The use of active teaching methods (information technology) in statistics lessons. Volume of the malware and open source software market

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The article, first of all, considers the importance of statistical information and the place of statistics for the analysis of economic and social situation in the country when making decisions at any level of government. The authors review the existing traditional methods of teaching statistics. Foreign teaching experience is analyzed, various approaches to teaching statistics in higher educational institutions are highlighted. The use of a combined methodology is proposed, including both traditional methods and elements of interactive technologies, the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and innovative methods of teaching statistics are shown. The article provides an example of a case developed by the authors, including text, video materials, a task and an information base on this issue. It is assumed that the use of this technique will increase interest in the study of statistics and will allow students to be more actively involved in the simulation solution of real problems.

traditional teaching methods

methods of studying statistics

interactive teaching methods

mini cases

case study method

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9. Georgieva N.Y., Shakina M. A. Education Quality Improvement Via Creating and Introducing Modern Tools of Interactive Teaching // International Journal of Arts and Sciences. - 2011. - Vol. 4. – No. 21. – P. 53–73

The Importance of Statistics in the Modern World

The modern period is characterized by an increase in the number of problems that arise in society, as a result - an expansion in the number of tasks that can reduce the severity of these problems and be addressed. At the same time, the problem of obtaining relevant, reliable, timely information increases many times due to the high dynamism and uncertainty external environment. This, in turn, implies a high level of development of the statistical system.

Reviews of the Russian statistical system conducted in 2010 by the International Monetary Fund and the OECD showed that statistics in the country are at a fairly high level. Russian specialists are part of various UN task forces on national accounts, integrated economic statistics, demography, statistics Agriculture, short-term indicators. the Russian Federation, since 1993, has been a regular participant in the UN International Comparison Program. In our case, we can consider the development of the statistical system in Russia as a positive factor characterizing the improvement in the quality of information that many specialists, in particular, economists, can use in their work. Given that the profession of "economist" is one of the most demanded in the labor market, we can say that high-quality information, as well as the ability to use it, calculate and analyze it, is of no small importance in educating the qualities necessary for an economist as a specialist. An economist must have a certain set of knowledge, skills, and competencies. This set includes both basic knowledge, as well as special methods economic analysis, knowledge of statistics, etc.

The importance of statistics and statistical research is increasing for a number of key reasons. The data obtained as a result of statistical research, in particular economic data, are intended to serve both public and private and public interests, therefore, official statistics should provide relevant data in this area. The modern period is characterized by the presence of large information flows and large capacities for information processing. Thus, there is a need for information on a wide range of topics, which can provide a basis for both aggregated macroeconomic calculations and cross-sectional data, and for obtaining microdata used in short-term calculations.

Overview of Russian experience in teaching statistics

Economic and social statistics is the official source of all information in the country and a tool for functional diagnostics. That is why universities pay great attention to the study of statistics. This discipline is basic and on the first zero level studying students get acquainted with the theory of statistics of observations and general techniques and methods. This is followed by an introduction to real information and an introduction to the methods of collecting and analyzing information. This process should be aimed at developing students' skills in applying the received tools in order to make decisions on forecasting, planning, writing scenarios for the development of a company, industry, region, country and the world community as a whole. Various methods are used to develop these skills.

One of the creators of the methods of teaching statistics in Russia is A.A. Chuprov. Those principles and methods that were laid down by him in own system, in many ways distinguish the "Russian type" of teaching statistics. They introduced the mandatory development of a sufficient amount of factual material, the same was applied when checking the application of the correlation coefficient.

From Chuprov's point of view, higher education is both educational and educational. scientific organization. At the same time, the task of university teaching statistics A.A. Chuprov understood it as a process of instilling a statistical culture, and not the transfer to students of a certain, clearly limited set of skills and abilities. He thought it was not difficult to make statistics boring, it was difficult to get students involved. To solve such a problem, a number of techniques were needed, each intended for a specific purpose. So, for example, additional lectures were given to students so that they could conduct non-systematic analysis. I would especially like to note that only in an atmosphere of lively interest, motivation and involvement of students will training go on as usual. It is important that work with students should not have a rigid structure and inflexible form, but, on the contrary, be flexible and diverse in form. At the same time, there were some common characteristics of which there are three main ones:

1) collective work of the seminar participants;

2) the leader is directly involved in the work of all participants, sincerely interested in the results of this work;

3) compulsory work over a specific material.

Overview of methods for teaching statistics

The traditional methods used in statistics include quite a lot of methods, these are the method of relative and average values, the method of grouping statistical data, the index method, the method of studying correlation dependencies.

