What does a complete and incomplete sentence mean? Incomplete sentences in Russian

That is, those in which one of the members is missing are often found both in colloquial and in literary speech. Not only secondary, but also the main members of the sentence - the subject or predicate - may be absent from them.

Their semantic load is easily restored both from the context (from the sentences preceding the given one) and from the knowledge of the interlocutor or reader of the situation.

Example of an incomplete sentence:

Where is your brother?

Here “Gone” is not full offer, consisting of one word. It is missing a subject, but you can understand from the previous statement who exactly it is about. we're talking about(about brother).

It is somewhat difficult to distinguish between incomplete and one-part sentences in which either the subject or the predicate is missing. Here you can use the following criterion. For example, from the sentence “They are picking berries in the forest,” it is completely unclear who exactly is performing the action. Let’s take another example: “Where are your friends? “They pick berries in the forest.” The subject is missing here, but from the context you can easily determine who exactly is performing the indicated action (girlfriend). This means that in the first case we are dealing with a one-part sentence, and in the second case with an incomplete two-part sentence, although the list of words in them is exactly the same.

It should be noted that dialogue with incomplete sentences is the most common, characteristic situation of their use. The teacher, exploring such examples in educational practice, it is enough to simply create in students the idea of ​​an incomplete sentence as a variety of a complete one - in contrast to one-part sentences, where one of the (necessarily!) main members is not missing, but is simply impossible. To do this, you can also compare complete and incomplete sentences. In incomplete all members retain the same grammatical forms and functions as in full. In turn, they can also be incomplete if the word that is missing from them can be easily restored from the context:

What's your name, girl?

Incomplete sentences (examples can be found below) can be of two types, depending on how their meaning is restored: contextual or situational. Inside the first there are:

Knowledge is power.

As for punctuation marks in incomplete sentences, a dash is often placed in them. Its role in this case, as mentioned above, is to replace the missing word, usually a predicate.

I came home from class early, and my sister came late.

In this example, a dash replaces the word “came”, avoiding incorrect, unnecessary repetition.

There is bread and fruit on the table.

In this example, a dash is used instead of a missing predicate (an elliptical sentence).

Based on their meaning and structure, sentences are divided into complete and incomplete sentences.

Complete sentences

Complete a sentence is a sentence with all the members necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. For example: I am reading interesting article. Marya Ivanovna solemnly presented the first-graders with bright alphabet books. The forest revealed its dark green groves overgrown with thick mosses before people.

The predicate in this sentence agrees with the subject and also controls the object. The result is a continuous chain that connects all members of the sentence with logical meaning.

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete sentences are sentences in which members necessary for completeness and structure are absent. Missing sentence members in incomplete sentences are often restored from the context. Most often, incomplete sentences are found in dialogues. For example:

In the morning the girl ran up to her mother and asked:

What about the Tooth Fairy? Did she come?

“I came,” my mother answered...

Is she beautiful?

Certainly.

We see that each subsequent replica of this dialogue adds to the topic specified in the dialogue itself. Very often incomplete sentences are one-piece offers.

Petya, what class are you in?

At nine.

Incomplete sentences can be part of complex sentences. For example: The sun warms the earth, but labor warms man.
Incomplete sentences also include sentences with a missing predicate. For example: Our strength is in unity.

Incomplete sentences, as well as complete sentences, are divided into two-part and one-part, extended and non-extended. It should be noted that an incomplete two-part sentence, the predicate or subject in which the missing one remains two-part, despite the fact that only one is presented main member.

Using complete and incomplete sentences

Due to the fact that missing sentence members in incomplete sentences greatly simplify the communication process, such sentences are widely used in colloquial speech, as well as in works of art. IN scientific literature, as well as in business language Predominantly complete sentences are used.

1. The concept of an incomplete sentence.

2. Types of incomplete sentences.

3. Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech.

