Mathematical ecology studies. Search results for \"mathematical ecology\"

The study of the identity of the offender involves the study of species social characteristics, which help to find out all its structure-forming elements. The system of these social characteristics includes:

criminal law

socio-demographic

Socio-psychological

Individual psychological characteristics.

Criminal legal characteristic. It is based on criminal law categories, such as the type, nature and severity of the crime committed, complicity, the commission of a crime for the first time or repeatedly, the duration of criminal activity, the form of guilt, the type and amount of the punishment imposed. AT recent times began to highlight some new personality traits of the criminal, indicating his belonging to groups of thieves in law, leaders and active participants in criminal communities, to the number of professional criminals, etc.

Socio-demographic characteristics. It provides information about social status, multiple connections and social roles that define the identity of the offender as subject and object. public relations. Therefore, socio-demographic characteristics are an essential component of a generalized idea of the personality of a criminal and are important for the development and implementation of prevention measures.

a) Floor. The ratio of women and men among criminals is, on average, 1:7. but the female factor becomes significant in the commission of certain types of crime.

b ) Age. The age differentiation of criminals shows that most often crimes are committed at the age of 25-29, followed by 18-24, 14-17 and 30-40-year-olds. People over 50 years of age are the least likely to commit crimes. The greatest criminal activity among criminals under the age of 24 years. The age factor affects the selectivity of criminal activity. So, under the age of 25, thefts, thefts are most often committed. Vehicle, hooliganism, rape. Persons over 30 years of age predominate among those who commit malfeasance and economic crimes.

G) Education. The characteristic of the education of persons who have committed crimes is of criminological significance, since it is associated with the culture of the individual, his social status, circle of contacts, life plans and the possibilities for their implementation. The educational level of criminals is generally lower than that of law-abiding citizens. The lowest level of education is among those who commit violent, mercenary-violent crimes and theft of personal property. The level of education is higher for those persons who commit theft by appropriation and embezzlement, abuse of official position, official and economic crimes.
e) Family status. About half of all criminals are single (not married). Marriage and family are a significant moral and social stabilizing factor. On the contrary, the disintegration of the family, separation from children due to the condemnation of women to imprisonment leads to neglect of children.
e) Social status. The distribution of criminals, based on their belonging to different social groups, shows that the proportion of workers is constant value and is approximately 50%. The predominance of workers engaged in unskilled hard work is explained by the fact that they are characterized by a number of features, for example, a low educational and cultural level, a narrow and deformed range of needs and interests.

The upward trend in crime among pupils and students continues.

3. Socio-psychological characteristics. Disclosure of this characteristic contributes to the identification of mechanisms of interaction of the individual with the nearest microenvironment, clarification adverse conditions, under the influence of which the personality of the criminal is formed. The socio-psychological characterization of the personality involves the analysis of the social role functions of the individual, finding out what status a person occupies in the family, in the work collective ...
4. Individual psychological characteristics. This characteristic covers a wide variety of manifestations of the subjective world. Under psychological features individuals understand a relatively stable set of individual qualities that determine typical forms of behavior.

Obtained over the past 2 decades, the results of an empirical study of the personality of criminals in comparison with law-abiding citizens indicate the presence of some distinguishing features in the structure of personality.

Differences in the estimated attitude towards law enforcement agencies and their activities among the surveyed groups were revealed. Criminals assess punitive practices as excessively harsh, especially for those types of crimes for which they themselves are convicted. The most skeptical of law enforcement agencies are mercenary criminals, the most negative and hostile - mercenary-violent ones.

The results of the study allow us to give a psychological portrait of the examined criminals and highlight their characteristic features.

First of all, criminals are distinguished by poor social adaptation, general dissatisfaction with their position in society. They have pronounced impulsiveness, which manifests itself in reduced self-control of their behavior, rash actions, emotional immaturity, and infantilism.

Moral and legal norms do not have a significant impact on their behavior. Such people usually either do not understand what society requires of them, or they understand, but do not want to fulfill these requirements. Such persons have deformed normative control, they evaluate social situation based on personal experiences, grievances, desires. They are characterized by a persistent violation of social adaptation.

They are characterized by violations in communication: the inability to establish contacts with others, the inability to look at themselves from the outside. All this forms such traits as isolation, isolation, on the one hand, and aggressiveness, suspicion, on the other.

Psychological and criminological studies indicate that a significant part of criminals have such a property as alienation, i.e. finding the individual at a certain socio-psychological distance from society and its mental and legal values. In psychological terms, alienation is the withdrawal of a person from interpersonal interaction which has significant psychological and social consequences, including those of a criminal nature.

A generalized description of the perpetrators of crimes and their study at the statistical level make it possible to identify the typical features inherent in certain groups and take appropriate measures to plan and prevent crime.

