - centuries, which are not synonyms in the language system, in the given context are connected by the unity of the image presented in the author's picture of the world.

Synonymous convergence of words is valuable in that it significantly increases the expressive possibilities of synonymy. The task of contextual synonyms is to describe the intensity of the manifestation of an action:

Along the fierce impassability To the camp, to our own, Deer routes We hurry. We run.

("Children's Impression", 1998)

Contextual synonyms in a hurry - we run express a different degree of intensity of movement and at the same time an increase in excitement lyrical hero. The number and nature of these words differ from the synonymous series traditionally presented in dictionaries.

In the work of V.A. Mazin, a peculiar use of synonyms occurs: when portable use words acquire their own meanings. Naming one name after another: a whispering stream, a chattering stream - a minion - a gamer, the author creates a synonymous series that enhances the shades of meaning:

A whispering stream, a chattering stream In the darkness of the gully, Nature's minions, igruns Play near Laryak.

("The Whispering Brook, the Chattering Brook", 1979)

As follows from the above example, the poet used as synonyms different names for the water stream, which is personified in the context, endowed with human features. According to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, “whisperer is the one who whispers”; "Chatterbox is a talkative person"; “minion is a person who is pampered, who is indulged in everything”; "igrun - one who loves to play and frolic". Each of these names is interconnected, synonymy is formed on the basis of a holistic image - a reflection of the qualities and properties of the described water area.

For the convergence of contextual synonyms, conceptual correlation is sufficient. In the poetry of V.A. Mazin, words that evoke certain associations in the mind of the reader can be synonymized. The writer calls the male driver a driver, a rogue:

The driver is not pleased with the uneven street:

The load falls, and the whip cries.

Trying to sing about a heavy share,

Like an old rogue who squandered happiness.

("On the cart", 1995)

The lexemes voznitsa and plut are synonymous in the given context, the synonymy is determined by the content of the statement, it has an individual, authorial character and is not reproduced in the language.

Contextual synonyms are used by V.A. Mazin to create a contrast: dawn - sunset - dawn, while a special role is played by various signs that contribute to the promotion of significant information:

Rain and tears. Yes dawn - Do not understand what: Or sunset time. Is the dawn playing.

(“Crying, crying evenings ...”, 1970)

Numerous examples of the functioning of synonyms confirm that "even a minimal semantic divergence"

The digital "residual meaning" of two synonyms can be "inflated", absolutized - and then the synonyms turn into "contextual antonyms". From the above examples it can be seen how, on the basis of an associative connection, series of homogeneous members arise, which are not synonyms, but are united by a common seme, which creates the impression of a commonality of their content.

Singling out as essential condition lyrical impression “semantic echo” or semantic complexity, B.A. Larin considered one of the main means of achieving it to be a pleonastic combination of similarly meaningful expressions: “The consistent accumulation of synonymous phrases concentrates attention on one rod of thought, excites the listener (reader) - to experience the imaginative possibilities of this topic and intellectual emotion - recognition of an unforeseen similarity of meaning in heterogeneous turns of speech.

So, the repeated word to go and its contextual synonym to sail in the poem "On the boat" are the semantic core on which all metaphorical nominations are strung, creating the emotional dominant of the text:

Everyone would go without driving up. All sail along the Vakh shores... Without waiting for the harvest. Scatter among the meadows... Stubborn, but not a stranger. The wave boils from the propellers ... Everyone would go without driving up. All sail along the Vakh coast...

(“On the boat”, 1995)

Speaking about the role of synonyms in a poetic text, one cannot but recall the deep, sounding very modern reflections on the lyrics of B.A. Larin today, who wrote that the universal and constant property of the lyrics is its “semantic complexity”, which is achieved by using polysemantic words, "the connection of synonymous speech complexes", the comparison of "consonant words", "the kinkness of speech", "purely semantic contrasts".

Contextual synonyms in the work of V.A. Mazin clearly reveal their ontological purpose - to serve as a means of multidimensional representation

object, a tool of communicative "setting", one of the brightest means of creating imagery. The analysis of the language material made it possible to establish that in the poetry of V.A. Mazin, contextual synonyms form synonymous rows consisting of two or three, much less often - from a larger number of lexemes. The contextual synonyms of two-word and three-word series in their author's use have the greatest load both in semantic and

in quantitatively. The originality of the use of contextual synonyms in the work of V.A. Mazin is manifested in their pronounced contextual conditioning and fixation; in the instability and abnormality of their use. Thus, we can talk about the author's expansion of the boundaries of the semantic space in poetic speech due to the semantics of synonymous rows as a stylistic means of expressiveness.