One of the widely used methods is the tabular method - a method of data aggregation at the stage of primary descriptive data analysis. A statistical table is a system of rows and columns in which statistical information about the phenomenon or process under study is presented in a certain sequence. The presentation of information in a visual and familiar form for us - in the form of tables - is a statistical method of presenting data. In order for the numbers in the table to be “readable”, it is necessary to be able to correctly build and format tables. The tabular method of displaying statistical data is of universal importance; it is used in all fields of activity. The most convenient way is to present the arrays of data about the object under study in the form of a pivot table. With the help of statistical tables, the data of the results of statistical observation (surveys, studies, etc.), summaries and groupings of data are presented. A statistical table is a form of compact and visual presentation information .

Describing the graphical method, we can say that it is a continuation and addition of the tabular method. If something goes unnoticed while reading the table, it is found on the graph. The use of graphs in statistics has more than two hundred years of history, it was then that the use of various ways graphic representation of statistical data (linear, bar, sector and other charts). Statistical graphs show the general picture of the phenomenon under study, give its generalized representation. At graphic image statistical data, the comparative characteristics of the studied indicators become more expressive, the development trend of the phenomenon under study is more clearly manifested, and the main relationships are better seen. Special place occupy graphic methods in statistics and economics, since these sciences use a large number of figures summarized in cumbersome tables. A statistical graph is a drawing on which statistical data is depicted using lines, dots or other symbolic signs. A statistical graph is a visual characteristic of the studied statistical population. On the one hand, the use of graphs to present statistical indicators makes it possible to provide illustrativeness, facilitate their perception, and in many cases helps to understand the essence of the phenomenon under study, its patterns and features, to see its development trends, the relationship characterizing its indicators. On the other hand, graphical methods help to describe and analyze the resulting statistical research data objects. With the help of statistical graphs, you can easily identify patterns that are difficult to capture in statistical tables. I would also like to note that a correctly constructed graph makes statistical information more expressive.

In development educational technologies various approaches have been developed to justify various methods. So, for example, the activity approach to justification statistical methods is based on the fact that any knowledge came into being to perform some kind of practical activity. Thus, the task of the teacher, arising from this provision, is to organize the activities of students in such a way that they need the same knowledge to carry out this activity. . On the other side, Practical activities could be carried out without relying on any knowledge, if there were no contradictions that prevent the implementation or improvement of its activities. In other words, knowledge has emerged and is emerging in order to resolve certain contradictions that stand in the way of the acting subject. In the same phenomenon lies the essence of the so-called problem-based approach to learning. Existing textbooks and traditional methods used, apart from the ineffective waste of time and effort on memorizing the “adapted” educational material do not lead to any serious advancement of students in the field of statistics. Students get a very distorted view of the scientific method as well. Thus, some teachers learning activities also taking into account the historical path of statistics to its current state. This kind of problematic approach can be called the history-oriented principle of learning. There is also a logical-semantic component in the teaching of statistics. It is important that the methods mathematical statistics turn out to be of little use without supporting them with decision theory. Indeed, in life or professional activity, a person, faced with a particular problem, must choose the actions necessary to resolve it. At the same time, the use of statistical methods may not be supposed to solve the problem. Practice shows that in most universities of the country teaching is conducted using traditional methods. Thus, there is a need to develop a methodology or its elements that combine the most effective methods to most effectively solve the problems of forming certain skills in students.

Interactive elements of the methodology proposed by the authors

The authors tried to introduce some interactive elements into educational process teaching the course "Social and Economic Statistics" organized by traditional methods. Currently, the course "Socio-economic statistics" is taught at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd courses of the Faculty of Economics for the direction 080100.62 "Economics" of the bachelor's degree. At the National Research University Higher School of Economics-Perm, the course belongs to the subjects of the professional cycle. The course is obligatory, the total labor input is 108 hours, it is read in the first and second modules. The distribution of the classroom load is presented below:

This form of conducting seminars has both pluses and minuses. To positive aspects The traditional methodology includes, firstly, the possibility of regular knowledge control, and secondly, a large database of typical tasks on the studied topics of the course, which allows you to form. Currently, the course "Socio-economic statistics" is taught at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd courses of the Faculty of Economics for the direction 080100.62 "Economics" of the bachelor's degree.

On the 1st course 36 hours, including lectures - 18, seminars - 18.

On the 2nd course 36 hours, including lectures - 18, seminars - 18.

On the 3rd course 36 hours, incl. lectures - 18, seminars - 18.

Seminars are held in the traditional form, which involves regular microcontrol and the development of skills for solving typical problems on the topics of the theoretical material covered.

This form of conducting seminars has both pluses and minuses. The positive aspects of the traditional methodology include, firstly, the possibility of regular knowledge control, and secondly, a large database of typical tasks on the course topics studied, which allows you to form certain skills and competencies:

• the ability to analyze the initial data necessary for the calculation of economic and socio-economic indicators;
• the ability to analyze and process the data necessary to solve the set economic problems;
• ability to choose tools for processing economic data in accordance with the task.

The disadvantages include the lack of opportunity to show creative initiative. In addition, the used typical tasks contain conditional data, which, of course, reduces the effectiveness of their application, because they do not reflect the real course economic processes taking place in society. Thus, an objective need arose to develop new elements, including them in the methodology of teaching socio-economic statistics. Such elements, according to the authors, include the case study method, which can be included in the group interactive methods. It is the most adaptive, with elements of creativity, research workshop.

The methodology proposed by the authors “Using a case study in conducting seminars on the course “Socio-economic statistics” is based on a combined approach that involves the use of both traditional methods and the inclusion of innovative elements. Cases and mini-cases act as innovative elements. We understand a mini-case as a real situation that arises in this moment time and containing information about the analyzed economic phenomenon. The database of mini-cases should be constantly updated, so the main idea of ​​using them is to be as close to the real situation as possible. At the same time, the solution of mini-cases can be one of the forms of a control event or homework.

Mini-cases on one topic per different periods time can form the basis for the development of a large case, which can also be used in the work to analyze the dynamics of the economic phenomenon under consideration. The authors develop case studies on topics that are closest to the perception of 2nd year students, on which one can find Additional information, make a retrospective review and then conduct a dynamic analysis.

These are topics such as:

• population statistics.

In particular, indicators of the natural movement of the population (fertility, mortality, survival, average life expectancy, age and sex structure of the population).

• labor market statistics.

The topic is very interesting comparative analysis(indicators of employment, unemployment, labor force replacement, indicators of tension in the labor market). Interpretation of the obtained indicators, dynamic analysis of the given indicators and possible conclusions.

• Population standard of living statistics.

Real situations used in the learning process make it possible to see changes in indicators of living standards, compare consumer baskets for different segments of the population, analyze the reality of the subsistence minimum, and analyze the differentiation of incomes of the population.

This technique involves the development and use of cases on all other topics of the course. A case can contain not only the necessary information, but also background information, which allows you to form the skill to navigate information flows and cut off unnecessary information.

The advantages of using the case study methodology include the following: creating a creative environment in seminars, bringing case studies closer to the real situation, increasing interest in the subject being studied, involving students in discussing the real economic situation and gaining forecasting skills, which is extremely important for becoming a bachelor of economics.

It should also be noted that the inclusion of elements of the case study methodology in the conduct of seminars allows more effective formation of the following professional competencies:

• the ability to collect, analyze and process statistical data, information, scientific and analytical materials necessary to solve the set economic tasks (PC 14);
• the ability to choose tools for processing economic data in accordance with the task, analyze the results of calculations and justify the conclusions (PC 5);
• the ability, using domestic and foreign sources of information, to collect the necessary data, analyze them and prepare an information review and / or analytical report (PC 8, PC 9).

The described methodology involves the following stages of evaluating the solution of a case task:

1) the ability to choose professional information - 10%;

2) formalization of the task - 10%;

3) application of the studied statistical techniques and methods for solving problems - 20%;

4) the ability to analyze the received data - 30%;

5) the ability to interpret the received data - 30%.

As an example, consider the case “Does Berezniki have a future”, developed by the authors. The case is methodical complex, including:

1. Video case "Does the Berezniki have a future", which shows the problems that arose during last years residents and city administration. The video case allows you to determine the directions of statistical analysis, to think about and highlight groups of indicators by topic. An important factor is the emotional impact on students, allowing them to combine dry numbers and formulas in their minds with real events.
2. Text description of the video case.
3. Statistical materials from the collections “Perm Territory in Figures, 2012”, “Statistical Yearbook of the Perm Territory. 2012".
4. Tasks for the case by topic
5. Infobase - addresses of sites where you can find information for the calculation and analysis of statistical indicators.

Text of the case “Does the Berezniki have a future?”

Berezniki… used to be a city of white birches. And today it is associated only with failures. After the first failure that happened on the territory of the first mine administration in July 2007, an article about the city appeared in Forbes magazine, which began with the lines: “The main problem of this city is that it exists.”

Today Berezniki is the second largest city in the Perm Territory, one of the centers of the chemical industry in Russia. The basis of the city's economy initially was and remains large industrial enterprises. Such as VSMPO-AVSIMA Corporation, the only one in Russia that produces titanium sponge. The company "Uralkali", which carries out more than 40% of the total industrial production in the city and produces about 13% of all potash fertilizers in the world, a branch of OOO Management Company "Uralchem" ("Nitrogen") (ammonia, ammonium and sodium nitrate, complex liquid fertilizers). The presence in the city of Berezniki of a powerful raw material base made it possible to create a complex of closely related technologies for the production of soda, soda products and chlorine derivatives. The products of JSC "Soda-Chlorate", as well as JSC "Berezniki Soda Plant" (JSC "BSZ") are widely used in the chemical, glass, pulp and paper, electronic, oil refining and other industries. A controlling stake in OAO BSZ was acquired by the Belgians. In total, about 2.5 thousand enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership operate in the city.

In October 2006, an uncontrolled inflow of groundwater occurred at one of the sections of the First Mine of Uralkali OJSC. Due to the washing out of the rocks, there was a threat of soil collapse.

In July 2007, the first sinkhole occurred on the territory of the mine in the area of ​​the technical salt factory. Uralkali specialists say that this is possibly the largest sinkhole in the world that has arisen as a result of human activity. The dimensions of the funnel were 50 by 70 meters, the depth was about 15 meters. By November 2008, the funnel had grown to 440 by 320 meters.

At BRU-1, work begins on laying mine workings under city blocks. In addition, work begins on the resettlement of people from the danger zone located near BKPRU-1. The building of the Potash Workers' Palace of Culture, one of the most beautiful buildings in the city, was demolished.

However, the first failure happened much earlier: in early March 1986, the BKPRU-3 mine was flooded as a result of an accident. On the night of July 26-27, north of the salt dump of the plant, in the forest, the first failure was formed, which was accompanied by an explosion of gases and powerful light flashes. In August, the sinkhole filled with water. This failure did not have any impact on the city, since it is located far outside the city, it only affected the activities of the Uralkali company. After that, the third mine ceased to function.

The next failure occurred on November 25, 2010. A freight train departing from the Berezniki station had its auto brakes activated. Under the 22nd car, the drivers discovered a sinkhole. After that, the sagging wagon was uncoupled. Three days later, a sharp development of the failure began. By the end of November, the sinkhole reached 100 meters wide and 40 meters long.

Another, third failure occurred on the territory of a subsidiary of Uralkali in December 2011. Its dimensions were 15 by 10 m. Settlements were recorded in the center of a nearby road junction. On February 9, 2012, the dimensions of the crater were 82 by 64 m. On the same day, a collapse of soil with an area of ​​18 by 20 meters occurred in the area of ​​the southern side of the crater. The collapse site is connected to a funnel and filled with water.

Even after the flooding of the BRU-1 mine, when ground movements intensified in the city, the number of emergency buildings increased sharply, although cracking of the walls in some houses was observed until 2007. Municipal and regional authorities began to take measures to relocate residents from emergency houses. Initially, the danger zone was designated in the area of ​​Reshetov Square, approximately within a radius of 1 km from the so-called carnallite zone (BRU-1 checkpoint). Residents from the area were resettled, school number 26 was closed. resettlement people are coming in the microdistrict "At the pond" and on the right bank.

Later, the resettlement of people from houses began in two more districts: the intersection of st. Sverdlov and st. Anniversary. By official version The reason for the formation of cracks and the destruction of houses was construction flaws, including the lack of constructive measures to protect against subsidence of the earth's surface, which were not thought out by builders in the 1960s-1970s. According to the newspaper "Berezniki Evening" for 2012-2013. planned resettlement of about 30,000 square meters housing, which is approximately 700 apartments.

To date, Berezniki is being monitored comprehensively, to a greater extent, not so much about the failures themselves, but about the city in general. “The forecast is current - so far we do not see any very strong complications in the near future. The forecast is carried out in almost real time, so it is updated every time,” says the director of the Mining Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The situation that occurred in the city of Berezniki is not only Russian practice. However, in the West, mines are usually located far from settlements so that the danger of sinkholes does not threaten houses and buildings. But Berezniki, a city of 154,000 that began as a workers' settlement, was built right above the mines. Lack of distinction between settlement and working area is a relic of politics Soviet Union, according to The New York Times. Despite this, history knows cases of such failures. For example, in Germany, in Poland. In November 2010, in a residential area of ​​the German town of Schmalkalden in Thuringia, the soil collapsed twice. Also a prime example intervention in natural process Human Factors is West Florida, USA. In December 2010, a major sinkhole opened up in Hillsboro County, Florida, at a solid waste landfill. In general, the damage caused by karst phenomena in the United States alone annually amounts to 15 billion dollars.

Today, many are worried about what will happen to the city next. Does it remain uninhabitable? During the first failures, many residents of Berezniki did not hide the fact that they feel like people living on a delayed-action mine. Fears that subsidence over the worked-out mines, located under the railway and residential areas, could leave the city without transport, and people without housing, made many seriously consider moving to neighboring cities. According to the census data from 2006 to 2011, the population decreased by 6.5%. In many ways, this can be explained by the sharp changes in the situation on the housing market in Berezniki and nearby areas. In Berezniki, housing prices have fallen sharply, while in other cities they have risen sharply.

At the moment, there is no panic in the city, especially since 5 years have passed since the first failure (we consider the situation at BKPRU-1). The construction of the fifth mine administration begins. The Urals is becoming a point of attraction for global investment, says Andrew Cranston, managing partner in Russia and the CIS of one of the largest international audit and consulting companies KPMG.

The infrastructure in the city is well developed, trade and business centers are opening and developing, medicine is developing. Various cultural events are held annually in the city central park. In addition, there are other places that have already become favorites for Berezniki residents: Triangular Square, Ryabinovy ​​Square, Palaces of Culture and others.

In addition, the situation in the city is favorable for the development of business, the level of effective demand has increased - the growth of the average level of wages.

Thus, the city has both its problems and its advantages.

Task for the case “Does Berezniki have a future?”

Topic: Statistics of the standard of living of the population

1. Determine the system of indicators necessary to characterize the standard of living of the population, the most commonly used in assessing the standard of living.
2. Assess the dynamics of general indicators of the standard of living of the population in the Perm Territory for the period 2006-2011:
   • Structure of actual consumption of households.
   • The composition and use of cash income.
   • Funds ratio.
   • Gini coefficient.
3. Assess the dynamics of the average monthly nominal accrued wages. Calculate the real average monthly wage in the city of Berezniki for the period 2006-2011.
4. Compare the growth rates (basic and chain) of changes in the indicators of the average monthly wage in the Perm Territory and the city of Berezniki.
5. Display graphically the results of the calculations performed in paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 using the EXEL editor.
6. Compare the average monthly wage with the subsistence minimum in dynamics and determine the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum in the total population of Berezniki.
7. Interpret the results.
8. Describe the demand for labor in 2012 in the city of Berezniki.
9. Prepare a presentation on the work done in the Power Point editor. Performance no more than 7-10 minutes.

For work, you can use the materials of the sites:

1. http://permstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/permstat/ru/statistics/standards_of_life.
2. http://www.berczn.ru/index.php?option = com_content&view = article&id = 82&Ite.

As mentioned above, tasks for a case can be formed according to different topics. In the appendix to the case, the data of statistical tables from reference books and statistical reports are laid out. This case is a demonstration case, that is, it does not require the use of data to develop solutions.

Approbation of the elements of the methodology showed that the assumption that the most effective is the use of a combination of traditional and innovative methods is correct. When conducting feedback, it was revealed that students better absorb the proposed material and feel involved in the work. Many students who come to study from the regions of the Perm Territory have increased motivation to study the course "economic and social statistics", as they see real results calculations for the district and city from which they came.

The authors assume at the next stage the development of not only demonstration cases, but also training cases, which require a confident knowledge of the skills of calculating and analyzing statistical values ​​in order to develop options for a management decision.

Reviewers:

Andrunik A.P., Doctor of Pediatric Sciences, Professor of the Department of Management of the Perm Institute (branch) of the Russian State University of Economics, Perm;

Plotnikova E.G., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Department higher mathematics Perm Branch, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Perm.

The work was received by the editors on December 30, 2013.

Bibliographic link

Gordeeva E.S., Shakina M.A. USE OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING STATISTICS // Basic Research. - 2013. - No. 11-7. - S. 1423-1430;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=33358 (date of access: 03/23/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Education statistics reveal how many people have been trained in educational or vocational institutions and received any specialty. Data analysis allows you to identify the most sought-after professions on.

The value of education

Education is a learning process. Through educational establishments children are given the accumulated knowledge and skills. Teachers of schools, colleges or teach various sciences and professional knowledge. There is also distance learning, which is carried out via the Internet. Requirements depend on the level of culture, science, politics, traditions, . Therefore, the types of education, its levels and forms in different countries are very different.

Training has great importance for society. It allows you to form a personality, show your talents, achieve a certain status and financial position. With its help, culture is passed on from generation to generation. The right to study is confirmed by such documents - International pact and European convention.

education statistics shows that in a democratic society negative attitude to compulsory education. It is believed that it depersonalizes a person. Therefore, a movement has emerged that advocates family education. And also for courses where the student himself can choose which subjects to study and which not.

The development of the education system makes it possible to improve the quality of professional education, which has a beneficial effect on the country's economy.

Education system

In Russia there are several types educational institutions:

• preschool;
• general education;
• non-state institutions;
• colleges;
• udo.

The main problem of education in Russia is low wage teachers. This results in a shortage of staff. low level teaching, unsatisfactory quality of knowledge. There is also underfunding of institutions, poor material and technical and initial information base.

Primary education is received in schools, gymnasiums, lyceums. In some countries, children start school at the age of 5. In the Russian Federation - from 7 years. They finish elementary school at 11-12 years old. Education statistics state that today 70% of children in the world are at this level of education.

Modern education in many countries implies a division into primary and secondary classes. Developed states came to such a system at the beginning of the 20th century. Obtaining a secondary education is compulsory for all. This stage ends at the age of 16-18. After that, training stops or continues in professional institutions.

Next stage -higher education. It usually starts at the age of 17-20. The law does not consider university education compulsory. Everyone decides for himself whether or not to move to the highest level of education. The education system in Russia has changed a lot. Previously, universities produced graduates. Recently, in order to enable students to receive international education, the Russian Federation joined the Bologna process.

Higher education in Russia is carried out according to the same scheme as in Europe and the USA. Education is divided into 2 stages - undergraduate and graduate. There are also institutions where, despite the development of the education system, the old principle is preserved.

Education statistics confirm that a bachelor's degree is the first stage of professional education. Masters and graduates are the second stage. Higher education in the Russian Federation is received in the following institutions:

• universities;
• military schools;
• academy.

Overseas, this also includes colleges. The Ministry of Education decided that undergraduates, specialists and graduate students are required to conduct scientific work after which they receive a diploma or degree.

Stages of learning

Citizen education involves the following steps:

• preschool;
• primary, basic and complete general.

Preschool education of children is to ensure the comprehensive development of the individual, taking into account the traditions of the country. It is carried out at the age of 2 to 8 years. Preschool education in the Russian Federation includes the development, upbringing and education of children. It takes place in kindergartens and development centers. But it can also be done at home.

Education statistics show that Russia lacks preschool institutions. More than 1/3 of families where there is a child under 7 years old are engaged in his education on their own.

General education includes school and additional. In the Russian Federation, it is divided into three levels. Primary school education - here children gain knowledge about the world around them, learn to solve applied problems, communicate, and develop personally.

Basic education - the period from 5 to 9 classes. At this stage, the inclinations, interests, abilities of the child develop. Upon completion, students take exams. According to their results, it is determined whether the student is able to move to the 10th grade or it is better for him to continue his education in the secondary school.

Complete education - 10, 11 grades. Here, schoolchildren develop vocational training skills, they are prepared for entering universities. It's public free education. It is necessary for those who intend to enter the university. In the 11th grade, students take exams, after which they receive a certificate of secondary education. This concludes the required training.

Additional education allows children to identify talents, gain skills, realize their abilities, and decide on their future profession.

Special education levels

Education statistics state that vocational training begins as early as school years. This happens in the respective institutions.

Vocational education is divided into primary, secondary, higher. Specialized educational institutions have been created for all levels. Vocational training takes place in institutes, technical schools, colleges, and schools. It is aimed at staff training.

Initial vocational training during the Soviet era took place in vocational schools. Innovations have led to the fact that now training takes place in vocational lyceums.

Where else can you get a professional level education? Separate vocational schools were renamed into colleges. You can enter such institutions after the 9th grade of school. Secondary vocational education is given in colleges. There is a higher level of education than in vocational schools. You can get an education at the age of 14.

Higher vocational education is paid and free. You can enter educational institutions only after the 11th grade. However, according to the law, for this you need to graduate from college.

Student education is possible in two ways - full-time and part-time. The full-time form implies daily training throughout school year. Correspondence education happens mostly on its own. Students visit the university only during sessions, which are usually scheduled twice a year.

Correspondence higher education lasts longer than full-time. You can only get it today paid basis. Education at a university implies the acquisition of professional knowledge and skills by students. It teaches to solve problems according to the chosen profile. Higher public education is optional.

In many countries, you can not get it for free. Russian higher education still offers state-funded places. But only those who passed well are accepted to study free of charge. The document on education of a professional level is a diploma. Excellent students are awarded red. The rest is blue. Without higher education, it is impossible to get a prestigious job in certain areas.

The second higher education is training for those who have already graduated from one university. It also includes a system of advanced training. Studying abroad (America, Europe) is usually done by people who have a master's degree. In Russia, they plan to unify the second education within the framework of the Bologna process. But so far no changes have been made.

Two formations are not uncommon today. Many people get first one profession, then various reasons change the type of activity. This is due to low wages.

Postgraduate education is postgraduate and doctoral studies. Here there is an increase in the qualifications of persons, with the aim of obtaining a scientific degree.

Educational industries

Education statistics states that vocational training is divided into different branches. In each of them, certain sciences are studied. Founded destinations:

1. Psychological education- training of specialists who study the personality of a person. Their work is related to the provision psychological help people.
2. environmental education- prepares professionals of a wide range. They study natural sciences.
3. Technical education- trains specialists in the field of application of various technologies. They learn how to solve engineering problems.
4. Mathematics education– training of scientists-researchers and teachers. They study the exact sciences.
5. Medical education- aimed at training future doctors and other medical staff in hospitals, clinics, pharmacies.
6. Teacher Education- training of teachers, educators and lecturers for colleges and universities.
7. legal education one of the most popular destinations. Here students receive knowledge about the state, its laws, about management. Teachers are also trained in such educational institutions. Higher legal education allows you to work in government agencies or practice.
8. Economic Education- training of personnel involved in planning, accounting of finances.
9. Humanities education- a number of different industries in one.
10. social education- training of specialists working in the social sphere.

In addition, there are the following industries:

• architectural;
• mountain;
• transport;
• construction;
• energy;
• agricultural;
• musical;
• artistic;
• historical.

Forms of study

Education statistics confirm that there are three main forms in our country. These include:

• full-time;
• correspondence;
• external student;
• evening.

As for online learning, it is carried out by several organizations, including those located in another locality or abroad.

E-learning is carried out remotely. Students receive assignments and complete them via the Internet.

Inclusive education is the opportunity for children and students with certain health problems to study not in a separate specialized institution, but in a regular one. Such people study alongside healthy peers. In America and Europe, this practice has existed for a long time.

Learning Standards

Legal issues in the field of education are regulated by the constitution of the Russian Federation. Questions of education are solved at the all-Russian level. Regional laws can be adopted by the subjects of the Russian Federation. Organs state power develop norms and standards of education. Compliance of education with these requirements is mandatory.

The standards include terms, technologies, features, forms of education. The assessment of the quality of education is based on the extent to which all the norms and requirements established by the relevant Ministry are observed. Monitoring of the quality of education is carried out by Rosobrnadzor. This body licenses and accredits educational institutions and teaching staff, as well as certification. As education statistics show, Rosobrnadzor is also involved in document verification.

Monitoring of education is also carried out on the basis of public assessment. To do this, surveys are conducted. Later, a rating of schools is compiled. Competitions are also held to assess the quality of education. Makes a rating of the sports competitions, creative competitions, which allow you to evaluate additional training.

Supervision in the field of education can be carried out at the regional and state levels. State control is exercised over the activities of vocational training institutions in such areas as defense, transport, communications, nuclear energy. The remaining educational institutions are controlled by regional governments. For example, the formation of Chuvashia is controlled as follows:

World statistics

Education statistics in the world show that 88% of the world's population are literate today. Japan has the highest literacy rate East Asia. The lowest rate in Africa. Education statistics indicate that there are fewer literate adults in the world than. The largest number in the US, China and India.

The highest level of education in Russia according to statistics in Central District. People come here to study from all over Russia. Second place is Privolzhsky District. Here the most popular is education in Tatarstan.

If you look at the cities, what Moscow education considered the most prestigious in the country. 80% of Russians consider metropolitan education to be the most prestigious and modern.

According to statistics, vocational education in Russia is among the ten most effective. There are 21 Russian educational institutions in the ranking of the best universities in the world.

Family education statistics also show positive results. This form of education is no longer exotic.

Education problems statistics

Distance learning is not well developed in our country. According to statistics, Russia ranks 71st. Only 15% of students study according to this system. There are still very few distance learning methods and programs in the country.

In education approached a critical point. In Russia today it is very easy to buy a diploma. Many teachers give good grades for money.

For education by years for the last 10 years:

Year	Expenses in billion rubles
2006	211,9
2007	294,6
2008	329,7
2009	387,9
2010	386,4
2011	552,4
2012	603,5
2013	558,9
2014	499,5
2015	400
2016	398

The table shows that in 2013-2015 there was a decrease in budget spending on this area.

findings

On the territory of Russia, the level of education leaves much to be desired. As shows education statistics This is a state issue. To improve the quality of education and eliminate the problem of a shortage of qualified personnel, it is necessary to increase teachers and provide benefits to people in this profession. As well as educational institutions good funding is needed.

1

At the present stage, information is turning into one of the most important strategic resources for the development of civilization. This has a particularly important impact on the education system. By revising educational activities as the production process becomes clear that the information here is not only one of critical resources, but is also included in its resultative side. The quality of education, on the one hand, depends on the development of the ongoing informatization process, and on the other hand, it has a tremendous impact on it. Therefore, the improvement of education systems is taking place all over the world today.

In Russia, this process focuses primarily on Western experience. The Western education system is based on the absence of rigid state standards in various areas and specializations, the study by students of elective subjects and the rejection of a number of subjects that are not related to the chosen profession. Besides, in recent times here there is a decrease in the volume of mandatory classroom workload with an increase in the role of independent work. Such a system is designed for elite students, which an ordinary Russian university can hardly boast of.

But Russian system education has its merits. First of all, this is a deep fundamental training in basic disciplines, which forms a broad scientific outlook and flexibility of thinking. Therefore, when improving our education system, a synthesis of various technologies is necessary: ​​both traditional, preserving it best features, and modern ones, including information ones, which provide tremendous opportunities in the placement, storage, processing and delivery of information of any volume and content at any distance.

It should be noted that one of the most labor-intensive areas of development of information educational technologies is software and methodological support. educational process. It's no secret that the traditional educational and methodological support in higher education today is far from perfect. In the textbooks of various authors, we often observe differences in the logic of presentation of the material, consideration of the same issues, notation systems, etc. All this creates confusion and does not contribute to the normal assimilation of the subject. Therefore, universities today are faced with the task of creating their own high-quality educational base, in particular, electronic textbooks that combine the advantages of traditional textbooks and the capabilities of computer technology.

Textbooks on electronic media have a number of advantages. This is the ability to quickly update the content of the textbook, make additions and changes based on feedback from users, as well as the systematic accumulation and storage of large amounts of training information. Such textbooks make it possible to automate and intensify the work of a teacher, to implement various forms training, including control and testing. However, the shortcomings of such textbooks should also be noted. First of all, this is the lower convenience of reading from the screen and the difficulties associated with this in mastering the material, fatigue of the organs of vision, etc. In addition, to view them, you need access to the relevant technical means. When placing a textbook on the Internet, performance problems also arise. In the future development scientific and technological progress will reduce the acuteness of these issues, which will allow more active and fruitful use of electronic manuals in the educational process.

The author has developed an electronic textbook on the general theory of statistics, including theoretical material, examples of problem solving, test questions and practical exercises on each topic, as well as a hyperlinked list of basic terms and concepts and a bibliography. This manual, together with the testing system, is located in the Irkutsk virtual university on the Russian portal of open education (irkutsk.openet.ru). A feature of this manual is a rather brief and schematic presentation of the material, which focuses on the consideration of key concepts and terms.

This tutorial can serve as a basis for applying information technologies in teaching statistics course for students full-time learning. The teacher can use it as a didactic material at lectures using a multimedia projector, as well as during practical exercises in computer classes. Students can use this manual in preparation for seminars and tests. Such a textbook can be of great help when students independently study the missed topics.

Highly promising direction is the use of elements of distance learning to control the independent work of students. At the end of each topic study guide contains control questions and practical tasks on the topic that the missed student must complete this topic student. To control the assimilation of missed topics, the practice of sending completed assignments to the teacher through the open education system on which the manual is posted can be used, or email(feedback of the teacher with the student is also possible). The acquired skills will allow students to further use open and distance learning for self-education, retraining and advanced training.

The work was presented at the scientific correspondence electronic conference " Priority directions development of science, technology and technology” (March 15-20, 2004)

Bibliographic link

Pavlovskaya T.O. PROBLEMS OF THE USE OF MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING STATISTICS // Successes of modern natural science. - 2004. - No. 6. - P. 96-96;
URL: http://natural-sciences.ru/ru/article/view?id=12828 (date of access: 03/23/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"