What is the language of the Yakuts. The meaning of the Yakut language in the linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Yakut language(self-name Sakha rear)- the language of the Yakuts, the main population of the Republic of Sakha (subject of the Russian Federation), the Turkic people of northeastern Siberia and some adjacent territories (East Asia).

1. Distribution and number of speakers

The Yakut (Sakha) language is spoken by the Yakuts and some national minorities of the Republic of Sakha-Yakutia (Russia), as well as in the adjacent administrative units of the country - in the Magadan, Irkutsk regions, in the Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk territories.

Historically, it has been the case that Yakut language served as a lingua franca in Eastern Siberia, so other peoples of the region spoke (and speak) - Dolgans, Evens, Evenks, Yukaghirs, etc. Evenki etc..

The number of native speakers of the Yakut language according to the registration of the population of the Russian Federation of the year is 456,288 people. .

T?RKİYE T?RK?ESİ (Y)	KIRGIZ T?RK?ESİ (C)	SAHA T?RK?ESİ (S)	Kyrgyz Turks	Sakha Turkses	Turkic Turkses
yIl	CIl	SIl	lived	Syl	yyl
yagmur	camgIr	SamIr	jamgyr	samyyr	yagmur
Yaka	caca	Saga	Jacques	saga	which
yalamak	caloo	Salaa	The sting	fat	yalamak
Yas	cash	Saas	jash	Saas	Yash
yashdash	castas	SaastII kihi	zhashtash	saasty kigy	yashdash
Yat	cat	Sit-	reap	sieve	yat
yedi	ceti	Sette	Jets	sette	children
Yel	cel	Siel	yellow	ciel	electronic
yeni	ca?I	Sa?a	zhany	saga	Yeni
Yeniden	ca?Idan	Sa?attan	zhanydan	sakhattan	eniden
yer	cer	Sir	zher	cheese	ep
Yumak (yıkamak)	cuu-	Suuy-	zhuu	suui	yumak (yykamak)
YIldIz	cIldIz	Sulus	jyldyz	sulus	yildyz
Yirmi	cIyIrma	S??rbe	zhyyyrma	surbe	yirma
Yok (hayır)	cook	Suox	jock	suoh	yok (khayyr)
Yol	col	Suol	jol	suol	ate
Yumurta	cumurtka	SImmIIT	zhimurtka	symyyt	Yumurta
Yumusak	cumşak	SImnagas	zhumshak	symnaqas	yumushak
Y?z	c?z	S??s	zhuz	sүүs	juz

2. Classification and dialects of the Yakut language

The Yakut language is classified by linguists as the Northeastern Turkic speech of Altaic language family, and together with Dolgansky creates Yakut (Sakha) language subgroup.

There are three groups of dialects in the Yakut language:

3. Characteristic features of the Yakut language

The Yakut language is one of the peripheral Turkic languages, for a long time it was in close contact with the Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu and partially Paleo-Asiatic languages, in general, compared with other Turkic languages, it determines its significant (except for syntax) differences from them. At the same time, the Yakut language is one of the most studied Turkic languages today.

Distinctive features of the Yakut speech are:

AT phonetics : AT morphology : AT vocabulary :

4. Writing and alphabet

Yakutskaya is given out the press, scientific and educational, journalistic and popular, fiction and children's literature; radio and television broadcasting is conducted, subjects are taught not only in primary and high school, but also in universities (Yakut and Turkic philology and culture) of the republic. The Yakut language is present on the Internet, incl. functions section of Wikipedia.

6. Example

7. Footnotes

Prevalence of language proficiency (except for Russian) / / Population census of Russia 2002 (Rus.)
Yakut language on krugosvet.ru (Rus.)
Grammar of the Yakut language / Morphology (Rus.)
Yakut language / Morphology / Verb (Rus.)
Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) "On Languages in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)", year
Yakut Wikipedia
(English)(Rus.)(German)