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Nizh n evartovsk, R us si a

CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMS AS A STYLISTIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS IN VLADIMIR MAZIN"S POETRY

abstract. Lexical categories and their stylistic features used in modern literary works are a most valuable lexical resource for linguistic research. One of the current problems in this area is the linguistic understanding of contextual synonyms of the modern Russian language. This study deals with contextual synonyms as a stylistic expressive means in the poetry of Vladimir Mazin, a modern poet of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Area Yugra. Contextual synonyms used in the works of Vladimir Mazin have not been a subject of special scientific research yet, though his poetic texts contain a lot of material for the study. This article particularly concerns the poems of Vladimir Mazin published within the period of 1967-2001. In terms of theory and methodology, the study is based on lexicological and stylistic research of Russian linguists, including V.V.Vinogradov, N.M.Shansky, A.P.Evgenyeva, I.B.Golub, M.N.Kozhina, V.A.Beloshapkova, M.F.Palevsky and others. The basic research method is contextual analysis considering the impact of context on the meaning of synonyms. The research has a certain theoretical and practical significance, as its results can be used in lectures and practical classes of lexicology and speech culture aimed at the development of associative thinking and synonymous relations among schoolchildren and college students.

The analysis has shown that the contextual synonymization is based on individual intent of the poet and the nature of his poetic language. The distinguishing features of Mazin's contextual synonyms include apparent contextual causality and fixity; unstable and non-normative use of synonyms; absence of these words in dictionaries of synonyms. Lexical synonyms used by Mazin in his literary works clearly reveal their defining characteristics and purpose They serve as a means of representing an object in a multidimensional way, as a means of communication "setting" and as one of the clearest expressive means.

Keywords: synonymy; contextual synonyms; contextual antonyms; semantics; style; context.

Place of employment: Nizhnevartovsk State University.

Russian language lesson in 5th grade

Lesson topic: "Synonyms. contextual synonyms. The use of synonyms in the text.

Lesson type: LESSON-RESEARCH.

Target: educate personality,

having knowledge about synonyms and synonymic rows, contextual synonyms;

able select synonyms and make up synonymic rows, use contextual synonyms in speech; enrich your vocabulary well.

Competencies of students (formed by teaching students active ways of life):

Ability to ask questions, formulate one's point of view and prove it with arguments;

Inspiration, looseness of thoughts, criticality, flexibility of mind, fantasy;

The ability to realize the goals of educational activity, the ability to set a goal and organize its achievement, reflective thinking, introspection, self-esteem;

The ability to search for and transform information, to perform various social roles in a group and team, the ability to tolerate.

During the classes

Stage

lesson

environment

important actions of the teacher

(facilities)

Ways of life of students

Development area

student personality

Niche

elements

Registration

Presentation (Power Point), student drawings, technological maps, portrait and painting "February Azure" by the artist I.E. Grabar, synonymous dictionaries.

Epigraph of the lesson: The Word is one of the most extraordinary miracles that we can observe in the world.

Lev Uspensky.

Directed attention, visualization, emphasis

Focusing on the main semantic elements of the lessons

intellectual,

emotional - moral

1Organizational

Organization joint activities

mutual greeting

Order

Compliance with the rules of conduct training session

Behavioral - volitional

Discussion

Guys, how do you understand the words of Uspensky, taken as an epigraph to today's lesson?

message, doubt

Intellectual, emotional - moral

Alert

Discussion

Communicating with each other or confiding our thoughts and feelings to paper, we rarely think about what invaluable wealth nature has endowed us with. This wealth is human speech, the Word, which is fraught with enormous possibilities.

What's the word?

Speech, shining stars,

The cold weather grew, the wine.

And patient silence

When it's doomed...

What's the word?

The rumble from the timber raft,

Or a goose trail along the wave,

Ile glory is

What, like an opal,

Did you come through your own fault?

V. Tsybin.

Do we always wisely and faithfully dispose of this great gift?

Sometimes we neglect the simplest truth, which N.M. Gribachev recalls:

Be careful when choosing a word:

They can make you happy and kill.

Knowledge

Teamwork, interest

Contact with poetic creativity

message, doubt,

cooperation

Intellectual, emotional and moral

2. The stage of preparing students for active and conscious assimilation educational material

Aiming

Attention to the word, its meaning, spelling, use is the goal of our Russian language lessons.

Today we will conduct a linguistic experiment, draw a conclusion about the role of synonyms in speech.

Observation is a valuable property: it is necessary for a sailor, hunter, naturalist, painter, writer. Try to develop your powers of observation.

Emphasis, attention

Concentration

intellectual

3. The stage of systematization and generalization of the studied material

What do you know about synonyms?

Synonyms are always close in meaning

They differ only in shades sometimes.

native land- Fatherland - Fatherland,

How much is sacred to us in them!

Knowledge, intellectual work, interest, improvement of existing knowledge

Message, comparison of students' knowledge with the received task.

Intellectual, behavioral-volitional, emotional-moral

Organization of collective research activities.

Perplexing in the field of creation and creativity.

Generalization with students.

linguistic experiments.

To observe means to be able to see, hear, feel in such a way as to notice the characteristic and vivid signs of objects.

Work with technological map.

First experiment:

In the morning forest

The heron huddles from dampness,

Mallards fluffed up, quiet.

Trembling emerald drop

In the green palm of an alder.

G. Graubin

Tasks: Find synonyms in this text. Replace word emerald word green. How will this change the text?

Children's observations:

1. If instead of the word emerald (drop) put it synonymous green, then the drop will merge with the leaf, it will not be visible at all.

2. There will not be that trembling, transparent beauty in the description of the dewdrop, which is in these lines of the poet.

3. Emerald - from the word emerald. And the emerald is not just a green stone, but bright green, transparent, precious. Emerald drop - iridescent in the rays of the sun, and not just green.

Conclusion from observations: Synonyms convey the finest nuances in the characteristics of objects, their signs, actions and, thanks to this, allow expressing an idea most accurately.

Second experiment.

Work with text.

Rooster.

I sat in the yard on a bench and looked at the rooster. The rooster walked along the young green grass and pecked at insects. And the scarlet comb, and the motley tail, and the chiseled spurs on his yellow boots - everything burned, sparkled, shimmered.

Tasks: 1. Find synonyms in this text.2. Observe how the meaning and sound of the last sentence will change if you remove the first word shimmered and then sparkled. 3. Follow the connection of sentences in the text.

Children's observations: synonyms - verbs to burn, sparkle, shimmer. They are very close in meaning.

We omit the third, then the second synonyms - the impression of incompleteness of the text is created, the sentence becomes dissonant, and we present the rooster not as brightly as according to the author's text.

Conclusion: therefore, using two or three synonyms side by side, you can strengthen their main general meaning, exhaustively fully characterize the subject, express the thought in the most euphonious, complete way.

creativity,

interest, illustration, general attention,

Emphasis, attention

Teamwork, interest.

Improving the acquired knowledge and skills in the field of creation and creativity

Contact with poetry.

Communication, doubt, cooperation.

Knowledge retention

intellectual,

Puzzle in the field of creation and creativity, expanding the minimum basic level of knowledge of students.

Alert.

Discussion

perplexing

Alert

Formation of skills of collection and systematization lexical material to an oral statement based on the painting by I.E. Grabar "February Blue"

A story about an artist and his painting.

Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar (1871-1960) is a well-known landscape painter, a fine connoisseur of nature. February Blue painted in 1904 is one of his finest paintings. It would seem that what is unusual in a birch tree that is well known to us? But I.E. Grabar managed to catch its originality, and it was revealed to him unexpectedly. Here is how he writes about it in his memoirs: “I was standing near a marvelous specimen of a birch, rare in the rhythmic structure of the branches. Glancing at her, I dropped my stick and bent down to pick it up. When I looked at the top of the birch from below, from the surface of the snow, I was stunned by the spectacle of fantastic beauty that opened before me: some kind of chiming and echoing of all the colors of the rainbow, united by the blue enamel of the sky. “If even a tenth of this beauty could be conveyed, then it would be incomparable,” I thought.

The artist dug a trench in the snow and, looking at the birch from the bottom up, as if at a crystal cascade created by nature, captured this miracle, sitting under a blue umbrella, which increased the intensity of the colors.

- What does this description have in common with the one depicted in the artist's painting?

-What was the artist's goal?

He wanted to depict everything bright, light, airy, in order to make you feel the first signs of the approaching spring.

- What color is the sky in the foreground and in the distance, that is, on the horizon?

1. Make a synonymous series for these shades of color.

2. And what is snow like in the sun and in the shade? Make up a synonym.

Working with a dictionary of synonyms.

Many words have more than one synonym, but several. In this case, they form a synonymous series. One of the synonyms is the main one and is placed first in dictionaries.

There is Wonderland,

that is open before you,

The one that words

As people, inhabited,

The sovereign rules them

Nicknamed DIctionary.

Azure: 1. light blue, blue (obsolete and high); 2.light blue paint.

Sky: blue, azure, blue, bottomless, sky blue.

Snow: sparkles, glitters, sparkles, shines.

Search, creativity, self-improvement, interest, general attention.

Teamwork, interest.

Improvement in the field of creation and creativity, doubts

Concentration, comparison.

Knowledge retention

intellectual,

emotional-moral, behavioral-volitional

Organization of collective partially - search activities

Generalization with students.

Organization of collective partial search activity.

Generalization with students.

Text observations.

Bear cubs.

A female bear has four cubs at the zoo. Cheerful kids are growing well. The trainer-tamer devotes a lot of time to the education and training of naughty.

Tasks: Indicate which substitute words are used for the word cubs how the sentences are connected in the text.

But are these words synonymous? Yes and no. Let's say, by the way naughty synonyms are: pranksters, mischief-makers, but not cubs. At the same time the word cubs in this text replaced by the words: naughty kids are funny.

Words that are synonymous only in a given text (or context) are called contextual synonyms. They are synonyms only in the given text, and outside the text they are no longer synonyms.

Let's verify what has been said. To do this, let's try to use the same synonyms (bear cubs are funny naughty ones) in a different context.

In the middle of winter, cubs are born in a bear's lair. Lying on her side, the mother carefully holds the dark brown (calves) near her chest, wrapping them in her shaggy wool. She covers (them) from the cold with her paw and head, warming with her breath. (Cubs) feed on mother's milk.

Yes, indeed, such a replacement would be inappropriate. The first text is about the zoo. Bear cubs are protected and cherished there. Therefore, it is easy and fun for them there. In the second text, the cubs were born in a den in the bitter cold. They are not up to fun and pranks: their mother closes them from the cold with her paw and head.

What substitutes are used in the second text?

(Mother bear, cubs - dark brown cubs - they)

The use of contextual synonyms depends on the topic, the content of the text, their use is based on likening one object to another.

creativity,

self-affirmation, mutual respect.

Teamwork, interest.

Search, creativity, self-improvement.

Concentration, comparison.

Saving knowledge.

Intellectual, emotional-moral, behavioral-volitional

Organization of partially - search activities

Let's look at another text.

Task: follow the use of synonyms in this text. Can these synonyms be called contextual?

Bee.

The bee collects nectar from garden and wild flowers all summer long. From a white chamomile, a little worker flies to a fragrant porridge. From early morning until late evening, caring bustle is transferred from a large flower to a small one.

creativity,

interest, public attention,

self-assertion, mutual respect

Improving the acquired knowledge and skills in the field of creation and creativity.

Intellectual, emotional-moral, behavioral-volitional

Generalization with students

A bee - a small worker - a caring bustle - these contextual synonyms accurately characterize a bee as a worker. Thus, contextual synonyms are, first of all, words-characteristics. Using synonyms correctly is a great art.

Emphasis

Knowledge retention

intellectual

Perplexity in the solution area learning objectives

Generalization and systematization of the acquired knowledge

Independent work.

Mission: Fix speech errors in the text using contextual substitutes.

Once Dunno was walking around the city and wandered into a field. At this time, the cockchafer was flying. It ran blindly at him and hit him on the back of the head. He rolled head over heels to the ground. He immediately flew away and disappeared into the distance. He jumped up and started looking around. But there was no one around.

Interest, illustration, teamwork.

Improving existing knowledge.

Preservation and improvement of acquired knowledge, competition, competition

Intellectual, emotional-moral, behavioral-volitional

Generalization final

The appropriate use of synonyms allows you to express the most various shades thoughts and feelings. It is necessary to achieve the exact use of synonyms in speech, for this you need to know them more, you must constantly enrich your vocabulary, use explanatory and synonymous dictionaries.

Everything has a name -

And the beast, and the subject,

There are a lot of things around

And there are no nameless ones!

And all that the eye can see

Above us and below us

And all that is in our memory -

Marked with words...

They are heard here and there,

Outdoors and at home:

One is familiar to us,

The other one is unfamiliar...

Language is both old and forever new!

And it's so beautiful

In the vast sea - the sea of words -

Bathe daily!

A. Shibaev

Emphasis

Knowledge retention

Intellectual, emotional-moral, behavioral-volitional

4.Homework information stage

Alert

Write a miniature essay "Winter Day" using synonyms and contextual synonyms.

Everyone's attention

Knowledge retention

Intellectual, behavioral-volitional

Evaluation

Brief comments on ratings.

