The most famous linguists. Domestic linguists
Baudouin de Courtenay was one of the most influential linguists in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of his ideas were deeply innovative and significantly ahead of their time; There is a very common view of him as a kind of “East European Saussure”, which was facilitated by his role in the creation of phonology - one of the most “structuralist” branches of the science of language. Baudouin's ideas are scattered across numerous small articles touching on various problems of linguistics, primarily general linguistics and Slavic studies; It should be noted that the popularization of these ideas was greatly facilitated by the activities of such scientists as R.O. Yakobson, N.S. Trubetskoy, E. Kurilovich.
For the first time in world science, he divided phonetics into two disciplines: anthropophonics, which studies the acoustics and physiology of sounds, and psychophonetics, which studies ideas about sounds in the human psyche, i.e. phonemes; Subsequently, these disciplines began to be called phonetics and phonology, respectively, although some of Baudouin's direct students tried to preserve his terminology. He introduced the terms “phoneme” and “morpheme” in their modern understanding into the science of language, combining the concepts of root and affix in the general concept of morpheme as the minimum significant unit of language. One of the first to refuse to consider linguistics only a historical science and studied modern languages. He researched the question of the causes of language changes, studied sociolinguistics, the theory of writing, and participated in the development of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917–1918. Edited and supplemented the dictionary by V.I. Dahl. He polemicized with the logical approach to language, the neogrammatical concept of sound laws, and the use of the “organism” metaphor in the science of language.
Calling himself an “autodidact” and not considering himself anyone’s student, Baudouin created two large linguistic schools: Kazan (N.V. Krushevsky, V.A. Bogoroditsky, etc.) and later St. Petersburg (L.V. Shcherba, E. D. Polivanov and others).
VINOKUR, GRIGORY OSIPOVICH (1886–1947), Russian linguist and literary critic. Born November 5 (17), 1896 in Warsaw. In 1922 he graduated from Moscow University. Together with N.F. Yakovlev, R.O. Yakobson and a number of other linguists, he was a member of the Moscow Linguistic Circle in 1918–1924, and was its chairman in 1922–1924. In the 1920s he worked at the State Academy of Artistic Sciences in Moscow. From 1930 he taught at the Moscow City Pedagogical Institute and other universities, and participated in the compilation of a dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov (4 vols., 1935–1940). In 1942–1947 – professor at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Vinokur died in Moscow on May 17, 1947. Most of G.O. Vinokur’s linguistic works are devoted to the Russian language, but his few general linguistic works ( On the tasks of language history, 1941 ) reflect a clear theoretical concept; According to it, linguistics is divided into the science of language and the science of individual languages; the science of language “in general” can be abstracted from history, but the science of languages must study their historical development. Vinokur’s contribution to particular branches of linguistics is significant, primarily to the theory of word formation, an important episode of which was the dispute about the principles of word division, initiated by Vinokur’s article 1946 “Notes on Russian word formation » . This article proposed different interpretations of words with unique stems (such as raspberries, boiled pork) and unique suffixes (such as shepherd, song): the former were proposed to be considered non-derivative, unlike the latter. A.I. Smirnitsky two years later, after Vinokur’s death, substantiated their uniform interpretation (now accepted) as derivatives. Also interesting is Vinokur’s article on parts of speech in the Russian language (published posthumously in 1959), which examines the general principles of dividing vocabulary into parts of speech and constructs a consistent morphological classification of parts of speech for the Russian language, which turned out to be very different from the traditional one.
Vinokur was one of the creators of the history of Russian literary language as a special discipline ( Russian language: historical essay, 1945 ). I worked a lot on issues of stylistics and speech culture ( Culture of Language, 1929), analyzing, in particular, theoretical basis stylistics as a special linguistic discipline.
Vinokur's literary works are devoted to poetic language, the principles of constructing scientific poetics, the language and style of A.S. Pushkin. V.V. Khlebnikov and others. He took the initiative to create Dictionary of Pushkin's language; he developed the concept of this dictionary and was the first leader of the work on its compilation. With many ideas (considering the history of language in a system, studying the stylistic function of language, interest in poetic language, etc.), Vinokur was close to the Prague Linguistic Circle, especially to R. O. Jacobson.
VINOGRADOV, VIKTOR VLADIMIROVICH (1895–1969), Russian linguist and literary critic. Born on December 31, 1894 (January 12, 1895 according to the new style) in Zaraysk. In 1917 he graduated from the Historical and Philological School. Institute in Petrograd. In the 1920s he taught at universities in Petrograd (Leningrad), in 1930 he moved to Moscow, in the 1930s (with interruptions) he was a professor at the Moscow City Pedagogical Institute and other universities. In 1934 he was arrested in the same case with N.N. Durnovo; in 1934–1936 and 1941–1943 he was in exile. Subsequently, he held various leadership positions in scientific organizations of the philological profile: dean of the philological faculty (1944–1948) and head of the Russian language department (1946–1969) of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosova, academician-secretary of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950–1963), director of the Institute of Linguistics (1950–1954) and the Institute of Russian Language (1958–1968) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, editor-in-chief of the journal “Issues of Linguistics” (1952 –1969) and others. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1946, deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in 1951–1955; foreign member of a number of foreign academies. Vinogradov died in Moscow on October 4, 1969. Vinogradov’s main works were devoted to the grammar of the Russian language ( Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of the word, 1947, then reprinted several times; is a systematic presentation of the theoretical grammar of the Russian language with a detailed discussion of the views of predecessors on most controversial issues), the history of the Russian literary language ( Essays on the history of the Russian literary language, 1934; 2nd expanded edition, 1938), the language and style of Russian writers (Studies on the language of Gogol, 1926; Pushkin's language, 1935; Pushkin's style, 1941; The science of the language of fiction and its tasks, 1958). Participated in the compilation of an explanatory dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov (vols. 1–4, 1935–1940). Supervised the work on collective works, in particular, on the two-volume Russian grammar (1952–1954)). Since 1957 he was chairman of the International Committee of Slavists. Created a major scientific school.
Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. M., 1972
Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. Research on Russian grammar. M., 1975
VOSTOKOV, ALEXANDER KHRISTOFOROVICH (1781–1864), Russian linguist, philologist, poet. Born on March 16 (27), 1781 in Arensburg (Kuressaare) on the island of Saaremaa (now Estonia). German by origin, real name is Ostenek. He studied in St. Petersburg in the Cadet Corps, then at the Academy of Arts, from which he graduated in 1802. He worked in the Public Library, and from 1831 he was the senior librarian of the Rumyantsev Museum. Academician since 1841, Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Tübingen (1825) and Doctor of the University of Prague (1848), member of foreign scientific societies. In the early period of his activity he wrote poetry (Lyrical experiments and other minor works in verse, 2 vols., 1805–1806); In his Essay on Russian Versification (1812), highly appreciated by A.S. Pushkin, he first determined the size of Russian folk verse. Vostokov died in St. Petersburg on February 8 (20), 1864.
Of outstanding importance for its time was the Discourse on the Slavic language, which served as an introduction to the Grammar of this language, compiled according to the oldest written monuments of Vostokov. This work, which was published in 1820, i.e. almost simultaneously with the works of F. Bopp, R. Rusk and J. Grimm published in 1816–1819, placed Vostokov on a par with the founders of comparative historical linguistics and laid the foundation for the scientific study of history Slavic languages. The Discourse defined the relationship of the Church Slavonic language to Russian and identified three periods in the history of Slavic languages.
In 1831, Vostokov published two educational grammars of the Russian language, a short one (Abbreviated Russian Grammar for use in lower educational institutions) and a complete one (Russian Grammar of Alexander Vostokov, based on his own abbreviated grammar, more fully presented), which was reprinted several times in the 19th century. He was the first to identify words in the Russian language that have only one numerical form (walking, sleigh, and other varieties) and words general kind(like a headman), made a number of other observations, expressed ideas that influenced the further development of grammatical theory in Russia.
Under his editorship, important editions of documents were published: Historical Acts relating to Russia, extracted from foreign archives (1841), Description of Russian and Slavic manuscripts of the Rumyantsev Museum (1842). In 1843 he published the most important Slavic monument of the 11th century. Ostromir Gospel. He participated in the compilation and editing of the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages (vols. 1–4, 1847) and the Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary (1852). Author of the Dictionary of the Church Slavonic Language (2 vols., 1858–1861) and the Grammar of the Church Slavonic Language (1863).
PESHKOVSKY, ALEXANDER MATVEEVICH (1878–1933), Russian linguist, specialist in the Russian language. Born in Tomsk on August 11 (23 according to the new style) 1878. In 1906 he graduated from Moscow University, belonged to the school of F.F. Fortunatov. For a long time he taught Russian in gymnasiums; Concentrated on scientific research quite late. Since 1921 - professor at Moscow universities (1st Moscow State University and the Higher Literary and Art Institute in 1921–1924, 2nd Moscow State University in 1926–1932). Peshkovsky died on March 27, 1933.
Most of Peshkovsky's works are devoted to the grammar of the Russian language. Main work – Russiansyntax in scientific reporting(1914; 3rd revised edition 1928), which went through seven editions. This book, written in an extremely accessible form, remains one of the most detailed and informative studies of Russian syntax and Russian grammar in general.