4. Elliptical sentences.

5. Use of incomplete and elliptical sentences.

In the Russian language, taking into account the structure of sentences, there are incomplete sentences.

Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure. Certain formally organizing members (main or secondary) are clear from the context or speech situation without being named.

The functioning of incomplete sentences is associated with the laws of text construction.

For example, in the sentence: The linden tree needs this juice, the lily of the valley needs this juice, the pine tree needs this juice, and the fern or wild raspberry needs this juice. (Kuprin).

Only the 1st part is characterized by the completeness of the grammatical structure, and all the rest are incomplete, the omission of the main members in them is constricted - determined by the context, i.e. their presence in the 1st part of the sentence.

The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of these sentences is manifested in the use of words as dependent members: form of definition That(m.r., singular, i.p.) is determined by the form of the unnamed juice, form of additions lily of the valley, pine, fern, raspberry(D. p.) - unnamed controlling predicate needed.

Thus, despite their absence, these members participate in the formation of incomplete sentences. The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, because the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.

In their structure, incomplete sentences belong to the same types as complete ones. They can be common and uncommon, two-part and, as some linguists believe, one-part. But we take as a basis the point of view of linguists who believe that all one-part sentences are complete.

The monocomposition and incompleteness of the sentence are completely different concepts. Incomplete sentences have missing members in their structure, single-component sentences do not have any one main member at all. In incomplete ones, missing members are, as a rule, restored. This cannot happen in single-component ones. In addition, in incomplete sentences, not only the main members, but also the secondary ones can be omitted. Several members can be skipped at once, for example:

1) Here roads first time divided:

2) one went up the river,

3) another - somewhere right. (The 3rd sentence is incomplete, the subject and predicate are missing.)

Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual And situational.

Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence, if it is complex.

Ex: On one side of the breakthrough, with his arms crossed, wearing a woman’s crimson beret, is a figure with blue eyes and a small black mustache above thin, serpentine lips curved into a Mephistophelian smile. On the other side stood the boss, and everyone knew that the boss now stood for the truth and would not waver for a single minute (Prishvin).

In 1 sentence the predicate is omitted stood(in sentence 2 it is present), and in sentence 2 - part of the circumstance side(in sentence 1, the same type of circumstance is given entirely on one side).

Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation.

For example: offer It's coming! supplemented by the subject-actor depending on the situation of speech (train, teacher, bus, etc.)

-Vania! - came faintly from the stage.

-Give me yellow(the situation of speech suggests that yellow light is meant).

- I'm going to the shop - I need flour and salt. “No need for flour, no need for salt,” he said, “it’s damp and slushy outside.”

- I put on rubber ones, - said the young woman(meaning boots).

It should be noted that the division of sentences into situational and contextual is to a certain extent arbitrary, since the word context often denotes the situation of speech. Besides, in writing situational sentences acquire some properties of contextual sentences, since the speech situation is described and receives verbal expression, for example:

-How sweet! - said Countess Marya, looking at the child and playing with him (L. Tolstoy)

Depending on the type of speech, incomplete ones differ dialogical And monologue sentences, which can be both oral and written.

Dialogical incomplete sentences are interconnected replicas of dialogue (dialogical unity).

For example:

-Go get a bandage.

-Will kill...

-Crawling…

- You won’t be saved anyway.

In a dialogue remark, as a rule, those parts of the sentence are used that add something new to the message and the parts of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated.

IN monologue speech it is possible to identify incomplete sentences taking into account level differences syntactic units:

a) incomplete sentences in which a part is not repeated complex shape words or part of a whole phrase that make up one member of a sentence, for example:

I decided to take up songbird hunting; it seemed to me that this would feed me well: I I'll catch, A grandmaselling(M. Gorky).

b) incomplete sentences that are part of complex sentences of different types, for example:

Youth is rich in hopes, and old age is rich in experience.

