The message is what is a person. The real position of the individual in society is reflected in her mind

the individual himself as an active subject of social relations and purposeful activity activity, as well as the systemic quality of the individual, due to his conscious activity in the system social connections and developing in the conditions of interaction and communication. Historians of psychology have repeatedly emphasized that the concept of “personality”, having a basic categorical status within the framework of psychological science, was interpreted in the theoretical constructions of various scientific schools and directions are fundamentally different. So, for example, A. V. Petrovsky, noting the ambiguity of understanding the psychological essence of personality by numerous researchers and tracing the historical trajectory of scientific advancement in the study of the psychological content of this concept, noted: “in “hormic psychology” (W. McDougall), in psychoanalysis (Z. Freud, A. Adler) the personality was interpreted as an ensemble of irrational unconscious drives. Behaviorism actually removed the problem of personality, which had no place in the mechanistic system "S-R" ("stimulus - reaction"). Very productive in terms of specific methodological solutions the concepts of K. Levin, A. Maslow, G. Allport, K. Rogers reveal a certain limitation, which manifests itself in physicalism, the transfer of mechanics to the analysis of personality manifestations (K. Levin), indeterminism in "humanistic psychology" and existentialism. The successes of Western empirical psychology are noticeable in the field of personality psychotherapy, communication training, etc. In Russian psychology, a person as a person is characterized by a system of relations conditioned by life in society, of which he is the subject. In the process of interaction with the world, an actively acting person acts as a whole in which the knowledge of the environment is carried out in unity with the experience. Personality is considered in the unity (but not identity) of the sensual essence of its carrier - the individual and the conditions social environment(B. G. Ananiev, A. N. Leontiev). natural properties and the characteristics of the individual act in the personality as its socially conditioned elements ... The personality is characterized by activity, that is, the desire of the subject to go beyond his own limits, expand the scope of his activity, act beyond the boundaries of the requirements of the situation and role prescriptions (achievement motivation, risk, etc.). ). Personality is characterized by orientation - a stable dominant system of motives, interests, beliefs, ideals, tastes, etc., in which human needs manifest themselves, deep semantic structures ("dynamic semantic systems" according to L. S. Vygotsky), which determine its consciousness and behavior, relatively resistant to verbal influences and transformed in the joint activities of groups and collectives (the principle of active mediation), the degree of awareness of one's relations to reality: attitudes (according to V. N. Myasishchev), attitudes (according to D. N. Uznadze, A. S. Prangishvili, Sh. A. Nadirashvili), dispositions (according to V. A. Yadov), etc.” Today, the most scientifically “advanced” idea of personality within the framework of domestic social psychology is designated as the concept of personalization (V. A. Petrovsky), within which there is a vision of personality as a unity of three hypostases of the existence of one’s own personality and personality: a) as a relatively stable set of intra-individual qualities: symptomatic complexes of mental properties that form her personality, motives, personality orientations, personality character structure, temperament features, abilities, etc .; b) as the inclusion of an individual in the space of interindividual relations, where relationships and interactions that arise in a group can be interpreted as carriers of the personality of their participants; c) as an ideal representation of individuals in the life of other people, including outside their actual contacts, as a result of significant changes carried out by the individual in the semantic formations of partners in interaction, their affective-need sphere and characteristics of behavioral activity. At the same time, a person experiences a natural, socially determined need to “be a person”, that is, to be as much as possible possible extent“ideally represented” in the minds of other people, first of all, by those of his own characteristics, facets of individuality that he himself values in himself. Obviously, the need to "be a person" can only be satisfied if there is an appropriate ability. It is also easy to understand that a gap, a “fork” between these needs and abilities can lead to serious disruptions in the process of personal development, qualitatively distort the line of personal growth, disrupt the general progressive direction of movement towards true personal maturity.

It is quite clear that the volume of empirical research, one way or another connected with the problem of personality, is truly enormous. At the same time, as G. M. Andreeva rightly notes, “the problem of personality is not only a problem of the totality psychological sciences... . At present, interest in the problems of possibilities human personality so great that almost all social sciences turn to this subject of study: the problem of personality is at the center of both philosophical and sociological knowledge; ethics, and pedagogy, and genetics are engaged in it”1. It is no coincidence that the term personology is widely used in foreign psychology, covering not only the entire spectrum of the psychological concepts of personality itself, but also the ideas of related sciences about it.

In this regard, a necessary, albeit rather intractable, task is to isolate precisely the socio-psychological specifics of the study of personality. From the point of view of G. M. Andreeva, “social psychology, using the definition of personality given by general psychology, finds out how, i.e., first of all, in which specific groups, the personality, on the one hand, assimilates social influences ( through which of the systems of its activity), and on the other hand, how, in which specific groups, it realizes its social essence (through which specific types of joint activities)”2. To solve this problem, according to G. M. Andreeva, it is necessary to study the problems of the group, traditional for socio-psychological research, but at the same time consider them from a “personal” and not a “group” point of view and, at the same time, separately investigate a number of specific problems. : social attitude, social identity of the individual, etc.

In foreign social psychology, along with the development of the three problems identified by G. M. Andreeva, most of the actual socio-psychological studies of personality are somehow connected with the self-concept of the individual. It must be said that the concept of the self-concept is widely interpreted by various authors, however, if we generalize the most common views, it can be characterized as a set of an individual's ideas about himself, or, in other words, the sum of significant personal identifications.

With a certain degree of conventionality, it can be argued that the self-concept is formed on the basis of information obtained from two sources - internal (self-perception) and external (social contacts).

The term "self-perception" was proposed by the psychologist D. Bem to refer to the tendency of people (based on the reflection of their own stable preferences and behavioral patterns) to make a generalizing conclusion about one or another of their personal characteristics. For example, if a person periodically violently reacts to disagreement with his own point of view, he can characterize himself as quick-tempered, emotional, etc. the form of stable beliefs, attitudes and affective preferences, therefore, there is a possibility that self-perception as a source of knowledge about oneself is applicable mainly to the secondary, and not to the significant aspects of one's own "I""1.

External sources of information on the basis of which an individual self-concept is formed are quite diverse, but the main ones are two: reflected assessment and feedback.