Without abandoning the idea of linguistics as historical science, Peshkovsky paid a lot of attention to the study of modern language. He combined psychological and formal approaches to language in his works and sought to develop clear criteria for identifying and classifying language units, in particular words (“ On the concept of a separate word", 1925 ). In the article "Intonation and Grammar" (1928) posed the problem (not fully resolved to this day) of creating a special intonational grammar as a branch of grammatical theory. I worked a lot on questions of methods of teaching the Russian language, trying to bring teaching practice closer to science ( Our language, 1922–1927, etc.); in article 1923 " Objective and normative point of view on language» analyzed in detail the scientific and cultural background and consequences of the difference between these two points of view.
Peshkovsky A.M. Native language methodology, linguistics, stylistics, poetics. M., 1925
Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. M., 1956
POTEBNYA, ALEXANDER AFANASIEVICH (1835–1891), Russian (according to the interpretation adopted in Ukraine, Ukrainian; the Institute of Linguistics (Linguistic Studies) of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kiev is named after him) linguist, literary critic, philosopher, the first major theorist of linguistics in Russia. Born on September 10 (22), 1835 in the village of Gavrilovka, Poltava province. In 1856 he graduated from Kharkov University, later he taught there, and from 1875 he was a professor. Since 1877 corresponding member Imperial Academy Sci. Main works: " Thought and language"(1862), " Notes on the Little Russian dialect" (1870), " From notes on Russian grammar"(doctoral dissertation, 1874), " From the history of sounds of the Russian language"(1880–1886), " Language and nationality"(1895, posthumously), " From notes on the theory of literature"(1905, posthumously). Potebnya died in Kharkov on November 29 (December 11), 1891.
Potebnya was strongly influenced by the ideas of W. von Humboldt, but rethought them in a psychological spirit. He did a lot of studying the relationship between thinking and language, including in the historical aspect, identifying historical changes in the thinking of the people. Dealing with issues of lexicology and morphology, he introduced a number of terms and conceptual oppositions into the Russian grammatical tradition. He proposed to distinguish between “further” (associated, on the one hand, with encyclopedic knowledge, and on the other, with personal psychological associations, and in both cases individual) and “proximal” (common to all native speakers, “folk”, or, as Nowadays they say more often in Russian linguistics, “naive”) meaning of the word. In languages with developed morphology, the immediate meaning is divided into real and grammatical.
Potebnya is also known for his theory of the internal form of the word, in which he concretized the ideas of V. von Humboldt. The internal form of a word is its “closest etymological meaning”, recognized by native speakers (for example, the word table the figurative connection with lay); Thanks to its internal form, a word can acquire new meanings through metaphor. It is in Potebnya’s interpretation that “ internal form"has become a commonly used term in the Russian grammatical tradition.
Potebnya was one of the first in Russia to study the problems of poetic language in connection with thinking, and raised the question of art as a special way of understanding the world. He studied the Ukrainian language and Ukrainian folklore, commented “ A Word about Igor's Campaign» .
Created a scientific school known as the Kharkov Linguistic School; D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky (1853–1920) and a number of other scientists belonged to it. Potebnya's ideas had a great influence on many Russian linguists of the second half of the 19th century. and the first half of the 20th century.
USHAKOV, DMITRY NIKOLAEVICH (1873–1942), Russian linguist. Born January 12 (24), 1873 in Moscow. In 1895 he graduated from Moscow University; student of F.F. Fortunatov and continuer of his traditions. Professor at Moscow University and other Moscow universities. Organizer, together with N.N. Durnovo, and leader in 1915–1931 of the Moscow Dialectological Commission. Active participant in the Russian spelling reform project 1917–1918; in the 1930s he headed the Spelling Commission of the People's Commissariat (Ministry) of Education and headed the Russian language department of the Institute of Languages and Scripts of the Peoples of the USSR. Since 1939, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ushakov died in evacuation in Tashkent on April 17, 1942.
Main works on Russian dialectology and issues of spelling and literary pronunciation. One of the creators of " Experience of a dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe with the application of an essay on Russian dialectology" (1915). Under his leadership and with his direct participation, the famous “ Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (Ushakov's Dictionary), published in four volumes in 1935–1940. Yielding to the later " Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" in 17 volumes in terms of the volume of the vocabulary and the number of language examples, “ Ushakov's Dictionary» in many cases surpasses it in semantic correctness of interpretations and in this regard remains the best explanatory dictionary Russian language. In 1934, Ushakov compiled “ Spelling dictionary of the Russian language» , which went through many editions (from the 7th edition - in collaboration with S.E. Kryuchkov).
Ushakov was a major teacher and organizer of science; he prepared a large number of students, including R.O. Yakobson, N.F. Yakovlev, G.O. Vinokur, P.S. Kuznetsov, R.I. Avanesov, V.N. Sidorov and others.
Ushakov D.N. Russian spelling. Essay on its origin, its relationship to language and the question of its reform. M., 1911
Ushakov D.N. Brief introduction into the science of language. M., 1913
Ushakov D.N. Educational book on the Russian language, part 1–2. M.– L., 1925–1926
Ushakov D.N. Collection of articles on linguistics
. M., 1941
FORTUNATOV, FILIP FEDOROVYCH (1848–1914), Russian linguist. Born on January 2 (14), 1848 in Vologda in the family of a teacher. In 1868 he graduated from Moscow University. In Lithuania he was engaged in collecting dialectological material. Having passed the master's exam in 1871, he was sent abroad, where he listened to lectures by the leading neogrammarians G. Curtius (1820–1885) and A. Leskin in Leipzig and the founder of semantics M. Breal in Paris. Upon his return in 1875, he defended his master's thesis on the ancient Indian Vedas at Moscow University and in 1876 was elected professor in the department of comparative grammar of Indo-European languages. He held this post until his move to St. Petersburg in 1902.
Over a quarter of a century of teaching in Moscow, Fortunatov taught many different university courses on comparative historical grammar, general linguistics and ancient Indo-European languages and became the founder of the Moscow (it is also called the Moscow formal, or Fortunatov) linguistic school. His students and the students of his students (especially D.N. Ushakov) were dozens of outstanding Russian and foreign linguists ( cm. MOSCOW FORMAL SCHOOL), including R. Yakobson, who did a lot to popularize the name of Fortunatov and his ideas abroad.
In 1884, Fortunatov, on the recommendation of Moscow and Kyiv universities, without defending a dissertation, received the honorary degree of Doctor of Comparative Historical Linguistics. In 1898 he was elected a corresponding member, and in 1902 a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg, Fortunatov focused on working in the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy and editing academic publications. Fortunatov was also a full member of the Royal Serbian Academy, an honorary doctor of the University of Christiania (now Oslo) and a full member of the Finno-Ugric Society in Helsingfors (now Helsinki). Fortunatov died in Kosalma, near Petrozavodsk, September 20 (October 3), 1914.
Fortunatov was primarily an Indo-Europeanist, whose activities ensured that the methods of linguistic research developed by neogrammatists (at that time the most rigorous) were accepted by domestic comparative historical linguistics.
Fortunatov owns the first significant results in the field of historical accentology of the Baltic and Slavic languages, set out in the articles “ On the comparative accentology of Lithuanian-Slavic languages" (1880) And "On stress and length in the Baltic languages" (1895), first of all, the so-called Fortunatov-Saussure law (which was independently and somewhat differently formulated by scientists),
explaining the transfer of stress in Slavic languages from the ending to the stem (Rus. hands – r ku, beards – b family) an ancient difference in the type of stress associated with the syllabic or non-syllabic nature of sonants. There is also Fortunatov’s law, formulated by him in the article L+Dental im Altindishen (The combination L+dental in ancient Indian language, 1881) and the transition-affirming transition of such an Indo-European combination into a simple cerebral sound in Indo-Aryan.
At the same time, Fortunatov did not share all the cognitive attitudes of neogrammatism, which was manifested primarily in his interest in general theory grammar, many of the issues of which were considered by him without regard to the history of the language. Fortunatov was especially active in morphology; he owns: the definition of the form of a word as the psychologically significant ability of a word to be divided into a base and an ending; the distinction between forms of inflection and forms of word formation, as well as positive and negative (without sound expression) forms - these ideas were later developed by structuralists into the doctrine of grammatical zero. Fortunatov also made an attempt to construct a purely formal classification of parts of speech, very different from the traditional one, and a formal definition of phrases and sentences. Having a good knowledge of mathematics, Fortunatov strove to achieve the highest possible accuracy and rigor of description in grammar (at that time inherent only in comparative historical linguistics); Later, such an absolutization of rigor would become a characteristic feature of structuralism for a long time and play an important role in the development of linguistics.
Although a brilliant lecturer, Fortunatov, like Saussure and some other “oral” scientists, published very little; He did not leave any generalizing work. Creative heritage the scientist consists of several dozen articles and reviews devoted to specific issues, as well as lithographed materials for students. Two volumes of selected works by Fortunatov were published only in 1956, and many works still remain unpublished.