8. Sources and references

9. Selected bibliography

Argunova T.V. Yakutsk-Russian bilingualism (sociolinguistic aspect), Yakutsk, 1992 (Rus.)
Bragina D.G. Modern ethno-linguistic processes in Central Yakutia., Yakutsk, 1985 (Rus.)
Grammar of the modern Yakut literary language. Phonetics and morphology. Ed. E. I. Korkina et al., M., 1982 (Rus.)
Grammar of the modern Yakut literary language. T. 2. Syntax., Novosibirsk, 1996 (Rus.)
Dyachkovsky N.D. The sound structure of the Yakut language. Part 1, Yakutsk, 1971; Part 2. Yakutsk, 1977 (Rus.)
Ivanov S.A. Central group of dialects of the Yakut language., Novosibirsk, 1993 (Rus.)
Korkino E.I. Verb moods in the Yakut language., M., 1970 (Rus.)
Petrov N.E. Modal words in the Yakut language., Novosibirsk, 1984 (Rus.)
Petrov N.E. Yakut language. Literature index., Yakutsk, 1958 (Rus.)
Russian-Yakut dictionary., M., 1968
Ubryatova E.I. Studies on the syntax of the Yakut language. I. A simple sentence., M.-L., 1950 (Rus.)
Ubryatova E.I. Studies on the syntax of the Yakut language. II. Difficult sentence. Novosibirsk, 1976 (Rus.)
Kharitonov L.N. Modern Yakut language. Phonetics and morphology. Yakutsk, 1947 (Rus.)
Yakut literary language. Origins, becoming normal, Novosibirsk, 1986 (Rus.)
Yakut language. History and actual problems., Yakutsk, 1986 (Rus.)
Yakutsk-Russian Dictionary. Ed. P. A. Sleptsova., M., 1972

There were 443,852 people in their composition, 456,288 people consider the Yakut language as their native language (taking into account Yakut-speaking representatives of other ethnic groups). Outside of Yakutia, this language is spoken in Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions , in Taimyr and in Evenkia.

The Yakut language is Turkic, but it differs significantly from other Turkic languages. In the classification of N.A. Baskakov, it is singled out as a separate Yakut subgroup as part of the Uighur-Oguz group of the Eastern Xiongnu branch of the Turkic languages. A separate “Yakut group” is distinguished in his classification by A.M. Shcherbak. Among the ancient languages, the Yakut language is close to the language of the Orkhon-Yenisei monuments of the 7th-8th centuries, and from modern languages - Dolgan. In the Yakut language, the central, Vilyui, northwestern and Taimyr groups of dialects are distinguished.

The vocalism of the Yakut language includes 20 phonemes: 8 short, 8 long and 4 diphthongs. Diphthongs and long vowels are divided into primary and secondary. Primary ones are found in the root, secondary, resulting from contraction, are found in any syllable. Synharmonism, including consistent labial harmony of both narrow and wide vowels. Consonantism is characterized by a harmonious system of stop and underdevelopment flowing.

The morphology is agglutinative in combination with a fairly developed analytics. Represented specific forms personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural(bihigi, ehigi, and 3rd person singular and plural kini, kiniler). The case system is characterized by the absence genitive and the presence of private, joint and accusative, collective cases. Developed verb system. There are 9 moods, in the indicative system - 11 temporary forms. The syntax retains the Turkic typology, but also has a number of specific features: direct object can be framed 5 case forms depending on the degree of coverage of the object by the action, the connection between the homogeneous members of the sentence can be expressed by the affix of possession, the numerals ikki "two", the joint case (with homogeneous subjects). The vocabulary contains many borrowings from the Mongolian, Evenki and Russian languages. A significant group of onomatopoeic and figurative words is distinguished.

The modern Yakut language was formed on the basis of the central group of dialects. In 1992 he received the status state language Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). This is a developed literary language, there is a large literature in it: socio-political, artistic, educational and scientific. Masterpieces of Russian, Soviet and world classics have been translated into the Yakut language. Published works of art original Yakut writers A.E. Kulakovsky , A.I. Sofronova, N.D. Neustroeva, P.A. Slovtsova , Amma Achchygyya and others. The magazine "Cholbon" ("Star", previously published under the name "Khotugu Sulus" - "Polar Star") is published regularly. Republican and ulus newspapers are published in the Yakut language, radio and television are functioning. Now the Yakut language is used as a means international communication, it is also spoken by representatives of other peoples living in Yakutia: Evens, Evenks, Yukaghirs, etc. The Yakut language is taught not only in schools, but also in secondary special and higher educational institutions. In the field government controlled and business communication The Yakut language is widely used in the publication of legislative acts, decrees and orders.

The first text in the Yakut language was published in 1705 by N. Witzen. From 1819, translated religious books were published, and later transcriptions of folklore texts were published. The first national written language was created by S.A. Novgorodov in 1924 on the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet. In 1929, an alphabet based on the Latin script was adopted; from 1939, the Yakuts switched to an alphabet based on the Russian script with the addition of 6 graphemes.

The first researcher of the Yakut language is a major German scientist XIX in. HE. Bötlingk , who wrote the book "On the language of the Yakuts" (1851; published in Russian in 1989).