A COMMON PART
Subject, system, tasks and functions of criminology
- General characteristics of criminology
- Goals, objectives, functions of criminology and their implementation
- The place of criminology in the system of sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of criminology
History of criminology. Modern criminological theories
- The formation of criminology as a science. The main directions of studying the causes of crime
- The origin and development of foreign criminological theories
- The development of criminology in Russia
- The current state of criminology
Crime and its main characteristics
- The concept of "crime". Correlation of crime and crimes
- Key Crime Indicators
- Latent crime and methods for its assessment
- Social consequences of crime
- Characteristics of modern crime, its assessment and analysis
Determinants of crime
- The concept of "determinism"
- Causality theory
- The concept of "determinant" in criminology
- Causes and conditions of crimes
The identity of the offender and its criminological characteristics
- The essence and content of the concept of "personality of the offender" and its relationship with other related concepts
- The structure and main features of the criminological characteristics of the offender's personality
- The ratio of biological and social in the structure of the personality of the offender
- Classification and typology of the offender's personality
- The meaning, scope, methods and main directions of studying the personality of a criminal in the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs
The mechanism of individual criminal behavior
- Causality as the interaction of social and biological
- Psychological mechanism personality behavior
- The role of a specific situation in the commission of a crime
- The role of the victim in the genesis of criminal behavior
Fundamentals of victimology
- The history of the emergence and development of the doctrine of sacrifice
- Fundamentals of victimology. Victimization and victimization
- "Victim of a crime" and "personality of the victim": concepts and their relationship
Organization and conduct of criminological research
- The concept of "criminological research" and "criminological information"
- Organization and main stages of criminological research
- Methods of criminological research
- Methods of criminal statistics and their use in criminological research
Crime Prevention
- The concept of "crime prevention"
- Types and stages of preventive activities
- Individual prevention
- Classification of preventive measures
- Crime Prevention System
Criminological forecasting and crime prevention planning
- The concepts of "criminological forecast" and "criminological forecasting", their scientific and practical significance
- Types and scope of criminological forecasting. Subjects of criminological forecasting
- Methods and organization of criminological forecasting
- Predicting Individual Criminal Behavior
- Crime Prevention Planning and Programming
SPECIAL PART
Legal, organizational and tactical foundations of the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs for the prevention of crimes
- The role and main tasks of the internal affairs bodies in the prevention of crimes
- Legal support crime prevention
- Information support for crime prevention and planning preventive measures
- Methods for conducting general crime prevention
- Methods for conducting individual crime prevention
Criminological characteristics and prevention of juvenile delinquency
- Main indicators of juvenile delinquency
- Identity of juvenile delinquents
- Causes and conditions of juvenile delinquency
- Organization of juvenile delinquency prevention
Criminological characteristics and prevention of recidivism and professional crime
- The concept, signs and types of criminal recidivism and professionalism. The concept of recidivism and professional crime
- Socio-legal characteristics of recidivism and professional crime
- Criminological characteristics and typology of the personality of criminals - recidivists and professionals
- Determinants of recidivism and professional crime
- Features of the determination of professional crime
- The main directions for the prevention of recidivism and professional crime
Criminological characteristics and prevention of group and organized crime
- The concept and signs of group and organized crime
- Criminological characteristics of group and organized crime
- Prevention of group and organized crime
Criminological characteristics and prevention of violent crimes
- Serious crimes against a person as a social and legal problem
- The current state and trends of serious violent crimes against the person
- Characteristics of perpetrators of violent violent crimes
- Determinants of violent crimes against the person
- The main directions of the prevention of violent crimes against the person
Criminological characteristics and prevention of crimes against property
- Criminological characteristics of crimes against property
- Criminological characteristics of persons committing crimes against property and their typology
- Determinants of crimes against property
- The main directions of prevention of crimes against property. Features of the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs for the prevention of these crimes
Criminological characteristics and prevention of crimes committed in the field of economic activity
- The concept and current state of crimes in the sphere of economic activity
- Characteristics of factors causing crime in the sphere of economic activity
- Characteristics of the personality of a criminal who commits crimes in the field of economic activity
- The main directions of crime prevention in the sphere of economic activity
Criminological characteristics and prevention of crimes against public safety and public order
- The concept and socio-legal assessment of crimes against public safety and public order
- Criminological characteristics, determinants and main directions of prevention of terrorism (Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)
- Criminological characteristics, determinants and main directions of hostage-taking prevention (Article 206 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)
- Criminological characteristics, determinants and main directions for the prevention of hooliganism (Article 213 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)
- Criminological characteristics, determinants and main directions for the prevention of environmental crimes (Art. 246-262 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)
- Computer crimes and their criminological characteristics
Criminological characteristics and prevention of crimes committed by negligence
- The concept, types and criminological features of crimes committed through negligence
- Criminological characteristics of persons committing careless crimes
- Causes and conditions of careless crimes
- Prevention of reckless crimes
- Criminological features and prevention of motor vehicle crimes
Criminological characteristics and prevention of socially negative phenomena associated with crime
- The concept of "socially negative phenomena" and their connection with crime
- Criminological characteristics and prevention of drug addiction
- Criminological characteristics and prevention of drunkenness and alcoholism
- Criminological characteristics and prevention of prostitution
- Marginality and crime
International cooperation in crime prevention
- The concept and meaning of international cooperation in combating crime
- Legal and organizational forms interactions government agencies various countries in the study of crime and its prevention
- The main directions and forms of international cooperation in combating crime
- International cooperation in combating certain types of crimes: illicit trafficking in narcotic and psychotropic substances, legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime

The structure and main features of the criminological characteristics of the offender's personality

The structure of the personality of a criminal is an ordered correlation of properties that characterize persons who have committed a criminally punishable act, which is significant from the point of view of criminology.