Peterson M.N. Academician F.F.Fortunatov. – Russian language at school, 1939, No. 3
Fortunatov F.F. Selected Works, vols. I–II. M., 1956
Shcherba L.V. Philip Fedorovich Fortunatov in the history of the science of language. – Questions of linguistics, 1963, No. 5
Berezin F.M. History of linguistic teachings. M., 1975
SHCHERBA, LEV VLADIMIROVICH (1880–1944), Russian linguist, specialist in general linguistics, Russian, Slavic and French languages. Born February 20 (March 3), 1880 in St. Petersburg. In 1903 he graduated from St. Petersburg University, a student of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. In 1916–1941 he was a professor at Petrograd (Leningrad) University. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1943. In the last years of his life he worked in Moscow, where he died on December 26, 1944.
Shcherba went down in the history of linguistics primarily as an outstanding specialist in phonetics and phonology. He developed the concept of phoneme, which he adopted from Baudouin, and developed the original “Leningrad” phonological concept, the adherents of which (M.I. Matusevich, L.R. Zinder, etc.) together with Shcherba formed the Leningrad phonological school. Her polemics with the Moscow phonological school - bright episode history of Russian phonology.
Even in the pre-revolutionary years, Shcherba founded a phonetic laboratory at St. Petersburg University, the oldest currently existing in Russia; it currently bears his name. Author of the books: “Russian vowels in qualitative and quantitative terms” (1912), “East Lusatian dialect” (1915), “Phonetics of the French language” (7th edition, 1963).
Shcherba's contribution to general linguistics, lexicology and lexicography, and the theory of writing is also significant. Important ideas are contained in his articles “On the parts of speech in the Russian language” (1928), “On the threefold aspect of linguistic phenomena and on experiment in linguistics” (1931), “An experience in the general theory of lexicography” (1940), “Recent problems of linguistics” ( 1946, posthumously).
Shcherba proposed an original concept of language and speech, different from the concept of F. de Saussure, introducing a distinction between not two, but three sides of the object of linguistics: speech activity, language system and language material. Rejecting the characteristic of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay and others psychological approach to language, Shcherba at the same time raised the question of the speech activity of the speaker, allowing him to produce utterances he had never heard before; here he anticipated some ideas in linguistics of the second half of the 20th century.
Shcherba’s consideration of the question of experiment in linguistics is also connected with the formulation of this problem. A linguistic experiment, in Shcherba’s understanding, is a test of the correctness/acceptability of a linguistic expression constructed by a researcher on the basis of some theoretical concept.
The arbiter in this case can be either the researcher himself (if a language well known to him is being studied), or a native speaker (informant), or a specially selected group of informants. Judgments obtained during the experiment about the incorrectness/unacceptability of constructed expressions turn these expressions into negative linguistic material (Shcherba’s term), which is an important source of information about the language.
A linguistic experiment understood in this way is the methodological basis of modern linguistic semantics and pragmatics, one of the most important methods research in field linguistics (the study of unwritten languages), and partly in sociolinguistics; its conceptualization played a significant role in the formation of the theory of linguistic models in the 1960s.
Shcherba posed the problem of constructing an active grammar that goes from meanings to forms expressing these meanings (in contrast to the more traditional passive grammar that goes from forms to meanings).
Being engaged in lexicology and lexicography, he clearly formulated the importance of distinguishing between the scientific and “naive” meaning of a word, proposed the first in domestic linguistics scientific typology of dictionaries. As a practicing lexicographer, he (together with M.I. Matusevich) was the author of a large Russian-French dictionary.
Shcherba L.V. Selected works on the Russian language. M., 1957
Shcherba L.V. Language system and speech activity. L., 1974
Shcherba L.V. The theory of Russian writing. L., 1983
SHAKHMATOV, ALEXEY ALEKSANDOROVICH (1864–1920), Russian philologist and Slavic linguist. Born June 5 (17), 1864 in Narva (now Estonia). Very early, while still a high school student, he showed extraordinary ability to scientific activity. In 1887 he graduated from Moscow University and taught there. Since 1899 he was an academician (the youngest in the history of Russian philology), and from that time he worked in St. Petersburg. An outstanding organizer of science. In 1905–1920 he headed the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences. After the death of J.K. Grot, he continued the work he had begun on the academic “ Dictionary of the Russian language"; supervised the publication of the multi-volume " Encyclopedia of Slavic Philology". Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917–1918. Shakhmatov died in Petrograd on August 16, 1920.
A student of F.F. Fortunatov, Shakhmatov sought to apply the rigorous methods he developed to the study of the history of the Russian language. The scientist's creative heritage is very extensive. Shakhmatov studied the language of chronicles and the history of Russian chronicles, published ancient Russian monuments; under his leadership the publication was resumed Complete collection of Russian chronicles.
He laid the foundations for textual analysis of Russian written monuments. Researched modern Russian dialects. He put forward a hypothesis about the collapse of the all-Russian proto-language in the 9th–10th centuries. into Southern Russian, Central Russian and Northern Russian dialects. Author of works on phonetics, accentology, and syntax of the Russian language. In the posthumously published Essay on the modern Russian literary language" (1925, 4th ed. 1941) outlined his views on the relationship between syntax and morphology, insisting on the subordinate position of the latter, and also analyzed various principles for identifying parts of speech in the Russian language.
Posthumously (1925–1927) his largely unconventional " Syntax of the Russian language", who had a significant influence on the development of syntactic theory in Russia.
Shakhmatov A.A. Research in the field of Russian phonetics. 1893–1894
Shakhmatov A.A. Research on the most ancient Russian chronicles. St. Petersburg, 1908
Shakhmatov A.A. Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language. Pg., 1915
Shakhmatov A.A. Introduction to the course of the history of the Russian language, part 1. Pg., 1916
Shakhmatov A.A. 1864–1920. L., 1930
Shakhmatov A.A. Review of Russian chronicles of the 14th–16th centuries. M. – L., 1938
Shakhmatov A.A. Collection of articles and materials. M. – L., 1947
Shakhmatov A.A. Historical morphology of the Russian language. M., 1957
Likhachev D.S. Shakhmatov-textologist. – News of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ser. Literature and Language, 1964, No. 6
Avanesov’s theoretical views in the field of dialectology are reflected in his "Theories of linguistic geography", as well as in “Program for collecting information for compiling a dialectological atlas of the Russian language” (1945).
Avanesov's introductory articles to "Atlas of Russian folk dialects" formed the basis of the theoretical postulates of the Moscow School of Linguistic Geography.
According to his program, Russian dialects were studied over a vast territory - from the south of the Arkhangelsk region to the Don, from the territories around Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk to the eastern banks of the Volga and adjacent regions of the Volga region.
This work was carried out by the dialectology sector of the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences in close collaboration with Ruben Ivanovich, who, after the merger of this sector with the sector of the history of the Russian language, headed the research.
Based on the textbook by R. I. Avanesov and V. G. Orlova "Russian dialectology" Philologists are still being trained.
This approach turned out to be extremely useful for the development of writing theory. Avanesov's classic work - “Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language” (1956).
Avanesov’s contribution to the theory of Russian orthoepy is unique: until now, the reference book for any linguist - Russian specialist is his "Russian literary pronunciation"(1950) Collected songs from the Great Patriotic War
The formation and development of Russian linguistics are associated with such luminaries in the field of linguistics as M. V. Lomonosov, A. Kh. Vostokov, V. I. Dal, A. A. Potebnya, A. A. Shakhmatov, D. N. Ushakov, A. M. Peshkovsky, L. V. Shcherba, V. V. Vinogradov, S. I. Ozhegov, A. A. Reformatsky, L. Yu. Maksimov. These are just a few, the most prominent representatives of Russian language science, each of whom said own word in linguistics.
M. V. Lomonosov (1711-1765), whom A. S. Pushkin called “our first university,” was not only a great physicist and thoughtful naturalist, but also a brilliant poet and wonderful philologist. He created the first scientific Russian grammar (“Russian Grammar”, 1757). In it, he, exploring the language, establishes grammatical and spelling standards, and does this not speculatively, but on the basis of his observations of living speech. He ponders: “Why is wider, weaker better than wider, weaker?” Observes the Moscow pronunciation: “They say it burned, but it didn’t shrink.” He has thousands of similar observations. Lomonosov was the first to develop a scientific classification of parts of speech. Lomonosov created the famous theory of the “three calms,” which turned out to be not the invention of a dry theorist, but an effective guide to the creation of a new literary language. He divided the language into three styles: high, mediocre (medium), low. It was prescribed to write odes, heroic poems, solemn “words about important matters" The middle style was intended for the language of theatrical plays, satires, and poetic friendly letters. Low style - the style of comedies, songs, descriptions of “ordinary affairs”. It was forbidden to use lofty Church Slavonic words; preference was given to actual Russian, sometimes common, words. The whole pathos of Lomonosov's theory, under the influence of which all the major figures of the 18th century were for a long time, consisted in the affirmation of the literary rights of the Russian language, in the limitation of the Church Slavonic element. Lomonosov with his theory established the Russian basis of the literary language.
A. X. Vostokov (1781-1864) was by nature an independent and free person. These traits of his character were reflected in his scientific works, of which his research on the history of Slavic languages brought him the greatest fame. Vostokov was the founder of Slavic philology. He wrote the famous “Russian Grammar” (1831), in which he carried out “a search of the entire Russian language”, examined it grammatical features at the level of science of his time. The book was published many times and was the main scientific grammar for its time.
V.I. Dal (1801-1872) managed to do a lot in life: he was a naval officer, an excellent doctor, a traveler-ethnographer, a writer (his pseudonym is Cossack Lugansky). V. G. Belinsky called his essays and stories “the pearls of modern Russian literature.” But most of all, he is known to us as the compiler of the unique “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” to which he dedicated 50 years of his life. The dictionary, which contains 200 thousand words, reads like a fascinating book. Dahl interprets the meanings of words figuratively, aptly, visually; having explained the word, reveals its meaning using folk sayings, proverbs. By reading such a dictionary, you will learn the way of life of the people, their views, beliefs, and aspirations.
A. A. Potebnya (1835-1891) was an outstanding Russian and Ukrainian philologist. He was an unusually erudite scientist. His main work “From notes on Russian grammar” in 4 volumes is dedicated to benchmarking Ukrainian and Russian languages, history of the main grammatical categories, comparative study of the syntax of East Slavic languages. Potebnya viewed language as component the culture of the people, as a component of their spiritual life, and hence their interest and attention to the rituals, myths, and folklore of the Slavs. Potebnya was deeply interested in the connection between language and thinking. He devoted his mature, deeply philosophical monograph “Thought and Language” (1862) to this problem, while still very young.
A. A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920) - one of the most outstanding philologists at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. His scientific interests were mainly concentrated in the field of history and dialectology of Slavic languages. He devoted more than two dozen works to the problem of the origin of East Slavic languages. In the last years of his life, he taught a course on the syntax of the Russian language at St. Petersburg University, based on the handwritten materials of which the famous “Syntax of the Russian Language” was published when its author was no longer alive. Many modern syntactic theories go back to this work.
D. N. Ushakov (1873-1942) is the compiler and editor of one of the most widespread explanatory dictionaries, the famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” a remarkable monument of the Russian language of the first half of the twentieth century. D. N. Ushakov created this work already in mature age, being known as a linguist. He passionately loved the Russian language, knew it perfectly, was an exemplary speaker of Russian literary speech. This love to a certain extent influenced the nature of his scientific interests: most of all he dealt with issues of spelling and spelling. He is the author of many textbooks and teaching aids by spelling. His “Spelling Dictionary” alone went through more than 30 editions. He attached great importance to the development of norms of correct pronunciation, rightly believing that a unified, normative literary pronunciation is the basis of speech culture, without which a general human culture is unthinkable.
One of the most original linguists was A. M. Peshkovsky (1878-1933). He worked for many years in Moscow gymnasiums and, wanting to introduce his students to real, scientific grammar, he wrote a witty monograph full of subtle observations, “Russian Syntax in Scientific Light” (1914), in which he seemed to be talking with his students. Together with them he observes, reflects, experiments. Peshkovsky was the first to show that intonation is a grammatical means, that it helps where others grammatical means(prepositions, conjunctions, endings) are unable to express meaning. Peshkovsky tirelessly and passionately explained that only conscious mastery of grammar makes a person truly literate. He drew attention to the enormous importance linguistic culture: “The ability to speak is the lubricating oil that is necessary for any cultural-state machine and without which it would simply stop.” Alas, this lesson of D. M. Peshkovsky remained unlearned by many.
L. V. Shcherba (1880-1944) - a famous Russian linguist who had a wide range of scientific interests: he did a lot for the theory and practice of lexicography, attached great importance to the study of living languages, worked a lot in the field of grammar and lexicology, studied little-known Slavic dialects . His work “On parts of speech in the Russian language” (1928), in which he identified a new part of speech - words of the state category - clearly showed what grammatical phenomena are hidden behind the terms “noun”, “verb”, familiar to most people... . V. Shcherba is the creator of the Leningrad phonological school. He was one of the first to turn to linguistic analysis language of artistic works. He is the author of two experiments in the linguistic interpretation of poems: “Memories” by Pushkin and “Pine” by Lermontov. He trained many wonderful linguists, including V.V. Vinogradov.
V. V. Vinogradov (1895-1969). The name of this outstanding philologist entered the cultural history of not only our country, but the whole world. The works of V.V. Vinogradov opened new page in various fields of science about the Russian language and Russian literature. Scientific interests scientists were unusually broad. He is credited with creating two linguistic sciences: the history of the Russian literary language and the science of the language of fiction. His books “The Language of Pushkin”, “The Language of Gogol”, “Pushkin’s Style”, “Lermontov’s Prose Style” are of great interest both for a specialist philologist and for a student beginning to study the language. Vinogradov did a lot to study the Russian language. His work “Russian language. The grammatical doctrine of the word,” awarded the State Prize in 1951, is a reference book for every linguist. It is impossible to overestimate the merits of V.V. Vinogradov in the field of lexicology and phraseology.
He created a classification of types of lexical meaning of a word and types of phraseological units that are still used in university teaching. His sketches on history individual words make up a fascinating book, which is interesting to read not only for specialists - lexicologists. V.V. Vinogradov is one of the prominent figures domestic education. He taught in many educational institutions and trained a whole generation of Russian linguists. He was the founder and for 17 years the editor-in-chief of the journal “Issues of Linguistics”; from the moment of the formation of the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) he was its president. Many foreign academies of science elected V.V. Vinogradov as a member.
Need to download an essay? Click and save - » Name outstanding Russian linguists. And the finished essay appeared in my bookmarks.Great Russian linguists. The work was completed by 10th grade student Kuzmina Svetlana
The language of the people is undoubtedly our most important and inexhaustible spring. IN AND. Dal The Russian language is a language created for poetry; it is unusually rich and remarkable mainly for the subtlety of its shades. - P. Merimee
Linguistics (linguistics, linguistics; from Latin lingua - language) is the science that studies languages. In the history of world linguistics, our domestic linguists have always played a prominent role. In all areas of the science of language, they were able to say their significant original word.
Domestic linguistic science shines with the names of great Russian scholars: M.V. Lomonosov, V.I. Dal, A.Kh. Vostokov, A.A. Shakhmatov, D.N. Ushakov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradov, S.I. Ozhegov and others. Let’s get to know them better.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) “Lomonosov was great person. He created the first university. It is better to say that it itself was our first university” A.S. Pushkin. The scientific ideas of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov enriched many branches of knowledge. M.V. Lomonosov's discoveries in linguistics are significant. Published in 1757, “Russian Grammar” by M.V. Lomonosov is the first scientific description of the Russian language, which examines issues of morphology, syntax, word production, and systematizes spelling rules and spelling norms. The great merit of M.V. Lomonosov in the development of the theory of eloquence (rhetoric). His "A Brief Guide to Eloquence" was actually the first book of its kind written in Russian. Before Lomonosov, eloquence textbooks were compiled either in Church Slavonic or in Latin.
Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov (1781-1864). Early XIX century in Europe was marked by the emergence of linguistics as a science. Linguistics acquired scientific rigor through the comparative-historical study of languages. In Russia, Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov is at the origins of the comparative historical study of Slavic languages. In his work “Discourse on the Slavic Language...” (1820), A.Kh. Vostokov compared the Slavic languages and established natural sound correspondences between them as evidence of their sought-after closeness and kinship. Vostokov created a scientific grammar; studied the monuments ancient writing, studied dialect vocabulary, edited “The Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary” (1852); dealt with problems of speech culture and morphology; studied Russian versification.
Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801 - 1872) Russian physician, biologist, linguist - Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. In 1852, V. Dahl’s study “On the dialects of the Russian language” was published, in which a classification of Russian dialects was first proposed and the tasks of studying folk dialects were outlined. The main work of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl’s life was “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” to which he devoted over 50 years of his life. The dictionary contains about 200 thousand words. This dictionary has become huge event in the history of Russian lexicography.
Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev (1818-1897) Linguist and literary critic, researcher of folk literature and ancient Russian art, Buslaev was a brilliant teacher and lecturer, academician, professor at Moscow University. F.I. Buslaev summarized his scientific research in the book “On Teaching the Russian Language” (1844), which is rightfully considered the first in our country scientific methodology teaching Russian language. The main idea of this fundamental work is about the importance of learning your native language at school for personal development.
Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920) A.A. Shakhmatov, the great Russian linguist, made a huge contribution to the study of syntax and history of language. In the book by A.A. Shakhmatov “Syntax of the Russian Language,” according to V.V. Vinogradov, “for the first time, colossal material has been collected, characterizing the amazing variety of syntactic structures of the modern Russian language.” A.A. Shakhmatov was the first in the history of our science to identify types one-part sentences and described the features of their structure. Many of Shakhmatov’s syntactic ideas have still not lost their relevance.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov (1873-1942) Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov - Russian linguist. He worked in the field of dialectology, spelling, spelling, and was the editor-in-chief of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. He is the author of the Spelling Dictionary, which is still used by students today.
Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky (1878-1933) Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky is one of the most remarkable linguists of the 20th century. He worked for many years in Moscow gymnasiums and, wanting to introduce his students to real, scientific grammar, he wrote the monograph “Russian Syntax in Scientific Light” (1914), in which he seemed to be talking with his students. Peshkovsky was the first to prove that intonation is a grammatical means, that it helps where other grammatical means (prepositions, conjunctions, endings) are not able to express meaning.
Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (1880-1944) Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba - Russian linguist, academician. He worked in the field of phonetics, spelling, lexicology, lexicography, grammar, and took part in compiling a set of rules for spelling and punctuation. For many years, a school textbook of the Russian language was published under the editorship of L.V. Shcherba.
Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov (1895-1969) Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov - Russian philologist, academician, student of A.A. Shakhmatov and L.V. Shcherba. He created fundamental works on the history of the Russian literary language, on grammar, and works on the language of fiction; studied lexicology, phraseology, lexicography.
Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov (1900-1964) Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov is a remarkable Russian linguist and lexicographer, known primarily as the author of the “Dictionary of the Russian Language,” which has gone through more than 20 editions. S.I. Ozhegov was not only a born lexicographer, but also one of the largest historians of the literary language. He has written numerous articles on issues of speech culture, the history of words, and the development of Russian vocabulary at a new stage in the development of society.
Russian linguists are the creators, the lords of the great Russian word, the creators of the beginning - language, as a science, as a shrine, as the property of the entire people.
Famous Russian linguists.
"A dictionary is the universe in alphabetical order."
This year, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, has been declared the Year of the Russian Language. Over the thousand-year history of our country, it was the Russian language that became the basis on which friendship and good neighborly relations arose between the peoples and ethnic groups inhabiting it.
Studying the Russian language is impossible without the enthusiastic and dedicated work of researchers.
The first lesson this year is a Russian language lesson.
In this lesson we will remember the names of only a few of them. .At the end of the conversation it will be necessary to name: what human qualities helped them leave their mark on history.
^ DAL, Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872),
pseudonym - Cossack Lugansky, fiction writer, ethnographer, lexicographer.
: “When I sailed to the shores of Denmark, I was greatly interested in the fact that I would see the fatherland of my ancestors, my fatherland. Having set foot on the shores of Denmark, at first I was finally convinced that my fatherland was Russia, that I had nothing in common with my fatherland my ancestors"
His father, Ivan Matveevich Dahl (Jochan Christian von Dahl), originally from Denmark, took a course in science at the Faculty of Theology in Germany. His fame as a linguist reached Empress Catherine II, who summoned him to St. Petersburg to serve as a librarian. Johann Dahl saw that Protestant theology and knowledge of ancient and modern languages would not give him bread, and therefore he went to Jena, took a medical course there and returned to Russia with a diploma for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In St. Petersburg, he married Maria Khristoforovna Freytag (a German woman who was fluent in five languages). Her mother, Vladimir Ivanovich’s grandmother, Maria Ivanovna Freytag, from the family of French Huguenots de Malli, studied Russian literature. Its translations into Russian by S. Gesner and A.V. are known. Ifflanda.
1814 summer. At the age of thirteen and a half, Vl. Dal was taken from Nikolaev to study at the St. Petersburg Marine cadet corps.
1817 During a training voyage, Dahl visited Denmark, which he recalled many years later: “When I sailed to the shores of Denmark, I was greatly interested in the fact that I would see the fatherland of my ancestors, my fatherland. Having set foot on the shore of Denmark, at first I completely I became convinced that my fatherland is Russia, that I have nothing in common with the fatherland of my ancestors."
1819 March 2. V.I. Dahl was released as a midshipman into the Black Sea Fleet, twelfth in seniority out of eighty-six.
A few days later he left St. Petersburg.
1819 - 1824. Served in the Black Sea Fleet.
1823 September - 1824 April. IN AND. Dahl was under arrest on suspicion of writing an epigram that affected the personal life of the commander-in-chief Black Sea Fleet. He was acquitted by the court, after which he was transferred from Nikolaev to Kronstadt.
1824 - 1825. Served in the Baltic Fleet.
1826. V.I. Dahl decided to leave the naval service.
1826 January 20. V.I. Dahl entered Faculty of Medicine University of Dorpat. He lived in a cramped attic room, earning a living by teaching Russian.
1827. In the journal A.F. Voeikov's "Slav" Dahl's first poetic publications appear.
1828. Beginning Russian-Turkish war. IN AND. Dahl passes the examination for Doctor of Medicine and Surgery with honor. The topic of his dissertation: "About successful method trepanation of the skull and hidden ulceration of the kidneys."
1829 March 29. V.I. Dahl entered the military department and was enlisted in the active army. As a resident at a mobile hospital, Dahl takes part in a number of battles and gains fame as a skilled surgeon.
Even as a child I noticed a disorder in my speech educated people and commoners. The definite idea of compiling a dictionary came to him in 1819, and from then on he began to write down in a notebook all the common words and expressions he heard and tried to find their roots and origin. Great stuff gave him the Turkish War, and then the Polish campaign. In 1830, Dahl published his first literary experience in N. A. Polevoy’s “Moscow Telegraph”: “Russian Fairy Tales,” which attracted attention with its unique folk language.
In 1832, a separate publication was published: “Russian fairy tales, from folk, oral traditions, translated into civil literature, adapted to everyday life and embellished with current sayings by the Cossack Vladimir Lugansky.” “Cossack Lugansky” became his pseudonym. After leaving service in St. Petersburg, Dahl soon left for Orenburg, where his “Stories from Folk Life” appeared and “Ural Stories” was written. In 1841 Dahl entered the service of the Ministry of Appanages, and then became the home secretary and closest assistant to A. A. Perovsky, the Minister of Internal Affairs. A business trip to the southern provinces gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with southern dialects. Here he encountered terrible cases ritual murders committed by Jewish fanatics. On this occasion, Dahl wrote the book “Inquiry into the killing of Christian babies by Jews and the consumption of their blood” (1844
In 1831 Dahl became a resident at a military land hospital, where he gained fame as an ophthalmic surgeon. By this time, his friendship with the writer Pogorelsky (A. A. Perovsky) and rapprochement with V. A. Zhukovsky, who was familiar to him from the department, dates back, and through the latter with A. S. Pushkin, I. M. Yazykov, A. A. Delvig, I.A. Krylov, N.V. Gogol, V.F. Odoevsky and other writers. This acquaintance served as a decisive impetus for literary activity, to which he finally devoted himself exclusively.
1830. V.I. Dahl appears in print as a prose writer; the Moscow Telegraph publishes his story “Gypsy.”
1831 beginning. Fighting the cholera epidemic.
1831 May - 1832 January. IN AND. Dahl participated in the "Polish campaign". Here he distinguished himself in an unusual way for a medic: he led the construction of a bridge across the Vistula, and then its destruction, which saved a large Russian detachment from death. Subsequently, for this feat, the emperor awarded him the Vladimir Cross with a bow.
1832 March IN AND. Dahl serves as a resident at the St. Petersburg Military Ground Hospital and soon becomes a medical celebrity in St. Petersburg.
1832. “Russian fairy tales from oral folk traditions are translated into civil literacy, adapted to everyday life and embellished with current sayings by the Cossack Vladimir Lugansky. The first heel” is published. The circulation of this book was confiscated because, according to a report from A.N. Mordvinov (manager of the III department), “...it was printed by the very simple syllable, quite suitable for the lower classes, for merchants, for soldiers and servants. It contains ridicule of the government, complaints about the sad situation of the soldier, etc. ". V.I. Dal was arrested (October or early November 1832), but on the same day, having apologized, he was released from arrest, possibly thanks to the writer's military merits, one of the surviving copies of the fairy tales was donated by Dahl to A. S. Pushkin.
1833. V.I. Dahl marries Julia Andre (1816 - 1838: two children in marriage) and is transferred to Orenburg as an official of special assignments under the military governor V.A. Perovsky.
1833. September 18-20. IN AND. Dahl spends with A.S. Pushkin. He accompanies the poet to Pugachev's places. Pushkin tells Dahl the plot of "Tales of St. George the Brave and the Wolf."
1833 - 1839. They took part in the rally "There were also fables of the Cossack Lugansk."
1836 end. For several months V.I. Dal comes to St. Petersburg and sees Pushkin again. Perhaps then he gives him his article “For all to hear” for Sovremennik.
1837 January 28. Having learned about the tragic duel between Pushkin and Dantes, V.I. Dahl is constantly on duty at his bedside. After the death of the poet, Dal received from the hands of Natalya Nikolaevna a bullet-riddled frock coat and the famous talisman ring.
1838. V.I. Dahl was elected corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in the department natural sciences for collecting collections on the flora and fauna of the Orenburg region.
1839 - 1840. Participated in the Khiva campaign.
1840. Marries the daughter of a retired major, Ekaterina Lvovna Sokolova (1819–1872; married with three daughters).
1841. V.I. Dahl moves to St. Petersburg. Having received the position of secretary and official of special assignments under the Minister of Appanages and the Minister of Internal Affairs of L.A. Perovsky (brothers of the Orenburg governor), Dal soon becomes the “right hand of the minister.” IN
1845. V.I. Dahl publishes several articles under the general title "Russian Dictionary". Participates in the establishment of the Russian Geographical Society, and from 1847 becomes its full member.
1848. In Dahl's story "The Sorceress" there was seen "a hint of the seemingly usual inaction of the authorities." Perovsky L.A. Dahl faces a choice: “to write is not to serve; to serve is not to write.” On December 18, Dahl wrote to M.P. Pogodin: “These are shaky times, take care of your hats... of course, I won’t publish anything anymore until circumstances change.”
1849. V.I. Dal holds the position of manager of the Nizhny Novgorod specific office (the demotion is strong, but absolutely voluntary). Living in N. Novgorod, Dal did a lot of damage to himself in the eyes of society with his “Letter to the publisher A.I. Koshelev” and “Note on Literacy”, in which he spoke out against teaching peasants to read and write, since it “without any mental and moral education... It almost always comes to worst...” On the pages of the Sovremennik magazine, E.P. sharply objected to him. Karnovich, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov. 1849 Dahl was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod to the position of chairman of the treasury chamber. The Volga enriched him with a unique folk vocabulary. In Nizhny, he put in order a collection of 37 thousand Russian proverbs and sayings (printed in 1862). In 1858, Dahl retired and moved to Moscow, where he finally finalized his Explanatory Dictionary, the result of 47 years of hard work, for the sake of which he even abandoned literary activity, despite its success. In 1861, “The Complete Works of V. I. Dahl” and 1 volume of “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” were published. The first edition of the “Dictionary” (4 volumes) was published from 1861 to 1867. In 1864 the imp. Alexander II received the first volume of the Dictionary and all costs of publication at the expense of the sovereign.
Dahl was unanimously elected as an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, and for the “Dictionary” he was awarded the Lomonosov Prize. Imperial Russian geographical society, the very idea of which arose in a circle that met with Dahl in the 1840s, crowned his colossal work with the Konstantinov gold medal. Until the last minute of his life, Dahl did not stop adding and correcting his dictionary. These additions are included in the 2nd edition, published in 1880-82. The last work his were “Essays on Russian Life” (1867-68).
1859. Due to friction with the Nizhny Novgorod governor A.N. Muravyov V.I. Dal is transferred to the department of appanages.
1861. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal retires. Since the autumn of 1859, he has lived in Moscow in his own house on Presnya (now Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 4/6).
1861. Dahl's collected works were published in eight volumes.
1861-1867. Publication of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language".
1868. Dahl elected honorary member Academy of Sciences.
In the last years of his life, Dahl was preparing the second edition of the Dictionary, steadily replenishing his vocabulary, and was translating the Pentateuch of Moses “in relation to the concepts of the Russian common people.”
1871 autumn. Vladimir Ivanovich suffered the first slight blow, after which he invited an Orthodox priest to join the Russian Orthodox Church and the granting of the sacrament of holy communion according to the Orthodox rite. Thus, shortly before his death, Dahl converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy.
September 22 (October 4), 1872. V.I. Dal died and was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.
Conclusion: a contradictory and restless personality, he was forced to choose between public service and literary work.
Ushakov Dmitry Nikolaevich
(1873 - 1942)
D. N. Ushakov, a student of F. F. Fortunatov, is best known as one of the authors and editor-in-chief of the famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” four volumes of which were published in 1935-1940. (vol. 1 - 1935, vol. 2 - 1938, vol. 3 - 1939, vol. 4 - 1940). This dictionary contains more than 85 thousand words.
However, Ushakov's sphere of interests was not limited to lexicology and lexicography. Even before he began work on the dictionary, the main work of his life, he was a well-known linguist, university teacher and public figure. He owns works on general linguistics, dialectology (for a long time he was the chairman of the Moscow Dialectological Commission at the USSR Academy of Sciences), spelling, spelling, and the history of the Russian language. Ushakov was an active participant in the drafting of the spelling reform of 1917-1918.
Ushakov devoted a lot of time and effort to compiling programs and textbooks on the Russian language for primary, secondary and higher schools.
^ Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov - a man and a dictionary.
Dictionary work, compilation and editing of dictionaries - this is the area of S.I.’s scientific activity in which he left a noticeable and unique “Ozhegovsky” mark. It would not be an exaggeration to say that in the 50-60s there was not a single more or less noticeable lexicographical work in which S.I. did not take part - either as an editor (or a member editorial board), either as a scientific consultant and reviewer, or as a direct author-compiler.
He was a member of the editorial board of the SSRLYA USSR Academy of Sciences in 17 volumes (M.-L., 1948-1965) from the 6th to the 17th volume inclusive. He is the author-compiler and member of the editorial board of the academic "Dictionary of the Pushkin Language" in 4 volumes (M., 1956-1961).
Together with S. G. Barkhudarov and A. B. Shapiro, he edited the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from the 1st to the 12th edition inclusive); edited (together with R.I. Avanesov) the dictionary-reference book “Russian literary stress and pronunciation” (2nd ed., M., 1959); was the initiator of the creation and editor of the academic dictionary-reference book “Correctness of Russian Speech” (1st ed. - 1962, 2nd ed. - 1965), one of the authors of which is the author of this article.
Together with N. S. Ashukin and V. A. Filippov, S. I. compiled the “Dictionary of the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky (Handbook for actors, directors, translators)”, which in 1949 reached the layout, but was not published according to the conditions of that time (the fight against “cosmopolitanism”) and was published in a reprint edition only in 1993. Until the end of his life, S.I. was deputy chairman of the Dictionary Commission of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as a member of the editorial board of the famous “Lexicographic Collections”.
S.I.’s activities in compiling dictionaries began in the late 20s in Leningrad, when he was actively involved in editing the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1895-1937, publication was not completed). Volume 5, issue. 1, “D - activity” was completely compiled and edited by him alone.
From 1927 to 1940, first in Leningrad, and from 1936 in Moscow, S.I. participated in the compilation of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” - the first-born of Soviet lexicography. Dictionary edited by prof. D. N. Ushakova ("Ushakovsky Dictionary") was published in 1935-1940 in 4 volumes and embodied the best traditions Russian science, lexicographic ideas of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A. A. Shakhmatov, L. V. Shcherba. Remarkable linguists took part in its compilation: V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, B.V. Tomashevsky, each of whom made a noticeable and unique contribution to this great general cultural cause. S.I. was one of the main compilers of the Ushakov Dictionary, the right hand of the editor-in-chief and scientific and organizational the “driver” of all work (according to D.N. Ushakov himself).
Ozhegov's dictionary begins its wonderful life. The Ozhegov Dictionary went through 6 lifetime editions and was reprinted several times in foreign countries. Its popularity began to grow rapidly immediately after its publication. A reprint edition was published in China in 1952, followed shortly by an edition in Japan. It has become a reference book for many thousands of people in all corners of the globe who study the Russian language. Outside Russia, there is, in essence, not a single specialist in Russian studies who is not familiar with the name of S. I. Ozhegov and his dictionary. Last tribute The “New Russian-Chinese Dictionary”, published in Beijing in 1992, became a source of gratitude to him. Its author Li Sha (Russian by birth) made an unusual book: she meticulously, word for word, translated into Chinese the entire “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov.
All his life, Ushakov studied, promoted, and defended the living Russian word - both dialectal, colloquial, and literary. He was also known as a brilliant lecturer; he could talk about complex issues simply and clearly. linguistic phenomena. His speech was so elegant and colorful that it gave the listener aesthetic pleasure.
He is best known as one of the authors and editor-in-chief of the famous Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, four volumes of which were published in 1935-1940. (vol. 1 - 1935, vol. 2 - 1938, vol. 3 - 1939, vol. 4 - 1940). This dictionary contains more than 85 thousand words.
The dictionary used all the achievements of the academic tradition of that time in the field of lexicography and, as it were, summed up the results of all previous work on compiling a dictionary of the Russian literary language. He provided rich material for studying the changes that occurred in the language in the first half of the 20th century, and his normative instructions are especially valuable: stylistic, grammatical, spelling and orthoepic. Litters about style affiliation of a particular word and the phraseology associated with it make the dictionary a useful guide to correct use words in speech.
End of the lesson:
Each of the scientists lived in his own time. IN different time there were various difficulties. Everyone lived their life differently. But they were all united by a love of the Russian language and a desire to glorify their country.
“Take care of our language, our great Russian language, this is a treasure, this is an asset passed on to us by our predecessors.”
N.V. Gogol.
We ask students to explain how they understand what it means to protect the Russian language.
^ What do books give a person?
If a parent reads books to the child, and he does not forget to do this every day, then by the age of 5 the child’s vocabulary is 2000 words, by the age of 7 - 3000 words, and by the end of school - 7000 words.
First, parents read books, then children become interested in reading.
Books teach a person to live. You can learn from your mistakes. Or maybe on strangers. In his life, a person faces problems that humanity faces many times.
Anyone who has read in books about this or that problem, when faced with it, will have several options for choosing behavior.
Reading gives you freedom to choose your feelings. A person has a favorite literary hero whom he wants to imitate. The characters in the books experience different feelings, and readers experience them with them. He learns to feel and express different feelings.
Through reading, a person can understand other people.
Therefore, books have long been a source of knowledge for people.
The book has always been an interlocutor and a friend. By depriving himself of reading, a person deprived himself of connection with the past, made himself poorer and stupider.
Therefore, books must be protected.
“Reading is the window through which people see and experience the world and themselves.” V. L. Sukhomlinsky
Do not litter the Russian language with foreign words.
Do not use “ugly” words.
Learn Russian and strive to speak competently.
From the biographies of Cyril and Methodius
Among the most ancient monuments Slavic writing a special and honorable place is occupied by the biographies of the creators of Slavic literature - Saints Cyril and Methodius, such as “The Life of Constantine the Philosopher”, “The Life of Methodius” and “ Word of praise Cyril and Methodius."
From these sources we learn that the brothers were from the Macedonian city of Thessaloniki. Now this is the city of Thessaloniki on the coast Aegean Sea. Methodius was the eldest of seven brothers, and the youngest was Constantine. He received the name Cyril when he was tonsured a monk just before his death. The father of Methodius and Constantine held the high position of assistant to the city manager. There is an assumption that their mother was Slavic, because from childhood the brothers knew the Slavic language as well as Greek.
The future Slavic educators received an excellent upbringing and education. From infancy, Konstantin discovered extraordinary mental gifts. While studying at the Thessaloniki school and not yet reaching the age of fifteen, he had already read the books of the most profound of the Church Fathers - Gregory the Theologian (IV century). The rumor about Constantine's talent reached Constantinople, and then he was taken to court, where he studied with the emperor's son the best teachers capital of Byzantium. Constantine studied ancient literature with the famous scientist Photius, the future Patriarch of Constantinople. He also studied philosophy, rhetoric ( oratory), mathematics, astronomy and music. A brilliant career at the imperial court, wealth and marriage to a noble woman awaited Constantine. beautiful girl. But he preferred to retire to the monastery “to Olympus to his brother Methodius,” says his biography, “he began to live there and constantly pray to God, occupied only with books.”
However, Konstantin was unable to spend long periods of time in solitude. As the best preacher and defender of Orthodoxy, he is often sent to neighboring countries to participate in debates. These trips were very successful for Konstantin. Once, traveling to the Khazars, he visited Crimea. Having baptized up to two hundred people and taking with him the captive Greeks who had been released, Constantine returned to the capital of Byzantium and began to continue his work there. scientific works.
Poor health, but imbued with a strong religious feeling and love of science, Konstantin from childhood dreamed of solitary prayer and book studies. His whole life was filled with frequent difficult trips, severe hardships and very hard work. Such a life undermined his strength, and at the age of 42 he became very ill. Anticipating his approaching end, he became a monk, changing his worldly name Konstantin to the name Cyril. After that, he lived another 50 days, read the confessional prayer for the last time, said goodbye to his brother and disciples, and died quietly on February 14, 869. This happened in Rome, when the brothers once again came to seek protection from the Pope for their cause - the spread of Slavic writing.
Immediately after the death of Cyril, his icon was painted. Cyril was buried in Rome in the Church of St. Clement.
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on the topic of: Famous Russian linguists
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student of 11A class
Korchagina Diana.
"A dictionary is the universe in alphabetical order."
This year, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, has been declared the Year of the Russian Language. Over the thousand-year history of our country, it was the Russian language that became the basis on which friendship and good neighborly relations arose between the peoples and ethnic groups inhabiting it.
Studying the Russian language is impossible without the enthusiastic and dedicated work of researchers.
The first lesson this year is a Russian language lesson.
In this lesson we will remember the names of only a few of them. .At the end of the conversation it will be necessary to name: what human qualities helped them leave their mark on history.
DAL, Vladimir Ivanovich (1801--1872),pseudonym - Cossack Lugansky, fiction writer, ethnographer, lexicographer.
“When I sailed to the shores of Denmark, I was greatly interested in the fact that I would see the fatherland of my ancestors, my fatherland. Having set foot on the shores of Denmark, at first I was finally convinced that my fatherland was Russia, that I had nothing in common with my fatherland ancestors"
His father, Ivan Matveevich Dahl (Jochan Christian von Dahl), originally from Denmark, took a course in science at the Faculty of Theology in Germany. His fame as a linguist reached Empress Catherine II, who summoned him to St. Petersburg to serve as a librarian. Johann Dahl saw that Protestant theology and knowledge of ancient and modern languages would not give him bread, and therefore he went to Jena, took a medical course there and returned to Russia with a diploma for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In St. Petersburg, he married Maria Khristoforovna Freytag (a German woman who was fluent in five languages). Her mother, Vladimir Ivanovich’s grandmother, Maria Ivanovna Freytag, from the family of French Huguenots de Malli, studied Russian literature. Its translations into Russian by S. Gesner and A.V. are known. Ifflanda.
1814 summer. At the age of thirteen and a half, Vl. Dal was taken from Nikolaev to study at the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps.
1817 During a training voyage, Dahl visited Denmark, which he recalled many years later: “When I sailed to the shores of Denmark, I was greatly interested in the fact that I would see the fatherland of my ancestors, my fatherland. Having set foot on the shore of Denmark, at first I completely I became convinced that my fatherland is Russia, that I have nothing in common with the fatherland of my ancestors."
1819 March 2. V.I. Dahl was released as a midshipman into the Black Sea Fleet, twelfth in seniority out of eighty-six.
A few days later he left St. Petersburg.
1819 -- 1824. Served in the Black Sea Fleet.
1823 September -- 1824 April. IN AND. Dal was under arrest on suspicion of writing an epigram that affected the personal life of the commander-in-chief of the Black Sea Fleet. He was acquitted by the court, after which he was transferred from Nikolaev to Kronstadt.
1824 -- 1825. Served in the Baltic Fleet.
1826. V.I. Dahl decided to leave the naval service.
1826 January 20. V.I. Dahl entered the medical faculty of the University of Dorpat. He lived in a cramped attic room, earning a living by teaching Russian.
1827. In the journal A.F. Voeikov's "Slav" Dahl's first poetic publications appear.
1828. Beginning of the Russian-Turkish war. IN AND. Dahl passes the examination for Doctor of Medicine and Surgery with honor. The topic of his dissertation: “On the successful method of craniotomy and on hidden ulceration of the kidneys.”
1829 March 29. V.I. Dahl entered the military department and was enlisted in the active army. As a resident at a mobile hospital, Dahl takes part in a number of battles and gains fame as a skilled surgeon.
Even as a child, I noticed a discord in the speech of educated people and commoners. The definite idea of compiling a dictionary came to him in 1819, and from then on he began to write down in a notebook all the common words and expressions he heard and tried to find their roots and origin. The Turkish War and then the Polish campaign provided him with great material. In 1830, Dahl published his first literary experience in N. A. Polevoy’s “Moscow Telegraph”: “Russian Fairy Tales,” which attracted attention with its unique folk language.
In 1832, a separate publication was published: “Russian fairy tales, from folk, oral traditions, translated into civil literature, adapted to everyday life and embellished with current sayings by the Cossack Vladimir Lugansky.” “Cossack Lugansky” became his pseudonym. After leaving service in St. Petersburg, Dahl soon left for Orenburg, where his “Stories from Folk Life” appeared and “Ural Stories” was written. In 1841 Dahl entered the service of the Ministry of Appanages, and then became the home secretary and closest assistant to A. A. Perovsky, the Minister of Internal Affairs. A business trip to the southern provinces gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with southern dialects. Here he encountered terrible cases of ritual murders committed by Jewish fanatics. On this occasion, Dahl wrote the book “Inquiry into the killing of Christian babies by Jews and the consumption of their blood” (1844
In 1831 Dahl became a resident at a military land hospital, where he gained fame as an ophthalmic surgeon. By this time, his friendship with the writer Pogorelsky (A. A. Perovsky) and rapprochement with V. A. Zhukovsky, who was familiar to him from the department, dates back, and through the latter with A. S. Pushkin, I. M. Yazykov, A. A. Delvig, I.A. Krylov, N.V. Gogol, V.F. Odoevsky and other writers. This acquaintance served as a decisive impetus for literary activity, to which he finally devoted himself exclusively.
1830. V.I. Dahl appears in print as a prose writer; the Moscow Telegraph publishes his story “Gypsy.”
1831 beginning. Fighting the cholera epidemic.
1831 May -- 1832 January. IN AND. Dahl participated in the "Polish campaign". Here he distinguished himself in an unusual way for a medic: he led the construction of a bridge across the Vistula, and then its destruction, which saved a large Russian detachment from death. Subsequently, for this feat, the emperor awarded him the Vladimir Cross with a bow.
1832 March IN AND. Dahl serves as a resident at the St. Petersburg Military Ground Hospital and soon becomes a medical celebrity in St. Petersburg.
1832. “Russian fairy tales from oral folk traditions are translated into civil literacy, adapted to everyday life and embellished with current sayings by the Cossack Vladimir Lugansky. The first heel” is published. The circulation of this book was confiscated because, according to a report from A.N. Mordvinov (manager of the III department), “... it is printed in the simplest style, quite suitable for the lower classes, for merchants, for soldiers and servants. It contains ridicule of the government, complaints about the sad situation of the soldier, etc.” IN AND. Dahl was arrested (October or early November 1832), but on the same day, after apologizing, he was released from arrest, possibly thanks to the writer’s military merits. One of the surviving copies of the fairy tales was donated by A.S. Dal. Pushkin.
1833. V.I. Dahl marries Julia Andre (1816 - 1838: two children in marriage) and is transferred to Orenburg as an official of special assignments under the military governor V.A. Perovsky.
1833. September 18-20. IN AND. Dahl spends with A.S. Pushkin. He accompanies the poet to Pugachev's places. Pushkin tells Dahl the plot of "Tales of St. George the Brave and the Wolf."
1833 - 1839. We went to the rally "There were also fables of the Cossack Lugansk."
1836 end. For several months V.I. Dal comes to St. Petersburg and sees Pushkin again. Perhaps then he gives him his article “For all to hear” for Sovremennik.
1837 January 28. Having learned about the tragic duel between Pushkin and Dantes, V.I. Dahl is constantly on duty at his bedside. After the death of the poet, Dal received from the hands of Natalya Nikolaevna a bullet-riddled frock coat and the famous talisman ring.
1838. V.I. Dahl was elected corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in the department of natural sciences for collecting collections on the flora and fauna of the Orenburg region.
1839 -- 1840. Participated in the Khiva campaign.
1840. Marries the daughter of a retired major, Ekaterina Lvovna Sokolova (1819 -1872; married with three daughters).
1841. V.I. Dahl moves to St. Petersburg. Having received the position of secretary and official of special assignments under the Minister of Appanages and the Minister of Internal Affairs of L.A. Perovsky (brothers of the Orenburg governor), Dal soon becomes the “right hand of the minister.” IN
1845. V.I. Dahl publishes several articles under the general title "Russian Dictionary". Participates in the establishment of the Russian Geographical Society, and from 1847 becomes its full member.
1848. In Dahl's story "The Sorceress" there was seen "a hint of the seemingly usual inaction of the authorities." Perovsky L.A. Dahl faces a choice: “to write is not to serve; to serve is not to write.” On December 18, Dahl wrote to M.P. Pogodin: “These are shaky times, take care of your hats... of course, I won’t publish anything anymore until circumstances change.”
1849. V.I. Dal holds the position of manager of the Nizhny Novgorod specific office (the demotion is strong, but absolutely voluntary). Living in N. Novgorod, Dal did a lot of damage to himself in the eyes of society with his “Letter to the publisher A.I. Koshelev” and “Note on Literacy”, in which he spoke out against teaching peasants to read and write, since it “without any mental and moral education... It almost always comes to worst...” On the pages of the Sovremennik magazine, E.P. sharply objected to him. Karnovich, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov. 1849 Dahl was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod to the position of chairman of the treasury chamber. The Volga enriched it with a unique folk vocabulary. In Nizhny, he put in order a collection of 37 thousand Russian proverbs and sayings (printed in 1862). In 1858, Dahl retired and moved to Moscow, where he finally finalized his Explanatory Dictionary, the result of 47 years of hard work, for the sake of which he even abandoned literary activity, despite its success. In 1861, “The Complete Works of V. I. Dahl” and 1 volume of “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” were published. The first edition of the “Dictionary” (4 volumes) was published from 1861 to 1867. In 1864 the imp. Alexander II received the first volume of the Dictionary and all costs of publication at the expense of the sovereign.
Dahl was unanimously elected as an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, and for the “Dictionary” he was awarded the Lomonosov Prize. The Imperial Russian Geographical Society, the very idea of which arose in a circle that met with Dahl in the 1840s, crowned his colossal work with the Konstantinov gold medal. Until the last minute of his life, Dahl did not stop adding and correcting his dictionary. These additions are included in the 2nd edition, published in 1880-82. His last work was “Essays on Russian Life” (1867-68).
1859. Due to friction with the Nizhny Novgorod governor A.N. Muravyov V.I. Dal is transferred to the department of appanages.
1861. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal retires. Since the autumn of 1859, he has lived in Moscow in his own house on Presnya (now Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 4/6).
1861. Dahl's collected works were published in eight volumes.
1861-1867. Publication of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language".
1868. Dahl was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences.
In the last years of his life, Dahl was preparing the second edition of the Dictionary, steadily replenishing his vocabulary, and was translating the Pentateuch of Moses “in relation to the concepts of the Russian common people.”
1871 autumn. Vladimir Ivanovich suffered the first slight blow, after which he invited an Orthodox priest to join the Russian Orthodox Church and bestow the sacrament of holy communion according to the Orthodox rite. Thus, shortly before his death, Dahl converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy. dictionary lexicology Russian speech
Conclusion: a contradictory and restless personality, he was forced to choose between public service and literary work.
Ushakov Dmitry Nikolaevich (1873 - 1942)
D. N. Ushakov, a student of F. F. Fortunatov, is best known as one of the authors and editor-in-chief of the famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language,” four volumes of which were published in 1935-1940. (vol. 1 - 1935, vol. 2 - 1938, vol. 3 - 1939, vol. 4 - 1940). This dictionary contains more than 85 thousand words.
The dictionary used all the achievements of the academic tradition of that time in the field of lexicography and, as it were, summed up the results of all previous work on compiling a dictionary of the Russian literary language. He provided rich material for studying the changes that occurred in the language in the first half of the 20th century, and his normative instructions are especially valuable: stylistic, grammatical, spelling and orthoepic. Notes on the stylistic affiliation of a particular word and the phraseology associated with it make the dictionary a useful guide to the correct use of words in speech.
However, Ushakov's sphere of interests was not limited to lexicology and lexicography. Even before he began work on the dictionary, the main work of his life, he was a well-known linguist, university teacher and public figure. He owns works on general linguistics, dialectology (for a long time he was the chairman of the Moscow Dialectological Commission at the USSR Academy of Sciences), spelling, spelling, and the history of the Russian language. Ushakov was an active participant in the drafting of the spelling reform of 1917-1918.
Ushakov devoted a lot of time and effort to compiling programs and textbooks on the Russian language for primary, secondary and higher schools.
Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov - a man and a dictionary.
Dictionary work, compilation and editing of dictionaries - this is the area of S.I.’s scientific activity in which he left a noticeable and unique “Ozhegovsky” mark. It would not be an exaggeration to say that in the 50-60s there was not a single more or less noticeable lexicographic work in which S.I. did not take part - either as an editor (or a member of the editorial board), or as a scientific consultant and reviewer, or as the direct author-compiler.
He was a member of the editorial board of the SSRLYA USSR Academy of Sciences in 17 volumes (M.-L., 1948-1965) from the 6th to the 17th volume inclusive. He is the author-compiler and member of the editorial board of the academic "Dictionary of the Pushkin Language" in 4 volumes (M., 1956-1961).
Together with S. G. Barkhudarov and A. B. Shapiro, he edited the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from the 1st to the 12th edition inclusive); edited (together with R.I. Avanesov) the dictionary-reference book “Russian literary stress and pronunciation” (2nd ed., M., 1959); was the initiator of the creation and editor of the academic dictionary-reference book “Correctness of Russian Speech” (1st ed. - 1962, 2nd ed. - 1965), one of the authors of which is the author of this article.
Together with N. S. Ashukin and V. A. Filippov, S. I. compiled the “Dictionary of the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky (Handbook for actors, directors, translators)”, which in 1949 reached the layout, but was not published according to the conditions of that time (the fight against “cosmopolitanism”) and was published in a reprint edition only in 1993. Until the end of his life, S.I. was deputy chairman of the Dictionary Commission of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as a member of the editorial board of the famous “Lexicographic Collections”.
S.I.’s activities in compiling dictionaries began in the late 20s in Leningrad, when he was actively involved in editing the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1895-1937, publication was not completed). Volume 5, issue. 1, “D - activity” was completely compiled and edited by him alone.
From 1927 to 1940, first in Leningrad, and from 1936 in Moscow, S.I. participated in the compilation of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” - the first-born of Soviet lexicography. Dictionary edited by prof. D. N. Ushakova (“Ushakovsky Dictionary”) was published in 1935-1940 in 4 volumes and embodied the best traditions of Russian science, the lexicographic ideas of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, A. A. Shakhmatov, L V. Shcherby. Remarkable linguists took part in its compilation: V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, B.A. Larin, B.V. Tomashevsky, each of whom made a noticeable and unique contribution to this great general cultural cause. S.I. was one of the main compilers of the Ushakov Dictionary, the right hand of the editor-in-chief and the scientific and organizational “driver” of all the work (according to D.N. Ushakov himself).
Ozhegov's dictionary begins its wonderful life. The Ozhegov Dictionary went through 6 lifetime editions and was reprinted several times in foreign countries. Its popularity began to grow rapidly immediately after its publication. A reprint edition was published in China in 1952, followed shortly by an edition in Japan. It has become a reference book for many thousands of people in all corners of the globe who study the Russian language. Outside Russia, there is, in essence, not a single specialist in Russian studies who is not familiar with the name of S. I. Ozhegov and his dictionary. The latest tribute to his gratitude was the “New Russian-Chinese Dictionary”, published in Beijing in 1992. Its author, Li Sha (Russian by birth), made an unusual book: she meticulously, word for word, translated into Chinese the entire “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov.
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