In September 1917, the first mass primer "Surukbichik" was published, compiled by S.A. Novgorodov and N.E. Afanasyev based on the handwritten primer V.M. Ionova. Major researchers the Yakut language were .

Among the prominent Yakut linguists are L.N. Kharitonov. Great contribution to learning mother tongue introduced by E.I. Korkina, N.D. Dyachkovsky, N.E. Petrov, S.A. Ivanov, P.A. Sleptsov, M.S. Voronkin, N.N. Efremov, N.I. Danilova, A.G. Nelunov and others.

Now the Yakut language is studied in 4 large scientific centers Yakutia: Institute for Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha; Yakutsk state university them. M.K. Ammosova (Faculty of Yakut Philology and Culture); Problem laboratory for the preparation of school textbooks and dictionaries at YSU and in the Republican society "Iye rear" ("Mother tongue"). February 13 in Yakutia, the birthday of S.A. Novgorodov, is officially recognized as the Day of the Native Language and Writing and is widely celebrated throughout the republic every year.

Lit .: Grammar of the modern Yakut language. Syntax. Russian-Yakut dictionary. M., 1968; Grammar of the modern Yakut language. Phonetics and morphology. M., 1982; Dictionary Yakut language. Novosibirsk, 2004; Ubryatova E.I. Studies on the syntax of the Yakut language. Selected works. Novosibirsk, 2006.

N.N. Shirobokova

YAKUT LANGUAGE, one of the Turkic languages; forms a Yakut subgroup of the Uyghur-Oguz (according to the classification of N.A. Baskakov) group or belongs to the conventionally distinguished "north-eastern" group ( cm. TURKIC LANGUAGES). It is widespread in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where, along with Russian, it is the state language (and, according to the Constitution of the republic, it is called the language of Sakha - by the self-name of the Yakuts), in Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) autonomous region and some other areas Eastern Siberia and Far East. The number of speakers is about 390 thousand people, and Yakut is spoken not only by ethnic Yakuts, but also by representatives of a number of other peoples. Previously, the Yakut language served as a regional language of interethnic communication in the North-East of Siberia. 65% of Yakuts are fluent in Russian; Russian-Yakut-Even, Russian-Yakut-Evenk, Russian-Yakut-Yukagir and some other types of multilingualism are also common.

There are three groups of dialects: western (left bank of the Lena: Vilyui and northwestern dialects), eastern (right bank of the Lena: central and northeastern dialects) and Dolgan dialect (Taimyr and Anabarsky district of the Republic of Sakha), which is spoken by small people Dolgan and which is sometimes treated as a separate language.

Like Chuvash language, Yakut is located on the geographical periphery of the Turkic-speaking world and strongly (by the standards of the Turkic family) differs from other languages included in it. In phonetics, the Yakut language is characterized by the preservation of primary long vowels and diphthongs, which disappeared in most Turkic languages; in grammar - invariable personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, a rich system of cases (in the absence of common Turkic genitive and local - a unique feature of the Yakut language), a variety of ways of expression direct complement and some other features. The syntax remains typically Turkic. The specificity of the Yakut language in the field of vocabulary is very significant, which is associated with the large number of borrowings from the Mongolian, Evenki and Russian languages; the Dolgan dialect was especially influenced by the Evenki. AT active vocabulary the Yakut language has about 2.5 thousand words Mongolian origin; as for Russian borrowings, there were already more than 3 thousand of them in the pre-revolutionary period, and in some borrowings words that came out of active use in Russian itself, for example araspanna"surname" from Russian nickname or saltbuy"ruble" from Russian ruble. In the language of the press specific gravity Russian borrowings reaches 42%.

The literary Yakut language was formed under the influence of the language of folklore in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. based on central dialects; translated missionary literature has been published since the 19th century. (the first book was published in 1812). Several writing systems were used (all on a Cyrillic basis): missionary, in which literature was published mainly church content; Bötlingkovskaya, which went out scientific publications and first periodicals; and writing in Russian civil alphabet. In 1922, the alphabet of S.A. Novgorodov was introduced, created on the basis of the international phonetic transcription; in the 1930s-1940s, there was a written latin based, since 1940 - based on Russian graphics with some additional letters. Teaching is conducted in the Yakut language, including in high school(Yakut and Turkic philology and culture), periodicals, various literature are published, radio and television broadcasting is conducted.

The Yakut language is one of the most well-studied Turkic languages. Its first fundamental description ( About the Yakut language) was performed by the Sanskritologist O.N. Bötlingk (published on German in St. Petersburg in 1851; in 1990 published in Russian translation). Subsequently, the works of E.K. Pekarsky were of great importance ( Dictionary of the Yakut language, 1907–1930), V.V. Radlov ( The Yakut language in its relation to other Turkic languages, 1908), D. Khitrova, S.V. Yastremsky, later L.N. Kharitonov, E.I. Ubryatova, N.E. Petrov, P.A. Sleptsov and other researchers.

Yakut language (Yakut. Sakha rear) - the language of the Yakuts, belongs to the Turkic group of languages. The number of native speakers according to the 2002 census is about 456,288 people who live mainly in the territory of Yakutia, as well as in the Irkutsk and Magadan regions, Krasnoyarsk and Khabarovsk territories.

The Yakut language differs sharply from other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Asiatic). There are also many Mongolian borrowings.

The mystery of the Yakut language (archibastar.narod.ru)
Linguists who study ancient languages, think that archaic language can only be preserved in the pole of inaccessibility. But such poles of inaccessibility is the pole of cold, a foreign culture does not penetrate here, conquerors and foreign ethnic groups do not come, no one particularly strives to live in the pole of cold.

Sanskrit is 10 million years old. Sanskrit- an extensive group of ancient similar languages and it is very likely that the language of the pole of cold is included in the group of ancient Sanskrit languages

The Yakuts call themselves Sakha. Sak, saki, saka (Scythians) - a very common name for ancient peoples. Anglo-Saki, Prussian-Saki, Saxon descended from them. The Great Buddha was also a Saki. Saks lived in India, in Tibet. Iran, Iraq, Pakistan in ancient times were collectively called Sahastan.

Pushkin in the Yakut language - National Library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (www.nlib.sakha.ru).
To date, most of the major works Pushkin.

The most intensive work on translations from Pushkin is timed to coincide with anniversaries. Between dates, the number of transfers decreases significantly. In addition, many of Pushkin's works were translated and published only once, and for a long time. Old translations are rarely revised and republished.

Is it necessary to translate Pushkin into the Yakut language, if the Yakuts can now read his works in Russian? Certainly, it is necessary! It comes from all national policy of our state, aimed at the development of the national culture of each people. The Yakut people are a culturally growing people who have already created their own literary language, their literature rich in achievements.

The Yakut language belongs to the northeastern subgroup Turkic group Altaic family and has many borrowings from the Mongolian, Russian and Even languages. Writing since the nineteenth century. based on the Russian alphabet.

The language of the Yakuts, as well as their type and clothing, testifies to the similarity of the Yakuts with the peoples of the Turkic-Tatar tribe. For Tatars and Bashkirs exiled to the Yakutsk region, six months is enough to learn to speak fluently and smartly in Yakut, but for a Russian it takes years. The main difficulty is the Yakut phonetics, which is completely different from the Aryan one. There are sounds that only after a long habit the ear of a European learns to distinguish and the European larynx is never able to reproduce quite correctly (for example, the sound ng).

Difficulty learning the language a large number synonymous expressions and the uncertainty of the Yakut grammatical forms: for example, there are no genders for nouns and adjectives do not agree with them. In order to get fully acquainted with the language, with all the richness of its turns and forms, it is necessary to know the life of Yakutia: only in it can one find an explanation of how this or that phrase should be understood. Despite all this, many Russians and Tungus, constantly living in communication with the Yakuts, more often and more willingly use the Yakut language than their natural language.

Many words of Russians, Tungus, even, entered the Yakut language, but the borrowings made in this respect by local Russians from the Yakuts were even more significant. Trade, agriculture, natural resourcefulness and enterprise of the Yakuts have placed the Yakut language in Eastern Siberia approximately on the same level as French in Europe and Arabic in Africa. Knowledge of the Yakut language gives, to a certain extent, the opportunity to communicate with local tribes in the space from Turukhansk to.

The spoken Yakut language of labels is sonorous and picturesque. Yakuts love witty phrases, puns, red words, jokes and comparisons. Eloquence is highly respected by them. The language of fairy tales, songs, epics, decorated with alliterations, insertions, repetitions, words that have already lost their meaning, but necessarily repeated by storytellers, is very difficult to translate.

Even the ancient ancestors of the Yakuts - the Kurymkans - used runic writing. The origin of writing in the modern Yakut language refers to early XIX in. Russian missionaries developed several writing systems based on the Cyrillic alphabet, in which about 130 books were published before the revolution. In February 1917, a new modernized alphabet was adopted ("Novgorodov's Alphabet"); from 1930 to 1940 there was a unified Turkic alphabet based on the Latin, and since 1940 - on the Cyrillic alphabet.