Reflected evaluation suggests that people view their social environment as a kind of "mirror" and evaluate themselves depending on the reaction of others. At the same time, the reference for the individual of the subject, perceived by him as a “mirror” (this is also true when receiving feedback), is essential. The fact that this is indeed the case is clearly evidenced by the results of an experiment conducted by a group of social psychologists at a US university. One of the two experimental groups, consisting of Catholic students, was shown a photograph of a frowning Pope, while the other was shown a photograph of a completely frowning one. stranger. The control group, which consisted of students who were not adherents of Catholicism, was shown the same photograph of the Pope as the first experimental group. Then, “the students were asked to rate some of their own personality traits. Zealous Catholics who were shown a photograph of a frowning Pope judged themselves more severely than students who saw the same photograph but were not strict adherents of Catholicism, or those Catholics who were shown a photograph of a person they did not know.

This experiment also clearly demonstrated how the reflected assessment as a source of information about oneself is subject to attributive, projective and other distortions in the subjective perception of the individual. It is quite obvious that the "frown" of the Pope in the photograph did not and could not have anything to do with the subjects. Nevertheless, the reaction of those students for whom the Pope was a reference figure was as if the non-verbally expressed disapproval of the head of the Catholic Church was addressed to them personally.

From this point of view, feedback in most cases is a more reliable source of information, since it involves a fairly direct and targeted reaction. social environment on certain actions of the individual and his personal qualities. At the same time, along with direct feedback, there are its indirect forms. So, for example, invitations (or, on the contrary, non-invitations) to business cooperation, joint leisure activities, etc., are a kind of feedback.

Under the influence of external and inside information formed such an important element of the self-concept from a practical point of view, as self-esteem. According to the almost unanimous opinion of social psychologists who specialize in a variety of applied fields - from organizational to family counseling, “people with high self-esteem have a clear idea of what personal qualities they possess, think well of themselves, set appropriate goals, use feedback to increase self-esteem and successfully cope with difficult situations. On the other hand, people with low self-esteem have less clear self-concepts, think poorly of themselves, often choose unrealistic goals or avoid goals altogether, tend to be pessimistic about the future, they also tend to have more unfavorable emotional reactions to criticism or other forms of negative feedback and are more concerned about their own social influence on other people."

A well-known confirmation of the validity of the last statement is the fact that there are really problematic students in almost every school, who are really prone to destructive and antisocial behavior, as a rule, evaluate not only their intellectual, but also their moral qualities extremely low. It is no coincidence that one of the world's most famous experts in the field of psychotherapy of children and adolescents, V. Satir, considered self-esteem enhancement as one of the main means of modifying problem behavior.

However, the significance of self-esteem is great not only in relation to children and child-parent relationships, but also to a much broader socio-psychological context. In this regard, it is entirely natural that a large number of research in foreign social psychology was aimed at studying the mechanism of maintaining self-esteem in the process interpersonal interaction. One of the most interesting concepts describing such mechanisms was developed by E. Tesser. He tried to understand how the achievements of significant others affect the individual's self-esteem (it should be added that interpersonal significance relationships are considered within this concept mainly, but not exclusively, in terms of attraction preferences). E. Tesser came to the conclusion that the reaction to the success of a significant other depends not only on the degree of its attractiveness and referentiality, but also on the extent to which the field of activity in which this success is achieved corresponds to the self-determination of the individual. Depending on the combination of these two factors, either a comparison effect or a reflection effect will take place. The difference between them in the concept of E. Tesser is formulated as follows: “Comparison effect. When another person outperforms us in an activity or certain type behaviors that are relevant to our self-definition, the greater its success and the closer our relationship, the greater the threat to our self-esteem. We feel jealousy, frustration and even anger. reflection effect. When another person surpasses us in activities or behaviors that are irrelevant to our self-definition, then the greater his success and the closer our relationship, the more favorable this is reflected in our self-esteem. The process of reflection makes us feel positive and take pride in the other person's success.

The concept of E. Tesser has been confirmed in a number of studies. Everyday life experience also testifies to its justice. The purchase of a new car by a neighbor with whom good relations are maintained is much more likely to cause envy and frustration in people (with the obligatory condition that they are also motorists) than a similar acquisition of a stranger living on the other street.

In general, the main provisions of the self-concept, although far from exhausting the subject content of the social psychology of the individual, allow the practical social psychologist to significantly simplify the procedural side of the assessment. personality traits certain members of a particular community and give it interpretative "keys" that allow it to draw reliable conclusions based on information obtained in the process of participant and external observation, interviews and other relatively simple and economical methods of personality research.

This is all the more important because the practical social psychologist working with groups and organizations, solving practice-oriented and applied problems of management, must rely on psychologically verified theoretical developments, including in the field of social psychology of the individual, without which it will simply be impossible for him to solve even the most "passing", momentary tasks of professionally adequate support group life.

PERSONALITY

a person who has at least the most minimal and primitive set of qualities and skills that allow him to survive, act and be competitive in a particular society; an individual who has at least a minimally expressed and/or articulated identity according to socio-cultural, ethnic, confessional-ideological and/or other characteristics (criteria). (Kosolapov N.A., p.103)

PERSONALITY

person; Personlichkeit) - aspects or hypostases of the soul that lives in the real world; for developing personality essential is the separation from collective values, in particular from those inherited or already realized by the person.

It is enough, for example, to carefully observe someone under various circumstances in order to discover how his personality changes dramatically when moving from one environment to another, and each time a sharply defined and clearly different character is revealed.<...>In accordance with social conditions and needs, the social character is guided, on the one hand, by the expectations and requirements of the business environment, and, on the other hand, by the social intentions and aspirations of the subject himself. Usually, the domestic character is formed, rather, according to the spiritual needs of the subject and his needs for convenience, which is why it happens that people, in public life extremely energetic, courageous, stubborn, stubborn and shameless, at home and in the family they turn out to be good-natured, soft, compliant and weak. Which character is true, where is real personality? Such a person has no real character at all, he is not individual at all, but collective, that is, he corresponds to general circumstances, meets general expectations. If it were individual, it would have the same character, with all the difference in attitude. He would not be identical with each given attitude and could not, and would not want to prevent his individuality from being expressed in one way or another, both in one and in the other state. In reality, he is individual, like any other being, but only unconsciously. By his more or less complete identification with each given attitude, he deceives at least others, and often himself, as to what his real character is; he puts on a mask of which he knows that it corresponds, on the one hand, to his own intentions, on the other hand, to the claims and opinions of his environment, and now one or the other moment prevails ”(PT, par. 697-698).

PERSONALITY

phenomenon community development, a concrete living person with consciousness and self-consciousness. Personality structure - holistic systemic education, a set of socially significant mental properties, relationships and actions of an individual that have developed in the process of ontogenesis and determine his behavior as the behavior of a conscious subject of activity and communication. Personality is a self-regulating dynamic functional system properties, relationships and actions that are continuously interacting with each other, taking shape in the process of human ontogenesis. The core formation of the personality is self-esteem, which is based on the assessment of the individual by other people and his assessment of these others. In a broad, traditional sense - a person, this is an individual as a subject of social relations and conscious activity. The personality structure includes all the psychological characteristics of a person, and all the morphophysiological features of his body - up to the characteristics of metabolism. The popularity and persistence of this extended understanding in the literature seems to be due to its resemblance to the ordinary meaning of the word. In a narrow sense, it is the systemic quality of an individual determined by involvement in social relations, formed in joint activities and communication.

According to A.N. Leontiev, personality is a qualitatively new formation. It is formed through life in society. Therefore, only a person can be a person, and then only after reaching a certain age. In the course of activity, a person enters into relationships with other people - into social relationships, and these relationships become personality-forming. From the side of the person himself, his formation and life as a person act primarily as development, transformation, subordination and resubordination of his motives. This representation is quite complicated and needs some explanation. It does not coincide with the traditional interpretation - in a broad sense. The narrowed concept allows us to isolate very important aspect human being associated with the social nature of his life. Man as a social being acquires new qualities, which are absent if he is considered as an isolated, non-social being. And each person from a certain time begins to make a certain contribution to the life of society and individuals. That is why, next to the concepts of personality and personal, the concept of socially significant appears. Although this significant may be socially unacceptable: a crime is as much a personal act as a feat. For the psychological concretization of the concept of personality, it is necessary to answer at least questions about what the neoplasm called personality consists of, how personality is formed, how the growth and functioning of his personality appears from the standpoint of the subject himself. The criteria for a formed personality are as follows:

1) the presence in the motives of the hierarchy in a certain sense - as the ability to overcome one's own immediate impulses for the sake of something else - the ability to behave indirectly. At the same time, it is assumed that the motives, due to which immediate urges are overcome, are social in origin and meaning (simply mediated behavior can be based on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, and even "spontaneous morality": the subject may not be aware of what exactly makes him act in a certain way" but act quite morally);

2) the ability to consciously manage one's own behavior; this leadership is conducted on the basis of conscious motives-goals and principles (in contrast to the first criterion, it is assumed here that conscious subordination of motives is conscious mediation of behavior, which implies the presence of self-consciousness as a special instance of the individual). In didactic terms, all the properties, relationships and actions of a person can be conditionally combined into four closely related functional substructures, each of which is a complex formation that plays a certain role in life:

1) regulation system;

2) stimulation system;

3) stabilization system;

4) display system. In the course of human social development, the systems of regulation and stimulation constantly interact, and on their basis more and more complex mental properties, relationships and actions arise that direct the individual to solve life problems. The unity of the individual throughout the life path is ensured by the memory-continuity of goals, actions, relationships, claims, beliefs, ideals, etc. Western psychology considers the individual as "an entirely psychic being." In hormic psychology and in psychoanalysis, personality was interpreted as an ensemble of irrational unconscious drives. The concepts of K. Levin, A. Maslow, G. Allport, K. Rogers, which are very productive in terms of specific methodological solutions, also show certain limitations. But in the field of personality psychotherapy, communication training and other things, the successes of Western empirical psychology are very noticeable. AT domestic psychology personality is considered in unity (but not identity) and the sensual essence of its bearer - the individual and the conditions of the social environment. The natural properties and characteristics of the individual appear in the personality as its socially determined elements. Personality is the mediating link through which external influence associated with its effect in the psyche of the individual. The emergence of a personality "hell of a systemic quality is due to the fact that an individual, in joint activity with other individuals, changes the world and through this change transforms himself, becoming a personality. A personality is characterized by:

1) activity - the desire of the subject to go beyond his own limits, expand the scope of activity, act beyond the boundaries of the requirements of the situation and role prescriptions;

2) orientation - a stable dominant system of motives - interests, beliefs, ideals, tastes and other things in which human needs manifest themselves;

3) deep semantic structures (semantic dynamic systems, according to L. S. Vygotsky), which determine her consciousness and behavior; they are relatively resistant to verbal influences and are transformed into activities of joint groups and collectives (the principle of activity mediation);

4) the degree of awareness of their relationship to reality: attitudes, attitudes, dispositions, etc. A developed personality has a developed self-awareness, which does not exclude the unconscious mental regulation of some important aspects of its activity. Subjectively, for an individual, a personality acts as his Self, as a system of ideas about himself, constructed by an individual in the processes of activity and communication, which ensures the unity and identity of his personality and reveals himself in self-assessments, in a sense of self-esteem, a level of claims, etc. The image of the Self is something how the individual sees himself in the present, in the future, what he would like to be if he could, etc. Correlating the image of the I with the real circumstances of the individual's life allows the individual to change behavior and realize the goals of self-education. The appeal to self-esteem and self-respect of the individual is an important factor in the directed impact on the individual in the course of education. Personality as a subject of interpersonal relations reveals itself in three representations that form a unity:

1) a personality as a relatively stable set of its intra-individual qualities: symptomatic complexes of mental properties that form its individuality, motives, personality orientations; the structure of the character of the personality, features of temperament, abilities;

2) personality as the inclusion of an individual in the space of interindividual relations, where relationships and interactions that arise in a group can be interpreted as carriers of the personalities of their participants; this way, for example, a false alternative is overcome in understanding interpersonal relationships either as group phenomena or as personality phenomena: the personal acts as a group, the group - as a personal one;

3) personality as an "ideal representation" of an individual in the life of other people, including beyond the limits of their actual interaction; as a result of the semantic transformations of the spheres of intellectual and affective needs of other personalities actively implemented by a person. An individual in his development experiences a socially determined need to be a person - to posit himself in the life of other people, continuing his existence in them, and discovers the ability to be a person, realized in a socially significant activity. The presence and features of the ability to be a person can be detected using the method of reflected subjectivity. The development of personality occurs in the conditions of socialization of the individual and his upbringing.

PERSONALITY

English personality; from lat. persona - actor's mask; role, position; face, personality). In the social sciences, personality is considered as a special quality of a person acquired by him in the sociocultural environment in the process of joint activity and communication. In humanistic philosophical and psychological concepts, L. is a person as a value for the sake of which the development of society is carried out (see I. Kant). With all the variety of approaches to understanding L., the following are traditionally distinguished. aspects of this problem: 1) the versatility of the phenomenology of natural sciences, reflecting the objectively existing diversity of manifestations of man in the evolution of nature, the history of society, and his own life; 2) the interdisciplinary status of the problem of L., which is in the field of study of the social and natural sciences; 3) the dependence of the understanding of L. on the image of a person who explicitly or covertly exists in culture and science at a certain stage of their development; 4) the discrepancy between the manifestations of the individual, L. and individual cmu, studied within the relatively independent of each other biogenetic, sociogenetic and personogenetic directions of modern human knowledge; 5) breeding a research setting that orients a specialist to understanding the development of L. in nature and society, and a practical setting aimed at the formation or correction of L. in accordance with the goals set by society or set by a specific person who turned to a specialist.

The focus of representatives of the biogenetic orientation is on the problems of human development as an individual with certain anthropogenetic properties (inclinations, temperament, biological age, gender, body type, neurodynamic properties n. c, organic urges, drives, needs, etc.), which go through various stages of maturation as the phylogenetic program of the species is realized in ontogeny. The maturation of the individual is based on the adaptive processes of the body, which are studied by differential and age-related psychophysiology, psychogenetics, neuropsychology, gerontology, psychoendocrinology and sexology. (See also Human Constitution.)

Representatives of different currents of sociogenetic orientation study the processes of human socialization, the development of social norms and roles, the acquisition of social attitudes (see Attitude) and value orientations, the formation of social and national character a person as a typical member of a particular community. Problems of socialization, or, in a broad sense, social adaptation the person, are developed g. about. in sociology and social psychology, ethnopsychology, history of psychology. (See also Basic Personality Structure, Marginal Personality, Social Psychology.)

The focus of personogenetic orientation is on the problems of activity, self-awareness and creativity of L., the formation of the human self, the struggle of motives, the education of individual character and abilities, self-realization and personal choice, the incessant search for the meaning of life. The study of all these manifestations of L. is engaged in the general psychology of L.; different aspects these problems are highlighted in psychoanalysis, individual psychology, analytical and humanistic psychology.

In the isolation of the biogenetic, sociogenetic, and personogenetic directions, a metaphysical scheme for determining the development of L. is manifested under the influence of 2 factors: environment and heredity (see Convergence theory). Within the framework of the cultural-historical system-activity approach, a fundamentally different scheme for determining the development of personality is being developed. In this scheme, the properties of a person as an individual are considered as "impersonal" prerequisites for the development of personality, which in the course of a life path can receive personal development.

The sociocultural environment is a source that feeds the development of L., and not a "factor" that directly determines behavior. Being a condition for the implementation of human activity, it carries those social norms, values, roles, ceremonies, tools, systems of signs that an individual encounters. The real foundations and driving force behind the development of L. are joint activities and communication, through which the movement of L. in the world of people, its familiarization with culture, is carried out. The relationship between the individual as a product of anthropogenesis, a person who has mastered socio-historical experience, and an individual who transforms the world, can be. conveyed by the formula: "An individual is born. A person becomes. Individuality is upheld."

Within the framework of the system-activity approach, L. is considered as a relatively stable set of mental properties, as a result of the inclusion of an individual in the space of interindividual connections. An individual in his development experiences a socially conditioned need to be L. and discovers the ability to become L., realized in socially significant activities. This determines the development of man as L.

The abilities and functions that form in the course of development reproduce in L. historically formed human qualities. The mastery of reality in the child is carried out in his activity with the help of adults. The activity of the child is always mediated by adults, directed by them (in accordance with their ideas about proper upbringing and pedagogical skills). Based on what the child already possesses, adults organize his activities to master new aspects of reality and new forms of behavior (see Children's Activities).

The development of L. is carried out in activity (see Leading activity), controlled by a system of motives. The activity-mediated type of relationship that a person develops with the most reference group (or person) is a determining factor in development (see Activity mediation interpersonal relationships theory).

AT general view development of L. m. presented as a process and result of a person entering a new socio-cultural environment. If an individual enters a relatively stable social community, he, under favorable circumstances, goes through 3 phases of his formation in it as a L. The 1st phase - adaptation - involves the assimilation of existing values and norms and mastery of the appropriate means and forms of activity, and thereby to some extent likening the individual to other members of this community. The 2nd phase - individualization - is generated by the growing contradictions between the need to "be like everyone else" and L.'s desire for maximum personalization. The 3rd phase - integration - is determined by the contradiction between the desire of the individual to be ideally represented by his own characteristics and differences in community and the need for community to accept, approve and cultivate only those features that contribute to its development and, thereby, the development of himself as L. If the contradiction has not been resolved, disintegration sets in and, as a result, either the isolation of L., or its displacement from the community, or degradation with a return to earlier stages of its development.

When an individual fails to overcome the difficulties of the adaptation period, he develops the qualities of conformity, dependence, timidity, and uncertainty. If at the 2nd phase of development an individual, presenting personal properties characterizing his personality to the reference group for him, does not meet mutual understanding, then this can contribute to the formation of negativism, aggressiveness, suspicion, deceit. With the successful completion of the integration phase in a highly developed group, an individual develops humanity, trust, justice, exactingness towards himself, self-confidence, etc., etc. Due to the fact that the situation of adaptation, individualization, integration with sequential or parallel entry is repeatedly reproduced in various groups, the corresponding personality neoplasms are fixed, a stable structure of L.

A particularly significant period in the age development of L. is adolescence (adolescence) and early youth, when developing L. begins to single out himself as an object of self-knowledge and self-education. Initially assessing others, L. uses the experience of such assessments, developing self-esteem, which becomes the basis of self-education. But the need for self-knowledge (primarily in the awareness of one's moral and psychological qualities) cannot be. identified with the withdrawal into the world of inner experiences. The growth of self-awareness, associated with the formation of such qualities of L. as will and moral feelings, contributes to the emergence of strong beliefs and ideals. The need for self-awareness and self-education is generated, first of all, by the fact that a person must be aware of his capabilities and needs in the face of future changes in his life, in his social status. If there is a significant discrepancy between the level of L.'s needs and her capabilities, acute affective experiences arise (see Affects).

In the development of self-awareness in adolescence a significant role is played by the judgments of other people, and above all, the assessment of parents, teachers and peers. This makes serious demands on the pedagogical tact of parents and teachers, requires individual approach to each developing L.

Conducted in the Russian Federation since the mid-1980s. work to update the education system involves the development of the L. of the child, adolescent, youth, the democratization and humanization of the educational process in all types of educational institutions. Thus, there is a change in the goal of upbringing and education, which is not the totality of knowledge, skills, and habits, but the free development of human L.. Knowledge, skills and abilities retain their exceptional importance, but not as a goal, but as a means to achieve the goal. Under these conditions, the task of forming the basic culture of literature comes to the fore, which would make it possible to eliminate the contradictions between technical and humanitarian culture in the structure of literature, overcome the alienation of man from politics and ensure his active inclusion in the new socio-economic conditions of society. The implementation of these tasks presupposes the formation of a culture of self-determination of L., an understanding of the inherent value of human life, its individuality and uniqueness. (A. G. Asmolov, A. V. Petrovsky.)

Addendum ed.: The almost generally accepted translation of the word L. to & to personality (and vice versa) is not quite adequate. Personality is more of an individuality. In Peter's time, a doll was called a person. L. is selfhood, self ness or self, which is close to Russian. the word "self". A more accurate equivalent of the word "L." in english lang. does not exist. The inaccuracy of the translation is far from harmless, because readers get the impression or belief that L. is subject to testing, manipulation, formation, etc. L. formed from the outside becomes the presence of the one who formed it. L. is not a product of the collective, adaptation to it or integration into it, but the basis of the collective, any human community that is not a crowd, herd, flock or pack. The commonality is strong in the variety of L. that constitutes it. Synonymous with L. is her freedom, along with a sense of guilt and responsibility. In this sense, L. is above the state, the nation, she is not inclined to conformism, although she is not alien to compromise.

In ros. the philosophical tradition of L. is a miracle and a myth (A. F. Losev); “L., understood in the sense of pure L., is for each I only an ideal - the limit of aspirations and self-construction ... It is impossible to give the concept of L. ... it is incomprehensible, goes beyond the limits of any concept, transcendent to any concept. One can only create a symbol of the fundamental characteristic of L... As for the content, it can not be rational, but only directly experienced in the experience of self-creation, in the active self-construction of L., in the identity of spiritual self-knowledge "(Florensky P. A .). MM Bakhtin continues Florensky's thought: when we are dealing with the cognition of L., we must generally go beyond the limits of subject-object relations, which are the subject and object considered in epistemology. This should be taken into account by psychologists who use strange phrases: "subjectivity of L.", "psychological subject". Regarding the latter, G. G. Shpet frankly quipped: “A psychological subject without a residence permit and without physiological organism there is simply a native of a world unknown to us ... if we take him for a real one, he will certainly draw in an even greater wonder - a psychological predicate! Today, philosophically and psychologically suspicious subjects and their shadows are increasingly wandering through the pages of psychological literature. An unscrupulous subject, a soulless subject - this, most likely, is not quite normal, but familiar. And a sincere, conscientious, spiritualized subject is funny and sad. Subjects can represent, including all sorts of abominations, and L. - personify. It is no coincidence that Losev connected the origin of the word L. with a face, and not with a mask, a person, a mask. L., as a miracle, as a myth, as uniqueness does not need extensive disclosure. Bakhtin reasonably noted that L. can reveal himself in a gesture, in a word, in an act (and maybe even drown). A. A. Ukhtomsky was undoubtedly right when he said that L. is a functional organ of individuality, its state. It should be added - a state of mind and spirit, and not an honorary life title. After all, she can lose face, distort her face, drop her human dignity, which is taken by force. Ukhtomsky was echoed by N. A. Bernshtein, saying that L. is the supreme synthesis of behavior. Supreme! In L. integration, merging, harmony of external and internal is achieved. And where there is harmony, science, including psychology, falls silent.

So, L. is a mysterious excess of individuality, its freedom, which cannot be calculated, predicted. L. is visible immediately and entirely, and thus differs from the individual, whose properties are subject to disclosure, testing, study and evaluation. L. is an object of surprise, admiration, envy, hatred; subject of unbiased, disinterested, understanding penetration and artistic image. But not the subject of practical interest, formation, manipulation. The foregoing does not mean that it is contraindicated for psychologists to reflect on L. But to reflect, and not to define or reduce it to a hierarchy of motives, the totality of its needs, creativity, cross-sections of activities, affects, meanings, the subject, the individual, etc., etc.

Let us give examples of useful reflections on L. A. S. Arseniev: L. is a reliable person, whose words and deeds do not diverge from each other, who freely decides what to do and is responsible for the results of his actions. L. is, of course, an infinite being, breathing bodily and spiritually. L. is characterized by awareness of the conflict between morality and morality and the primacy of the latter. The author insists on the value, rather than the monetary and market dimension of L. T. M. Bu-yakas highlights other features: L. is a person who has embarked on the path of self-determination, overcoming the need to seek support in external support. L. has the ability to fully rely on himself, make an independent choice, take his position, be open and ready for any new turns in his life path. L. ceases to depend on external assessments, trusts herself, finds internal support in herself. She is free. No description of L. can be. exhaustive. (V.P. Zinchenko.)

Personality

a set of relatively stable behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits and predispositions that an individual tends to manifest in a variety of situations, various environmental conditions, when interacting with other people, and which underlie individual differences.

Personality

Personality is a phenomenon of social development, a living person with consciousness and self-awareness. The term refers to stable characteristics or traits of a person that determine his thinking and behavior in different situations. It is also understood that different people behave differently in similar situations, and the difference in behavior is a product of the dissimilarity of their personalities. The personality separates from other, more transient states (such as mood) because of its stability over time. Given these premises, one can conclude that a person should behave in a consistent manner in different situations. For example, an extrovert will show signs of extraverted behavior wherever he is. Opponents of this point of view argue that behavior does not remain constant over time, but depends on the characteristics of a given situation.

PERSONALITY

personality) - (in psychology) an individual with special personal qualities that distinguish him from other people. The most common patterns of behavior among people are sometimes classified into different categories (see Personality Change, Extrovertedness, Neurotic State).

Personality

Etymology. Comes from Russian. face (persona corresponds to the term persona - originally a mask, or a role played by an actor in the ancient Greek theater).

Specificity. Already in 1734, H. Wolf gave a definition of personality (Personlichkeit) as follows: "That which retains memories of itself and perceives itself as the same both before and now." This tradition of understanding personality was continued by W. James, who interpreted personality as the sum of everything that a person can call his own. In these definitions, the concept of personality becomes identical to the concept self-consciousness, therefore, the definition of personality through social relationships is more justified. In this approach, the individual appears as a system social behavior individual.

The core formation of the personality is self-esteem, which is based on the assessment of the individual by other people and his assessment of these others. Wherein special meaning given to personal identification.

Research. The model of personality developed in depth psychology, primarily in psychoanalysis (A. Adler, G. Sullivan, E. Fromm, K. Horney), is focused on explaining intrapsychological processes when referring primarily to the concepts of the structure and dynamics of "internal conflict".

On the contrary, the personality model developed in behaviorism is based on externally observable behavior, on actions and interactions with other people in an actual situation (situationism, interactionism). In modern behaviorism, personality is understood as a system of generated forms of behavior that are formed on the basis of situation-specific behavior (Rotter's social learning theory).

Within the framework of humanistic psychology, a person is considered primarily as making responsible decisions (implicit theory of personality, theory of a self-actualizing personality).

In Marxist psychology, personality is defined as the product historical development individual, primarily within the framework of joint labor activity (A. Vallon, I. Meyerson, J. Politzer, S. L. Rubinshtein, A. N. Leontiev). In particular, Leontiev considers personality as created by social relations, which the subject enters into within the framework of his activity. Wherein individual activities the subject, represented primarily by their motives, enter into a hierarchy of relations with each other, forming the so-called hierarchy of motives. In the concept of A.V. Petrovsky, the type of personality development is determined through the type of group in which it is included and in which it is integrated; proper personal activity is the desire to go beyond the usual and act beyond the boundaries of the requirements of the situation or roles.

Structure. Rubinstein (1946) singled out the following components of personality: 1. Orientation (attitudes, interests, needs). 2. Ability. 3. Temperament.

In the classification of personality traits by VS Merlin (1967), based on the definition of dominance or natural or social principles, the following levels are presented: 1. Individual properties (temperament and individual characteristics of mental processes). 2. Properties of individuality (motives, relationships, character, abilities).

In modern research on the structure of personality, along with testing experimental hypotheses that determine the role of specific factors influencing personality variables, a large role is given to factor-analytic strategies (three-factor personality theory, the Big Five model).

Diagnostics. To identify personality traits, personality tests are used (projective tests, personality questionnaires, behavior analysis, interviews).

Literature.. Bozhovich L.I. Personality and its formation in childhood. M., 1968;

Sev L. Marxism and personality theory. M., 1972;

Zeigarnik B.V. The theory of personality in foreign psychology. M., 1972

Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. L.M., 1977;

Psychology of Personality. Texts. M., 1982;

Petrovsky A.V. Personality. Activity. Collective. M., 1982;

Stolin V.V. Self-consciousness of the individual. M., 1983;

Asmolov A.G. Personality as a subject psychological research. M., 1984;

Huell L., Ziegler D. Personality Theories. SPb., 1997

PERSONALITY

One of the classic "chapter headings" in psychology. That is, the term is so difficult to define and has such a wide scope of use that a wise author uses it as the title of a chapter and then freely writes about it, without assuming any responsibility for the definitions, if they are presented in the text. In order not to repeat here the recklessness of several dozen imprudent authors (G. W. Allport, since 1927, managed to collect about 50 different definitions from the literature, and only heaven knows how many of them can be found today), we will characterize this term not definitionally, but rather in accordance with its role in personality theory. This approach seems to be the best, as the meaning of the term for each author tends to be colored by its theoretical predisposition and the empirical tools used to evaluate and test the theory. The simplest procedure would be to present a few of the most influential general trends and describe how each characterizes the term.

Theories of types. The oldest of these is the theory of Hippocrates, which you

advanced the hypothesis of four basic temperaments: choleric, sangvi

nic, melancholic and phlegmatic. Polo was used here

ing, as in all subsequent type theories, that each individual presupposes

represents a certain balance of these basic elements. Most

the complete typological theory was the theory of V.G. Sheldon, who approved

gave (but inconclusively) that body types are closely related to personality development.

See constitutional theory for a discussion. Carl Jung's approach though

and belongs in fact to psychoanalytic theories (see below), is sometimes classified as type theory because of its emphasis on classifying individuals into types, eg introvert-extrovert.

Damn theories. All theories of this kind start from the assumption that a person's personality is a compendium of traits or characteristic ways of behaving, thinking, feeling, responding, and so on. Early trait theories were little more than lists of adjectives, and personality was defined through enumeration. More modern approaches used the method of factor analysis in an attempt to isolate the main dimensions of personality. Perhaps the most influential theory here is that of R.B. Cattell, based on a set of deep traits, which, as it was believed, each individual has quite a lot and which have "real structural influences that determine personality." According to Cattell, the goal of personality theory is to produce an individual trait matrix with which to make predictions about behavior.

Note that the approaches in terms of types and traits complement each other and indeed one could argue that these are two sides of the same coin. Type theories primarily deal with what individuals have in common, trait theories focus on what makes them different. However, they certainly lead to very different understandings of the basic term personality.

3. Psychodynamic and psychoanalytic theories. There are many approaches here, including classical theories Freud and Jung, social

psychological theories of Adler, Fromm, Sullivan and Horney, more modern approaches of Laing and Perls and others. Between them there are many

differences, but they all contain an important common basic idea: the personality in all of them is characterized through the concept of integration. Strong emphasis is usually placed on developmental factors, with the implicit assumption that adult personality develops gradually over time, depending on how the integration of various factors occurs. In addition, great importance is attached to the concepts of motivation, so that no consideration of personality problems is considered theoretically useful without an assessment of the main motivational syndromes. Synonym - character (2).

Behaviorism. The basis of this trend was the extension of learning theory to the study of personality. Although there is no influential

purely behavioristic theory of personality, this direction stimulated

other theorists to a close examination of the integral problem:

which of the stable behaviors exhibited by most people are the result of basic types, or traits, or personality dynamics, and which

a consequence of the constancy of the environment and the sequence of random

emerging reinforcements? It is not surprising that the scientists cited below, who have been influenced to varying degrees by behaviorism, fail to see the personality itself in their search for answers to these questions, and to some extent they question the necessity of the term personality.

Humanism. This direction arose as a reaction to what was

accepted as the dominance of psychoanalysis and behaviorism in psychology. Ta

Some thinkers such as Maslow, Rogers, May, and Frankl focused on phenomenology, which emphasized subjective mental experience, on holism, which opposed the reductionism of behaviorism, and on the importance of striving for self-actualization (2). The main problems of humanism concern the difficulty of scientific verification of many of its theoretical concepts. Nevertheless, it remains an important approach to the study of the personality ideal, the beginning of the movement of human potential.

Theories of social learning. Many theoretical discussions with this

points of view come from the problem of the relationship of the effects of the environment with the effects of properties given from nature. However, the concept of personality is considered here as those aspects of behavior that are acquired in a social context. Leading theorist Albert Bandura bases his position on the premise that, although learning has a decisive influence, factors other than simple response-stimulus and random reinforcements. In particular, cognitive factors such as memory, memory retention processes, and self-regulatory processes are important, and many studies have focused on modeling and observing

teachings as a mechanism that can give a theoretically satisfactory

a new description of consistent behavior in social contexts.

Situationism. This direction, the founder of which was Walter Michel, is derived from behaviorism and the theory of social

learning. Its adherents believe that any observed stable pattern of behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the situation rather than by any internal types or personality traits. Indeed, the very concept of a personality trait, from this point of view, is nothing but a mental construct of an observer trying to give some meaning to the behavior of others, and exists only in the mind of the observer. The constancy of behavior is attributed more to the similarity of situations in which a person tends to find himself than to internal constancy.

Interactionism. This position is eclectic. She admits that certain share of truth is found in all the above, more narrowly focused theories, and it states that personality arises from the interactions of certain qualities and predispositions and the way in which Environment affects how these qualities and behavioral tendencies are manifested. It is not at all obvious that, according to this view, the person exists as a separate "thing". Rather, it becomes

sort of a generic term for complex patterns of interaction.

It is interesting to note that the above theoretical approaches are seen as representing two different generalizations about the term personality itself, since positions 1-3 represent a valid theoretical construct, a hypothetical, internal "entity" with a causal role in behavior and, from a theoretical point of view, a genuine explanatory by force. Positions 4-8 are seen as a secondary factor derived from the persistence of behavior - while other operations and processes play an important causal role in determining behavior - and therefore, as a concept, it is not supported by strong arguments.

In addition to the above, of course, there are other theoretical approaches, which, each in turn, have been the focus of science (for example, see existentialism, field theory). But the theories mentioned should suffice to give an idea of the difference in meanings that the term personality can express. The term also occurs in a variety of compound forms, the most commonly used of which are listed below.

The problem of personality is one of the most relevant topics in modern psychology. This term is characterized by some features, it is worth noting that they do not include genetic or physiological aspects. In addition, the features do not include the psychological and individual person. Rather, they include social deep features that testify to the direction of human life, reflect the nature of man as the author of his life. So, what is a personality - many people ask this question, so you should consider the basic definitions.

In a broad sense, personality is such a substance that internally distinguishes one person from another.

There are three different definitions that describe the concept of personality.
1. The concept is interpreted as the individuality of a person, which indicates his life experience, values, aspirations, abilities, spiritual development and temperament. If we consider such an understanding in more detail, then we can say that a person, an animal has it, since each animal has its own individual characteristics and character.
2. With an intermediate understanding - the concept of personality - is the subject of society, which has a social and personal role. This definition of the concept of personality belongs to Adler and begins with social feeling. After all, finding and feeling great is not an easy task, if a person successfully copes with it, then it develops into something higher. That is, in this concept, such a person is a subject that interacts with other people at the level of habits.
3. Narrow understanding: a person is a subject of culture, a self. He is defined as a person who is the author of his own life. That is, the child is not such, but may or may not become one.
The definition of such a concept as a person can be anything. However, all definitions have a common meaning.

Personality problems in the psychological aspect

If the concept of the individual is accompanied general qualities homo sapiens, then the concept of personality has a close and inextricable connection with the concept of individuality, that is, with social qualities, with a person’s attitude to the world, with his abilities. A person can be characterized by the level of his consciousness, by the degree of correlation of his own consciousness with the consciousness of society. The ability of a person to social relations is manifested. The main points that characterize the concept under consideration include the following:

Attitude towards society;
Attitude towards individuals from society;
Attitude towards oneself;
Attitude to own work responsibilities.

According to these criteria, it is possible to explain what a person is. Also, the main characteristic is the level of awareness of relationships and the degree of their stability. With the concept of personality important role plays its position, as well as the ability to implement relations, which depends on how developed Creative skills person, his knowledge and skills. After all, no person is born with ready-made abilities or qualities, they are formed throughout life. The hereditary component does not determine the level of development, it is only responsible for the physiological abilities of the individual, the quality nervous system. But in biological organization man laid it natural opportunities associated with mental development. A person becomes a person only thanks to social heredity, the experience of other generations, which are fixed in knowledge, traditions, cultural objects. The problem of personality lies in numerous points that are basic for

The formation of personality

The formation of human nature occurs under strictly defined conditions. The requirements of society often determine the model. And what actually acts as natural characteristics essence of man, is actually represented by the consolidation of social requirements for behavior. Below we will consider what stages a person goes through in the process of becoming.
The main driving force is the internal contradictions that arise between constantly growing needs and the possibility of satisfying them. The entity formed in normal conditions, is constantly growing and developing its capabilities, while forming new needs. The main problem of personality is considered in psychology and philosophy and includes its definition as such.

How to determine the level of personality development

The level at which the problem of the personality is located, its development, can be determined by its relations. As a rule, undeveloped persons are limited to mercantile interests. If it is highly developed, then this indicates that relations of social significance predominate in it, and there are also numerous abilities of the individual both for social relations and for. Each individual throughout his life is engaged in solving rather complex problems, and the essence is largely manifested in the way he solves these very problems. After all, each person solves difficulties in different ways.
To understand an individual means to understand what life values are his priorities, what principles he is guided by when solving problems. The problem of personality lies in self-awareness and in self-improvement, which must be continuous.

Types

There are several main personality types:

Socialized - which are adapted to the conditions of social life.
Desocialized - who deviate from the requirements of society. These include marginalized individuals. The problem of personality in this case is not accepted by society.
Mentally abnormal are individuals who have some delay in mental development, psychopaths. Here the problem of personality is that people try to avoid such faces.

A socialized normal entity has a number of features. It has autonomy, the assertion of its own individuality. If critical situations arise, the socialized nature retains its strategy, does not change its life principles and positions. If extreme situations and psychological breakdowns arise, such a nature can prevent the consequences through a reassessment of values. The concept of such a person involves maintaining the optimal mood in any situation.

If an individual is mentally balanced, then he builds benevolent relations with other people, is altruistic in relation to their needs. When building life plans, a normal nature proceeds from reality, has a sense of honor and justice. She is persistent about achieving goals and can easily correct her own behavior. The sources of success or failure for her are herself, and not external circumstances.

If difficult situations arise, a well-developed individual is able to take responsibility and risk justifiably.
So, the human essence is that which has the consciousness of its own isolation, which allows it to be free from the dictates of power, to remain calm under any conditions. Such abilities of the individual make it and contribute to further development.
The core is spirituality, which is represented by the highest manifestation of human essence, commitment to morality.

Structure

The structure consists of a number of elements - the abilities of the individual, among which the following can be distinguished:

Self-awareness. That is, she is aware of any actions, considers only herself the source of her life. Self-consciousness is aimed at the consciousness of one's own self, and next to this concept is self-improvement, which also plays an important role in the formation of human essence.
Orientation characterizes its features of character, goals, directions for achieving them. Orientation is the most important element and characterizes social and spiritual development. Orientation is a leading element in the structure, and also allows you to get an idea of the personality as a whole.
Temperament and character. These qualities are formed under the influence public opinion and are also passed on genetically. Temperament refers to certain properties of the psyche, which act as a foundation for formation. Such qualities are equally manifested in any human activity, since they are basic.
Mental processes and states. They can be passed on genetically, but are usually formed throughout life.
The abilities of the individual, as well as his inclinations, must develop continuously, it is thanks to their development that growth is maintained. The abilities of any person are acquired and are formed depending on a number of factors.
Psychic experience. This fragment is also very important in the formation of the essence.

So, the structure is quite extensive, unique, each link must be fully implemented.
The concept of personality is quite extensive and versatile, it is characterized by such factors as temperament, behavior, abilities, mental health. The problem of personality lies in the main points of its formation, which are associated with behavior, development, skills and abilities. Human nature is diversified and special, and the main task is to create the maximum comfortable conditions for further development.

Personality

noun, well., use often

Morphology: (no) whom/what? personalities, to whom; to what? personalities, (see) who/what? personality, by whom/what? personality about who/what? about personality; pl. who what? personalities, (no) whom/what? personalities, to whom; to what? personalities, (see) whom? personalities, (see) whom? personalities, by whom/what? personalities about who/what? about personalities

1. Personality called the set of properties inherent this person that make up his personality.

The development of personality in a person begins in childhood. | Be influenced by his personality. | Academic subject at school - not an end in itself, but a means of developing the personality of the child.

2. Personality they call a person with a pronounced individuality, remarkable in all respects.

Our new conductor is a personality. | These people are interesting not only as musicians, but also as bright personalities.

3. Personality they call a person from the point of view of his character, behavior, etc., which determine his essence.

Suspicious person. | Bright personality. | Heroic personality. | All sorts of dark personalities always curl around him.

4. Personality They call a person as a member of society, a representative of any social stratum.

The role of personality in history. | Guarantee of personal inviolability. | Show your ID. | Since ancient times, states have sought to control their subjects, and one of the best ways to control this has always been identity cards.

5. If someone is said to be in an argument or discussion goes to personality, which means that instead of refuting someone else's point of view, he begins to discuss negative qualities the one who expresses this point of view; in colloquial speech.

The habit of becoming personal in conceptual disputes is alarming.

personal adj.

Dictionary Russian language Dmitrieva. D.V. Dmitriev. 2003 .

Synonyms:

See what "personality" is in other dictionaries:

I. From the history of the word "personality" in Russian until the middle of the 19th century. 1. In Russian word personality, many of those meanings and semantic shades that developed in different European languages in a large group of words dating back to ... ... History of words

Dormitory and scientific. a term denoting: 1) human. individual as a subject of relations and is conscious. activity (a person, in the broad sense of the word) or 2) a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of one or ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

personality- Congenital features of thinking, sensations and behavior that determine the uniqueness of the individual, his way of life and the nature of adaptation and are the result of constitutional factors of development and social status. Brief sensible psychologist ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

PERSONALITY, personality, wives. 1. only units A separate human self, human individuality, as a carrier of individual social and subjective features and properties. "Citizens of the USSR are guaranteed inviolability of the person." Constitution of the USSR. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Cm … Synonym dictionary

PERSONALITY- (lat. persona). The concept of "personality" is one of those concepts that throughout the history of human thought have caused the greatest inconsistency in definitions. And the scope and content of this concept in the interpretation of each philosopher, ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

PERSONALITY- a person who has a set of rights, freedoms and duties that give him an independent, recognized and protected by society status, a special autonomous position in society. It is necessary to distinguish three statuses of an individual in society: 1) a person, i.e. ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

PERSONALITY, 1) a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity. 2) A stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a society or community. The concept of personality is distinguished from the concepts of individual and individuality. Modern Encyclopedia

- (inosk.) personal resentment; allusion to a famous person. Wed It is enough to say only that in one city there is a stupid person who is already a person: suddenly a gentleman of respectable appearance will jump out and conclude: “After all, I am also a person, therefore, I am too ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

1) a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity. 2) A stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of society or a community. The concept of personality should be distinguished from the concepts of an individual (single representative ... ... Large encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Latin persona - mask, role of an actor) - a term denoting the social type of a person as a product and carrier of a historically defined culture and performing certain functions in the system of established public relations. Personality is... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

Books

Personality as a subject of interpretation, Slavskaya A.N.

Personality is a basic concept not only in psychology, but also in sociology and philosophy. Yes, and in everyday life you can often hear "odious personality", "interesting personality". What does this term mean? This will be discussed in this article.

Concept definition

Since the phenomenon of personality is the subject of study not only of psychology, but also of other humanities The term has no unambiguous definition. For nai better understanding, what is a person, three main definitions will be given below.

Personality - set individual qualities of a person (thinking, will, and so on), determining his behavior in society, talking about his values, life experience, aspirations.

In other words, the psychological difference of one individual from another characterizes his personality.

Personality can be defined as a subject of society with a set of roles (social and personal), certain habits and experience.

This term also means a person who is fully responsible for all aspects of his life.

Personality structure

For a better understanding of the term, it is worth considering its structure.

Communication features determine how contact and sociable a person is, how he communicates with others (openness, kindness, politeness, rudeness, isolation).

Motivational traits are those qualities that induce action, guiding it.
Instrumental features give a certain style to human behavior.

Emotions

Motivation

Motivation is a set of reasons that can explain the behavior of an individual. It depends on such factors:

motives
incentives
needs,
motives
intentions.

The motive determines the purposefulness of behavior. It is based on either a psychological or physiological impulse.

The stimulus can be internal or external. Under its influence, the individual seeks to achieve a certain goal, solve the problem. Motive and incentive jointly control human behavior.

A need can be understood as a state in which something is missing for the normal functioning of both mental and physical.

In psychology, motivation is understood as an incompletely conscious, perhaps not fully defined desire for something of an individual.

Intention is a conscious thoughtful decision, which is based on the desire to perform some action.

Motivation is what makes a person move forward in their development. It is important to understand that for each person the “driving force” will be different. And what motivates one may not “inspire” another at all.

Personality is a complex and multifaceted concept. But basic knowledge about it will help you better understand yourself and those around you to build more harmonious relationships.