The grouping of personality traits is the main task in studying its structure. In the criminological literature, there are various points view of the personality structure:

objective (social positions and roles, personality activity) and subjective (need-motivational sphere, value-normative characteristics of consciousness) characteristics;
socio-demographic, moral-psychological and criminal-legal characteristics;
socio-typological, moral-psychological and social-role characteristics;
sociological, legal and psychological signs(features).

Despite the significant differences between these approaches, the basis for grouping personality traits is the assignment of certain features to external (social, legal, demographic) or internal (psychological) in relation to a particular individual. The main difference between these two groups of signs is that external properties are accessible to direct observation, while internal properties are unobservable, since they exist in the mind and psyche of the individual and are revealed only by special scientifically based methods.

If we ignore the particulars in the interpretation this issue by various authors, we can propose the following grouping of the elements of the structure of the offender's personality.

1. Socio-typological characteristics - a set of social positions of an individual that determine his belonging to a particular social group. The main attention in this case is drawn to the social conditionality of the behavior of the individual. The most complete picture of the socio-typological properties of the criminal is given by her socio-demographic characteristics - gender, age, education, material conditions, occupation, family and social status, specialty, citizenship, social roles and statuses, place of residence.

2. Moral and psychological characteristics - an expression of the criminal's attitude to society as a whole, the values \u200b\u200baccepted in it and normatively approved social roles. This characteristic includes intellect, abilities, skills, habits, volitional and emotional properties, attitudes, interests, value orientations, attitude to the norms of morality and law, needs, chosen ways of satisfying needs.

3. Social-role characteristic allows you to see the personality of the criminal in real activity, which follows from the occupation of certain social positions by this personality. Compared to a law-abiding citizen, a criminal is characterized by a less responsible attitude towards his social roles in the main social institutions: in the family, school, work collective, and other social groups; a greater degree of alienation from law-abiding citizens who are part of various formal and informal societies; attraction to informal groups of antisocial orientation, to the performance of negative social roles.

4. Criminal law characteristic includes following parameters: qualification of the crime, direction of the offense, severity, form of guilt, motive, purpose, single or group character, relapse, plurality, place and role in the commission of the crime, etc.

According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, over the past 5 years, from 1.2 to 1.8 million people who have committed a crime have been identified in Russia every year. Society has less information about criminals than about crimes. The available data allow us to draw up the following sketch of the characteristics of the personality of the offender.

Socio-demographic characteristics(gender, age, citizenship, education, social, family and official status, professional affiliation, level of material security, the presence or absence of a permanent place of residence).

Floor . Among the persons identified in Russia who have committed crimes, men predominate, which corresponds to their relatively greater activity in society. Nevertheless, special literature draws attention to the increase in the criminal activity of women.

The total number of identified women who have committed crimes decreased by 1.5 times from 1997 to 2004, their share among all identified criminals now stands at 13%. It should be noted that so far the fluctuation in the share of female criminals has not exceeded the boundaries previously established in the Soviet Union (13-22%). However, it can be assumed that due to a more humane attitude towards the weaker sex, the crimes committed by its representatives are not recorded so carefully.

In any case, qualitative shifts are taking place - the crimes of women in the last 10 years were more often accompanied by violence, and more cruel than it was before. In addition to the general crisis taking place in Russia, the social group of women is under the influence of the inconsistency of the transitional period in the relationship between the sexes. On the one hand, there is an increasing freedom of behavior, participation in production and other types of public life On the other hand, as women master the roles previously performed by men, additional burdens arise and the expectation of performing the traditional roles of hostess, mother, etc. is not completely eliminated. The noted inconsistency of the position of a woman under certain circumstances can stimulate her criminal activity.

Age characteristic criminals allows us to judge the degree of intensity of the manifestation of criminogenic activity and the characteristics of criminal behavior of representatives of different age groups. In particular, crimes committed by young people are more often of an aggressive, impulsive nature, while older people, on the contrary, are more deliberate in committing crimes.

Young people between the ages of 14 and 29 make up more than half of the total number of perpetrators of crimes. The number of identified minors (14-17 years old) violators of the criminal law in the period 1997-2004. varies from approximately 140 to 180 thousand annually, and their share in the number of identified criminals remains about 11%. The contradictory situation in which the younger generation of Russians found themselves in the 1990s, the lack of proper material support, the uncertainty of the future, the difficulties in obtaining an education, specialty and work, with the weakening of control from society, significantly increased its criminal activity.

Educational and intellectual levels largely determine the nature of the crime, since these qualities largely affect the range of interests and needs, the direction of communication and pastime, and ultimately the way a person behaves.

The educational level of criminals is relatively low. Against the background of general secondary education of the population in Russia, criminals most often have incomplete secondary education. Persons with higher and incomplete education are mainly found among minors and official criminals.

Social status. The most criminogenic social group are people who are not engaged in socially useful work: they make up more than one third of all criminals.

Persons without a steady income predominate among other offenders. In 2004 in Russia, their share in the number of identified criminals was 58.8%, and the total number - 719 thousand (for comparison, the figures for 2000 - 54% and 954 thousand). Of these, 9% are unemployed. The crisis that engulfed all spheres of life in Russian society significantly expanded the ranks of this social group and further aggravated its criminal orientation. However, the lack of influential connections makes these people the most vulnerable to criminal prosecution, in the presence of evidence they fail to evade criminal responsibility, as a result of which their number is more fully displayed in criminal statistics compared to others.