Elliptical are called independently used sentences of a special type, the specific structure of which is the absence verb predicate, not mentioned in the context, i.e. V semantically not necessary for the transmission of this message. The predicate, which is absent and does not need to be restored, however, participates in the formation of the structure of these sentences, because they contain minor members composition of the predicate. In this respect, elliptical sentences are closer to incomplete ones.

It should be noted that these sentences require neither context nor situation in order to form an idea of ​​an action or state. It is expressed by the entire construction as a whole, the purpose of which is to communicate the place, time, method that characterizes the action or state, or to indicate the object of the action.

Ex: Behind the house there is a garden filled with sun.

The native expanses are wide. In the depths of coal, gold and copper.

The lexical limitation of the missing predicate verbs is manifested in the uniformity of the construction of elliptical sentences: the members, their components, are few.

The secondary members in them are either circumstances of place and, less often, time or reason.

Ex: Steppe everywhere; Check in at five o'clock.

or an addition with the value of a replacement item:

Ex: Instead of an answer, silence.

Elliptical sentences are sometimes classified as incomplete. However, some linguists consider such sentences to be incomplete only in historically and do not classify them as incomplete in the modern Russian language (Gvozdev A.N.)

Such sentences cannot really qualify as incomplete, because their incompleteness is a structural norm. These are typified constructions that do not need to restore any members of the sentence; they are quite complete (even out of context) from the point of view of their communicative task.

Incomplete and elliptic sentences are used mainly in the field conversational styles. They are widely used as a sign of colloquialism in fiction or when conveying dialogue, and in descriptions. Different types incomplete and elliptical sentences also have a specific stylistic fixation.

For example, the dialogue is dominated by incomplete situational and elliptical sentences with an object extender:

They began to administer justice: some by the hair, some by the ears (G.).

Descriptions tend to be more elliptical sentences. Particularly characteristic of stage directions dramatic works. We can give an example of how Gorky constructs a description-remark: the description contains brief description action conditions:

Ex: In the left corner there is a large Russian stove, in the left - stone wall - the door to the kitchen, where Kvashnya, Baron, Nastya live... There are couples everywhere along the walls. In the middle of the shelter there is a large table, two benches, a stool, everything is unpainted and dirty.

Some types of contextual incomplete sentences can be reproduced in scientific speech. Different types incomplete and elliptical sentences as a fact of living conversational speech in last years widely used in newspaper language. These designs provide rich material for developing the structure of headings; numerous ellipses here are already a kind of standard. The language of the newspaper tends to be dynamic and catchy. Ex: (examples from newspaper headlines) Scientists to the Motherland.

Peace to Earth.

Radio for schoolchildren.

Control questions

1. What sentences are called incomplete?

In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered in contradictory ways.

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or group of members of the sentence is missing, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech.

Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors:

Written or oral sphere of use

Monologue or dialogue

Interaction of a sentence with context

There are incomplete sentences:

contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue lines - incomplete sentences in dialogic speech)

situational

Incomplete lines of dialogue are very common in spoken language. They are usually short and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.

According to the target orientation, incomplete dialogue lines can be divided into 3 groups:

Responses. Contains the answer to the question asked in the previous response.

Questions.

Continuing remarks convey something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.

Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very setting of the speech suggests to the interlocutors the concepts that are being discussed, but which are not expressed verbally as part of a given replica. Going.

Elliptical sentences.

Sentences like " I am going home" In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:

instead of the term "incomplete sentence"

denotes a type of incomplete sentence

serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.

Ellipsis – is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.

Types of elliptical sentences:

A sentence with the meaning of movement - movement. Actor + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of a sentence is a pronoun, a noun in a singular form, denoting a person, animal or object capable of movement. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in v.p. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext To

A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext O or about or in v.p. with the preposition about.

A sentence meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in v.p. and so on. Here I am - with a stick!

Offer equivalents

This is a special grammatical device used in communication to express agreement or disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. No! No matter how it is! Still would.