Thanks for today's lesson!

Stimulation, positive motivation

Sympathy, empathy, competition

intellectual,

emotional-moral, behavioral-volitional

State Institution "Physics and Mathematics Lyceum ..."

Russian language lesson in 5th grade.

Topic: “Synonyms. Contextual synonyms.

Synonyms are words that are close or identical in meaning and differ in expressiveness and stylistic features. They are different types e.g. linguistic, stylistic. There are also contextual synonyms.

In a broader definition, these are words that have close or identical meanings, expressing one concept, emphasizing its various features, while differing in expressive stylistic features, compatibility. This understanding is characteristic of modern linguists and has developed in almost all European languages.

Synonyms and parts of speech

Linguistic and contextual synonyms are also characterized by the fact that they always refer to the same condition. The conditions of morphological commonality are necessary in their definition. Thus, in Russian, they include the words moment and instant, jelly and aspic, huge and huge, lie and lie, like and as if etc.

Types of synonyms

In the Russian language there are more than ten thousand synonymous rows, and different species are distinguished on the basis of a meaningful criterion.

Doublets are absolute synonyms, that is, words that are completely identical in meaning ( hippo and hippopotamus, linguistics and linguistics).

There are few pure doublets in the language. The words hippo and hippopotamus differ on the basis of scientific and non-scientific, their own and others. The problem arises when the concepts are close in meaning. Native speakers quite easily determine the stylistic difference between them intuitively. It's harder when it comes to semantic synonyms: house and building- the unit "house" is used only when talking about where people live. These are generic inclusion relations.

Conceptual, ideographic or semantic synonyms are words that characterize different degrees of manifestation of a feature. For example: beautiful and beautiful.

Stylistic synonyms are words that give different emotional and evaluative characteristics of the signified: run away, run away or run off;eyes, eyes or Zenki.

Mixed type - semantic-stylistic synonyms that differ both in part of the conceptual meaning and in connotations. For example: fearful, shy, cowardly.

Linguistic and contextual synonyms

Synonyms fixed in linguistic practice, and having common semes as part of the conceptual macrocomponent, regardless of the context, are called linguistic: scarlet, bright red, crimson etc. Such words remain synonymous always, regardless of the context in which they are used. For them, special dictionaries are compiled.

Speech or contextual synonyms reveal the proximity of meanings only in a specific text and do not have common semes in the language. For their convergence, conceptual correlation is sufficient, that is, they can become words that evoke certain associations in the mind of the speaker or writer. Absolutely different concepts can enter into synonymous relations, mean the same thing and freely replace each other in a certain context, but only within it. They are not listed in dictionaries.

Many of us do not even think about what a contextual synonym is. Meanwhile, the answer to this question is very simple. We will try in this article to highlight the problem of identifying these types of synonyms and the features of their study and understanding.

Definition

The simplest definition sounds like this: a given synonym is used in a specific sentence only in a specific context. For example, if we are talking about a source of water and next to the sentence we put the word “key” in the meaning of a spring, then these words will be called contextual synonyms.

Let's give another interpretation. These synonyms are formed in order to give the most complete definition one phenomenon or another.

What are these contextual synonyms? Examples are given below: "Sonechka stood on the ground and looked at this black, deadening depth of the grave." AT this case the adjectives "black" and "dead" are synonymous.

Thus, one can speak not only about the degree of semantic discreteness of the considered synonyms, but also about the degree of continuity of their contextual environment: it diagnoses the features of the semantic modification of the studied units in different ways.

Summing up

The semantic discreteness of dictionary definitions allows answering the question of what a contextual synonym is. This is due to the peculiarities of representing information about synonyms in explanatory and synonymic dictionaries. An analysis of dictionary interpretations in conjunction with a description of the distributive specifics of the units under consideration (taking into account the degree of context diagnostics) makes it possible not to consider them fully synonymous. This is also evidenced by the development of semantic modifications of the analyzed units, for example, the manifestation of figurative meanings that are not marked in dictionaries. This limits the possibility of their interchangeability in other sentences with a qualitatively different context.

contextual synonyms. Contextual synonyms and antonyms

annotation scientific article on linguistics, author of scientific work - Belkova Anna Evgenievna

Related Topics scientific works on linguistics, author of scientific work - Belkova Anna Evgenievna,

CONTEXTUAL SYNONYMS AS A STYLISTIC EXPRESSIVE MEANS IN VLADIMIR MAZIN'S POETRY

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Contextual synonyms as a stylistic means of expression in the language of V. A. Mazin's poetry"

Definition

Summing up