In terms of numbers among the offenders, workers follow those who do not have a permanent income. Their share is fairly stable, approaching 1/4 of all identified perpetrators of crimes. The increased criminal activity of this layer is connected, apparently, with the fact that many of these people are not satisfied with their place in life. Far from any physical labor is recognized as sufficiently prestigious, public opinion in the country has not yet developed due respect for any work performed by a person. Some workers develop a habit of abuse of alcoholic beverages and their surrogates, which, together with a general feeling of dissatisfaction, can push them to commit a crime.

Criminal law characteristic.

Qualification of crimes. The most frequently committed crime is theft. Every year, about 500,000 people are convicted of theft.

Relapse. Persons previously convicted of a crime make up slightly more than 1/4 of all established criminal offenders. Them absolute number increases. Nevertheless, there are significantly (4.1 times) more people who again take the path of crime. This means that crime captures more and more people, and society, accordingly, becomes more and more criminal.

Group crimes. About 1/3 of the identified criminals committed crimes in a group. Of these, as part of organized criminal groups - only 1% of all identified persons.

In the personality structure of the offender important place belongs to him moral and psychological characteristics. It is these signs that allow you to know more deeply inner content personality. Here we are talking about worldview and moral features and properties: intellect, volitional and emotional properties, temperament, needs and interests, motivation, attitudes, value orientations and views, abilities, skills and habits, as well as mental illness.

Personality qualities are usually called for a long time existing characteristics manifested in human behavior in different situations. Emotional instability, impulsive behavior, lack of internal inhibition, conflict, aggressiveness are often noted among the typical qualities of criminals. Weakness of will, increased suggestibility, and susceptibility to negative influences from outside are ascertained in a significant part of criminals. The most criminogenic personality traits include:

belief: "If a person is ill, he can harm other people";
confidence that almost all people act unfairly, so sometimes you can afford to do unfairly too;
life principle: “We must live for today and not think about the future”;
the opinion that every man should go to places of deprivation of liberty once;
the belief that in some way it is possible to commit a crime in such a way that no one can expose the culprit;
lack of habit to carefully consider their actions and decisions;
inability to manage oneself in a conflict and other extreme situation.

The magnitude of the criminality of one or another negative quality of a person depends not only on its content, but also on the degree of stability. This approach makes it possible to unconventionally analyze the personality of the offender, to a certain extent explains why a person who does not have negative views and beliefs can commit negative actions. Studies show that if it is possible to shake a stable criminogenic belief (belief in its infallibility, correctness, objectivity), the likelihood of committing crimes is reduced.

Worldview position not only determines the general orientation of the personality, its purposefulness, but affects the totality of the features of behavior and actions, habits and inclinations. A person becomes a personality only when he has developed certain system views on the main issues of social life, life and activity. The worldview of persons who have been committing crimes or other offenses for a relatively long time is undergoing fundamental changes. As a result, their picture of the world is significantly different from the ideas of law-abiding citizens: the system of values and norms is changing, the form and content of social relations and institutions are deformed.

to intellectual property include: level mental development, the amount of knowledge, breadth or narrowness of views, life experience etc.

Emotional Properties consist of such signs as strength, balance or mobility of nervous processes, dynamism of feelings, degree of emotional excitement, etc.

Volitional properties include: the ability to accept and implement decisions made, the ability to regulate one's activities and the direction of actions, the possession of endurance, steadfastness, firmness and perseverance.

The most stable personal-behavioral relations form value orientations or dominant interests that generate behavior motivation (motives that cause activity and determine the choice of actions).

The role of beliefs, attitudes, skills, habits in the motivation of criminal behavior can be called the dominant one, since it is they that neutralize cultural barriers, which society with the help of education, law and various organizational measures forms in a person.

Bad habits. Alcohol consumption plays a significant role among the factors of criminal behavior. The share of persons who committed a crime while intoxicated, among all identified criminals in the period 1997-2004. ranged from 24 to 30%. Nevertheless, crime has become more “sober” in recent years, it is possible that this indicates what is happening in Russian society in general, a decrease in the role of random situations that provoke crimes; crimes are increasingly committed as a result of a person's more persistent focus on breaking the law. Criminal activity under the influence of drugs or other toxic substances in Russia is still carried out much less frequently than under the influence of alcoholic beverages. The number of people who at the time of the crime they committed were under the influence of these means ranges from 0.5 to 0.9% of the total number of criminal offenders, but their absolute number has increased several times over the 90s.

These data characterizing offenders indicate that the aggravation public problems activates not only criminal, but also other types of negatively deviant behavior, and in particular the use of various means that affect the psyche, which loosens the psyche and becomes an additional incentive for criminal behavior. At the same time, the reduction in the proportion of criminals drugged by any means is an indicator of the rationalization of crime, the fact that more and more often crimes are caused not so much by any emotional states as by sober calculation. This is a consequence of the commercialization of life, the deepening of the contradiction between the material and spiritual principles.

The psychophysiological characteristics of a person are of paramount importance for resolving the issue of sanity. AT individual cases they are decisive in determining the professional suitability of a person. And this, in turn, is very important to know when resolving criminal cases of negligent crimes.

1. General characteristics of the criminal's personality.

2. Socio-demographic personality traits of criminals.

3. Classification of criminals.

1. General characteristics of the personality of the offender

Under identity of the offender is understood as a person who has committed a crime in which his antisocial orientation has manifested itself, expressing a set of negative socially significant properties that, in combination with external conditions and circumstances, affect the nature of criminal behavior.

AT this definition reflects the relationship between general sociological and criminal law the content of the concept of the identity of the offender. Every personality is an individual expression of socially significant properties, individual shape reflections of being and spiritual conditions of society. From the criminal law standpoint, one can speak about the identity of the offender only when the person has committed a crime and is found guilty by the court.

The structure of the offender's personality includes the following features: biophysiological, socio-demographic, psychological, moral, socio-role, criminal law and criminological.

Biophysiological signs- this is gender, age, state of health, features of the physical constitution, natural properties of the nervous system, etc. d.

The biological nature of a person is a necessary condition for the individuality of a person, which determines its originality and uniqueness.

Some psychological characteristics of people are genetic in nature. From the genetically determined features, the psychophysiological capabilities of the individual depends largely on what he takes from the environment, the specific conditions of life and upbringing, as well as other circumstances that he has to face. The genetically determined degree of active resistance to a negative environmental phenomenon is of great importance.

Socio-demographic characteristics include such characteristics as gender, age, education, social origin and status, occupation, nationality and professional affiliation, marital status, level of material well-being, belonging to an urban or rural population etc.

Educational and intellectual levels determine the nature of pre-

steps.

The most criminogenic social group are people who are not engaged in socially useful work: they make up almost a third of all criminals.

Of criminological significance are data on marital status, level of material security, place of residence, etc.

In the structure of the criminal's personality, an important place belongs to his morality.

venous and psychological characteristics . These signs allow

to know the inner content of the personality - his worldview and moral features and properties, views, beliefs, value orientations, etc.

Worldview position determines the general orientation of the personality, its purposefulness, affects the totality of the features of behavior and actions, habits and inclinations. A person becomes a personality only when he has developed a certain system of views on the main issues of social existence, life and activity.

Characteristics of the personality of the offender is complemented by his intellectual, emotional and volitional properties.

To intellectual properties include: the level of mental development, the amount of knowledge, the breadth of views, the content and diversity of interests and aspirations, life experience, etc.

Emotional Properties consist of such signs as strength, balance or mobility of nervous processes, the dynamism of feelings, the degree of emotional excitability, the nature of the response to various manifestations of the external environment, etc.

Volitional properties include: the ability to make and implement decisions, the ability to regulate one's activities and the direction of actions, the possession of endurance, perseverance, firmness, perseverance and other features.

To characterize the personality of a criminal, his social role and social status are essential.

Under social role understood to be real social functions a specific person, due to his position in the system of social relations and belonging to certain social groups.

Social role associated with social status person, his duties and rights. In accordance with the social status of each person, a certain way of behavior and actions is expected. Non-fulfillment of role prescriptions can cause a conflict between the individual and society, or the individual and his environment.

The most important in understanding the identity of the offender are criminal

legal and criminological characteristics . They reflect the degree of social deformation of the personality, its special properties, allowing to identify the most significant features of the persons who committed the crimes.

Task 3.1. Name the main features of the criminal and describe them.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Socio-demographic characteristics of the personality of criminals

Socio-demographic properties of the offender's personality are connected with:

conditions for the formation of the personality and its life activity, interact with them; with needs and motivation, with the social roles of the individual. Therefore, socio-demographic characteristics are an essential element of the concept of the identity of the offender and are important for the development and implementation of prevention measures.

Ratio of females to males among the criminals

lays an average of 1: 7.

; Recently, there has been an increase in the proportion of female crime. On average, you

The revealed crime of women is 10-15%, the growth rate is increasing from year to year. Thus, among those convicted in 1996, the share of crimes committed by women in the sphere of trade and consumer services was 3 times more than the average, and among those who committed hooliganism, murders and robberies, it turned out to be less than the average.

The ratio of faces of different ages in crime shows that criminal activity is most typical for the age group of 25-29 years, followed by groups of 18-24, 14-17, 30-40-year-old criminals. The smallest proportion of criminals are over 50 years of age. The predominant number of crimes is committed, therefore, by young people.

The proportion of minors in the total volume of identified criminals is increasing. In 1985 it was 10%, in 1992 and 1993 - 16%, a slight decrease was noted in 1994 and 1996. (12 %). A characteristic feature is the "rejuvenation" of juvenile delinquents. The share of the group of 14-15 years old in 1996 amounted to 33% of all juvenile delinquency.1

Characteristics of education of persons who have committed crimes is of criminological significance, since it is associated with the culture of the individual, his social status, circle of contacts, life plans and opportunities for their implementation. Level general education criminals in general are slightly lower than those who do not break the law. Multiple differences in educational attainment different categories criminals.

The lowest level of education is characteristic of persons committing violent (deliberate murders, intentional grievous bodily harm), mercenary-violent (robbery, robbery) crimes and theft of personal property.

The level of education is higher for persons committing theft by misappropriation and embezzlement, abuse of official position, official and economic crimes.

Family status and its change in persons who have committed crimes also affects the formation personal qualities. In a certain way, it affects the direction and sustainability of criminal behavior.

The most studied in criminology are the provisions on the influence of family education on the formation of the personality of juvenile offenders, the influence of family conflicts on domestic crime.

In general, the prevalence of crime among people with families is lower than among bachelors and singles. In most cases, the family stimulates positive behavior and acts as a social control.

1 See: Criminology: Lecture notes.- M.: PRIOR, 2000.- P. 25.

Describing the perpetrators social status and occupation,

it should be noted a large proportion in their contingent of persons without specific occupations.

; So, in 1991 in Russia, among all identified criminals over 16 years old, the proportion

able-bodied persons without certain occupations was 20%. In 1993, 34% of the crimes solved in the Russian Federation were committed by persons who did not have permanent sources of income, including 8.7% of the unemployed. In 1995, the growth rate of the number of criminals from persons who did not have a permanent source of income amounted to 24.3%, and from among the unemployed - 43.8%. In 1996, their share in total number identified persons who committed a crime amounted to 48%.1

The largest percentage of those who committed a crime and had a job are people who are constantly or for a long time engaged in unskilled hard physical labor. They are characterized by a combination with a low educational and cultural level, a narrow and deformed range of needs and interests.

There are no significant differences in the crime rate per 100,000 population between workers, peasants, employees, and students.

3. Classification of criminals

Classification of criminals is the distribution of them into groups based on certain criteria.

The personality of a criminal is different from that of a non-criminal public danger. The nature of social danger depends on the motivational orientation of criminal behavior. The degree of social danger of a person varies depending on the sedimentation and depth of this orientation.

That's why crucial has a classification of criminals according to two criteria:

a) by the nature and content of motivation; b) by the depth and persistence of the criminogenic orientation.

By the nature and content of motivation the following can be distinguished os-

new groups of criminals:

With a negative attitude towards human personality, its most important benefits: life, health, bodily integrity (violent personality type);

- with a selfish orientation (selfish type);

- with a knowingly disdainful attitude to their civil and labor duties;

With a frivolous, irresponsible and careless attitude to the requirements

duties and responsibilities ( reckless criminals);

- with a focus on the absolute priority of their own (as well as relatives and friends) needs;

- focusing on the need to meet the basic needs of life.

1 See: Criminology: Lecture notes.- M.: PRIOR, 2000.- P. 26.

In terms of the depth and persistence of the criminogenic motivational

personality styles should be distinguished:

- persons who committed crimes for the first time as a result of a random combination of circumstances and in contradiction with the general characteristics of all previous behavior (random criminals);

- persons who have committed crimes for the first time under the influence of unfavorable conditions for the formation and life of the personality, but who are generally characterized (for example, in the work collective, at home), in addition to this crime, mostly positively than negatively ( situation-

rational criminals);

- persons who have committed crimes for the first time, but who have committed offenses before and are characterized mainly negatively ( unsteady-

chivy criminals);

- persons who have repeatedly committed crimes, including previously convicted

dimykh (malicious criminals);

- subjects of especially dangerous relapse (particularly vicious criminals).

Task 3.2. Reveal the personality structure of the offender.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Task 3.3. How does the social and biological correlate in the personality of a criminal?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Bibliographic list (main)

1. Criminology: A textbook for universities / Ed. ed. doc. legal sciences, prof. A. I. Dolgova.- 2nd ed., revised. and additional .- M .: NORMA (Publishing group NORMA-INFA M), 2002.- S. 326-362.

2. Criminology: Textbook / Ed. ed. V. N. Kudryavtsev.- M.: Jurist, 2002.- 511 p.

3. Criminology: Textbook / Ed. V. N. Kudryavtseva and V. E. Eminova.- 2nd ed., revised. and add.-

M.: Jurist, 2002.- S. 128-157.

(additional)

1. Antonyan Yu. M., Enikeev M. I., Eminov V. E. The psychology of the criminal and the investigation of crime

lenii.- M., 1996.

2. Burlakov V. N. The identity of the offender as an object preventive activities internal affairs bodies. - St. Petersburg, 1995.

3. Vorobyov A. M., Dubovtsev V. A. On some causes of recidivism // Sociological

research.- 1991.- No. 5.- S. 92-94.

4. Vlasov V. I. On investigative errors as conditions conducive to the commission of crimes (raising the question) // Actual problems of criminology and corrective labor law.-

M., 1990.- S. 69-73.

5. Dubinin N. P., Karpets I. L., Kudryavtsev V. N. Genetics. Behavior. Responsibility.- 2nd ed.-

6. Russian Criminological Encyclopedia / Ed. ed. doc. legal sciences, prof. A. I. Dolgovoi.- M .: NORMA (Publishing group NORMA-INFA M), 2000.- 808 p.

Criminological studies have established a relationship between certain types mental anomalies and certain types of crimes. Data on a high level of persons with mental anomalies among murderers (72%) practically coincide with the results of studies conducted in the 1920s. In general, among those who have committed serious violent crimes ( killings bodily injury, rape, robberies , robberies), more than half have various mental anomalies. There are more alcoholics among those who committed robbery, robbery, hooliganism. Psychopaths, persons suffering from residual effects of traumatic brain injuries and organic diseases of the central nervous system are among those who committed murder, hooliganism, rape, robbery and robbery. Oligophrenics are characterized by rape and hooliganism; for epileptics and schizophrenics - murders and hooliganism, and for drug addicts - murders, hooliganism and thefts.

Thus, congenital or acquired mental anomalies can have a noticeable effect (and in diseases that preclude sanity, a decisive effect) on the assimilation of social programs. Mental anomalies prevent the individual from assimilation of social values, the establishment of normal social ties, contribute to the narrowing and monotony of its social activities. They reduce resistance to the impact of situations, especially conflict and problematic ones, create obstacles for development positive traits personality, especially for its adaptation to the external environment, weaken the mechanism of internal control.

From the foregoing, it follows that mental anomalies contribute to the formation of the personality of the offender, but do not at all indicate genetic roots crime. Firstly, a significant part of the mental and physical anomalies mentioned above are not genetically determined. Unfortunately, this circumstance is rarely taken into account in the course of specific criminological studies. Secondly, the influence of genetically caused diseases on the development and behavior of the individual can be adjusted under the influence of the social environment and treatment.

The role of mental anomalies differs depending on the stage of criminalization of the individual. On the initial stage their role is less significant. They manifest themselves much more strongly in the second and third stages, since at this time such persons are more alienated from societies, from small social groups. Their socially useful ties are deformed, the circle of family, leisure, business relations is sharply narrowed, unstable or completely absent. This leads to the fact that such persons are prone to frustration and their behavior is conflictogenic. In other words, in psychoabnormal subjects, the sphere of personality is narrowed compared to normal people and, accordingly, the path of influence of a biological factor on behavior is shorter.

The recognition by criminology of the indirect influence of mental deviations on the commission of a crime eliminates the need for medical and psychiatric influence and, first of all, implies proper education, the necessary corrective socio-psychological measures that can have a preventive effect.

It should be noted that in USA research into the genetics of behavior in the context of analysis aggressive and criminal behavior. While the technique of such research has improved significantly since the 20th century, molecular genetics has not yet been able to identify specific genes associated with lifelong persistent delinquency. However, increased attention to this genetic fact indicates high hopes, with which American scientists associate the development of crime prevention programs. They formulate their conclusion as follows: “If criminologists continue to ignore the growing body of evidence that antisocial and criminal behavior has at least some genetic component, then a genuine understanding of how nature interacts with education in development behavior like this will never be achieved.”

Typology of the offender's personality

One of the methods of studying personalities offender is the construction of its typology. The typology of the offender's personality shows the dynamics of the criminality formed in the person, and this is its prognostic aspect. The practical significance of typology lies in the possibility planning warnings crimes With taking into account typical assessment of the offender's personality.

It is necessary to distinguish their classification from the typology of criminals. The typology has an objective construction criterion; it generalizes typical for all or certain groups features, while the classification is to a certain extent subjective, because it divides criminals into groups according to an arbitrarily chosen single attribute. Classification usually precedes typology.

The typologies of the offender's personality in criminology are varied. For example, a typology based on the nature of the crime itself is proposed (N. S. Leykina). It includes the following types:

persons who have committed especially dangerous crimes;
persons who have committed intentional violent crimes;
persons who have committed acquisitive crimes;
persons who have committed a violation of public order;
persons who have committed reckless crimes.

There is a typology based on a combination of the general orientation of the personality and the situation of committing a crime (G. M. Minkovsky). It provides for four types of criminals whose socially dangerous act is:

contradicts the general orientation of the personality, is random;
it is really possible, taking into account the general stability of the personal orientation;
corresponds to the antisocial orientation of the personality, but accidentally from the point of view of the occasion and situation;
corresponds to the criminal attitude of the personality and the results active search or creating an occasion and a situation.

Finally, a typology has been developed based on the ratio of the negative orientation of the personality and its positive orientation (V. N. Burlakov). It consists of five types, differing in the degree of personal determinism of the crime:

1) professional type (persons with a significant negative orientation). These are the most dangerous criminals, in whom the social orientation of the personality is severely deformed. Differ legal nihilism, low general and moral culture, anti-social attitude. This type is characterized by an internal desire to commit repeated crimes, activity in finding or creating own efforts situations conducive to the commission of crimes. It includes professional criminals, dangerous and especially dangerous recidivists;

2) habitual type (persons with an average and significant negative personality orientation). It is characterized by a significant deformation of the social orientation, the positive component is weakly expressed, the socio-psychological properties of the personality are unstable and contradictory. Has a low level sense of justice, the lack of clear boundaries between the moral and the immoral, between "possible" and "impossible". It differs from the professional type in that it uses favorable situations to commit a crime, but is not active in creating them. It includes persons who commit repeated crimes, including repeat offenders; recurrence can be multiple and simple, special and mixed. The crime is committed intentionally;

3) unstable type (persons with an average negative orientation). For him, the presence of persistent and significant deformations in the structure of the social orientation of the individual is uncharacteristic. The components of the negative and positive orientations are approximately equal, but their tendencies are contradictory. This can lead to both strengthening and weakening of the criminality of the individual. For such criminals, the reason for committing an action is always important, the personal interpretation of which either leads or does not lead to the commission of a crime. Prior to the commission of a crime, behavior of this type is characterized as immoral, asocial. Crimes are committed, as a rule, intentional;

4) careless type (persons with a slight or medium negative orientation). The social orientation of this type of personality is mainly expressed by a positive component, the negative orientation is insignificant in comparison with it. These individuals are characterized by a frivolous attitude towards legal regulations designed to exclude harm from the activities of people in different spheres of life. Their crimes can be both intentional and committed through negligence;

5) random type (persons with a slight negative orientation). It is characterized by a significant positive direction, without deformations from the side of the negative component. A stable level of legal consciousness. Persons of this type commit crimes under the influence, mainly, of the emerging life situation- for example, crimes in the heat of passion, necessary defense , detentions the person who committed the crime, damage to someone else's property through negligence.

Modern characteristics of the personality of the offender

Socio-demographic characteristics. The overwhelming majority of criminals are men. The proportion of women fluctuates within 16%. However, the female factor becomes significant when certain types of crimes. Thus, the proportion of women who commit embezzlement through appropriation, embezzlement or abuse of official position, reaches 40%, and, on the contrary, among persons committing robberies and robberies, does not exceed 6%.

The age differentiation of criminals shows that most often crimes are committed at the age of 25 to 29, followed by 18-24, 14-17 and 30-40-year-olds. People over 50 years of age are the least likely to commit crimes. The greatest criminal activity among criminals under the age of 24 years. The age factor affects the selectivity of criminal behavior. So, at the age of 25 years, most often committed theft, vehicle theft, hooliganism , rape. Persons over the age of 30 prevail among those who have committed economic crimes.

The educational level of criminals is relatively low. Against the background of universal secondary education of the population in Russia, criminals more often have incomplete secondary education. Criminals with higher education constitute a small proportion. More high level education is noted among official criminals, the lowest level of education among persons who have committed killings, robbery, hooliganism.

Characterizing criminals by occupation and social status, it should be noted that specific groups of persons are distinguished both among those employed and those not engaged in it. Among those employed, these are: a) persons who are constantly or for a long time engaged in unskilled physical labor(around 30%); b) pupils, students (about 8%). Among the unemployed, these are: a) able-bodied persons who do not have certain occupations and a permanent source of income(about 50%), including b) the unemployed (about 9%). The labor activity of criminals has significant features. As a rule, the work performed is characterized by a low level of qualification, frequent changes in the place of its performance, is associated with bad faith in the performance of duties, absenteeism, etc.

The marital status of perpetrators of crimes also has features. Criminology shows that, in general, the prevalence of crimes among persons with family, lower than among the divorced, bachelors and singles. Thus, the family in most cases does not stimulate criminal behavior, control behind the behavior of family members and subordinates this behavior to the requirements of the moral norms that underlie marriage and the family. However, statistics shows that about half of all criminals are single (or not married). According to criminological studies, in relation to specific categories of criminals, such as repeat offenders, rapists, murderers, the proportion of single (or divorced) is higher than the average, while among the so-called economic criminals, this proportion is correspondingly decreasing.

Legal characteristic. It includes: the nature of the crimes committed (property, violent, economic, etc.), their repetition, relapse, criminal organization, criminal professionalism, criminal motivation.

Criminal statistics show that among the identified criminals, about a quarter had previously committed a crime. Approximately 30% of them carried out criminal acts in the group. The highest level of recidivism (mixed) is among those who committed intentional murders, grievous bodily harm, rape (about 40%), as well as robberies and robberies (about 35%).

Group criminal activity is most typical for persons committing robbery (up to 70%), theft, robbery (up to 50%), rape (up to 40%). Minor the offender most often commits a crime as part of a group (up to 80%).

Statistics allows you to determine only criminal motivation by nature committed crime. However, the motivation for criminal behavior is not always directly related to the nature of the crime committed. It is impossible, for example, to proceed from the usual schemes: a mercenary crime is a mercenary motive, hooliganism is hooligan motives. The motive must be "extracted" from personalities, since motivation is associated with the deep characteristics of a person, such as needs, interests and value orientations. They, in turn, depend on the age of the offender, the conditions of his upbringing, the duration of the criminal activity, etc. But there is something in common that unites the criminals. This is the distortion and primitiveness of needs, the limitedness of socially positive interests. Based on the structure crime in Russia, it should be recognized that the predominant motives are: in the first place - self-interest, in the second and third places are forcibly selfish and frivolously irresponsible motives.

Among modern criminals, a small (about 10%), but stable group of criminal professionals stands out. It includes persons who have an antisocial attitude, which consists in constant subjective readiness for certain criminal behavior. This group includes persons with multiple special relapse.

The moral character of criminals is illustrated by the following data. Criminal statistics show that up to 20% of all crimes are committed in a state of intoxication (alcohol and drugs), and such crimes as murders, grievous bodily harm, rape in a similar state - an average of 50%. Further, criminals have a strongly deformed legal consciousness. Criminological studies show that they are dominated by disparaging or negative attitude to those legal regulations who evaluate their actions as a crime. They are characterized by the position of self-justification, the search for evidence forced criminal behavior in order to earn indulgence from law enforcement. Before committing a crime, they often feel the hope of impunity, because they believe, based on the cases known to them, that it will remain unsolved. Main reasons lawful conduct, according to the convicts themselves, are fear punishment and fear of undesirable consequences, but not awareness of the justice and usefulness of legal prescriptions.

The criminological portrait of a modern criminal is as follows. This is a man of young age, low level of education and social status, single or divorced, not engaged in socially useful activities, with a criminological recidivism of crimes, committing a crime while intoxicated for mercenary or violent selfish motives.

Use of information about the identity of the offender in law enforcement and preventive activities

Based on criminological characteristics personalities The offender can more effectively carry out the following activities:

1) forecasting crime and planning fight against crime. To do this, they use the social and legal characteristics of criminals in order to predict changes in this characteristic in the medium term. Such a forecast is necessary for the development of crime prevention measures both at the regional and federal levels; operational-search activities have the opportunity to implement criminological information when compiling a psychological search portrait.