They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the specific sentence with which they are correlated.

As sentence equivalents, they have only intonation design, but lack grammatical form and are not articulated.

By value they are divided into 3 groups:

word-sentences expressed by particles with general meaning affirmation or denial

modal words-sentences with the additional meaning of probability/supposition.

Interjective words are sentences that are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences that represent a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.

How to distinguish incomplete sentences from complete ones? Let's try to figure it out!

While studying the topic “Complete and incomplete sentences,” my students ask me to explain with examples the differences between incomplete two-part sentences and incomplete one-part sentences.

If you can find grammatical basis, you can learn to determine the type simple sentence according to the composition of the main members.

Two-part: She didn't come home. One-part: Noon. I'm walking along the road. I'm thirsty. No one is visible.

Let us take into account the axiom that two-part sentences are more common in book speech, and in colloquial speech incomplete two-part sentences are preferable. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences with one main member - subject or predicate.

Let us give examples of complete and incomplete two-part sentences to clarify our statement.

No one has come here for a long time. Subject NOBODY, predicate DID NOT COME. This is a two-part proposal.

- Has anyone come here?

“I came,” I answered.

- Did not see…

The first sentence has both main clauses. But already in the second two-part sentence the subject SOMEONE is missing. The sentence has become incomplete, although its meaning is already clear. In the third sentence you can find the circumstance LONG TIME and restore the remaining missing words: SOMEONE CAME. And finally, in the last sentence we substitute the subject I.

What happens? In a short dialogue, except for the first sentence, all the rest are two-part incomplete sentences.

Let's deal now with one-part sentences. You ask: “Can they be incomplete if they already consist of one main member of the sentence? How is their incompleteness expressed? The fact of the matter is that the most necessary and only main member of the sentence is skipped!

Let's check our conclusion using examples.

-What are you talking about?

- Products.

- Nothing!

In this dialogue, the complete sentence is again the first. It is one-part, definitely personal. The rest are one-part incomplete! Let's restore the predicate from the second sentence - I CARRY (what?) products (also definitely personal). Let's add the third: Wow! GOOD (impersonal). The fourth looks like this: THERE IS NOTHING GOOD ABOUT THIS! (impersonal sentence).

It is easy to find replica sentences; they, as a rule, add something new without repeating what is already known, and are more complete in composition than all subsequent ones. Answer sentences depend on the nature of the question and most often carry an additional situational load, accompanied by certain gestures and facial expressions.

From the context, it is possible to restore the missing main and secondary members of the sentence, which are understandable even without naming. But there is special type sentences that do not require context are elliptical. For example: Attention! All the way up! What's wrong with you, Mikhail? Terkin – further, the author – following.

In the above examples-dialogues we came across words-sentences. For example: Wow! Nothing! The first phrase contains an interjection expressing a certain assessment, the second is an answer, unclear in content, something between a statement and a denial.

They express affirmation or denial, give an emotional assessment or encourage action. There are several groups of such word-sentences:

Affirmative (Yes. True. Good. Okay. Of course!);

Negative (No. Not true!);

Interrogative (Huh? Well? Yes? Okay?);

Evaluative (Ugh! Ay-ay-ay! Lord!);

Incentive (Shh... Aw! Tchits! That's it!).

The figure of silence conveys some kind of understatement; it is used to interrupt the statement for one reason or another: Wait, wait, what if... Am I... They say that she...

Don't confuse them with incomplete sentences!

Are there incomplete ones? complex sentences? Yes, of course.

First example:

- What do you mean where"? Here!

- Where is it?

-Where are we going?

This dialogue presents complex sentences with the omission of the main and subordinate parts.

Second example: In one hand I held fishing rods, and in the other - a cage with crucian carp.

Here compound sentence, the second part is incomplete.

Third example: They moved in different ways: on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, downhill - jogging.

It's complicated non-union proposal, so the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete.